Plants Poisonous to Live Stock
CHAPTER IX
CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS.
The classification of poisonous plants according to their effects is a somewhat difficult process, since more than one prominent symptom may be produced by the same plant. Two classifications, however, may be given as examples, the first that of Blyth, and the second that of A. B. Smith. These must be regarded as essentially applicable to human beings, though serving more or less as a guide in case of poisoning of farm live-stock.
Blyth’s Classification (after Pammel).
=A.—Poisons causing death immediately or in a few minutes=: Prussic acid, cyanides, oxalic acid, and occasionally strychnine.
=B.—Irritant Poisons=, with symptoms chiefly pain, vomiting, and purging: Ergot, digitalis, colchicum, yew, laburnum.
=C.—Irritant and Narcotic Poisons=, with symptoms of an irritant nature, with more or less cerebral indications: Oxalic acid or oxalates.
=D.—Poisons more especially affecting the Nervous System=:
1. NARCOTICS.—Symptoms: insensibility, which may be preceded by more or less cerebral excitement. Opium.
2. DELIRIANTS.—Delirium, for the most part, a prominent symptom: Belladonna, hyoscyamus, stramonium, and other _Solanaceæ_, Lolium temulentum, Oenanthe crocata, poisonous fungi.
3. CONVULSIVES.—Almost every poison has been known to produce convulsive effects, but the only true convulsive poisons are the alkaloids of the strychnine class.
4. COMPLEX NERVOUS PHENOMENA.—Aconite, digitalis.
A. Bernhard Smith’s Classification.
=A.—Poisons acting on the Brain.=
1. NARCOTICS.—_Symptoms_: Giddiness; dimness of sight; contracted pupils; headache; noises in the ears; confusion of ideas, and drowsiness, passing into insensibility.
_British Plants included_: Papaver somniferum.
2. DELIRIANTS.—_Symptoms_: Spectral illusions; delirium; dilated pupils; thirst and dryness of the mouth; incoordination. Occasionally, though rarely, there are paralysis and tetanoid spasms.
_British Plants included_: Datura Stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, Solanum Dulcamara, Solanum nigrum, Atropa Belladonna, Lolium temulentum.
3. INEBRIANTS.—_Symptoms_: Excitement of cerebral functions and of the circulation; loss of power of coordination and of muscular movements, with double vision; leading to profound sleep and deep coma.
_British Plants included_: Pinus pinaster, Pinus larix, Artemisia maritima, Artemisia Absinthium.
=B.=—=Poisons acting on the Spinal Cord.=
CONVULSIVES.—_Symptoms_: Clonic (intermittent) spasms, extending from above downwards. Opisthotonos very violent; but trismus (lockjaw) rare. Swallowing spasmodic. Death, usually, in less than three hours, or rapid recovery.
_British Plants included_: none.
=C.=—=Poisons acting on the Heart.=
1. DEPRESSANTS.—_Symptoms_: Vertigo; vomiting; abdominal pain; confused vision; convulsions; occasional delirium; paralysis; syncope; sometimes asphyxia.
_British Plants included_: Conium maculatum, Cytisus Scoparius.
2. ASTHENICS.—_Symptoms_: Numbness, and tingling in the mouth; abdominal pain; vertigo; vomiting; purging; tremor; occasional delirium; paralysis; dyspnœa, ending in syncope.
_British Plants included_: Prunus laurocerasus, (Phaseolus lunatus—imported cattle food), Lathyrus aphaca, Rumex Acetosa, Aconitum Napellus, Actaea spicata, Delphinium consolida, Digitalis purpurea, Convallaria majalis, Colchicum autumnale.
=D.=—=Vegetable Irritants.=
1. PURGATIVES.—_Symptoms_: Abdominal pain; vomiting and purging; cramps; strangury and tenesmus, followed by collapse, and sometimes accompanied by drowsiness, and slight nervous symptoms.
_British Plants included_: Sambucus nigra, Sambucus Ebulus, Helleborus viridis, Helleborus fœtidus, Caltha palustris, Linum catharticum.
