ii. 93;

_Kleitophon_, iii. 419 _n._; _Timæus_, iv. 224 _n._, 226 _n._, 227 _n._, 241 _n._; _Leges_, 273 _n._, 355 _n._; _Epinomis_, 424 _n._; Xenophon's financial schemes, i. 242 _n._

Boethius, on Plato's reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._

Böhme, lingua Adamica, iii. 322 _n._

Boissier, Gaston, on Varro's etymologies, iii. 311 _n._; influence of belief on practice, i. 157 _n._

Bonitz, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 184 _n._

Books, writing as an art, iii. 27; is it teachable by system? 28; worthless for teaching, ii. 136, 233 _n._, iii. 33-35, 49, 52, 54, 337 _n._; may _remind_, 50, 53; censorship, iv. 379 _n._; ancient bookselling, i. 278 _n._, 281 _n._; ancient libraries, official MSS., 284 _n._; making copies, _ib._ _n._; forgeries of books, 287 _n._

Brandis, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 88 _n._

Brown, on power, i. 138 _n._

Bryson, dialogues, i. 112 _n._

Buddhism, i. 378 _n._

Buffon, iv. 232 _n._

Butler, Bp., iv. 166 _n._

C.

Cabanis, i. 168 _n._

Calendar, ancients', iv. 325 _n._

Campbell, Dr. George, iii. 391 _n._

Campbell, Prof. Lewis, on _Theætêtus_, iii. 111 _n._, 112 _n._, 146 _n._, 158 _n._; advance of modern experimental science, 155 _n._

Canon of Plato, ancient discussions, i. 264; works in Alexandrine library at the time of Kallimachus, 276; probability of being in Alexandrine library at formation, 283; editions from Alexandrine library, 295; spurious works possibly in other libraries, 286; Aristophanes, the grammarian, first arranged Platonic canon, _ib._; in trilogies, 273; indicated by Plato himself, 325; catalogue by Aristophanes trustworthy, 285; ten dialogues rejected by all ancient critics, following Alexandrine authorities, 297; Thrasyllus follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299; Tetralogies, 273 _n._; not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._; his classification, 289; its principle, 295 _n._; division into _dramatic_ and _diegematic_, 288; incongruity of divisions, 294; classification, defective but useful--dialogues of Search, of Exposition, 361; erroneously applied, 364; the scheme, when its principles correctly applied, 365; sub-classes recognised, 366; coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic, Demonstrative, 363; Thrasyllus did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._; authority acknowledged till 16th century, 301; more trustworthy than modern critics, 299 _n._, 335; Diogenes Laertius, 291 _n._, 294; Serranus, 302; _Phædrus_ considered by Tennemann keynote of series, 303; Schleiermacher, _ib._; proofs slender, 317, 324; includes a preconceived scheme and an order of interdependence, 318; assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319; his reasons internal, _ib._, 337, iv. 431; _Phædon_, the first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, i. 288; considered spurious by Panætius the Stoic, _ib._; no internal theory yet established, 319; Ast, 304; admits only fourteen, 305; Socher, 306; Stallbaum, 307; K. F. Hermann, _ib._; coincides with Susemihl, 310; principle reasonable, 322; more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324; Ueberweg attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann, 313; Steinhart rejects several, 309; Munk, 311; next to Schleiermacher's in ambition, 320; Trendelenburg, 345 _n._; other critics, 316; the problem incapable of solution, 317; few certainties or reasonable presumptions for fixing date or order of dialogues, 324; positive date of any dialogue unknown, 326; age of Sokrates in a dialogue, of no moment, 320; no sequence or interdependence of the dialogues provable, 322, 407; circumstances of Plato's intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 _n._; Plato did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 _n._; proofs, 327-334; unsafe ground of modern theories, 336; shown by Schleiermacher, 337; a true theory must recognise Plato's varieties and be based on all the works in the canon, 339; dialogues may be grouped, 361; inconsistency no proof of spuriousness, _xiii._, 344, 375, 400 _n._, ii. 299, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 182 _n._, 284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138; see _Dialogues_, _Epistles_.

