iii. 273;

Xenophon's _idéal_, citizen willing to be ruled, i. 215, 218, 219; and scientific ruler, 224; Xenophon's scheme of, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234; see _State_.

Gräfenhahn, iii. 312 _n._

Grammar, no formal, existed in Plato's time, ii. 34 _n._, iii. 222.

Greece, political changes in, during Plato's life, i. 1; Greeks all by nature kinsmen, iv. 47.

Grimm, iii. 314 _n._, 329 _n._

Gruppe, on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._

Guardians, characteristics, iv. 23, 25; drunkenness unbecoming, 298 _n._; consist of men and women, 41, 46; syssitia, 359; communism of, _ib._, 44, 140, 169; maintenance of city dependent on their habits, character, education, 32, 34, 139, 170, 178; no family ties, 41, 174-8; temporary marriages, 44, 175; object, 198; number limited, Plato and Aristotle, 178, 198-200; age for studies, 76; studies introductory to philosophy, 70-4; courage seated in, 35; analogous to reason and energy in individuals, 39; divided into rulers and auxiliaries, 29; compared with modern soldiers, 148, 180.

Gymnastic, art reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._; measured quantity alone good, 112; education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23; should be simple, 28; imparts courage, 29; prizes at festivals, 338; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; music necessary to correct, 29.

H.

Hades, no repulsive fictions tolerated of, iv. 25, 154; mythe of, in _Republic_, 94; in _Gorgias_, ii. 361.

Hamilton, Sir Wm., doctrines inconsistent, i. _xiii_. _n._; Plato's reasonings on the soul, ii. 250 _n._, 428 _n._; Reid and Berkeley, iii. 165 _n._; Judgment implied in every act of Consciousness, 166 _n._; relativity of knowledge, 133 _n._; primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._

Happiness, relation to knowledge, ii. 159, 160; Plato's peculiar view of, 335; contrasted with usual meaning, 331; its elements depreciated, 353; temperance the condition of, 358; all men love Good as means to, iii. 5; and good, correlative terms in _Philêbus_, 335; Sydenham on seat of, 372 _n._; the end of the state and individual, iv. 98; flowing from justice, 20, 84, 90; see _Good_, _Pleasure_.

Harmodius, iii. 4 _n._

Harris, James, on _Homo Mensura_, iii. 139 _n._; Plato's etymologies, 302 _n._; on Stoical doctrine of virtue, iv. 106 _n._; on sophism [Greek: Kurieu/ôn], i. 141 _n._; time, 146 _n._

Harvey, Dr. Wm., iv. 259.

Hebrew studies, their effect on classical scholarship, i. _xv_. _n._; uniformity of tradition contrasted with diversity of Greek philosophy, 384 _n._; allegorical interpretation of prophets, ii. 286 _n._; writers, Plato's resemblance to, iv. 160 _n._, 256.

Hedonists, doctrine, iii. 374; included [Greek: a)lupi/a] in end, 377; did not set aside all idea of limit, 392 _n._; basis adopted in Plato's argument, 375, 387 _n._; enforced same view as Plato on intense pleasures, 378; see _Pleasure_.

Hegel, origin of philosophy, i. 382 _n._; ideal expert, _ib._; Plato's view of the soul, ii. 414 _n._; Anaxagoras' nous, 403 _n._

Hegesias, the "death-persuader," i. 202; coincidence with Cynics, 203; doctrine of relativity, 204.

Heindorf, on _Kratylus_, iii. 310 _n._; _Charmidês_, iv. 136 _n._; _Republic_, _ib._

Hekatæus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.

Herakleitus, works and obscure style, i. 26; dogmatism and censure of his predecessors, _ib._; metaphysical, 27; physics, _ib._, 32; did not rest proof of a principle on induction of particulars, iii. 309 _n._; _Fieri_ his principle, i. 28; Parmenides' opposed, 37; the law of _Fieri_ alone permanent, 29; no substratum, 30; identified with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114, 115, 126, 128; rejected by Aristotle, but approved by modern science, i. 37 _n._, iii. 126 _n._, 154 _n._; exposition by metaphors, i. 28, 30; fire and air, 27, 31; fire a symbol for the universal force or law, 30 _n._; distinction of _ideal_ and _elementary_ fire, 32 _n._; doctrine of contraries, 30, 31, iii. 101 _n._; the soul an effluence of the Universal, i. 34; individual reason worthless, _ib._; Universal Reason, the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35; [Greek: perie/chon] compared with Anaxagorean Nous, 56 _n._; sleep, 34; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; time, 228 _n._; paradoxes, i. 37 _n._; [Greek: Polumathi/ê no/on ou) dida/skei], 26; reappears in Plato, ii. 30; enigmatical doctrine of his followers, iii. _ 159 _n._; their repugnance to dialectic, i. 106 _n._; names first imposed in accordance with his theory, iii. 301 _n._, 314-7; names the essence of things, 324 _n._, 325; theory admitted, 316; some names not consistent with it, 318; the theory uncertain, 321; flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, 320; antipathy to Pythagoras, 316 _n._; influence on the development of logic, i. 37; on Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._; Protagoras, iii. 159 _n._; Plato, i. 27; Stoics, 27, 34 _n._

Herakleitus the Allegorist, iii. 3 _n._, iv. 157 _n._

Hêraklês, the choice of, ii. 267 _n._, i. 177.