2. ABORTIVES.—_Symptoms_: Nausea; vomiting; stupor; polyuria; sometimes tenesmus. Abortion may or may not occur; coma.
_British Plants included_: Juniperus Sabina (cultiv. in Britain), Claviceps purpurea; Ruta graveolens (cultiv. in Britain).
3. IRRITANTS WITH NERVOUS SYMPTOMS.—_Symptoms_: Abdominal pain; vomiting and purging; dilated pupils; headache; tetanic spasms; occasional convulsions; sometimes rapid coma.
_British Plants included_: Oenanthe crocata, Oenanthe Phellandrium, Oenanthe fluviatilis, Cicuta virosa, Aethusa Cynapium, Sium angustifolium, Taxus baccata, Cytisus Laburnum, Paris quadrifolia, Mercurialis perennis.
4. SIMPLE IRRITANTS.—_Symptoms_: Burning pain in the throat and stomach; thirst; nausea; vomiting; tenesmus; purging; dysuria; dyspnœa and cough occasionally. Death through shock; convulsions; exhaustion; or starvation due to injury to throat or stomach.
_British Plants included_: Arum maculatum, Daphne Laureola, Daphne Mezereum, Narcissus moschatus, Narcissus poeticus, Scilla bifolia, Galanthus nivalis, Hyacinthus nonscriptus, Fritillaria meleagris, Clematis Vitalba, Anemone nemorosa, Anemone appenina, Ranunculus aquatilis, R. Flammula, R. Ficaria, R. auricomus, R. sceleratus, R. acris, R. bulbosus, Aquilegia vulgaris, Bryonia dioica, Ligustrum vulgare, Asarum europæum, Saponaria officinalis, Valeriana officinalis, Agrostemma Githago, Doronicum Pardalianches, Impatiens noli-me-tangere, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Cynoglossum officinale, Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Tamus communis, Euonymus europæus, Rhamnus catharticus, Glaucium luteum, Roemeria hybrida, Papaver Rhoeas, Chelidonium majus, Sedum acre, Sedum album, Drosera rotundifolia, Linaria vulgaris, Iris Pseud-acorus, Iris foetidissima, Buxus sempervirens, Crocus sativus, Euphorbia Peplis, E. pilosa, E. Helioscopia, E. platyphylla, E. hiberna, E. portlandica, E. Paralias, E. Peplus, E. exigua, E. Lathyris, E. amygdaloides, Urtica dioica, U. urens, U. pilulifera, Viscum album, Lepidium latifolium.
5. SIMPLE IRRITANTS WHEN TAKEN IN LARGE QUANTITIES.—_Symptoms_: Burning pain in throat and stomach, vomiting; purging; difficulty in swallowing. Recovery usual.
_British Plants included_: Sinapis alba, and S. nigra.
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209. PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL. Var. issues.
210. PICTET, A. La Constitution chimique des Alcaloïdes Végétaux, 2^{me} Ed., 1897.
211. PLUGGE, P. C. Andromedotoxin-haltige Ericaceen. Arch. der Pharm., 229: 552–554.
212. —— Giftiger Honig von Rhododendron ponticum. Arch. der Pharm., 229: 554–56.
213. POTT, EMIL. Handbuch der tierischen Ernährung und landwirtschaftlichen Futtermittel, II. Bd., 1907.
214. POWER, F. B., and TUTIN, F. Chemical Examination of Aethusa Cynapium. Wellcome Chem. Res. Laboratories, No. 58, 1905.
215. PRAAG, L. VAN, and OPWYRDA, R. J. Leerbuch voor practische giftleer, 1871.
216. PRATT, ANNE. The Poisonous, Noxious and Suspected Plants of our Fields and Woods [?1887].
217. RATTI, Professor. On Colchicum Poisoning. Phar. Jour. and Trans., iii, 6: 47 (abstr. from _Lancet_).
218. RATZEBURG, J. F. C. (See BRANDT, J. F.)
219. REMSEN, I., and COALE, R. D. Am. Chem. Jour., vi, 1884, p. 50.
220. RICE, W. S. Equisetum Poisoning. Am. Vet. Rev., 26: 944–951.
221. RICH, F. A. Poisonous Equisetum. Proc. Am. Vet. Assoc., 1902.
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224. RIECKE, V. A. (See BERGE, Fr.)
