iv. 257;

different points of view in Plato, ii. 167; modern theories, intuition, 348; moral sense, not recognised in _Gorgias_ and _Protagoras_, _ib._; permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5; [Greek: ta\ anthrô/pina],** iv. 302 _n._; the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360; [Greek: to\ e(/neka/ tou] confused with [Greek: to\ dia/ ti], 182 _n._; basis in _Republic_ imperfect, iv. 127-32; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in the _Republic_, 131, 132; purpose in _Leges_, to remedy all misconduct, 369; of Demokritus, i. 82; see _Cynics_, _Kyrenaics_, _Epikurus_, &c.

Etymology, see _Name_.

Eubulides, sophisms of, i. 128, 133.

Eudemus, iv. 255; Proklus borrowed from, i. 85 _n._

Eudoxus, i. 255; identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 _n._, iii. 375 _n._, 379 _n._

Eukleides, i. 116; enlarged summum genus of Parmenides, iii. 196 _n._; blended Parmenides with Sokrates, i. 118; Good, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 _n._; nearly Plato's last view, 120.

[Greek: Eu)pragi/a], equivoque, ii. 8 _n._, 352 _n._

Euripides, _Bacchæ_ analogous to _Leges_, iv. 277, 304 _n._; _Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious belief, 163 _n._

Eusebius, i. 384 _n._, iv. 160 _n._, 256 _n._

_Euthydêmus_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 195; date, i. 308-11, 312, 315, 320, 325 _n._, ii. 227 _n._, iii. 36 _n._; scenery and personages, ii. 195; dramatic and comic exuberance, _ib._; purpose, i. 309 _n._, ii. 198, 204 _n._, 211, i. 128; Euthydêmus and Dionysodorus do not represent Protagoras and Gorgias, ii. 202; ironical admiration of Sophists, 208; earliest known attempt to expose fallacies, 216; the result of habits of formal debate, 221; character drawn of Sokrates suitable to its purpose, 203; possession of good things, without intelligence, useless, 204; intelligence must include making and use, 205; fallacies of equivocation, 212, iii. 238 _n._; _à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_, ii. 213, 214; _extra dictionem_, 215; involving deeper logical principles, _ib._; its popularity among enemies of dialectic, 222; the epilogue to obviate this inference, 223; Euthydêmus the representative of dialectic and philosophy, 226; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224; Plato's view untenable, 229; is Isokrates meant? 227, iii. 38 _n._; no teacher can be indicated, ii. 225; compared with _Parmenidês_, 200; _Republic_, _Philêbus_, _Protagoras_, 208, iii. 373 _n._

_Euthyphron_, date of, i. 457 _n._; its Sokratic spirit, 449; gives Platonic Sokrates' reply to Melêtus, Xenophontic compared, 441, 455; a retort against Aristophanes, 442; interlocutors, 437; Euthyphron indicts his father for homicide, 438, ii. 329 _n._; as warranted by piety, i. 439; acts on Sokratic principle of making oneself like the gods, 440; Holiness, 439; answer by a particular example, 444; not what pleases the gods, 445, 448, 454; Sokrates disbelieves discord among gods, 440; why gods love the Holy, 446; not a branch of justice, 447; for gods gain nothing, 448; holiness not a right traffic between men and gods, _ib._; dialogue useful as showing the subordination of logical terms, 455.

Evil, to do, worse than to suffer, ii. 326, 332, 338, 359; contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331; the greatest, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, iii. 197; great preponderance of, iv. 25, 262 _n._, 390; gods not the cause of, 24; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; man the cause of, 234; inconsistency, _ib._, _n._; diseases of mind arise from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, ii. 292, iv. 249, 365-7; done by the good man wilfully, by the bad unwillingly, ii. 61; three causes of misguided proceedings, iv. 366; see _Good_, _Virtue_, _Body_.

[Greek: E(/xis], Aristotelic, ii. 355.

Existence, notion of, iii. 135 _n._, 205, 226, 229, 231.

Experience, Zeno's arguments not contradictions of data generalized from, i. 100; Plato's theory of pre-natal, ii. 252; operation of pre-natal on man's intellectual faculties, iii. 13; reminiscence of pre-natal knowledge gained by, 17; post-natal not ascertained and measured by him, ii. 252; no appeal to observation or, in studying astronomy and acoustics, iv. 73, 74; see _Sense_.