Heresy, see _Orthodoxy_.

Hermann, Godfrey, natural rectitude of names, iii. 300 _n._

Hermann, K. F., theory of Platonic canon, i. 307; Susemihl coincides, 310; principle of arrangement reasonable, 322; more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324; Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Schleiermacher with, 313; on _Hippias Major_, ii. 34 _n._; _Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._; _Republic_, 244 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 274 _n._, 328 _n._, 369 _n._, 374 _n._

Hermokrates, intended as last in _Republic_ tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273.

Herodotus, infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and fishes, i. 19 _n._; Psammetichus' experiment, iii. 289 _n._; the gods' jealousy, iv. 164 _n._; sacrifice and prayer, 394, _ib._ _n._

Herschel, Sir John, axioms of arithmetic from induction, iv. 353 _n._

Hesiod, cosmology, i. 2-3, 4 _n._; censured by Xenophanes, 16; by Herakleitus, 26.

Hetæræ, iv. 359, i. 188-90.

Hindoos, Sleeman on grounds of belief among, iii. 150 _n._; philosophers compared with Eleatics, i. 159 _n._

Hipparchia, wife of Krates, i. 173.

_Hipparchus_, authenticity, i. 297 _n._, 307, 309, 337 _n._, ii. 82, 93; and _Minos_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82; purpose, 84; subject--definition of lover of gain, 71; double meaning of _gain_, 82; first definition, rejected, 71; character and precept of Hipparchus the Peisistratid, eulogy of Sokrates, 73; Gain is good--apparent contradiction, _ib._; gain the valuable, the profitable, and therefore the good, 75; some gain is good, some evil, 74; objections, _ib._; no tenable definition of gain found, 82, 83.

_Hippias Major_, authenticity, i. 306, 315, ii. 33 _n._; date, i. 307, 308-10, 313; situation and interlocutors, ii. 33; Hippias lectured at Sparta on the beautiful, the fine, the honourable, 35, 39; no success at Sparta--law forbids, 35; the lawful is the profitable, 36; comparison with Xenophon, 34, 37; the beautiful? 39; instances, 40; Gold makes all things beautiful, 41; complaint of vulgar analogies, 42; answer fails of universal application, _ib._; the becoming, and the useful--objections, 43-4; a variety of the pleasurable, 45; inadmissible, _ib._; Sokrates attempts to assign some general concept, 47, 193 _n._, iii. 365; analogy of Sokrates' explanations in _Memorabilia_, ii. 49; and _Minor_ illustrate general theory of the dialogues of Search, 63; antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70.

_Hippias Minor_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 55 _n._, 57 _n._; date, i. 306, 308-10, 310, 315; and _Major_ illustrate general theory of dialogues of Search, ii. 63; antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70; polemical and philosophical purpose, 63; its thesis maintained by Sokrates in _Memorabilia_, 66; combated by Aristotle, 67; characters and situation, 55; Achilleus preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, veracity to mendacity, 56, 58; contested by Sokrates veracious and mendacious man the same, 57; to hurt _wilfully_ better than to do so unwillingly, 58; Hippias dissents, 60; good man alone does evil wilfully, Sokrates' perplexity, 61; critics on the sophistry of Sokrates, 62.

Hippokrates, iv. 260.

Hobbes on similitude of passions in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 _n._; exercises for students, iii. 80 _n._, 90 _n._; subject and object, 117 _n._; analogy of state to individual, iv. 96; cause, i. 139 _n._, 144; Diodorus' doctrine defended, 143; coincides with Aristotle on motion, 146.

Holiness, what is? i. 439; not what gods love, 445, 448, 454; why the gods love it, 446; how far like justice, ii. 278; not a branch of justice, i. 447; not a right traffic between men and gods, 448; is it holy? ii. 278; the holy, one type in Platonic, various in Xenophontic, Sokrates, i. 454.

Homer, cosmology, i. 2; censured by Xenophanes, 16; Herakleitus, 26; considered more as an instructor than as a poet, ii. 126; and poets, the great teachers, 135; picture in _Republic_, as really knowing nothing _ib._, iv. 92; Strabo on, 152 _n._; Herakleitus the allegorist, iii. 3 _n._, iv. 157 _n._; Plato's fictions contrasted with, 153 _n._; diversity of subjects, ii. 132; inspired by gods, 128; analogy of _Magnet_, _ib._; on friendship, 179; identified by Plato with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114.

Homo Mensura, see _Relativity_.

Homoeomeries, see _Anaxagoras_.

Homicide, varieties of, iv. 370-4; penalties, 370; Plato follows peculiar Attic view, 374.

Honourable, the, Hippias' lectures at Sparta on, ii. 39; identified with the just, good, expedient, 7; actions conducive to pleasure are, 295; by law, not nature, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.