225. ROTHERA, A. C. H. Reputed Poison Plants. Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, Nov., 1910.
226. RUSSELL, E. J. (See PARKINSON, S. T.)
227. SCHENCK, H. (See STRASBURGER, E.)
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(See also various references in the text.)
INDEX
_Abies excelsa_, 72 — _pectinata_, 72
Abietin, 72
_Achillea Millefolium_, 100
Achilleine, 100
Aconine, 15
Aconitic acid, 86
Aconitine, 11, 15
_Aconitum Napellus_, 10, 14, 15, 103, 104
Acorns, 70–72, 100
_Actaea spicata_, 104
_Aethusa Cynapium_, 39, 104
_Agrostemma Githago_, 3, 6, 8, 19, 105
Agrostemma-Sapotoxin, 21
Agrostemmin, 21
_Aira caespitosa_, 101
All-Heal, 93, 105
_Alliaria officinalis_, 19, 100
_Allium_ sp., 99
Allyl-isothiocyanate, 18
Amentaceæ, 69
Amygdalin, 8, 94
_Anagallis arvensis_, 48
_Anchusa officinalis_, 94
Andromedotoxin, 47, 48
Anemonal, 9
_Anemone_ sp., 9, 11 — _appenina_, 105 — _nemorosa_, 9, 105 — _pulsatilla_, 9 — Wood, 9
Anemone-camphor (oil of anemone), 9
Anemonic acid, 10, 11
Anemonin, 10, 11
Annual Mercury, 67
_Anthemis aetnensis_, 94 — _arvensis_, 94, 101 — _chia_, 94, — _Cotula_, 94, 101
Apoatropine, 59
_Aquilegia vulgaris_, 105
Araliaceæ, 43
Arbutin, 47, 48
_Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi_, 105
Aroideæ, 76
_Artemisia Absinthium_, 101, 104 — _maritima_, 104
_Arum maculatum_, 76, 77, 105
_Asarum europæum_, 105
Asphodel, Bog, 97, 101
_Aspidium filix-mas_, 88
_Astragalus bisulcatus_, 3
_Atriplex_ sp., 97
_Atropa Belladonna_, 4, 5, 8, 50, 52, 58, 103, 104
Atropine, 50, 59
Autumn Crocus, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104
_Azalea_ sp., 4, 48 — _arborescens_, 48 — _indica_, 48 — _nudiflora_, 48 — _pontica_, 48
_Balsamorhiza sagittata_, 3
Beans, 4, 32, 33, 104
Belladonine, 59
Belladonna, _see_ Deadly Nightshade
Bibliography, 107
Bindweeds, 49, 102
Bittersweet, 54, 104
Black Bindweed, 49, 102 — Bryony, 35, 78, 105
Bog Asphodel, 97, 101
Box, 69, 105
Bracken, 87, 93
Brake-fern, 87, 93
_Brassica nigra_, 18 — _Sinapistrum_, 18, 19
_Bromus_, 101
Broom, 27, 104
Broom-rape, 95
Bryogenin, 35
_Bryonia dioica_, 35, 78, 105
Bryonin, 35, 78
Bryony, 35, 78, 105
Buckthorn, 24, 105
Buckwheat, 64
Burma beans, 32
Buttercups, 8, 10–12, 99, 105 — Acrid, 10, 105 — Bulbous, 10, 11, 105 — Celery-leaved, 10, 11, 99, 105
Butterwort, 101
Buxine, 69
Buxinidine, 69
_Buxus sempervirens_, 69, 105
_Caltha palustris_, 9, 12, 99, 104
Canadian Erigeron, 93
Caper Spurge, 66, 67, 100, 105
Caprifoliaceæ, 43
_Capsella Bursa-pastoris_, 101
Caryophyllaceæ, 19
