Part 7

abide abode abode arise arose arisen awake awoke, _r_ awaked be or am was been bear bore borne beat beat beaten begin began begun bend bent, _r_ bent, _r_ bereave bereft, _r_ bereft, _r_ beseech besought besought bet bet bet bid bid or bade bid (den) bind bound bound bite bit bit (ten) bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought build built, _r_ built, _r_ burn burnt, _r_ burnt, _r_ burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught chide chid chid (den) choose chose chosen cling clung clung clothe clad, _r_ clad, _r_ come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt, _r_ dealt, _r_ dig dug, _r_ dug, _r_ do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt, _r_ dreamt, _r_ drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt, _r_ dwelt, _r_ eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken get got got (ten) give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung, _r_ hung, _r_ have had had hear heard heard hew hewed hewn, _r_ hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt, _r_ knelt, _r_ knit knit, _r_ knit, _r_ know knew known lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit, _r_ lit, _r_ lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met mistake mistook mistaken mow mowed mown, _r_ pay paid paid plead pled, _r_ pled, _r_ put put put quit quit, _r_ quit, _r_ read read read rend rent rent rid rid rid ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawn, _r_ say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set shake shook shaken shape shaped shapen, _r_ shave shaved shaven, _r_ shear sheared shorn, _r_ shed shed shed shine shone, _r_ shone, _r_ shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown, _r_ shrink shrank shrunk (en) shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid (en) sling slung slung slink slunk slunk slit slit slit smite smote smitten sow sowed sown, _r_ speak spoke spoken speed sped sped spend spent spent spill spilt, _r_ spilt, _r_ spin spun spun spit spit spit split split split spoil spoilt, _r_ spoilt, _r_ spread spread spread spring sprang sprung stand stood stood stave stove, _r_ stove, _r_ steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stunk stunk strike struck struck strike struck stricken stride strode stridden string strung strung strive strove striven strew strewed strewn, _r_ swear sworn sworn sweat sweat, _r_ sweat, _r_ sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen, _r_ swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trod (den) wake woke, _r_ woke, _r_ wear wore worn weave wove woven wed wed, _r_ wed, _r_ weep wept wept wet wet, _r_ wet, _r_ whet whet, _r_ whet, _r_ win won won wind wound wound work wrought, _r_ wrought, _r_ wring wrung wrung write wrote written

SPELLING

LESSON 6

Every vowel or every vowel combination pronounced as one vowel sound indicates a syllable (excepting final _e_ in such words as _fate_, _late_, _rode_, etc.) Take the word _combination_, for example. In this word we have four syllables, thus: _Com-bi-na-tion_.

+A syllable is that part of a word which can be uttered distinctly by a single effort of the voice.+ Remember that each syllable must contain a vowel or a vowel combination like _oi_ or _ou_, which is pronounced as one vowel. Sometimes the vowel alone makes the syllable as in _a-lone_, _e-qual_, etc. The final _e_ in words like _late_, and _fate_ is not sounded. It is silent, we say.

All words ending in silent _e_ have the long vowel sound, with a very few exceptions. Words without the final _e_ have the short vowel sound as for example: _fate_, _fat_; _mate_, _mat_; _hide_, _hid_; _rode_, _rod_.

In dividing words into syllables the consonant is written with the preceding vowel when that vowel is short. If the vowel is long the consonant is written with the next syllable, as for example, de-fine and def-i-ni-tion. In de-fine the _e_ is long therefore _f_, the consonant following, is written with the next syllable, _fine_. In def-i-ni-tion the _e_ has the short sound, therefore the _f_ is written with the _e_ in the syllable, _def_.

When there are two consonants following the vowel, divide between the consonants, as for example, _in-ven-tion_, _foun-da-tion_, etc. Never divide a digraph, that is, two consonants which are sounded together as one sound, as for example, _moth-er_, _catch-er_, _te-leg-ra-pher_, etc.

