iv. 204;

soul, 245; analogous to craftsmen in state, 39.

À priori, Plato's dogmas are, i. 399; reasonings, Plato differs from moderns, ii. 251; element of cognition, iii. 118.

Archelaus of Macedonia, ii. 325, 333 _n._, 334, 336.

Archilochus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.

[Greek: A)retê/], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Arêtê, i. 195.

Argos, bad basis of government, iv. 310.

Argumenta ad Hominem, i. 98.

Aristeides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102; reply to _Gorgias_, 371 _n._, i. 243 _n._; belief in dreams, iii. 146 _n._

Aristippus, works, i. 111, 116; ethical, not transcendental, 122; discourse of Sokrates with, 175; the choice of Herakles, 177; Sokrates on the Good and Beautiful, 184; good is relative to human beings and wants, 185; relativity of knowledge, iii. 126 _n._, i. 198, 204; the just and honourable, by law, not nature, 197; prudence, a good from its consequent pleasures, _ib._; acted on Sokrates' advice, 187, 199, 201; aspiration for self-mastery, 188; ethical theory, 195, 200 _n._; compared with Diogenes and Antisthenes, 190; developed by Epikurus, 198; scheme of life, 181, 188; Horace's analogous, 192 _n._; pleasure a generation, iii. 378 _n._; communism of wives, i. 189 _n._; contempt for geometry and physics, 186, 192; taught as a Sophist, 193; intercourse with Dionysius, _ib._; antipathy to Xenophon, 182 _n._

Aristogeiton, iii. 4 _n._

Aristophanes, the _Euthyphron_ a retort against, i. 442; connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv. 166; Sokrates in the _Nubes_, 230 _n._; function of poet, 306 _n._; _Nubes_ analogous to Plato's _Leges_, 277; _Vespæ_, 298 _n._; _Aves_, 329 _n._

Aristophanes [Greek: grammatiko/s], librarian at Alexandria, i. 273; labours, _ib._ _n._; first to arrange Platonic canon, 286; catalogue of Plato trustworthy, 285; division of Plato into trilogies, 273; principle followed by Thrasyllus, 295, 299.