Castor Oil Plant, 33
Catmint, 96
Cats-Ear, 94
Celandine, Greater, 17, 105 — Lesser, 10, 11, 105
Celastraceæ, 24
Celery-leaved Buttercup, 10, 11, 99, 105
Chaerophyllin, 40
_Chaerophyllum_ sp., 37, 40 — _sylvestre_, 40 — _temulum_, 40
Chamomile, Corn and Wild, 101
Charlock, 18
Chelerythrine, 17
Chelidonine, 17
_Chelidonium majus_, 17, 105
Cherry Laurel, 34
Chervils, 40
Chickweed, 101
Chinovic acid, 93
Choline, 68
Christmas Rose, 13
_Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum_, 100
_Cicuta virosa_, 2, 8, 36, 104
Cicutine, 36
Cicutoxine, 36
Classification of Poisons, 103
_Claviceps microcephala_, 98 — _purpurea_, 8, 88–91, 103, 104
_Clematis Vitalba_, 9, 105
Cockle, Corn, 3, 6, 8, 19, 105
Colchicine, 80
_Colchicum_ sp., 8, 11, 103 — _autumnale_, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104
Compositæ, 44
Conhydrine, 30, 41
Coniceine, 41
Coniferæ, 72
Coniferin, 72
Coniine, 30, 39, 41
_Conium maculatum_, 6, 30, 41, 101, 104
Consolidine, 94
Convallamarin, 79
_Convallaria majalis_, 79, 104
Convallarin, 79
Convolvulaceæ, 49
_Convolvulus_ sp., 49, 102 — _arvensis_, 49 — _sepium_, 49
Corn Chamomile, 101
Corn Cockle, 3, 6, 8, 19, 105
Cornutine, 89
Cowbane, 2, 8, 36, 104
Cow-Wheat, 96, 100
Cress, Penny, 101
Crocus, Autumn, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104
_Crocus sativus_, 105
Crowfoot, Tall, 10, 11, 105
Cruciferæ, 18
Cuckoo Pint, 76, 77, 105
Cucurbitaceæ, 35
Cumarin, 92
_Cupressus macrocarpa_, 73 — _nootkatensis_, 73
_Cuscuta_ sp., 94 — _Epithymum_, 94 — _europæa_, 94
Cuscutin, 94
Cyclamin, 49
Cynapine, 39
Cynoglossine, 94
_Cynoglossum officinale_, 94, 105
Cytisine, 25, 27, 92
_Cytisus Laburnum_, 25, 27, 104 — _Scoparius_, 27, 104 — _Weldeni_, 25
_Daphne_ sp., 4, 8 — _Laureola_, 65, 105 — _Mezereum_, 65, 105
Daphnin, 65
Darnel, 8, 48, 82–84, 96, 103, 104
_Datura Stramonium_, 50, 103, 104
Daturine, 50
Deadly Nightshade, 4, 5, 8, 50, 52, 58, 103, 104
Delphinine, 11, 14
_Delphinium Ajacis_, 14 — _Consolida_, 14, 104 — _Staphisagria_, 14
Delphinoidine, 14
Delphisine, 14
Devil’s-Bit, 93
Digitalein, 61
Digitalin, 61
_Digitalis purpurea_, 61, 103, 104
_Digitin_, 61
_Digitonin_, 61
_Digitoxin_, 61
_Dioscorideæ_, 78
Docks, 63, 64
Dodders, 94
Dog’s Mercury, 67, 68, 100, 104
_Doronicum Pardalianches_, 105
Dropwort, Water, 37, 103, 104
_Drosera_ sp., 93 — _rotundifolia_, 105
Dulcamarin, 54
Dwarf Elder, 43, 104
Ecboline, 89
_Echium vulgare_, 94
Elder, Common, 43, 104 — Dwarf, 43, 104
_Endoconidium temulentum_, 83
Equisetaceæ, 84
Equisetine, 86