In writing words containing double consonants like _dd_, _ll_, _ss_, divide the word into syllables between the double consonants, as for example, _per-mit-ted_, _ad-mis-sion_, _sad-dest_, etc.

+Monday+

Important Accommodate Person Correspond Action

+Tuesday+

Difference Notice Indicate Remember Irregular

+Wednesday+

Mistake Conversation Correctly President Ordinary

+Thursday+

Participle Passive Various Phrase Quotation

+Friday+

Imagine Confidence Humanity Faith Future

+Saturday+

Whisper Thought Ability Knowledge Genius

PLAIN ENGLISH

LESSON 7

Dear Comrade:

I wonder if you have ever thought as to how our language grew.

We get the words in our language from many sources. The English language today is a development of the early Anglo-Saxon. England was called originally Angle-land which was gradually shortened into England. So we have in our language what are called pure English or Anglo-Saxon words. These words form the bulk of our every day vocabulary, being simple, strong, forceful words. Then we have in our English many foreign words which we have adopted from other languages. There are many Latin and Greek words; these we use in our more elegant speech or writing.

There is an interesting bit written by Sir Walter Scott in his novel of early England, "Ivanhoe," which illustrates the manner in which words have come into our language and also the difference in speech which marks the working class and the exploiting class. As those who do the work of the world rid themselves of the parasites who have appropriated the produce of their labor, through the ages, they will demand that which belongs to them--the best--the best in language as in everything else.

"'... I advise thee to call off Fangs and leave the herd to their destiny, which, whether they meet with bands of traveling soldiers, or of outlaws, or of wandering pilgrims, can be little else than to be converted into Normans before morning, to thy no small ease and comfort.'

"'The swine turned into Normans to my comfort!' quoth Gurth. 'Expound that to me, Wamba, for my brain is too dull and my mind too vexed to read riddles.'

"'Why, how call you these grunting brutes running about on their four legs?' demanded Wamba.

"'Swine, fool, swine,' said the herd; 'every fool knows that.'

"'And swine is good Saxon,' said the jester; 'but how call you the sow when she is flayed, and drawn, and quartered, and hung by the heels like a traitor?'

"'Pork,' answered the swineherd.

"'I am glad every fool knows that too,' said Wamba; 'and pork, I think, is good Norman-French, and so when the brute lives and is in charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes a Norman and is called pork when she is carried to the castle-hall to feast among the nobles. What dost thou think of that, friend Gurth, ha?' ..."

So you see even in words the distinction is made between those who produce and those who possess.

But the day is at hand when those who work shall also enjoy. We have fought for religious and political freedom. Today we are waging the battle for industrial freedom. It is _your_ struggle. Study--prepare yourself to do battle for your rights.

Yours for Freedom,

THE PEOPLE'S COLLEGE.

FUTURE TIME

+118.+ We have learned how to express present time and past time, by changes in the form of the verb. But we very often desire to make a statement in which we do not express either present or past time, thus we may say:

We shall enjoy our rights some day. He will join us in the struggle.

We do not mean to say that we do enjoy our rights now, in the present, or that we did in the past, but that we _shall_ enjoy our rights some time in the future. In the second sentence, _will join_ expresses the same idea of future time. To indicate future time, we do not make a change in the verb form, but we use _shall_ and _will_ with the simple form of the verb.

+119.+ +We denote future time by use of a verb phrase made by placing _shall_ or _will_ before the simple form of the verb.+

+120.+ The rule of some grammarians is to use _shall_ always in the first person, the person speaking, to denote future time, and _will_ with the second person, the person spoken to, and with the third person, the person spoken of, to denote future time. But common usage does not always follow the rules of the grammarians, and, in the course of time, affects and changes these rules. So our common usage of today uses _will_ in the first person to express future time, as well as _shall_.

This rule of grammarians marks a nicety of speech and conveys a distinction of meaning which it really seems worth while to retain. The idea of the grammarians is that when we use _will_ with the first person and _shall_ with the second or third person, we express a _promise_ or _determination_. Thus if I say, _I shall go_, I simply mean that my going will be in the future. But if I say, _I will go_, I either mean that I am promising to go or that I am expressing my determination to go. So also if we use _shall_ in the second and third persons. If we say, _You will go_ or _He will go_, we are simply stating that the going will be in the future, but if we say, _You shall go_, or _He shall go_, we mean that we promise or are determined that you or he shall go.

To be technically correct this distinction should be observed. _Shall_ in the first person, and _will_ in the second and third express simple futurity. _Will_ in the first person and _shall_ in the second and third express promise or determination. But in every day conversation this distinction is not observed, and many of our best writers do not follow this rule.

Exercise 1

Mark the future time forms in the following sentences:

1. I shall speak of liberty. 2. I will never give up. 3. I shall write to him. 4. He shall not starve. 5. We shall expect you. 6. They shall suffer for this. 7. I shall go to New York. 8. He will call for me. 9. The hungry shall be fed. 10. You will soon see the reason. 11. You shall never want for a friend. 12. They shall some day see the truth. 13. We will not fight against our class. 14. We will stand together.

PERFECT TIME

+121.+ Past, present and future, being the three divisions of time, one would naturally expect that when we had found how to express these three forms, we would be through, but if you stop to think, you will find that there are other verb phrases of which we have need.

When we wish to speak of action as completed at the present time, we do not say:

I study my lessons every day, _but_, I have studied my lessons every day. _Not_, You work for him every day, _but_, You have worked for him every day. _Not_, He sees her frequently, _but_, He has seen her frequently.

Can you not readily see the difference in the meaning expressed in _I work every day_, and _I have worked every day_? In the first sentence you express a general truth, _I work every day_, a truth which has been true in the past, is true in the present, and the implication is that it will continue to be true in the future. But when you say, _I have worked every day_, you are saying nothing as to the future, but you are describing an action which is completed at the present time. This is called the _present complete_ or _present perfect_ time.

+122.+ Perfect means complete, and present perfect describes an action perfected or completed at the present time. So it is possible for us to express a necessary shade of meaning by the present perfect time form.

+123.+ +The present perfect time form describes an action completed at the present time, and is formed by using the present time form of _have_ and the _past_ participle of the verb.+

+Present Perfect Time+

_Singular_ _Plural_

1st. I have seen. We have seen. 2d. You have seen. You have seen. 3d. He has seen. They have seen.

+124.+ Review in the last lesson how to form the past participle. Remember that it is one of the principal parts of the verb. In regular verbs the past participle is the same form as the past time form. In irregular verbs the past participle is quite often different from the past time form, as for example: _go_, _went_, _gone_; _do_, _did_, _done_, etc.

Watch closely your irregular verbs and see that you always use the past _participle_ with _have_ or _had_; never use the past _time_ form with _have_ or _had_.

PAST PERFECT

+125.+ When you desire to express an action complete at some definite past time, you do not say:

We finished when they came, _but_, We had finished when they came. _Not_, They went when we arrived, _but_, They had gone when we arrived. _Not_, I worked six months when he began, _but_, I had worked six months when he began.

Can you see a difference in the meaning expressed in these sentences: _I worked six months when he began_; and _I had worked six months when he began_? This last sentence describes an action completed or perfected before some definite past time.

+126.+ +Past perfect time denotes an action perfected or completed at some definite past time. It is formed by using _had_ and the past participle of the verb.+

Remember always, with irregular verbs, to use the _past participle_. Never use the _past time form_ with _had_.

+Past Perfect Time+

_Singular_ _Plural_

1st. I had seen. We had seen. 2d. You had seen. You had seen. 3d. He had seen. They had seen.

Exercise 2

Correct the following sentences in which the past time form is used instead of the past participle. Look up the word in the list of irregular verbs and use the past participle instead of the past time form.

1. I have saw it often. 2. He had shook his fist. 3. She has sang for us. 4. The boat has sank here. 5. He has spoke the truth. 6. They had stole the books. 7. He has swore to the truth. 8. He had took the wrong road. 9. She has tore her dress. 10. He had threw the ball away. 11. The girl had wore the dress. 12. He had wrote the letters. 13. He had drank too much. 14. He had rode the horse. 15. The sun has rose. 16. He has bore his part. 17. They have began already. 18. The wind has blew all night. 19. It had broke when it fell. 20. He has chose the right. 21. You have did your duty. 22. He has ate his breakfast. 23. A heavy rain has fell. 24. They had gave it to me. 25. He has became rich. 26. It has grew rapidly. 27. He has knew it always. 28. He has mistook her for another.

FUTURE PERFECT TIME

+127.+ We find also that we need a verb phrase to express time _before_ some other future time, to describe an action that will be finished, perfected, or completed, before some other future action. Thus,

I shall have gone before you arrive. You will have earned your money before you get it. I shall have worked thirty days when pay-day comes.

Can you not see a difference in saying, _I shall work thirty days when pay-day comes_, and _I shall have worked thirty days when pay-day comes_? The first sentence expresses simple future time, or what you will do when pay-day comes; the second describes an action which will be completed or perfected _before_ pay-day comes. So there is quite a difference in the meaning of the future and the future perfect time.

+128.+ +The future perfect time form expresses or describes an action that will be perfected or completed before some other future time. It is formed by using _shall have_ or _will have_ with the past participle.+

Be careful to use the past participle. Never use the past time form with _shall have_ or _will have_.

+Future Perfect Time+

_Singular_ _Plural_

1st. I shall have seen. We shall have seen. 2d. You will have seen. You will have seen. 3d. He will have seen. They will have seen.

LET US SUM UP

+129.+ We have three time forms, _present_, _past_, _future_.

+Present+ +Past+ +Future+

I see I saw I shall see.

Each of these three time forms has a _perfect_ form; that is, a time form which expresses an action as completed or perfected at the present time, or before some definite past or future time.

+Present+ +Past+ +Future+ +Perfect Time+ +Perfect Time+ +Perfect Time+

I have seen I had seen I shall have seen

+130.+ It is wonderful how a knowledge of words and their uses enables us to express so many shades of meaning. It is like our development in observing colors. You know the savage always admires vivid reds and greens and blues. He does not yet see the beautiful shades and gradations of color. We enjoy the delicate pinks and blues and all the varying shades between the primal seven colors of the spectrum. And as we develop our artistic ability we see and enjoy all the beauties of color.

In music too, we observe the same development. The barbarian enjoys loud, crashing, discordant sounds which he calls music, but which to the educated ear are only harsh noises. The trained musician catches the delicate overtones and undertones and finds deepest ecstasy in sounds which the uneducated ear does not even catch. So as we study words and their uses, we find ourselves able to express shades of meaning, to paint our word pictures, not in gaudy, glaring chromo-tints, but in the wondrous blending of color that reveals the true artist.

Now get these modes of expressing time firmly fixed in your mind.

+131.+ +Let us get all we have learned about verbs into a summary and have it clearly in mind.+

VERBS--SUMMARY

+Two Classes+

_Complete_--Taking _no_ complement.

_Incomplete_--{ Verbs of action requiring object. { Copulative verbs requiring complement.

+Inflection--Changes of Form+

_Simple Form_ _S-Form_ _Past Time_ _Present Part._ _Past Part._ see sees saw seeing seen

TIME FORMS

Present

_Singular_ _Plural_

1. I see. We see. 2. You see. You see. 3. He sees. They see.

Past

_Singular_ _Plural_

1. I saw. We saw. 2. You saw. You saw. 3. He saw. They saw.

Future

_Singular_ _Plural_

1. I shall see. We shall see. 2. You will see. You will see. 3. He will see. They will see.

Present Perfect

_Singular_ _Plural_

1. I have seen. We have seen. 2. You have seen. You have seen. 3. He has seen. They have seen.

Past Perfect

_Singular_ _Plural_

1. I had seen. We had seen. 2. You had seen. You had seen. 3. He had seen. They had seen.

Future Perfect