Expert, authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything, i. 426, 435; opposition to _Homo mensura_, iii. 135, 143; different view, i. 446 _n._; correlation with undiscovered science of ends, ii. 149; is never seen or identified, 117, 142; how known, 141; Sokrates himself acts as, i. 436; the pentathlos of _Erastæ_, ii. 119 _n._; finds out and certifies truth and reality, 87, 88; badness of all reality, iii. 330; required to discriminate pleasures, ii. 345; as dialectician and rhetorician, iii. 39; impracticable, 42; true government by, 268; postulated for _names_ in _Kratylus_, 329.

F.

Fabricius, iv. 382 _n._

Faith and Conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67.

Fallacies, Sophists abused, ii. 199; did not invent, 217, i. 133 _n._; inherent liabilities to error in ordinary process of thinking, ii. 217, i. 129; corrected by formal debate, ii. 217, 220 _n._, 221; exposure of, by multiplication of particular examples, 211; by conclusion shown _aliunde_ to be false, 216; Plato enumerates, Aristotle tries to classify, 212; _Euthydêmus_, earliest known attempt to expose, 216; Bacon's _Idola_, 218; Mill's complete enumeration of heads of, 218; of sufficient Reason, i. 6 _n._; of equivocation, ii. 212, 352 _n._; _extra dictionem_, 214; _à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_, 213, 214; Plato and Aristotle fall into, iii. 138, 158; of confusion, 297 _n._; arguing in a circle, ii. 428 _n._; of Ratiocination, 213, 219; of Megarics and Antisthenes, 215; see _Sophisms_, _Equivoques_.

Family, Greek views of, iii. 1 _n._; restrictions at Thebes, iv. 329 _n._; no separate families for guardians, 41, 174, 178; ties mischievous, but can not practically be got rid of, 327; to be watched over by magistrates, 328; treatment of infants, 346; see _Education_, _Communism_, _Woman_, _Infanticide_.

Farrar, F. W., iii. 326 _n._

Fate, relation to gods, iv. 221 _n._, i. 142; see _Chance_.

Ferrier, on scope and purpose of philosophy, i. _viii_, _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 _n._; antithesis of Ego and Mecum, 132 _n._; necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 148.

Ficinus, interpretation of Plato, i. _xi_; followed Thrasyllean classification, 301; on Good and Beauty, iii. 5 _n._; on _Parmenidês_, 84 _n._; mystic sanctity of names, 323 _n._

Figure, defined, ii. 235; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Finance, see _Xenophon_.

Finite, Zeno's reductiones ad Absurdum, i. 93; natural coalescence of infinite and, iii. 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; insufficient, 343.

Fire, doctrine of Anaximander, i. 5; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagoras, 13; Herakleitus, 27, 30 _n._, 32; soul compared to, 34; Empedokles, 38; Anaxagoras, 50, 52, 56 _n._; identified with mind by Demokritus, 75.

Fischer, Kuno, iii. 84 _n._

Foes, iv. 251 _n._

Freewill, the Necessity of Plato, iv. 221.

Friendship, a moving force, in Empedokles, i. 38; problem in _Lysis_ too general, ii. 186; causes of enmity and, exist _by nature_, 341 _n._; colloquial debate as a generating cause, 188 _n._; desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182; not likeness and unlikeness, 179, 180, 359; physical analogy 188 _n._; the Indifferent friend to Good, 180, 189; illustrated by philosopher, 181; the _primum amabile_, _ib._, 192; _prima amicitia_ of Aristotle, compared, 194; Xenophontic Sokrates and Aristotle, 186.

G.

Gain, double meaning of, ii. 82; no tenable definition found, _ib._, 83; see _Hipparchus_.

Galen, relation to Plato, iv. 258; soul threefold, _ib._; a [Greek: kra=sis] of bodily elements, ii. 391 _n._; immortal, 423 _n._, 427; on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._; belief in legends, iv. 153 _n._; Plato's theory of vision, 237 _n._; structure of apes, 257 _n._

Galuppi, Pascal, iii. 118.

General maxims readily laid down by pre-Sokratic philosophers, i. 69 _n._; terms vaguely understood, 398 _n._, 452 _n._, ii. 49 _n._, 166, 242, 279 _n._, 279, 341 _n._; Mill on, 48 _n._; hopelessness of defining, 186 _n._

Generals, Greek, no professional experience, ii. 134.

Generic and specific terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13; and analogical wholes, 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365; unity, how distributed among species and individuals, 339, 346.

Genius, why not hereditary, ii. 271, 272, 274.