_Equisetum_ sp., 3, 84–87, 100 — _arvense_, 84, 85, 86, 87 — _heleocharis_, 85 — _maximum_, 83 — _palustre_, 85, 100 — _pratense_, 85 — _sylvaticum_, 85
Ergot, 8, 88–91, 103, 104
Ergotinine, 89
Ergotism, 89
Ergotoxine, 89
Ericaceæ, 46
Ericolin, 47, 48
Erigeron, Canadian, 93
_Erigeron canadensis_, 93
_Erodium cicutarium_, 101
_Erysimum cheiranthoides_, 19, 105
Esparcet, False, 3
Euonymin, 24
_Euonymus europæus_, 24, 105
_Euphorbia_ sp., 8, 66, 67 — _amygdaloides_, 105 — _exigua_, 105 — _Helioscopia_, 66, 105 — _hiberna_, 105 — _Lathyris_, 66, 67, 100, 105 — _Paralias_, 105 — _Peplis_, 105 — _Peplus_, 66, 105 — _pilosa_, 105 — _platyphylla_, 105 — _portlandica_, 105
Euphorbiaceæ, 66
Fagopyrism, 64
Ferns, 87, 88
Figworts, 95
Filices, 87
Filicic acid, 88
Flag, Yellow, 97, 105
Flax, Purging, 92, 104
Fool’s Parsley, 39, 104
Formic acid, 75
Foxglove, 61, 103, 104
Frangulin, 24
_Fritillaria Meleagris_, 97, 105
Fritillary, Common, 97, 105
Fungi, 88
Furze, 92
_Galanthus nivalis_, 105
Garden Nightshade, 4, 52, 54, 104
Garlic Mustard, 19, 100
Garlics, 99
Geraniaceæ, 23
Geranium, Wild, 3
Githagin, 21
Githagism, 20
_Glaucium luteum_, 105
Gorse, 92
Gramineæ, 82
Gratiolin, 95
Great Mullein, 95
Ground Ivy, 96
Gummi hederæ, 43
_Hedera Helix_, 43
Hederin, 43
Hellebore, Green, 13, 14, 104 — Stinking, 13, 104
Helleborein, 13
Helleborin, 12, 13
_Helleborus_ sp., 13 — _fœtidus_, 13, 104 — _niger_, 13 — _viridis_, 13, 14, 104
Hemlock (_see also_ Water Hemlock), 6, 30, 41, 101, 104
Henbane, 6, 51, 101, 104
Herb Paris, 78, 104
_Hieracium Pilosella_, 98
_Hordeum_, 101
Horsetails, 3, 84–87, 100
Hound’s Tongue, 94, 105
Huckleberry, 53
_Hyacinthus nonscriptus_, 105
_Hydrocotyle vulgaris_, 93
Hydroergotinine, 89
Hyoscine, 50, 51, 59
Hyoscyamine, 6, 46, 50, 51, 59
_Hyoscyamus_ sp., 103 — _muticus_, 6 — _niger_, 6, 51, 101, 104
Hyoscypicrin, 51
Hypericineæ, 22
_Hypericum perforatum_, 22
_Hypochæris radicata_, 94
_Impatiens noli-me-tangere_, 105
Imperialine, 97
Iridin, 97
_Iris foetidissima_, 105 — _Pseud-acorus_, 97, 105
Ivraie, 83
Ivy, 43 — Ground, 96
Java beans, 4, 32, 104
Jervine, 12, 13
Jimson Weed, 50
_Juncus_ sp., 98
_Juniperus Sabina_, 72, 104
King-cup, 12 99, 104
Knot-weed, 102
Kribbelkrankheit, 89
Laburnum, 25, 27, 103
_Lactuca scariola_, 45 — _virosa_, 45, 46
Lactucarium, 46
Lactucerin, 46
Lactucic, acid 46
Lactucin, 46
Lactucone, 46
Lactupicrine, 46
_Larix europæa_, 72
Larkspur, 14, 104
Lathyrism, 27, 28
_Lathyrus Aphaca_, 29, 104 — _Cicera_, 27 — _Clymenum_, 27 — _sativus_, 27, 96
Laurel, Cherry, 34, 104
Laurel, Spurge, 65, 105
_Lepidium latifolium_, 105
Lettuce, Wild, 45
Ligustrin, 49
Ligustron, 49
_Ligustrum vulgare_, 4, 49, 105
Liliaceæ, 78
Lily-of-the-Valley, 79, 104
Lima beans, 32
_Linaria vulgaris_, 95, 105
Linarin, 95
_Linum carthaticum_, 92, 104
Loco-weed, 3
Loliine, 83
_Lolium temulentum_, 8, 48, 82–84, 96, 103, 104
Lords and Ladies, 76, 77, 105
Lousewort, 63, 95
Lupines, 29 — Blue, 29 — False, 3 — White, 30 — Yellow, 29
Lupinidine, 27, 31
Lupinine, 31
Lupinosis, 29–32
Lupinotoxin, 31
_Lupinus_ sp., 29–32 — _albus_, 30 — _angustifolius_, 29 —— _luteus_, 29, 30
Mal de Brou, 70
Maladie des Bois, 70, 100
Male Fern, 88
Marsh Marigold, 12, 99, 104
Marsh Penny-Wort, 93
_Matricaria Chamomilla_, 101
Mayweeds, 94, 101
Meadow Saffron, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104
Mechanical injury, plants causing, 101
_Melampyrum_ sp., 63, 95, 96 — _arvense_, 96, 100
Melilot, 92
_Melilotus_ sp., 92
Mercurialine, 68
_Mercurialis annua_, 67, 68, 100 —— _perennis_, 67, 68, 100, 104
Mercury, Dog’s and Annual, 67, 68, 100, 104
Methylconiine, 41
Mezerein, 65
Mezereon, 65, 105
Milk, plants affecting, 99, 100, 101 — _Achillea Millefolium_, 100 — Acorns, 100 — _Alliaria officinalis_, 100 — _Allium_ sp., 99 — _Anthemis_ sp., 94, 101 — _Artemisia Absinthium_, 101 — _Caltha palustris_, 99 — _Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum_, 100 — _Colchicum autumnale_, 80, 81, 100 — _Conium maculatum_, 42, 101 — _Cytisus Weldeni_, 25 — _Equisetum palustre_, 87, 100 — _Euphorbia_ sp., 67 — — _Lathyris_, 100 — _Helleborus_ sp., 13, 14 — _Hyoscyamus niger_, 52, 101 — _Hypericum perforatum_, 22 — _Matricaria Chamomilla_, 101 — _Melampyrum arvense_, 100 — _Mercurialis annua_, 68, 100 — — _perennis_, 68, 100 — _Narthecium ossifragum_, 97 100 — _Oxalis Acetosella_, 23, 100 — _Pinguicula vulgaris_, 101 — _Quercus_ sp., 71, 100 — _Ranunculus_ sp., 99 — _Rhododendron_, 47, 100 — _Rumex_ sp., 64 — _Senebiera didyma_, 101 — _Senecio latifolius_, 45 — _Sium angustifolium_, 101 — — _latifolium_, 37, 101 — _Solanum tuberosum_, 57 — _Tanacetum vulgare_, 44, 101 — _Thlaspi arvense_, 101
_Molinia caerulea_, 98
Monkshood, 10, 14, 15, 103, 104
Morphine, 16
Mullein, Great, 95
Mustard, Garlic, 19, 100 — Treacle, 19
Naked Ladies, 2, 3, 79–82, 100, 104
Narcissine, 97
_Narcissus_ sp., 97 — _moschatus_, 105 — _poeticus_, 97, 105 — _pseudo-narcissus_, 97
_Nardus stricta_, 101
Narthecin, 97
_Narthecium ossifragum_, 97, 100
_Nepeta Cataria_, 96 — _Glechoma_, 1, 96, 98
Nettles, 97, 105
Nightshade, _see_ Deadly Nightshade _and_ Garden Nightshade
Oak, 69–72, 100
_Oenanthe crocata_, 37, 103, 104 — _fistulosa_, 38 — _fluviatilis_, 104 — _Phellandrium_, 38, 104
Oenanthotoxin, 38
Oil of Cicuta, 36 — Euphorbia, 68 — Mustard, 18 — Snapdragon, 95 — Tansy, 44 — Valerian, 93 — Yew, 75
Oleaceæ, 49
Orache, 97
_Orobanche minor_, 95
_Oxalis Acetosella_, 23, 100
Paigya beans, 32
_Papaver_ sp., 8, 16 — _dubium_, 16 — _Rhoeas_, 16, 105 — _somniferum_, 103
Papaveraceæ, 16
Papilionaceæ, 25
Parabuxine, 69
Parabuxinidine, 69
Paridin, 78, 79
_Paris quadrifolia_, 78, 104
Paristyphnin, 78
Parsnip, Water, 37, 101 — Wild, 93
Pasque Flower, 9
_Pastinaca sativa_, 93
Peas, Indian, 27, 96 — Mutter, 27
_Pedicularis_ sp., 63, 95 — _palustris_, 63 — _sylvatica_, 63
Penny Cress, 101
Penny-Wort, Marsh, 93
Persicaria, 64
Petty Spurge, 66, 105
Phaseolunatin, 8, 33
_Phaseolus lunatus_, 4, 32, 104
_Picea_ sp., 72
Picein, 72
Picrotoxin, 36, 83
Pimpernel, Scarlet, 48
_Pinguicula vulgaris_, 101
Pinipicrin, 72
_Pinus larix_, 104 — _pinaster_, 104 — _strobus_, 72 — _sylvestris_, 72
_Pisum sativum_, 27
Poison Weed, 48
Polygonaceæ, 63
_Polygonum Aviculare_, 102 — _Convolvulus_, 102 — _Fagopyrum_, 64 — _hydropiper_, 64, 65 — _Persicaria_, 64, 65
Poppies, 8, 16, 103, 105
Potato, 54–58
_Potentilla Anserina_, 92 — _tormentilla_, 88, 93
Primulaceæ, 48
Privet, 4, 49, 105
Protopine, 17
Prulaurasin, 34
_Prunus laurocerasus_, 34, 104
Pseudoconhydrine, 41
_Pteris aquilina_, 87, 93
Pteritannic acid, 88
Pulsatilla-camphor, 9
Purging Flax 92, 104
_Quercus_ sp., 69–72, 100
Radish, Wild, 18
Ragwort, 44
Rangoon beans, 32
Ranunculaceæ, 9
_Ranunculus_ sp., 8, 9, 10, 12, 99 — _acer_, 11 — _acris_, 10, 11, 105 — _aquatilis_, 10, 105 — _auricomus_, 105 — _bulbosus_, 10, 11, 105 — _Ficaria_, 10, 11, 105 — _Flammula_, 10, 11, 105 — _lingua_, 10 — _repens_, 10, 12, 99 — _sceleratus_, 10, 11, 99, 105
_Raphanus Raphanistrum_, 18
Rhamnaceæ, 24
Rhamnetin, 24
_Rhamnus Catharticus_, 24, 105 — _Frangula_, 24
Rheadine, 16
Rhinanthin, 63, 96
_Rhinanthus_ sp., 63 — _Crista-galli_, 95
Rhododendrin, 47
_Rhododendron_ sp., 4, 46, 100 — _arboreum_, 47 — _californicum_, 46 — _Chrysanthum_, 46 — _cinnabarinum_, 47 — _ferrugineum_, 46 — _hirsutum_, 47 — _maximum_, 46 — _ponticum_, 46, 47 — _punctatum_, 47
Ricin, 34
Ricinine, 34
_Ricinus communis_, 33
_Roemeria hybrida_, 105
Rosaceæ, 34
_Rumex Acetosa_, 63, 104 — _Acetosella_, 63 — _crispus_, 64
_Ruta graveolens_, 104
St John’s Wort, 22
_Sambuca Ebulus_, 43, 104 — _nigra_, 43, 104
Sambucine, 44