Category of relation, iii. 128 _n._

Cause, Aristotle blames Demokritus for omitting _final_, i. 73 _n._; only the _material_ attended to by Ionic philosophy, 88; designing cause, 74 _n._; Sokrates' intellectual development turned on different views as to a true, ii. 398; first doctrine, rejected, 391, 399; second principle, optimistic, renounced, 395, 403; efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400; third doctrine, assumption of ideas as separate entia, 396, 403; ideas the only true, 396; substitution of physical for mental, Anaxagoras, Sokrates, Aristotle, Descartes, Newton, 401; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real, 404 _n._; no common idea of, 405, 407, 410 _n._; but common search for, 406; Aristotle and Plato differ, 407; Plato's _formal_ and _final_, 408 _n._; principal and auxiliary, iii. 266; controversy of Megarics and Aristotle, i. 135-141; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; potential as distinguished from actual, 139; meaning of, Hobbes, _ib._ _n._, 144; regular and irregular, ii. 408; no regular sequence of antecedent on consequent, doctrine of Sokrates, Plato, Aristotle, i. 142; Aristotle's graduation of, _ib._; Aristotle's notion of _Chance_, _ib._; Stoics, 143 _n._; Aristotle's four, in middle ages, ii. 409 _n._; More's Emanative, 403 _n._; modern inductive theory, 408; chief point of divergence of modern schools, 409 _n._

Cave, simile of, iv. 67-70.

Cavendish, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 _n._

Chance, of Demokritus and the Epikureans, i. 73 _n._; Aristotle's notion of, 142; Theophrastus, 143 _n._; Stoics, _ib._

Chaos, Hesiod, i. 4 _n._; Empedokles, 39, 54; Anaxagoras, 50, _ib._ _n._; postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220, 240.

_Charmidês_, authenticity, i. 306-7, ii. 171; date, i. 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331; excellent specimen of dialogues of search, ii. 163; scene and interlocutors, 153; temperance, a kind of sedateness, objections, 154; a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._; doing one's own business, refuted, 155, iv. 136, 137; distinction of _making_ and _doing_, ii. 155; self-knowledge, _ib._; is impossible, 167; no object of knowledge distinct from the knowledge itself, 156; knowledge of knowledge impossible, analogies, _ib._; all properties relative, 157; all knowledge relative to some object, _ib._; if cognition of cognition possible, yet cognition of non-cognition impossible, 158; temperance as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail for happiness, 159, 161; knowledge of good and evil contributes most to happiness, 160; different from other sciences, 168; temperance not the science of good and evil, 161; temperance undiscovered, but a good, 162; compared with _Lachês_, 168; _Lysis_, 172, 184 _n._; _Politikus_, iii. 282; _Republic_, iv. 137, 138.

Charondas, iv. 323 _n._, 398 _n._

Chinese compared with Pythagorean philosophers, i. 159 _n._

Chrysippus, sophisms, i. 128 _n._, 141; communism of wives, 189 _n._

Cicero, on freedom of thought, i. 384 _n._; state religion alone allowed, iv. 379 _n._; _De Amicitia_ compared with _Lysis_, ii. 189 _n._; Plato's reminiscence, 250 _n._; immortality of the soul, 423 _n._; pleasure, iii. 389 _n._; _Menexenus_, 407 _n._; Sokrates, _concitatio_, 423 _n._; proëms to laws, iv. 322 _n._; Stoics, i. 130 _n._, 157 _n._; Academics, 131 _n._; Megarics, 135 _n._

Classes, fiction as to origin of, iv. 30; see _Demos_, _State_.

Classification, emotional and scientific contrasted, iii. 61, 195, 196 _n._; conscious and unconscious, 345; the feeling of Plato's age respecting, 192 _n._, 344; dialogues of search a lesson in, 177, 188; novelty and value of this, 190; all particulars of equal value, 195; tendency to omit sub-classes, 255, 342; well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 254, 344; but feebly applied, 369; importance of founding it on sensible resemblances, 255; Plato's doctrine not necessarily connected with that of Ideas, 345; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368; same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures in _Philêbus_, 382, 394; its valuable principles, 395; of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard, 382; of Megarics, over-refined, 196 _n._

Cleynaerts, iv. 380 _n._

Climate, influence of, iv. 330 _n._

Colenso, Bp., iii. 303 _n._

Collard, Royer, iii. 165 _n._

Colour, Demokritean theory, i. 77; defined, ii. 235; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Comedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii. 355 _n._; Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._

Commerce, each artisan only one trade, iv. 361; importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary only, _ib._; Benefit Societies,g 399; retailers, 21, 361, 401; punishment for fraud, 492; Attic law compared, 403; Xenophon inexperienced in, i. 236; admired by Xenophon, _ib._; Metics, iv. 362; Xenophon on encouragement of, i. 238.

Communism of guardians, iv. 140, 169, 198; necessary to maintenance of state, 170, 178; peculiarity of Plato's, 179; Aristotle on, 189 _n._; acknowledged impracticable, 327; of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and Chrysippus, i. 189, _ib._ _n._

Comte, three stages of progress, ii. 407.