Geometry, Pythagorean, i. 12; modern application, 10 _n._; subject of Plato's lectures, 349 _n._; value of, iv. 352, 423; Lucian against, i. 385 _n._; successive stages of its teaching illustrate Platonic doctrine, 353; twofold, iii. 359, 395; pure and applied mathematics, 396 _n._; Aristotle's view of axioms of, i. 358 _n._; from induction, iv. 353 _n._; painless pleasures of, iii. 356, 388 _n._; and dialectic, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal world, iv. 65; geometry, assumes diagrams, _ib._; conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; uselessness of written treatises, ii. 136; proportionals, iv. 224 _n._, 241 _n._, 423; geometrical theory of the elements, i. 349 _n._, iv. 240; Aristotle on, 241 _n._; Kyrenaic and Cynic contempt for, i. 155, 186, 192.

Gfrörer, iv. 256 _n._

Gods, derivation of [Greek: theoi/], iii. 300 _n._; Xenophanes, i. 16, 119 _n._; Parmenides, 19, 24; Empedokles, 40 _n._, 42, 47; Anaxagorean Nous represented later as a god, 54; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._; Demokritus, 81; Sokrates, 414, 440, ii. 28; Plato's proofs of existence of, iv. 385, 389, 419; locality assigned to, 230 _n._; fabricated men and animals, ii. 268; possess the Idea of cognition, iii. 66, 67 _n._; free from pleasure and pain, 389; do not assume man's form, iv. 25, 154 _n._; Lucretius on, _ib._; cause good only, 24; no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about, 25, 154; Dodona and Delphi to be consulted for religious legislation, 34, 137 _n._, 325, 337; [Greek: ta\ thei=a], 302 _n._; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; Plato's dissent from established religious doctrine, 161, 163; Plato compared with Epikurus, 161, 395; Plato's view of popular theology, 238 _n._, 328, 337; popular Greek belief, well illustrated in Euripides' _Hippolytus_, 163 _n._; God's [Greek: phtho/nos], 164 _n._; Aristotle, 395; see _Demiurgus_, _Religion_, _Inspiration_.

Gold, makes all things beautiful, ii. 41.

Good, Demokritus' theory, i. 82; the Pythagorean [Greek: kairo/s], first cause of, iii. 397 _n._; an equivoque, 370; and pleasurable, as conceived by the Athenians, ii. 371; contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331, 335; universal desire of, 243, 324, iii. 5, 335, 371, 392 _n._; akin, evil alien, to every one, ii. 183; alone caused by gods, iv. 24; its three varieties, ii. 306 _n._, 350 _n._, iv. 12, 116, 428; Eros one, iii. 5; as object of attachment, ii. 194; the four virtues the highest, and source of all other goods, iv. 428; is the just, honourable, expedient, ii. 7; not knowledge, 29; is gain, 72-6; True and Real coalesce in Plato's mind, 88; Campbell on erroneous identification of truth and, iii. 391 _n._; the _primum amabile_, ii. 181, 191; approximation to Idea, 192; Indifferent friend to, 180, 189; pleasure is, 289, 306 _n._, 347 _n._; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-202; meaning of pleasure as the _summum bonum_, iii. 338; the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360; Sokrates' reasoning, 307; too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309; not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; not ironical, 314; compared with _Republic_, 310; _Protagoras_, 345; coincidence of _Republic_ and _Protagoras_, 350 _n._; inconsistent with _Gorgias_, 306, 345; argument in _Gorgias_ untenable, 351; Platonic _idéal_, view of Order, undefined results, 374; Plato's view of rhetoric dependent on his _idéal_ of, 374; is [Greek: a)lupi/a], iii. 338 _n._; is maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, iv. 293-97, 299-303; at least an useful fiction, 303; not intelligence nor pleasure, 62; and happiness, correlative terms in _Philêbus_, iii. 335; is it intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; or intelligence without pleasure or pain, _ib._; intelligence more cognate than pleasure to, 347, 361; pleasure a generation, therefore not an end, nor the good, 357; a _tertium quid_, 339, 361; intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348; a mixture, 361; five constituents, 362; the answer as to, does not satisfy the tests Plato lays down, 371; has not the unity of an idea, 365; Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366; special accomplishments oftener hurtful, if no knowledge of the good, ii. 16; man who has knowledge of, can alone do evil wilfully, 61; knowledge of, identified with [Greek: nou=s], 30; postulated under different titles, 31; special art for discriminating, 115; how known, undetermined, 31, 206; only distinct answer in _Protagoras_, 208, 308, 347; the profitable, general but not constant explanation of Plato, 38; is essentially relative, iv. 213 _n._, i. 185; Idea of, rules the world of Ideas, as sun the visible, iv. 63, 64; Aristotle on, 214 _n._; Anaxagoras' nous, ii. 412; training to ascend to Idea, iv. 62; dialectic gives the contemplation of, 75; rulers alone know, 212; Idea of, left unknown, 213; changes in Plato's views, i. 119; Eukleides, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 _n._; nearly same as Plato's last doctrine, 120; discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, 184, 185; Xenophontic Sokrates, iii. 366.