Sambunigrin, 44
_Saponaria officinalis_, 19, 105
Saponins, 8, 9, 19, 21, 77, 78, 97
Sapotoxin, 21
_Scabiosa succisa_, 93 93
Scarlet Pimpernel, 48
_Scilla bifolia_, 105
Scopolamine, 50, 51, 59
_Scrophularia aquatica_, 95 — _nodosa_, 95
Scrophularine, 95
Scrophularineæ, 61
_Sedum acre_, 93, 105 —_album_, 105
_Senebiera didyma_, 101
Senecifolidine, 45
Senecifoline, 45
_Senecio Burchellii_, 45 —_Jacobœa_, 44 —_latifolius_, 45
Sheep’s Sorrel, 63
Shepherd’s Purse, 101
Silica, 86
Silver Weed, 92
Sinalbin, 18
Sinapine, 18
_Sinapis alba_, 105 —_arvensis_, see _Brassica sinapistrum_ —_nigra_, 105
_Sium angustifolium_, 37, 101, 104 —_latifolium_, 37, 101
Sium, Lesser, 101
Smilacin, 21
Snake’s Head, 97
Soapwort, 19, 105
Solanaceæ, 4, 8, 50, 103
Solanidine, 53, 56
Solanine, 8, 53, 54, 55, 56
_Solanum Dulcamara_, 54, 104 —_guineense_, 53 —_nigrum_, 4, 52, 54, 104 —_tuberosum_, 54–58 —_villosum_, 53
Sorrel, Common, 63, 104 —Sheep’s, 63 —Wood, 23, 100
Sparteine, 27, 31
Spearwort, Lesser, 10, 11, 105
Spindle Tree, 24, 105
Spurge Laurel, 65, 105
Spurges, 66, 67, 100, 105
Staphisagrine, 14
_Stellaria media_, 101
Stinking Mayweed, 101
_Stipa pinnata_, 101
Sundews, 93
Sunflower, Wild, 3
Sun Spurge, 66, 105
Syringin, 49
Syringopicrin, 49
_Tamus communis_, 35, 78, 105
_Tanacetum vulgare_, 44, 101
Tannin, 70
Tansy, 44, 101
Taxine, 75
_Taxus baccata_, 2, 4, 7, 8, 72, 73–76, 103, 104
Temuline, 83
Terpene, 93
_Thermopsis rhombifolia_, 3
_Thlaspi arvense_, 101
Thorn Apple, 50, 103, 104
_Thuja occidentalis_, 72
Thymelaceæ, 65
Toadflax, 95, 105
Tormentil, 88, 93
Traveller’s Joy, 9, 105
Treacle Mustard, 19
_Trifolium incarnatum_, 101
Trimethylamine, 68
_Trollius europœus_, 9
_Ulex europœus_, 92
Ulexine, 25, 92
Umbelliferæ, 2, 36
_Urtica_ sp., 97 —_dioica_, 97, 105 —_pilulifera_, 105 —_urens_, 105
_Valeriana officinalis_, 93, 105
Valerianic acid, 93
Vellarin, 93
_Verbascum Thapsus_, 95
Vetchling, Yellow, 29, 104
Viper’s Bugloss, 94
_Viscum album_, 105
Wall-Pepper, 93, 105
Wartcress, Lesser, 101
Water Dropwort, 37, 103, 104 —Hemlock, 2, 8, 36, 104 —Parsnip, 37, 101 —Pepper, 64, 65
White-Rot, 93
Wild Chamomile, 101 —Geranium, 3 —Lettuce, 45 —Parsnip, 93 —Radish, 18 —Sunflower, 3
Wind Flower, 9, 105
Wonderberry, 53
Wood Anemone, 9, 105 —Sorrel, 23, 100
Wormwood, 101
Xylan, 98
Yellow Flag, 97 —Rattle, 95 —Vetchling, 29, 104
Yew, 2, 4, 7, 8, 72, 73–76, 103, 104
_Zygadenus venenosus_, 3
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End of Project Gutenberg's Plants Poisonous to Live Stock, by Harold C. Long