Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)
Chapter 5
In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mío," etc., as--
Amigo mío: My friend. Muy Señor mío (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).
But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mío" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).
+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd Form)_.[90] | +------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ | Hablar. | Temer. | Partir. | +------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ | Que yo hablara |Temiera |Partiera Partieras | | " tu hablaras |Temieras |Partiera | | " el hablara |Temiera |Partiéramos | | " nosotros habláramos|Temiéramos |Partierais | | " vosotros hablarais |Temierais |Partieran | | " ellos-as hablaran |Temieran | | +------------------------+------------------+--------------------+
[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]
+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ | _Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense_.[91] | +-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ |Que yo hablare (that I |Temiere (that I |Partiere (that I | | shall speak, etc.) | shall fear, etc.)| shall depart, etc.)| | " tú hablares |Temieres |Partieres | | " él hablare |Temiere |Partiere | | " nosotros habláremos|Temiéremos |Partiéremos | | " vosotros hablareis |Temiereis |Partiereis | | " ellos-as hablaren |Temieren |Partieren | +-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after _si_ (if), by the Present Indicative.]
VOCABULARY.
=*atenerse á= to adhere to =*adherir á= to adhere to =ajustar=, to adjust =apresurarse á=, to hasten to. =asegurar=, to secure =avería=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) =buque=, ship =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =cabida=, room, space =codiciar=, to covet =deber=, to owe, must =debido á=, owing to =dirección=, address =encaminar=, to forward =hierro=, iron =mensual=, monthly =mercado de granos=, grain market =muestra=, sample =petición=, request =pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details =por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore =proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate =puerto=, port =relación=, report =representante=, representative =resto, restante=, remainder =resultado=, result =riesgo=, risk (=á= _or_ =por) saldo=, (in) settlement =satisfecho=, satisfied =siguiente=, following =someter=, to submit =(la) sucursal=, branch house =surtido=, assortment, selection =vigas=, beams
EXERCISE 1 (21).
Translate into English--
1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos días haré un surtido.
2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.
3. Sírvase V. consignar los géneros á la orden mía y no á la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacía V. antes.
4. Su casa y la mía están ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulación.
5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el próximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.
6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Nerón" saldrá (will leave) en breve (shortly).
7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.
8. Nuestro catálogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.
9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.
10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables órdenes.
11. Á nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de él.
EXERCISE 2 (22).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.
2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.
3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.
4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.
5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for £59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.
6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con _or_ de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).
7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldrá de) our port on the 10th prox.
[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que _estrechan_ sus manos).]
LESSON XII. (Lección décima segunda.)
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
A demonstrative adjective _accompanies_ a noun and a demonstrative pronoun _stands for_ a noun.
The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are--
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+ |Este, esta (this). |Estos, estas[93] (these). | |Ese, esa (that). |Esos, esas_[93]_ (those--near to the | | | person addressed). | |Aquel, aquella (that).|Aquellos, aquellas (those--removed | | | from both speaker and addressee). | +----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]
The difference between _Ese_ and _Aquel_ is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use _ese_ for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."
The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the addition of--
Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used--
1. In reference to a whole sentence, as--
El mercado del algodón está muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.
2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as--
¿Qué es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)
_Este, ese, aquel_, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; _Éste_ is also used for "the latter" and _Aquél_ for "the former."[96]
Instead of _ese_, etc., _aquel_, etc., before _que_ and _de_, the definite article is generally used, as--
El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.
La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.
El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.
Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).
Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.
[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]
[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]
[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...]
[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.
A preposition may precede _que_, as--
¿Qué libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.
¿Qué carta quiere V.? La á que me referí ayer: What letter do you want? That to which I referred yesterday.
¿Qué plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribía: What pens are these? They are those with which I wrote.
_Esta_ translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."
_Esa_ translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."
As--
El mercado en esta está muy flojo: The market here is very slack.
Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegará á esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | _Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense_. | +-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ | =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | +-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ |Que yo haya (that I|Tenga (that I |Sea (that I |Esté (that I | | may have, etc.) | may have, etc.)| may be, etc.)| may be, etc.)| | " tú hayas |Tengas |Seas |Estés | | " el haya |Tenga |Sea |Esté | | " nosotros |Tengamos |Seamos |Estemos | | hayamos | | | | | " vosotros |Tengáis |Seáis |Estéis | | hayáis | | | | | " ellos hayan |Tengan |Sean |Estén | +-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
VOCABULARY.
=á ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca á motor= motor-boat =barca automóvil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =días de estadía=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =está visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbón=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilación=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn
[Footnote 98: Neighbour, _person living near_: vecino.]
EXERCISE 1 (23).
Translate into English--
1. Debido á la última baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reducción de diez por ciento en los precios de esos géneros.
2. Está visto que el gobierno de aquella república no sólo no se ocupa de elevar el crédito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursátil (the money market).
3. Se ha repetido en ésta la oscilación que hubo en la semana pasada.
4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto á 82 y la Renta Italiana á 101, habiendo bajado más tarde aquéllos á 81 1/2 y ésta á 100.
5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subió hasta (to) 103.
6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.
7. Esto es muy natural, aquéllo es sorprendente.
8. Yo le digo ésto: lo haré.
9. Eso me conviene.
EXERCISE 2 (24).
Translate into Spanish--
1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.
2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.
3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursión de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volcó).
4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of £1,000.
5. The working (la explotación) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.
6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aquí) to make considerable purchases.
7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.
8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.
LESSON XIII. (Lección décima tercera.)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
+------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ | _Sing._ | _Plu._ | | +------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ |Quien |Quienes |(who, whom) | |El cual |Los cuales |(who, whom _or_ which) | |La cual |Las cuales | | |Que | |(that) | |Cuyo |Cuyos |(whose, _or_ of which (denoting | |Cuya |Cuyas | possession)) | +------------+-----------+------------------------------------+
_Quien_ is used for persons only. _El cual_ and _que_ are used for persons and things.
EXAMPLES--
El agente á quien (_or_ al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.
¿Son aquéllas las partidas de azúcares de las cuales me habló V. ayer? Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?
Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.
El buque cuya tripulación ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.
El comerciante á cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.
_Que_ is used very often instead of _quien_ and _el cual. Que_ is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and _Quien_ or _El cual_ only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as--
¿Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visitó esta mañana? Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?
He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.
[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]
After _ser_ and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by _quien_, as--
Es él (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.
After a preposition translate "whom" by _quien_ (pl., _quienes_)[100], and "which" by _el cual (la cual_, etc.).
[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]
EXCEPTION--
After _á, con, de, en_, we can also translate "which" equally well by _que_, or _el que, la que, los que, las que_.[101]
[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]
"Which" relating to a whole sentence is _lo cual_ or _lo que_ (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).
Instead of _cuyo_ we may use _de quien, del cual, de que, del que_, as--
El buque, la tripulación del cual, de que, _or_ del que ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.
El comerciante al hijo de quien, _or_ del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.
"He who" is translated by _aquel que, el que_,[102] also _quien_.
"She who" is translated by _aquella que, la[102] que_, also _quien_.
"Those who" is translated by _aquellos que, los[102] que_, also _quienes_.
[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]
=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as--
El hombre á quien, _or_ que ví: The man I saw.
Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre á quien hablé).
Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo á V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (_or_ de la cual, _or_ de la que no hay otra mejor)".
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+ | _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_. | +-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+ | =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | |Que yo hubiese |Tuviese (that I|Fuese (that I |Estuviese (that I| | (that I might, | might, would,| might, would,| might, would, | | would, or should| or should | or should | or should | | have, etc.) | have, etc.) | be, etc.) | be, etc.) | | " tú hubieses |Tuvieses |Fueses |Estuvieses | | " él hubiese |Tuviese |Fuese |Estuviese | | " nosotros |Tuviésemos |Fuésemos |Estuviésemos | | hubiésemos | | | | | " vosotros |Tuvieseis |Fueseis |Estuvieseis | | hubieseis | | | | | " ellos hubiesen |Tuviesen |Fuesen |Estuviesen | +-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
VOCABULARY.
=amargo=, bitter =armador de buques=, shipowner =arreglar=, to arrange =el bien=, the good =buque, barco, navio=, boat =cauto=, cautious =*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with =deuda=, debt =doloroso=, painful =endosar=, to endorse =enseñar=, to teach, to show =esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait =estadísticas=, statistics =falta=, want, absence of =flojo=, slack =fundar=, to found =gratitud=, gratitude =*hacer mención=, to mention =herida=, wound, sting =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =*negar=, to deny =periódico=, newspaper =premio=, reward, prize, premium =robar=, to rob, to steal =simpático=, pleasant, winsome, taking =*tener empeño=, to be earnest, anxious about anything
EXERCISE 1 (25).
Translate into English--
1. El hombre que me habló no es el á quien hemos escrito.
2. Hé aquí (here is) el libro que me enseñó esta regla.
3. He escrito al hombre que nos endosó la letra.
4. He comprado el periódico que contiene aquellas estadísticas.
5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (_or_ el cual) parece hombre muy simpático.
6. El corredor, quien (_or_ el cual) tiene mucho empeño en concluir la transacción, me vino á ver otra vez (again) esta mañana.
7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado á la explotación de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).
8. El hombre á quien (_or_ al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.
9. El negociante de quien (_or_ del cual) le hablaba es integérrimo (most upright).
10. El asunto á que me refería (_or_ de que trataba).
11. La pluma con que escribía y con la cual (_or_ con la que) puede escribir V.
12. La mina en que (_or_ en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.
13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.
14. Los géneros para los cuales se dió (was given) la orden.
15. ¿Es él quien lo quiere y á cuyo hijo (_or_ al hijo de quien) V. conoce?
EXERCISE 2 (26).
Translate into Spanish--
1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.
2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (_subj._)) have not experienced how (cuán) painful is the sting of ingratitude.
3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.
4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.
5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.
6. The little (pequeña) house I paid for.
7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.
8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.
9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.
10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.
11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.
12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido _or_ un conocimiento).
LESSON XIV. (Lección décima cuarta.)
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.
These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent--
¿Quién,-es? (who, whom?) ¿Cuál,-es? (which?) ¿Qué? (what?) ¿Cúyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?) ¿De quién,-es[103]? (whose?) ¿Cuánto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)
[Footnote 103: "De quién" is more usual than "Cúyo" in interrogations.]
_Cuál_ when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. _Quién_, interrogative, is never an adjective.
EXAMPLES--
¿Quién vino a verme? Who came to see me?
¿Cuál arreglo le gusta á V. más? Which arrangement do you prefer?
¿Cúyo es este lápiz? Whose is this pencil? _or_ Whose ¿Cúyo lápiz es este? pencil is this? ¿De quién es este lápiz?
¿De quién recibió V. la consignación de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?
¿A quiénes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?
¿Cuánto me cobrará V.? How much will you charge me?
_Cuál_ (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as--
¿Cuáles son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?
_Qué_ is used in exclamatory sentences--"what a", as--
¡Qué lástima! What a pity! ¡Qué bonitos paños! What nice suitings![104]
[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "qué" translates the English "how":--¡Qué bonito! how nice!]
An emphatic _tan_ or _más_ may be inserted, thus--
¡Qué paño tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! ¡Qué hombre más rico! What a very rich man!
_Cuál_ is used in exclamatory clauses instead of _cómo_ (how), as--
¡Cuál le han reducido las desgracias! How (_or_ to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! ¡Cuál la ví! How (_or_ in what a state) did I see her!
_Cuánto_ is also used in exclamations, as--
¡Cuánto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!
_Cual_ without article and without accent is used for "as," as--
Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.
Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribió una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."
_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form)_.
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ |Que yo hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | | " tú hubieras |Tuvieras |Fueras |Estuvieras | | " él hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | | " nosotros hubiéramos|Tuviéramos |Fuéramos |Estuviéramos | | " vosotros hubierais |Tuvierais |Fuerais |Estuvierais | | " ellos hubieran |Tuvieran |Fueran |Estuvieran | +-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+
_Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense._
+-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+ |Que yo hubiere (that |Tuviere (that |Fuere (that |Estuviere | | I shall have, | I shall have,| I shall be,| (that I shall| | etc.) | etc.) | etc.) | be, etc.) | | " tú hubieres |Tuvieres |Fueres |Estuvieres | | " él hubiere |Tuviere |Fuere |Estuviere | | " nosotros hubiéremos|Tuviéremos |Fuéremos |Estuviéremos | | " vosotros hubiereis |Tuviereis |Fuereis |Estuviereis | | " ellos hubieren |Tuvieren |Fueren |Estuvieren | +-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+
_Imperative Mood_. (This mood is used to command or beg.)