Aristotle and Plato represent pure Hellenic philosophy, i. _xiv_; St. Jerome on, _xv_; MSS., 270, 283; Arabic translation, iv. 213 _n._; zoological works, iii. 62 _n._; lost Dialogues, i. 262 _n._; different in form from Plato's, 356 _n._; style, 405; no uniform consistency, 340 _n._; relation to predecessors, 85, 91; importance of his information about early Greek philosophy, 85; as historian, misled by his own conceptions, 24 _n._; contrasts "human wisdom" with primitive theology, 3 _n._; treatment of his predecessors compared by Bacon to conduct of a Sultan, 85 _n._; blames Ionic philosophy for attending to _material_ cause alone, 87; abstractions of, compared with Ionians, _ib._; erroneously identified heat with Parmenides' ens, 24 _n._; on Zeno's arguments, 93; on Anaxagorean homoeomeries, 52 _n._; charges Anaxagoras with inconsistency, 56; relation to Empedokles and Anaxagoras, 89; approves of fundamental tenet of Diogenes of Apollonia, 61 _n._; Demokritus often mentioned in, iv. 355 _n._; blames Demokritus for omitting final causes, i. 73 _n._; on flux of Herakleitus, iii. 154 _n._; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401 _n._; _cause_, difference from Plato, 407; controversy with Megarics about Power, i. 135; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; Megarics defended by Hobbes, 143; Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-9; himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._; distinction of actual and potential, iii. 135 _n._, i. 139; graduation of causes, 142; motion, coincides nearly with Diodôrus Kronus, 146; and Hobbes, _ib._; chance, 142; physics retrograded with, 89 _n._; sphericity of kosmos, 25 _n._, iv. 225 _n._; _Demiurgus_ little noticed in, 255; Plato's geometrical theory of the elements, 241 _n._; espoused and enlarged astronomical theory of Eudoxus, i. 257 _n._; reason of the kosmos, different from Sokrates' conception, ii. 402 _n._; on Eudoxus, iii. 375 _n._, 379 _n._; time, 103; friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279; pupil of Plato, 260; opposition during Plato's lifetime, 360 _n._; mode of alluding to Plato, iii. 186 _n._; on Plato's lectures, i. 347; on poetical vein in Plato, 343, iv. 255 _n._; Plato's tendency to found arguments on metaphor, ii. 337 _n._; ontology substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 _n._; _philosophia prima_, 358 _n._, iii. 230 _n._, 382; _materia prima_, i. 72; view of logic of a science, different from Plato's, 358 _n._; on Plato's ideas, 348, 360 _n._, ii. 192, 194 _n._, 410 _n._, iii. 64 _n._, 65 _n._, 66 _n._, 67 _n._, 77 _n._, 78, 245, 367 _n._, iv. 214 _n._, i. 120 _n._; generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 193, iii. 365 _n._; _Sophistês_ an approximation to Aristotle's view, 247; definition of _ens_, 230 _n._, 242 _n._; on _the different_, 238 _n._; partly successful in fitting on the ideas to facts of sense, 78; percept prior to the percipient, 76 _n._; conception of [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], 165 _n._; Plato's theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; Plato's doctrine of naming, iii. 286 _n._, 294 _n._, 325 _n._; etymologies, 301 _n._, 307 _n._, 308 _n._; no analysis or classification of propositions before, 222; propositions, some true, others false, assumed, 249; definition of simple objects, i. 172; on only identical predication possible, 166, 171; more careful than Plato in distinguishing equivoques, ii. 170, 279 _n._; equivocal meaning of _know_, 213 _n._; indeterminate predicates Ens, Unum, Idem, &c., iii. 94; first to attempt classification of fallacies, ii. 212; De Sophisticis Elenchis, 222; first distinguished [Greek: o(mô/numa], [Greek: sunô/numa], and [Greek: kat' a)nalogi/an], iii. 94 _n._; two methods, coincide with Thrasyllus' classification, i. 303; basis of dialectic, 133 _n._; negative method, its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 372 _n._; distinct aptitudes required for dialectic, ii. 54; on dissecting function of dialectic, 70 _n._; distinction of dialectic and eristic, 221 _n._; precepts for debate, iii. 91 _n._; Rhetoric, 43; on _Menexenus_, 409 _n._, 412 _n._; distinction of ends, 374 _n._; good the object of universal desire, 372 _n._; threefold division of good, iv. 428 _n._; no common end among established [Greek: no/mima], iii. 282 _n._; combats Sokrates' thesis in _Memorabilia_ and _Hippias Minor_, ii. 67; lying not justifiable, iii. 386 _n._; meanings of justice, iv. 102; meaning of [Greek: phu/sei], iii. 294 _n._; on opposition of natural and legal justice, ii. 340 _n._; nature, iv. 387 _n._; on Law, ii. 92 _n._; theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 392; on virtue is knowledge, ii. 67 _n._, 290 _n._; divine inspiration, 131 _n._; [Greek: sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis], 120 _n._; on [Greek: to\ a)dikei=n be/ltion tou= a)dikei=sthai], 333 _n._; treatment of courage and temperance, compared with Plato's, 170; derivation of [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], iii. 301 _n._; on pleasure, 383 _n._, 386 _n._; pleasure not a generation, 378 _n._; painless pleasures of geometry, 357, 388 _n._; on intense pleasures, 376 _n._; on Antisthenes, 253 _n._; school of Antisthenes, i. 115; on friendship, ii. 186; _prima amicitia_, compared with Sokrates' _amabile primum_, 194; on Plato's reminiscence, 250 _n._; immortality of soul, 420 _n._; relation of body to soul, iii. 389 _n._; on function of lungs, iv. 245 _n._; liver, 258 _n._; Plato's physiology and pathology compared with, 260; definition of _sophist_, ii. 210; equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; on _Homo mensura_, 120 _n._, 128 _n._, 131 _n._, 132 _n._, 149 _n._, 152; cites from the _Protagoras_, ii. 290 _n._; category of relation, iii. 128 _n._; the Axioms of Mathematics, i. 358 _n._; ethics and politics treated apart, iv. 138; three ends of political constructor, 328 _n._; education combined with polity, 142, 184; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187, 189 _n._; training of Spartan women, 188; views on teaching, iii. 53 _n._; chorus of elders only criticise, iv. 297 _n._; importance of music in education, 151 _n._, 305; ethical and emotional effects conveyed by sense of hearing, 307 _n._; implication of intelligence and emotion, iii. 374 _n._; view of tragic poetry, iv. 317 _n._; Plato's ideal state, 139 _n._; it is two states, 185; objection valid against his own ideal, 186 _n._; the Demos adjuncts, not members of state, 184; Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189; democracy and monarchy _not_ mother-polities, 312 _n._; oligarchical character of Plato's second _idéal_, 334 _n._; _idéal_ of character, different from Spartan, 182; differs from Plato on slavery, 344 _n._; land of citizens, 327 _n._; number of citizens limited, 198-201, 326 _n._; communism, 180** _n._; Plato's family restrictions, 329 _n._; on marriage, 189, 198-202; on infanticide, 202; recognised Malthus' law of population, _ib._; allusions to _Leges_, 272 _n._, 432; prayer and sacrifice, 394.