Horace, scheme of life, i. 191 _n._, 192 _n._

Huet, Bp., i. 384 _n._

Humboldt, Wm. von, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._

Hume, Athenian taxation, i. 242 _n._

Hunting, meaning of, iv. 356; how far permitted, 355.

Hutcheson, Francis, iv. 105 _n._

Hypothesis, discussion of, distinct from discussion of its consequences, ii. 397, 411; ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._; in _Republic_, only a stepping-stone to the first principle, 412; provisional assumption of, and consequences traced, exercise for students, iii. 79; illustration, 81.

I.

Ideas, Plato's, differ from Pythagorean Number, i. 10; identified by Plato with the Pythagorean symbols, 348, iii. 71 _n._, 368; differ from Demokritean atoms, i. 72; the definitions Sokrates sought for, 453; Plato assumed the common characteristic, by objectivising the word itself, _ib._; doctrine derived its plausibility from metaphors, 343; soul's immortality rests on assumption of, ii. 412; reminiscence of the, iii. 13; as Forms, ii. 412; the only causes, 396; formal, 408 _n._; logical phantoms as real causes, 404 _n._; truth resides in, 411; alone exclude contrary, 7 _n._; unchangeable, iii. 246 _n._, iv. 50; Herakleitean flux not true of, iii. 320; partly changeable and partly unchangeable, 228; disguised in particulars, iv. 3 _n._; fundamental distinction of particulars, and, 219; alone knowable, 49; _opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, _ib._; assumption of, as separate entia, ii. 396, 403; great multitude of, 410; characteristics of world of, iii. 63; Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, 59; objections, 60-7; the genuine Platonic theory attacked, 68; none of some objects, 60; how participable by objects, 63, 65, 72, iv. 138; not fitted on to the facts of sense, iii. 78; Aristotle partly successful in attempt, 76.; analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169; "the third man," iii. 64 _n._; not merely conceptions, 64, 73; not mere types, 65; not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72; gods have Idea of cognition, 67, 68 _n._; dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; intercommunion of some forms, 207, 250 _n._; analogy of letters and syllables, 208; what forms, determined by philosopher, _ib._; of _non-ens_, and _proposition_, _opinion_, _judgment_, 213, 214; of _Diversum_ pervades all others, 209; [Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._; of Animal, iv. 223, 235 _n._, 263; kosmos on pattern of, 223; action on Materia Prima, 238; of the elements, 239; of insects, &c., iii. 195 _n._; of names and things nameable, 286 _n._, 289, 326 _n._; names fabricated by lawgiver on type of, 287, 290, 325; names the essence of things, 324 _n._; doctrine about classification not necessarily connected with, 345; of Beauty exclusively presented in _Symposion_, 18; of Good, approximation of _primum amabile_, ii. 192; training to ascend to the idea of good, iv. 61, 66; comparison of idea of good to sun, 63, 64; of Good, in _Phædon_, Anaxagoras' nous, ii. 412; known to the rulers alone, iv. 212; left unsolved, 213; the contemplation of, by dialectic, 75; reluctance to undertake active duties, of those who have contemplated, 70; philosopher lives in region of, sophist in region of non-ens, iii. 208, iv. 48; little said of, in _Menon_, ii. 253, 254 _n._; postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220; discrepancy of _Sophistês_ and other dialogues, iii. 244; the idealists' doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c., _ib._, 246; _Phædrus_, _Phædon_, and _Timæus_ compared, iv. 239 _n._; Plato's various views, ii. 404, i. 119; the last, 120; Aristotle on, 360 _n._, ii. 192, 193 _n._, 410 _n._, iii. 76, 245, 365 _n._, 367, iv. 214 _n._, i. 120 _n._; _Sophistês_ approximates to Aristotle's view, iii. 247; generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365; Antisthenes and Diogenes on, i. 163; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164; see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Universal_.

Ideal, to Plato the only real, ii. 89.

Idealists, iii. 201; meaning of _ens_, 231; argument against, 204, 225, 244; doctrine of, the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c., _ib._, 246.

Identity, personal, ii. 11, 25, iii. 6; and contradiction, principle of, 101.

[Greek: I)diô/tês] distinguished from [Greek: philo/sophos], iv. 104 _n._; [Greek: techni/tês], ii. 272 _n._

Ignorance, mischiefs of, ii. 12; depend on the subject-matter, 14; to hurt _knowingly_, better than _ignorantly_, 58, 59; evil done by bad man unwillingly, by good wilfully, 61; not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; mistaking itself for knowledge, the worst evil, iii. 197; see _Knowledge_.

Imitator, logical classification of, iii. 215; of the wise man, sophist is, 216; poets' mischievous _imitation of imitation_, iv. 91.

Immortality, beliefs as to partial, ii. 385 _n._; popular Greek belief, 427; metempsychosis a general element in all old doctrines, 425 _n._; of rational soul only, iv. 243; of all three parts of soul? ii. 385; Plato's demonstration rests on assumption of ideas, 412; includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414; fails, 423, 428, iii. 15; leaves undetermined mode of pre-existence and post-existence,