Concrete, its Greek equivalent, ii. 52 _n._; see _Abstract_.

Condorcet, iv. 232 _n._, 258 _n._

Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and antecedents, ii. 242.

Consciousness, judgment implied in every act of, iii. 165 _n._; the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object, 131.

Contradiction, principle of, in Plato, iii. 99 _n._; logical maxim of, 239; necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 149 _n._, 150; contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._

Contraries, ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i. 15; the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," _ib._ _n._; Herakleitus, 29, 31; excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 _n._

Copula, logical function of, i. 169; misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251 _n._, ii. 47 _n._

Cornutus, i. 128, 133.

Council, Nocturnal, to conserve the original scheme of State, iv. 416, 418; to comprehend and carry out the end of the State, _ib._, 425, 429; training in _Epinomis_, 420, 424.

Courage, what is, ii. 143; not endurance, 144; is knowledge, 288; a right estimate of terrible things, 144, 296, 307, iv. 138; such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. 148; the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide, 146; relation to rest of virtue, 288, 304 _n._, iv. 426, 283 _n._; of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii. 308 _n._; in state, iv. 34-5; imparted by gymnastic, 29; _Lachês_ difficulties ignored in _Politikus_, iii. 282; Plato and Aristotle compared, ii. 170.

Cousin, the absolute, iii. 298 _n._; on _Sophistês_, 244; _Timæus_, iv. 224 _n._

Creation out of nothing denied by all ancient physical philosophers, i. 52; see _Body_, _Kosmos_.

Crime, distinction of damage and injury, iv. 365, 367-9; three causes of misguided proceedings, 366; purpose of punishment, to heal criminals' distemper or deter, _ib._, 408; sacrilege and high treason the gravest, 363; see _Law-administration_.

Criticism, value of, ii. 118.

Cudworth, entities, iii. 74 _n._

Cynics, origin of name, i. 150 _n._; a [Greek: ai(/resis], 160 _n._; asceticism, 157; Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160; suicide, 161 _n._; coincidence of Hegesias with, 203; an order of mendicant friars, 163; connection with Christian monks, _ib._ _n._; the decorous and the indecorous, iii. 390 _n._

Cyrus, iv. 312,** i. 223.

D.

Dæmon, of Sokrates, i. 437, ii. 104, i. 115; his experience of, ii. 102; explains his eccentricity, 104; variously alluded to in Plato--its character and working impenetrable, 107, 108; in _Theagês_ and _Theætêtus_, 107; a special revelation, 108, 131 _n._; privileged communications common, 130, 131 _n._; see _Inspiration_; belief of Empedokles, i. 47; etymology, iii. 301 _n._; Eros, intermediate between gods and men, 9; subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos, 265 _n._; intermediate, iv. 421.

Dähne, on _Philo-Judæus_, iii. 308 _n._, iv. 157 _n._

Damon, a teacher of [Greek: mousikê/], ii. 139 _n._; dangers of change in national music, iv. 315.

Dancing to be regulated by authority, iv. 292; laws, 291; three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305; and music, effect on emotions, 347; comic, by slaves or mean persons only, 352 _n._

Darius, iv. 312.

Death, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26 _n._; Herakleitus, 34; Sokrates, 422, 430 _n._; emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii. 386, 388, iv. 234, 235** _n._; guardians must not fear, 25; see _Immortality_.

Debate of secondary questions before settling fundamental notions, mischief of, ii. 242; see _Dialectic_.

Definition gives classes, Type, natural groups, ii. 47, 193 _n._; Sokrates introduced search for, 47; frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i. 444, ii. 143; dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii. 29, 176, 188; novelty and value of this, 190; importance in Plato's time of bringing forward logical subordinations and distinctions, ii. 235; tested by clothing it in particulars, iv. 3 _n._; of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii. 186 _n._; Aristotle on, 234 _n._; none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i. 168, _n._; none of simple objects, Antisthenes, 171; Plato on, 172; Aristotle, _ib._; Mill, _ib._ _n._; and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39; necessity for, 29; conditions of a good, ii. 318.

Degérando, M., iii. 140 _n._, 152 _n._

[Greek: Deino/s], meaning, ii. 145 _n._

Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i. 11.

[Greek: Dektiko/n, to/], see _Matter_.

Delphian oracle, reply to Sokrates, i. 413; maxim, _Know thyself_, ii. 11, 25; to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137 _n._, 325.

Demetrius Phalereus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 _n._; chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library, 280; history and character, 279; _Apology_, 111 _n._

Demiurgus, opposed to [Greek: i)diô/tês], ii. 272 _n._; of kosmos, iii. 265 _n._; postulated, iv. 220; is not a creator, _ib._; produces kosmos, by persuading Necessity, _ib._, 222; on pattern of ideas, 227; evolved the four elements from primordial chaos, 240; addresses generated gods, 233; prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each star, _ib._; conjoins three souls and one body, 234; how conceived by other philosophers of same century, 254; little noticed in Aristotle, 255; degeneracy of man originally intended by, 263.

Demochares, law against philosophers, i. 111 _n._

Democracy, least bad of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278; origin, iv. 80; monarchy and, the _mother-polities_, 312; dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; Plato's second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and, 333, 337.

Demokritus, life and travels, i. 65; Plato's antipathy to, 66 _n._, 82 _n._, ii. 118, iv. 355 _n._; often mentioned in Aristotle, _ib._; opinions of ancients on, i. 82 _n._; his universality, 82; relation to Parmenidean theory, 66; plena and vacua, ens and non-ens, 67, iii. 243 _n._; his absolute and relative, i. 71, 80; atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement, 69; different from Plato's Idea, and Aristotle's _materia prima_, 72; not really objects of sense, _ib._ _n._; inherent force, 73; his ultimatum, the course of nature, _ib._; primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._; air, i. 76, 78; theory of colour, 77; theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus, 78 _n._; hearing and taste, 78; motions of planets, iv. 355 _n._; blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i. 73 _n._; chance, _ib._; [Greek: phu/sis], 70 _n._; mind is heat throughout nature, 75; parts of the soul, 76; on its immortality, ii. 425 _n._; truth obtainable by reason only, i. 72; thought produced by influx of atoms, 79; on _Homo mensura_, 82, iii. 152; knowledge is _obscure_, or sensation, and _genuine_, or thought, i. 80; the gods, 81; ethical views, 82; treatise on Pythagoras, _ib._ _n._; researches in zoology and animal generation, 75; influence on growth of dialectic, 82; works of, 65; in Alexandrine library, 276; divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus, 273 _n._, 295 _n._

Dêmos, in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv. 39; Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and Aristotle, 183; in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state, 184; Plato's scheme fails from no training for, 186; see _State_.

Demosthenes, pupil of Plato, i. 261 _n._; rhetorical powers, iii. 408 _n._; teaching of Isokrates, iv. 150 _n._; _adv. Leptinem_ contrasted with _Leges_, 315 _n._

Descartes, advantages of protracted study, i. 404 _n._; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401 _n._; argument for being of God, a "fallacy of confusion," iii. 297 _n._; on criticism by report, i. 118 _n._

Desire for what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii. 182; good, object of universal, 243, iii. 335, 371, 392 _n._; largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii. 344; belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, iii. 350; exception, 351 _n._, 387 _n._

Despot, has no real power, ii. 324; worst of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278; origin, iv. 81; excess of despotism in Persia, 312; Solon on, i. 219 _n._; Xenophon on interior life of, 218, 220; Xenophon's scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234.

Determining, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11; the, iii. 346; it is intelligence, 348.

Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii. 325 _n._

Deycks, on Megarics, i. 127 _n._, 136 _n._

Dialectic, little or none in earliest theorists, i. 93; Demokritus' influence on its growth, 82; of Zeno the Eleate, 93; iii. 107; its purpose and result, i. 98; compared with _Parmenidês_, 100; early physics discredited by growth of, 91; its introduction changes the character of philosophy, 105, 107; repugnant to Herakleiteans, 106 _n._; influence of Drama and Dikastery, 385; debate common in Sokratic age, 370, ii. 284; died out in later philosophy, i. 394 _n._; disputations in the Middle Ages, 397 _n._; modern search for truth goes on silently, 369; process _per se_ interesting to Plato, 403, 406; has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405; its importance, 91, 354, 372, ii. 167, 221; debate a generating cause of friendship, 188 _n._; and Eristic, 210, 221 _n._; of Sokrates, _x_; contrasted with Sophists', 197, i. 124; Sokrates first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 _n._; to social, political, ethical, topics, 385; necessity of negative vein, 91, 371, 373, 386, 394 _n._, 421, 444, 130; a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._, 284, 422; see _Negative Method_; procedure of Sokrates repugnant to Athenian public, i. 387, ii. 305; colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287; Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386; Sokrates' reason for attachment to, iii. 258 _n._; Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of, ii. 379; stimulates, i. 420, 449, iv. 52 _n._; as stimulating, not noticed in _Republic_ training, 208; its negative and positive aspect, illustrated in _Alkibiadês I._ and _II._, ii. 7; indiscriminate, not insisted on in _Gorgias_, 367; protest against, iii. 335; _Euthydemus_ popular among enemies of, ii. 222; common want of scrutiny, i. 398 _n._; value of formal debate, as corrective of fallacies, ii. 221; its actual and anticipated effects, 11; Sokrates' positive solutions illusory, 26; its ethical basis, iii. 113; autonomy of the individual mind, 147, 297, 298; contrast with the _Leges_, 148; Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._; obstetric method, lead of the respondent followed, 368; the respondent makes the discoveries for himself, 367; assumptions necessary in, iii. 251; precepts for, 91 _n._; long answers inadmissible, ii. 281; brought to bear on Sokrates himself, iii. 57, 89; the sovereign purifier, 197; its result, _Knowledge_, i. 396; contrasted with lectures, ii. 277, iii. 337 _n._; alone useful for teaching, 34, 49, 53; a test of the expository process, i. 358, 396; attainment of dialectical aptitude, purpose of _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, iii. 261; antithesis of rhetoric and, i. 433, ii. 52-3, 70, 277, 278 _n._, 282, 303; difference of method, illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300; superiority over rhetoric, claimed, 282; issue unsatisfactorily put, 369; rhetoric, as a real art, is comprised in, iii. 30, 34; rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380; Plato's desire for celebrity in rhetoric and, 408; its object, definition, i. 452, ii. 318; its two processes, definition and division, iii. 29, 39; testing of definitions by clothing them in particulars, iv. 7 _n._; Inductive and Syllogistic, ii. 27; and Demonstrative, Aristotle's two intellectual methods, 363; the purest of all cognitions, iii. 360; and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal world, iv. 65; requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66; is the consummation of all the sciences, gives the contemplation of the ideas, 75; one of the manifestations [Greek: tou= philosophei=n], 150 _n._; standard for classifying sciences, iii. 382-3, 394; valuable principle, 395; exercises in, iv. 76; _Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-212; difference of Aristotle's and Plato's view, i. 363; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16; distinct aptitudes required by Aristotle for, ii. 54; Aristotle on its dissecting function, 70 _n._; Stoic View, i. 371 _n._; Theopompus, 450.

Dialogues, the Sokratic, i. _x_, _xi_; the lost, of Aristotle, 262 _n._, 356 _n._; of _Sokratici viri_, 111, 114; of Plato, give little information about him personally, 262; different in form from Aristotle's, 356 _n._; vary in value, ii. 19; variety of Plato, i. 344; dramatic pictures, not historical, 419 _n._, ii. 33 _n._, 150, 155 _n._, 163, 172, 195, 199, 203, 265 _n._, iii. 9 _n._, 19, 25; of common form--Plato never speaks in his own name, i. 344; reluctant to publish doctrines on his own responsibility, 350, 352, 355, 361 _n._; may have published under the name of others, 360; his lectures differ from, in being given in his own name, 402; Plato assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 350, 355, ii. 56 _n._, 64; assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357; Sokratic elenchus, a test of the expository process, 358; of _Search_ predominate, 366; a necessary preliminary to those of _Exposition_, ii. 201; their basis, Sokratic doctrine that false persuasion of knowledge is universal, i. 367, 393; illustrated by _Hippias_ and _Charmidês_, ii. 64, 163; appeal to authority, suppressed in Academics, i. 368; debate common in the Sokratic age, 370; process _per se_ interesting to Plato, 403; the obstetric method--lead of the respondent followed, 368; modern search for truth goes on silently, 369; purpose to stimulate intellect, and form verifying power, iii. 177, 188, 284; novelty and value of this, 190; process of generalisation always kept in view in, i. 406; affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 402, 420; often no ulterior affirmative end, 375; but Plato presumes the search will be renewed, 395; value as suggestive, and reviewing under different aspects, ii. 69; untenable hypothesis that Plato communicated solutions to a few, i. _xii_, 360, 401; no assignable interdependence, 407; each has its end in itself, _xii_, 344, 375, 400 _n._, ii. 300 _n._, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 184 _n._, 284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138; of _Exposition_, pedagogic tone, iii. 368 _n._; Plato's change in old age, iv. 273, 320, 380, 424, i. 244; Xenophon compared, _ib._; order for review, i. 408; see _Canon_.

Dianoia, Nous and, two grades of intelligence, iv. 66.

Dikæarchus, ii. 425 _n._

Dikasts, opposition of feeling between Sokrates and, i. 375; influence of dikastery on growth of Dialectic, 385.

Diodorus Kronus, doctrine of Power, i. 140; defended by Hobbes, 143; hypothetical propositions, 145; time, difficulties of _Now_, _ib._; motion, 146; Aristotle nearly coincides with, _ib._; and Hobbes, _ib._; his death, 147.

Diogenes of Apollonia, life and doctrines, i. 60; air his primordial element, 61; many properties of, _ib._; physiology, 60 _n._, 62; cosmology and meteorology, 64; often followed Herakleitus, _ib._ _n._; anticipated modern doctrine of aerolithes, _ib._; Agreement with Anaxagoras, 65; fundamental tenet, agreement with Aristotle and Demokritus, 69 _n._; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._

Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 152; works, 155; doctrines, 154; Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160; asceticism, 157; compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, _ib._, 160 _n._, 163 _n._; with Aristippus, 190; Communism of wives, 189 _n._; opposed Platonic ideas, 163; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164.

Diogenes Laertius, i. 291 _n._, 294.

Dion Chrysostom, i. 112 _n._

Dionysius, the elder, Aristippus' intercourse with, i. 193; visited by Plato, 351; the younger, visited by Plato, 258, 355; expedition of Dion against, 259.

Dionysius Hal., on _Apology_, i. 411 _n._; rhetorical powers of Plato and Demosthenes, iii. 407 _n._; rivalry of Plato and Lysias, 411 _n._; contrasts Plato's with [Greek: Sôkratikoi\ dia/logoi], i. 110 _n._; Plato's jealousy and love of supremacy, 117 _n._

Diotima, iii. 8 _n._, 9.

Disease, general survey of, iv. 249; preservative and healing agencies, 250.

Dittrich on _Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._

Diversum, iv. 226; form of, pervades all others, iii. 209, 232; Aristotle on, 238 _n._

Division, logical, ii. 27; and definition, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39; dialogues of search illustrate process, 29, 177, 188; novelty and value of this, ii. 235, iii. 190; by dichotomy, 254; importance of founding on sensible resemblances, 255; sub-classes often overlooked, 341; well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 344; but feebly applied, 369; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368.

Divorce, iv. 406.

Dodona, oracle to be consulted, iv. 325; Xenophon, i. 237.

Doing and _making_, ii. 155; use of [Greek: eu)= zê=n] and [Greek: eu)= pra/ttein] in _Charmidês_, 216 _n._

Drama, influence on growth of Dialectic, i. 385; mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 _n._; Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._; see _Poetry_.

Dreams, doctrine of Demokritus, caused by images from objects, i. 81; Plato's theory of, iv. 237; as affecting doctrine _Homo mensura_, iii. 130; belief of rhetor Aristeides in, 146 _n._

Drunkenness, Sokrates proof against, iii. 21, 23, iv. 287; is test of self-control, iii. 21 _n._, iv. 289, 298; forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286; chorus of elders require, 297; unbecoming the guardians, 298 _n._

E.

Eberhard, ii. 300 _n._

Eclipse, foretold by Thales, i. 4 _n._; Anaximander's doctrine, 6 _n._; Pythagoras', 14 _n._; Herakleitus', 32.

Education, who is to judge what constitutes, ii. 142; combined with polity by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, iv. 142, 185, 337; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 186; precautions in electing Minister of, 338; of men compared by Sokrates with training of inferior animals, iii. 62 _n._; bad, of kings' sons, iv. 312; training of boys and girls, 348; by music and gymnastic, 23; musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27; importance of music, 305; views of Xenophon, Polybius, Aristotle, _ib._; _music_, Platonic sense, 149; by fictions as well as by truth, 24; actual place of poetry in Greek, compared with Plato's ideal, 149-153; type for narratives about men, 26; songs, music, and dancing to be regulated, 25, 289, 291, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; prizes at festivals, 292, 337; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; only grave music allowed, 26, 168; music and gymnastic necessary to correct each other, 29; gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._; training to ascend to the idea of good, 61; purpose, 69; studies introductory to philosophy, 70-74, 206; difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._; arithmetic, 423; awakening power, 70; stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72; geometry, 423; conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; value of arithmetic and geometry, 352; by concrete method, 353 _n._; particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423; astronomy, 422; object of teaching, 354; by ideal figures, not observation, 72; acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74; of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424; exercises in dialectic, 76; Plato's remarks on effect of, 207; age for studies, 76, 350; philosophy should not be taught at a very early age, 60, 76; _Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-211; same training for men and women, 77; maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, 194; public training at Sparta and Krete, 279; Plato's scheme fails from no training for Demos, 186; Xenophon's scheme, i. 226-31; geometry and physics, Aristippus' contempt for, 186, 192.

Egger, i. 376 _n._

Ego, and Mecum or non-ego, antithesis of, iii. 132 _n._, 144 _n._

Egyptians, iv. 330 _n._, 352, 353 _n._, 415 _n._; priests, historical knowledge of, 266, 268; causes, 271; Plato's reverence for regulations of, 267 _n._

[Greek: Ei)rônei/a], characteristic of Sokrates and Sophists, iii. 217 _n._

Eleatic philosophy, i. 16-26, 93-103; Leukippus, 65; relation to atomic theory, _ib._; theory of vision, iv. 237** _n._; compared with Hindoo philosophers, i. 160 _n._

Eleians, iii. 24 _n._

Elements, the four, not primitive, iv. 238; varieties of each, 242; forms of the, 238; geometrical theory of, 240; Aristotle on, 241 _n._; a fifth added, _ib._ _n._, 421.

Emotions, appealed to in the _Kriton_, i. 433; Bain on the Tender, ii. 188 _n._; a degenerate appendage of human nature, 126, iii. 389; implication of intelligence and, 374; antithesis of science and, 61, 195, 196 _n._; the tender and aesthetic, no place for, in tripartite division of soul, iv. 149 _n._; poet's appeal to, disturbs the rational government of the mind, 92, 152, 349; restrictions on music and poetry, to keep emotions in a proper state, 169, 347; similitude of, in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 _n._

Empedokles, of universal pretensions, i. 47; doctrines, 38; four principles, _ib._; dissents from Ionic School and Herakleitus, _ib._, 48; denies [Greek: phu/sis] (in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis]), 38 _n._; compared with Anaxagoras, 52; Anaximander, 54; the moving forces, Love and Enmity, 39; modern _attraction_ and _repulsion_, 40 _n._; physics, 38; predestined cycle, 39; Chaos, _ib._, 54; was aware of effect of pressure of air, 44 _n._; movements of the blood, 43; illustrated respiration by Klepsydra, 44 _n._; perception, 44, iv. 235 _n._; contrary to Anaxagoras, i. 58; knowledge of like by like, 44; God, 40 _n._, 42; dæmons, 47; religious mysticism in, 47 _n._; claims magical powers, 47; sacredness of life, metempsychosis, 46; friendship, ii. 179; deplores impossibility of finding out truth from shortness of life, i. 47; influence on Aristotle, 91; doctrines identified by Plato with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114, 115.

Ends, science of, postulated, ii. 32, 169; dimly indicated by Plato, 148; correlation with the unknown Wise Man, 149; distinction of, iii. 374 _n._; no common, among established [Greek: no/mima], 282 _n._

Energy, analogous to guardians in state, iv. 39; Aristotle's [Greek: e)ne/rgeia], ii. 355.

Ens, of Xenophanes, i. 17; of Parmenides, 66, iii. 58; combines extension and duration, i. 19; and Non-Ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 20; alone contains truth--phenomena, probability, 24; erroneously identified by Aristotle with Heat, _ib._ _n._; Zeno, 93; Gorgias the Leontine, 103-4; Demokritus, 67; contraries the Pythagorean principles of, 15 _n._; an intermediate predicate, iii. 94; theories of philosophers about, 200, 231; materialists and idealists, 202; of Plato, comprehends objects of perception and of conception, 229, 231; is _ens_ one or many, 201; difficulties about _non-ens_ and _ens_ equally great, _ib._, 206; is equivalent to potentiality, 204; includes both the unchangeable and the changeable, 205; a _tertium quid_, distinct from motion and rest, 206; philosopher lives in region of _ens_,--Sophist, of _non-ens_, 208; _non-ens_, 331; different views about, 243 _n._; its different meanings in Plato, 181 _n._; _non-ens_ inconceivable, 200; five forms examined, 208, 231-5; a real form, not contrary to, but different from, ens, 211, 233; inter-communion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235; non-ens in _Sophistês_ different from other dialogues, 242; Plato's view of non-ens, _ib._ _n._, 249 _n._; unsatisfactory, _ib._ _n._; alone knowable, non-ens unknowable, iv. 49; what is between ens and non-ens, the object of opinion, _ib._; fundamental distinction of _ens_ from _fientia_, 219; see _Relativity_, _Ontology_.

Entities, quadruple distribution of, iii. 346; Cudworth's immutable, 74 _n._

Epicharmus, i. 9.

Epiktêtus, on authority, i. 388 _n._; objective and subjective, 451 _n._; [Greek: philo/sophos] and [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._; scheme conformable to nature, i. 162 _n._

Epikurus, garden, i. 255 _n._; school and library, 269 _n._; _Symposion_ of, iii. 22 _n._; developed Aristippus' doctrines, i. 198; identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 _n._, 355 _n._, iii. 374, 377 _n._, 387 _n._, iv. 301; scheme conformable to nature, i. 163 _n._; on justice, iv. 130 _n._; antithesis of speculative and political life, ii. 368 _n._; immortality of the soul, 425 _n._; against repulsive pictures of Hades, iv. 155 _n._; prayer and sacrifice, 395; agreement with Demokritean doctrine of chance, i. 73 _n._; Plato's theology compared with, iv. 161.

Epimenidês, date, iv. 311 _n._

Epimêtheus, ii. 268.

_Epinomis_, its authorship, i. 299 _n._, 306, 307, 309; represents Plato's latest opinions, iv. 421 _n._, 424 _n._; gives education of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424; soul prior to and more powerful than body, 421; genesis of kosmos, _ib._; _five_ elements, 240 _n._, 421; wisdom, _ib._; theological view of astronomy, _ib._; arithmetic and geometry, proportionals, 423; particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423.

[Greek: E)pistê/mê], relation to [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 164 _n._; see _Science_.

Epistles, Plato's, i. 333 _n._; genuineness, 306-7, 309, 349 _n._; written when old, 262; valuable illustrations of his character, 339 _n._; intentional obscurity as to philosophical doctrine, 350, 353 _n._

[Greek: E)pithumi/a], derivation, iii. 302 _n._

Equivoques, ii. 8 _n._, 214, iii. 29; Sokrates does not distinguish, ii. 279; Aristotle more careful than Plato, 170, 279 _n._; fallacies of equivocation, 212, 352 _n._; _gain_, 82; _know_, 213 _n._; [Greek: eu)= zê=n] and [Greek: eu)= pra/ttein], 216 _n._, 352 _n._; _Nature_, 341 _n._, iv. 194; _Cause_, ii. 404, 409, 410 _n._; _Good_, 406, iii. 370; _Ens_, 231; _Unum_, _Ens_, _Idem_, _Diversum_, &c., 94; _Pleasure_, 379 _n._; _Justice_, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125.

Eranos, meaning, iv. 400 _n._; Plato inconsistent, 399.

Erasistratus, iv. 259 _n._

_Erastæ_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 315, ii. 121; subject and interlocutors, 111; vivacity, 116; philosophy the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112; how to fix the quantity, 113; philosophy not multiplication of learned acquirements, 114; special art for discriminating bad and good, 115, 119; supreme, 120; the philosopher its regular practitioner, 115; the philosopher, second best in several arts, 114; Aristotle's [Greek: sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis], 120 _n._; relation of second-best man to regular practitioner, 113, 115, 118; supposed to point at Demokritus, _ib._; humiliation of literary _erastes_, 116.

Eretrian school, transcendental, not ethical, i. 121; qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._; Phædon, i. 148; Menedêmus, _ib._, 149.

Eristic and dialectic, ii. 221 _n._; Aristotle's definition, 210.

Eros, differently understood, necessity for definition, iii. 29; derivation, 308 _n._; contrast of Hellenic and modern sentiment, 1; erotic dialogues, _Phædrus_ and _Symposion_, _ib._; as conceived by Plato, _ib._, 4, 11; inconsistent with expulsion of poets, 3 _n._; purpose of _Symposion_, to contrast Plato's with other views, 8; views of interlocutors in _Symposion_, 9; a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, 9; but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11 _n._; the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, 4, 6, 18; _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_, _Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._; exaltation of, in a few, love of Beauty _in genere_, 7, 15; analogy to philosophy, 10, 11, 14; disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates in _Phædrus_, 11; a variety of madness, _ib._; Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25; Xenophon's view, _ib._

Ethics, diversity of beliefs, noticed by the ancients, i. 378, iii. 282 _n._; hostility to novel attempts at analysis, i. 387 _n._; Sokrates distinguished objective and subjective views, 451; subjective unanimity coincident with objective dissent, _ib._; Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv. 166; the _matter_ of ethical sentiment variable, the _form_ permanent, 203; Pascal on, i. 231 _n._; with political and social life, topic of Sokrates, 376, ii. 362,