CHAPTER III.

Other Companions of Sokrates.

Influence exercised by Sokrates over his companions 110

Names of those companions 111

Æschines--Oration of Lysias against him 112

Written Sokratic Dialogues--their general character 114

Relations between the companions of Sokrates--Their proceedings after the death of Sokrates 116

No Sokratic school--each of the companions took a line of his own 117

Eukleides of Megara--he blended Parmenides with Sokrates 118

Doctrine of Eukleides about _Bonum_ 119

The doctrine compared to that of Plato--changes in Plato _ib._

Last doctrine of Plato nearly the same as Eukleides 120

Megaric succession of philosophers. Eleian or Eretrian succession 121

Doctrines of Antisthenes and Aristippus--Ethical, not transcendental 122

Preponderance of the negative vein in the Platonic age 123

Harsh manner in which historians of philosophy censure the negative vein _ib._

Negative method in philosophy essential to the controul of the affirmative _ib._

Sokrates--the most persevering and acute Eristic of his age 124

Platonic Parmenides--its extreme negative character 125

The Megarics shared the negative impulse with Sokrates and Plato 126

Eubulides--his logical problems or puzzles--difficulty of solving them--many solutions attempted 128

Real character of the Megaric sophisms, not calculated to deceive, but to guard against deception 129

If the process of theorising be admissible, it must include negative as well as affirmative 130

Logical position of the Megaric philosophers erroneously described by historians of philosophy. Necessity of a complete collection of difficulties 131

Sophisms propounded by Eubulides. 1. Mentiens. 2. The Veiled Man. 3. Sorites. 4. Cornutus 133

Causes of error constant--The Megarics were sentinels against them 135

Controversy of the Megarics with Aristotle about Power. Arguments of Aristotle _ib._

These arguments not valid against the Megarici 136

His argument cited and criticised 137

Potential as distinguished from the Actual--What it is 139

Diodôrus Kronus--his doctrine about [Greek: to\ dunato/n] 140

Sophism of Diodôrus [Greek: O( Kurieu/ôn] 141

Question between Aristotle and Diodôrus, depends upon whether universal regularity of sequence be admitted or denied _ib._

Conclusion of Diodôrus defended by Hobbes--Explanation given by Hobbes 143

Reasonings of Diodôrus--respecting Hypothetical Propositions--respecting Motion. His difficulties about the _Now_ of time 145

Motion is always present, past, and future 146

Stilpon of Megara--His great celebrity 147

Menedêmus and the Eretriacs 148

Open speech and licence of censure assumed by Menedêmus 149

Antisthenes took up Ethics principally, but with negative Logic intermingled _ib._

He copied the manner of life of Sokrates, in plainness and rigour 150

Doctrines of Antisthenes exclusively ethical and ascetic. He despised music, literature, and physics 151

Constant friendship of Antisthenes with Sokrates--Xenophontic Symposion 152

Diogenes, successor of Antisthenes--His Cynical perfection--striking effect which he produced _ib._

Doctrines and smart sayings of Diogenes--Contempt of pleasure--training and labour required--indifference to literature and geometry 154

Admiration of Epiktêtus for Diogenes, especially for his consistency in acting out his own ethical creed 157

Admiration excited by the asceticism of the Cynics--Asceticism extreme in the East. Comparison of the Indian Gymnosophists with Diogenes _ib._

The precepts and principles laid down by Sokrates were carried into fullest execution by the Cynics 160

Antithesis between Nature and Law or Convention insisted on by the Indian Gymnosophists 162

The Greek Cynics--an order of ascetic or mendicant friars 163

Logical views of Antisthenes and Diogenes--they opposed the Platonic Ideas _ib._

First protest of Nominalism against Realism 164

Doctrine of Antisthenes about predication--He admits no other predication but identical 165

The same doctrine asserted by Stilpon, after the time of Aristotle 166

Nominalism of Stilpon. His reasons against accidental predication 167

Difficulty of understanding how the same predicate could belong to more than one subject 169

Analogous difficulties in the Platonic Parmenides _ib._

Menedêmus disallowed all negative predications 170

Distinction ascribed to Antisthenes between simple and complex objects. Simple objects undefinable 171

Remarks of Plato on this doctrine 172

Remarks of Aristotle upon the same _ib._

Later Grecian Cynics--Monimus--Krates--Hipparchia 173

Zeno of Kitium in Cyprus 174

Aristippus--life, character, and doctrine 175

Discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus _ib._

Choice of Hêraklês 177

Illustration afforded of the views of Sokrates respecting Good and Evil _ib._

Comparison of the Xenophontic Sokrates with the Platonic Sokrates 178

Xenophontic Sokrates talking to Aristippus--Kalliklês in Platonic Gorgias 179

Language held by Aristippus--his scheme of life 181

Diversified conversations of Sokrates, according to the character of the hearer 182

Conversation between Sokrates and Aristippus about the Good and Beautiful 184

Remarks on the conversation--Theory of Good 185

Good is relative to human beings and wants in the view of Sokrates _ib._

Aristippus adhered to the doctrine of Sokrates 186

Life and dicta of Aristippus--His type of character _ib._

Aristippus acted conformably to the advice of Sokrates 187

Self mastery and independence--the great aspiration of Aristippus 188

Aristippus compared with Antisthenes and Diogenes--Points of agreement and disagreement between them 190

Attachment of Aristippus to ethics and philosophy--contempt for other studies 192

Aristippus taught as a Sophist. His reputation thus acquired procured for him the attentions of Dionysius and others 193

Ethical theory of Aristippus and the Kyrenaic philosophers 195

Prudence--good, by reason of the pleasure which it ensured, and of the pains which it was necessary to avoid. Just and honourable, by law or custom--not by nature 197

Their logical theory--nothing knowable except the phenomenal, our own sensations and feelings--no knowledge of the absolute 197

Doctrines of Antisthenes and Aristippus passed to the Stoics and Epikureans 198

Ethical theory of Aristippus is identical with that of the Platonic Sokrates in the Protagoras 199

Difference in the manner of stating the theory by the two 200

Distinction to be made between a general theory--and the particular application of it made by the theorist to his own tastes and circumstances 201

Kyrenaic theorists after Aristippus 202

Theodôrus--Annikeris--Hegesias _ib._

Hegesias--Low estimation of life--renunciation of pleasure--coincidence with the Cynics 203

Doctrine of Relativity affirmed by the Kyrenaics, as well as by Protagoras 204