Arithmetic, Pythagorean, i. 15; modern application of their principle, 10 _n._; subject of Plato's lectures, 349 _n._; twofold, iii. 359, 394; to be studied, iv. 423; awakening power of, 71, 72; value of, 329 _n._, 352; acoustics to be studied by relations and theories of, 74; proportionals, 224 _n._, 423; its axioms from induction, 353 _n._; Mill on assumption in axioms of, iii. 396 _n._

Art, the supreme, is philosophy, ii. 119, 120; disparaged by Plato, 355; relation to science, iii. 43 _n._, 45, 155, 263; relation to morality, see _Education_, _Poets_**.

Ascetic life of philosopher, ii. 386; Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._; Orphics, _ib._; Cynics, i. 151, 157; Diogenes compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, 157, 159 _n._, 163 _n._; Indian Gynmosophists, antiquity of, 159 _n._; Selli, 163 _n._

Aspasia, iii. 402, i. 112, 211 _n._

Association of Ideas, i. 423 _n._; Plato's statement of general law of, ii. 191; Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; Straton on, iii. 166 _n._

Ast, theory of Platonic canon, i. 304; admits only fourteen, 305; on _Apology_, 422 _n._; _Lachês_, ii. 151; _Hippias Major_, 33 _n._; _Kratylus_, iii. 310 _n._; _Menexenus_, 412 _n._; _Timæus_, iv. 255 _n._; _Leges_, 431, 434.

Astronomy, ancient, i. 3; of Anaxagoras, 57; modern, doctrine of aerolithes anticipated by Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._; first systematic Greek hypothesis propounded by Eudoxus, 255; Planets, meaning in Plato's age, iv. 354 _n._, 422; Demokritus' idea of motions of, 355 _n._; Plato's idea of motions of, _ib._; Sokrates avoided, i. 376; Plato's relation to theory of Eudoxus, 257 _n._; theological view of, iv. 421; advantages of this view, 422; object of instruction in, 354; must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73.

Atheist, loose use of term, iv. 382 _n._

Athenians, proceedings of Sokrates repugnant to, i. 387; statesmen, ignorance of, ii. 8, 360; characteristics of, 118; customs of, iii. 24 _n._; intellect predominant in, iv. 38; Plato's _idéal_ of character, 147, 151; ancient, citizens of Plato's state identified with, 266; general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 364, 374 _n._, 403, 406, 430; taxes of, i. 242 _n._

Athens, less intolerance at, than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 396; lauded, iii. 405, 409 _n._; by Xenophon, i. 238; funeral harangues at, iii. 401-5; hatred to [Greek: ba/rbaroi], 406 _n._; and Persia compared, iv. 312; excess of liberty at, _ib._; change for worse at, after Persian invasion, 313; contrast in Demosthenes and _Menexenus_, 315 _n._, 318; Plato's aversion to dramatic poetry at, 316; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._; Plato's ideal compared with, 430; secession of philosophers from, i. 111 _n._

Atlantic, unnavigable, the belief in Plato's age, iv. 270.

Atlantis, iv. 215; description of, 268; corruption and wickedness of people, 269; address of Zeus, _ib._; submergence, 270.