Gorgias the Leontine, reasoned against the Absolute as either Ens or Entia, i. 103; Ens incogitable and unknowable, 104; contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105; not represented by Dionysodorus in Euthydemus, ii. 202; celebrity, 317; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._

_Gorgias_, the date, i. 305-7, 308-10, 312, 315, ii. 228 _n._, 318 _n._, 367; its general character, discrediting the actualities of life, 355; reply to, by Aristeides, 371 _n._; upholds independence and dignity of philosophic dissenter, 375; scenery and person ages, 317; rhetoric the artisan of persuasion, 319; a branch of flattery, 321, 370; citation of four statesmen, 358, 362; true and counterfeit arts, 322; multifarious arts of flattery, aiming at immediate pleasure, 357; despots and rhetors have no _real_ power, 324; description of rhetors, untrue, 369; rhetoric is of little use, 329, iii. 410; Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, ii. 371 _n._; issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369; view stands or falls with _idéal_ of Good, 374; all men wish for Good, 324; illustration from Archelaus, 325, 333 _n._, 334, 336, i. 179; Plato's peculiar view of Good, ii. 331, 335; contrasted with usual meaning, 331; [Greek: kalo\n] and [Greek: ai)schro\n] defined, 327, 334; definition untenable, 334; to do, a greater evil than to suffer, wrong, 326, 359; inconsistent with description of Archelaus, 333; reciprocity of regard indispensable, _ib._; opposition of Law and Nature, _ib._, 338; no allusion to Sophists, 339; uncertainty of referring to nature, 340; punishment a relief to the wrong-doer, 327, 328, 335; the only cure for criminals' mental distemper, 328; consequences of theory, 336; analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337; its incompleteness, 363; are largest measure, and all varieties, of desire, good, 344; good and pleasurable as conceived by the Athenians, 371; good and pleasurable not identical, 345, iii. 380 _n._; argument untenable, ii. 351; expert required to discriminate pleasures, 345, 347; _idéal_ of measure, view of order, undefined results, 374; permanent and transient elements of human agency 353-5; psychology defective, 354; temperance the condition of virtue and happiness, 358; Sokrates resolves on scheme of life, 360; agreement of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 200 _n._; Sokrates alone follows the true political art, ii. 361-2; condition of success in life, 359; danger of dissenter, _ib._; Sokrates as a dissenter, 364; claim of _locus standi_ for philosophy, 367; but indiscriminate cross-examination given up, 368; mythe respecting Hades, 361; compared with _Protagoras_, 270 _n._, 306 _n._, 345-8, 349-55, iii. 379; _Philêbus_, _ib._, 380; _Apology_, _Kriton_, _Republic_, ii. 362; _Leges_, _ib._, iv. 301, 302, 324; _Menexenus_, 409; Xenophontic Sokrates, i. 178, 221.

Government, natural rectitude of, ii. 89; Plato does not admit the received classification, iii. 267; true classification, scientific or unscientific, 268; monarchy and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312; dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; seven distinct natural titles to, 309; illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, 310; imprudent to found on any one title only, _ib._; five types of, 78-84; three constituents of good, 312; Plato's _idéal_, ii. 363; unscientific, or by many, counterfeit, iii. 268; genuine, by the one scientific man, _ib._, 273, iv. 280; counter-theory in _Protagoras_, ii. 268, iii. 275; distinguished from general, &c., 271; no laws, 269; practicable only in golden age, iv. 319; by fixed laws the second best, iii. 270; excess of energetic virtues entails death or banishment, of gentle, slavery, 273; true ruler aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; standard of ethical orthodoxy to be maintained, 273; of unscientific forms despotism worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278; a bad government no government, 281 _n._; timocracy, iv. 79; oligarchy, _ib._; democracy, 80; despot, 81; education combined with, by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, 142; Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon,