Chapter 41

M23 French colonies and foreign missions—Africa. M24 German associations of Pius IX.—State of religion in Germany. M25 Degeneracy of Spain and Portugal, and their colonies—Restoration under the auspices of Pius IX. M26 State of the Catholic Church in England prior to 1850. M27 Pius IX. restores the English Hierarchy. M28 Numbers and names of the new Sees. M29 Dr. Wiseman and thirteen other eminent persons raised by Pius IX. to the dignity of Cardinal. M30 Success of the English Hierarchy. M31 Increase of Catholics during the decade—1840-1850. M32 Wonderful growth of the Catholic Church in England during the Pontificate of Pius IX. M33 State of the Catholic Church in Holland anterior to the restoration of its Hierarchy in 1853. M34 Persecution in New Granada. Pius IX. remonstrates. M35 Persecution ceases at last in the Scandinavian countries. M36 Pius IX. sends a Catholic pastor to Stockholm. M37 Denmark—600 conversions. M38 Pius IX. establishes a Metropolitan See at Athens. M39 Germany—Wars against the Church. M40 An archbishop and other priests cruelly persecuted. Sustained by Pius IX. and finally by the people. M41 Pius IX. laments the state of religion in Sardinia.—Condemns the Act secularizing marriage. M42 Pius IX. puts an end to the celebrated Goa Schism in 1851. M43 Encyclical on the Immaculate Conception—1849. M44 Pius IX. solemnly promulgated the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. M45 Disputes concerning the study of the ancient classics happily terminated by Pius IX. M46 Accident at St. Agnes. Narrow escape of Pius IX. and many eminent persons. M47 Piedmont seeks a French alliance against the Pope. M48 Pius IX. encourages Science and the Fine Arts—“Vindex antiquitatis.” M49 Lord Clarendon rebukes Count Cavour. M50 “_Motu proprio_.” M51 Donoso Cortez, in the Spanish Parliament, supports the Papal Sovereignty. M52 Lord Lansdowne, together with all the statesmen and States of Christendom, recognize the principles laid down in Pius the Ninth’s “_motu proprio_.” M53 Canonizations at Rome.—Two American Saints. Pius IX. erects four Metropolitan Sees in the United States. M54 New See of Laval.—Rennes becomes Metropolitan.—Restoration of the Chapter of St. Denis. M55 Napoleon desires to be crowned by the Pope. Pius IX. sponsor for Napoleon’s son.—Golden rose sent to the Empress. M56 Pius IX. godfather to Alphonso XII. of Spain. M57 Concordat with Austria. M58 Difficulties in Spain and Spanish countries. Errors of Gunther. M59 Pius IX. makes a progress through his States.—His popularity. M60 The Mortara case. M61 New Sees erected by Pius IX. in America. M62 Several names added to the number of the Saints. M63 Count Orsini attempts to murder the Emperor Napoleon III. M64 The war of 1859.—The legations severed from the states of the Church.

3 Mr. Perkins, in his letter to the _Times_, makes out that they forced open the houses of the inhabitants to make them give up their wine, and that they got drunk.

M65 The peace of Villafranca. M66 How the treaty was observed.

4 Protocol, March 18th.

5 “If we were to sift the pretensions of all our public men, to discover that one person who is necessarily best informed of the past and present state of Italy, and the causes and means that have produced the anarchy which now prevails over the greater part of that unfortunate peninsula, Lord Normanby would inevitably be the man for our purpose. His long residence in Italy, his intimate acquaintance with all that is there distinguished for literature, science, art and statesmanship, and his unquestionable liberality of sentiment, as a politician, give him a paramount claim to our respectful attention, and even to our confidence, when he comes forward to enlighten his countrymen, with respect to Italian affairs—a claim to which no other member of the legislature can have the slightest pretensions. He has, too, throughout a long public career, always maintained such an independence of character, and so nobly and generously subordinated his personal interests to his sense of public duty, as to entitle him as a right to our confidence, when he unbosoms himself either in print or in speech, of that knowledge which he has acquired by long study and experience in official and non-official life, and tells us important truths which it is necessary for us to know, in order to be able to form a correct judgment upon momentous passing events.”—_Weekly Register_, _February 11, 1860_.

M67 The French Emperor connives at the violation of the Treaty. M68 A European Congress proposed for settling the affairs of Italy. M69 Diplomatic doctrine of non-intervention. M70 Tuscany, Parma, Modena and the Legations finally annexed to Piedmont. Price of the spoil. M71 Results of Revolutionary Government. M72 Garibaldi reappears. M73 Revolutionary reforms in Sicily, Naples, Lombardy, Modena, the Pontifical States, &c. M74 Revival of Peter’s pence. M75 The Pope forms an army.—Lamoriciere commands. M76 Duplicity of the French Government.—The Emperor of Austria restrained by his Council.—Lamoriciere’s force cut to pieces by the Piedmontese at Castelfidaro. M77 Further expression of opinion.—The Great Powers. M78 A Plebiscitum.—Umbria and the Marches of Ancona annexed to Sardinia. M79 The pamphlet La France, Rome et l’Italie.—Cardinal Antonelli’s reply. M80 First Italian Parliament. Victor Emmanuel proclaimed King of Italy. M81 Death of Count de Cavour. M82 The Lebanon Massacres.—Generosity of Pius IX. M83 Conversion of the Bulgarians. M84 The annexation to Piedmont of Umbria and the Marches publicly sanctioned by Napoleon III. M85 Piedmont seeks to reign at Rome. M86 The Piedmontese Government fills its coffers by plundering the church. M87 The Emperor Napoleon induced to modify his Italian policy.

6 Whoever thinks to devour the Pope will die of indigestion. These words, though not very polite, proved to be prophetic.

M88 Garibaldi defeated at Aspromonte. M89 Canonization of the Martyrs of Japan. M90 The Pope’s consistorial allocution to the assembled bishops. He denounces the errors of the time. M91 The Church in Poland persecuted. Pius IX. raises his voice in its behalf. M92 The revolutionists admire the courage of Pius IX. M93 The Russian Envoy insults the Pope. M94 Pius IX. insists on protecting the ex-King of Naples, and takes Napoleon severely to task. M95 An Emperor and Empress visit the Pope. M96 A Papal Nuncio sent to remind Maximilian of his promises made at Rome. M97 A further step towards the abolition of the Papal sovereignty. M98 The Syllabus. M99 Successful efforts of Napoleon III. to humble Austria. M100 Pius IX. devoted to the duties of his spiritual office. M101 Canonization, 1859. John Baptist de Rossi. M102 John Sarcander. M103 Benedict Joseph Labre. M104 Mixed schools—Ireland. M105 Troubles of the Church in Mexico. M106 Revolutionary aggression.—Treachery of the Italian Government. M107 Garibaldi invades the Papal states. M108 Murder of the Zouave music band. M109 French army ordered to Rome. M110 Character of Garibaldians—No sympathy with them. M111 The Maistre—Muller. M112 Garibaldian fanaticism. M113 Two murderers executed. M114 Pius IX. visits the wounded rebels.

7 If Russia were a little more within the pale of civilization, it would be noted as an exception. Its bishops were not allowed to proceed to Rome.

8 The number of prelates at Rome attending the council was never, for any length of time, the same. And writers give the numbers according to the time at which they noted them.

9 The _left arm_ looking from the door of the Basilica, the _right_ looking from the high altar. As was fitting, it was the Gospel side.

10 According to the best statistics that can be found.

11 There appeared at Munich, in 1874, an ingenious caricature. It represented the Prussian chancellor, endeavoring, with a Krupp gun, which he used as a lever, to overthrow a church emblem of Catholicism. Satan comes on the scene, and says: “What are you doing, my friend?” Bismarck, “This church embarrasses me; I want to upset it.” Satan, “It embarrasses me, too. I have been laboring 1800 years to demolish it. If your Excellency succeeds, I pledge myself to resign my office in your favor.”

12 A later estimate than at page 120.

13 The late celebrated preacher, Dr. Cumming, also admitted the expansive power which is characteristic of the Catholic Church. And in doing so, he bore witness to its actual growth in his time. In a lecture delivered at Brentford, England, in 1860, he said: “He would do the priests of the Church of Rome the justice to say that a more earnest, energetic, a more industrious body he did not know in any portion of our church; they were laboring incessantly for what they believed to be the truth, and he would that he could say without success, but he was sorry to say _with great success_. He saw going over to the Church of Rome a section of the nobility and many ministers of our church. These were well instructed, and ought to have known better. In England, account for it as they could, it had made progress to such an extent, during the last twenty years, that it had doubled its churches and doubled its priests.”—Lecture at Brentford. England, 1860.

14 Discourse delivered in the Church of St. Peter _ad vincula_, 1st June, 1877, by the Bishop of Poitiers.

_ 15 La Captivite de Pie IX. par Alexander de St. Albin. Paris_, 1878. Pages 513 and 514.

16 That _was_ the Pantheon, or temple of all the Gods. It is now the Church called _St. Mary of the Martyrs_ (_Sæ Mariæ ad Martyres_).

17 Their purpose is sufficiently manifest. But the calumny did not avail them. Pius the Ninth’s last illness was of such a character as to render impossible congestion of the brain. He possessed to the end his mental faculties. And when the power of speech failed, he was still able to express his thoughts, which were clear and distinct, by looks and gestures.

18 “With the aid of Thy grace.”

19 “We shall enter into the House of the Lord.”

20 “Depart, Christian soul.”

21 The crisis in the Eastern question, the attitude of the Holy Father on the occasion of Victor Emmanuel’s sudden demise, the consequent devolution of the crown to a new sovereign, the scandal of the Prime Minister’s (Orispi’s) notorious criminality before the law necessitating his unwilling resignation and the fall of the ministry, the suddenness of the Holy Father’s decease; all these events and conditions, in their several degrees and kinds, made the moment at which it had to meet astonishingly propitious for the holding of the Conclave in the Vatican itself.