Atoms, atomic theory, i. 65; relation to Eleatics, 66; of Demokritus, differ, only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement, 69; generate qualities by movements and combinations, _ib._, 70; possess inherent force, 73; not really objects of sense, 72 _n._; essentially separate from each other, 71; yet analogous to the homoeomeries of Anaxagoras, 79 _n._; different from Platonic _Idea_ and Aristotle's _materia prima_, 72; mental, 75; thought produced by influx of, 79.

Attikus, iv. 242 _n._

Augustine, St., iii. 303 _n._

Austin, meaning of law, ii. 92 _n._

Authority, early appearance in Greece of a few freethinkers, i. 384; multiplicity of individual authorities characteristic of Greek philosophy, 84; distinguished them from contemporary nations, 90; advantages, _ib._; influence of, on most men, 378-82, 392, 424, ii. 333, iv. 351; Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, 166; freedom of thought essential to philosophy, i. 383, 394 _n._, ii. 368, iii. 151 _n._; the basis of dialectic, 147, 297, 337 _n._; all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139; belief on, relation to _Homo mensura_, 142, 143, 293; Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 233; individual reason authoritative to each, i. 432; Plato on difficulty of resisting, 392 _n._; combated by Plato, 398 _n._; Plato's dissent from established religious doctrine, iv. 161, 163; danger of one who dissents from the public, ii. 359, 364, 366; dignity and independence of philosophic dissenter, upheld, 375; individual reason worthless, Herakleitus, i. 34; of public judgment, nothing, of expert, everything, 426, 435; different view, 446 _n._; Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 435; appeal to, suppressed in Academic sect, 368 _n._; Epiktetus on, 388 _n._; Cicero, 369, 384 _n._; Bishop Huet, _ib._; Council of Trent, 390 _n._; Dr. Vaughan, iv. 380 _n._; see _Orthodoxy_.

Averroism, iii. 68 _n._

Axiomata media, iii. 52, 369.

Axioms of Mathematics, Aristotle's view, i. 358 _n._; of Arithmetic and Geometry, from induction, iii. 396 _n._, iv. 353 _n._

B.

Bacon, importance of negative method, i. 373 _n._, 386; on doubt, 394 _n._; misrepresents Aristotle's treatment of his predecessors, 85 _n._; contrasts Plato and Aristotle with Pre-Sokratic philosophy, 88 _n._; _Idola_, ii. 218; anticipation of nature, 219 _n._; relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 _n._; axiomata media, 52, 369.

Badham, Dr., on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._, 381 _n._, 389 _n._, 392 _n._, 396 _n._

Bain, Prof., on the Beautiful, ii. 50 _n._; the Tender Emotion, 188 _n._; law of mental association, 192 _n._; analysis of Belief, 218; reciprocity of regard indispensable to society, 312 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 _n._; on pleasures, 383 _n._

Batteux, iv. 229 _n._

Bayle, iv. 233.

Beautiful, the, as translation of [Greek: to\ kalo/n], ii. 49 _n._; Hippias' lectures at Sparta on, 39; what is, _ib._; instances given, 40; gold makes all things beautiful, 41; not the becoming or the profitable, 43, 50 _n._; a variety of the pleasurable, 45; inadmissible, _ib._; Dugald Stewart, Mill, and Bain on, 50 _n._; Plato's antithesis of relative and absolute, 54; difference of Sokrates and Plato, 55; as object of attachment, 194; aspect of physical, awakens reminiscence of Ideas, 422, iii. 4, 14; Greek sentiment towards youths, 1; stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6, 18; different view, _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_, _Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._; exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty _in genere_, 7, 16; love of, excited by musical training, iv. 27; and the good, iii. 5 _n._; Idea of, exclusively presented in _Symposion_, 18; discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 184.

Beckmann, book-censors, iv. 379 _n._

Belief, Prof. Bain's analysis, ii. 218; causes of, variable, iii. 150; always relative to the believer's mind, 292, 297; sentiments of disbelief and, common, but grounds different with different men and ages, 296; and conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67; Plato's canon of, 231.

Bentham, meaning of Law, ii. 92 _n._

Berkeley, theory of, iv. 243 _n._; implication of subject and object, iii. 123 _n._; his use of _sensation_, 165 _n._

Bion, on Plato's doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 249 _n._

Body, animal bodies purer than air or earth, Anaxagoras doctrine,