Chapter 22

El alfiler (pin) Los alfileres (pins, pin-money) El día (day) Los días (days, birthday) La esposa (wife) Las esposas (wives, handcuffs) El grillo (the cricket) Los grilles (crickets, shackles) La letra (letter) Las letras (letters--literary knowledge) El padre (father) Los padres[212] (fathers, parents)

[Footnote 212: In the same manner all masculine plurals include also the plurals of both genders, as: Hermanos (brothers, also brothers and sisters).]

We make the following remarks on the plural of compound words.

The elements which concur to the formation of compound nouns are--

A B Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Nouns Adverbs Participles Conjunctions Pronouns Prefixes

GENERAL RULE--

The elements in A are invariable except:

Un bullebulle (busybody), Unos bullebulles Un quehacer (occupation), Unos quehaceres Pasapasa (sleight of hand), Pasapasas (sleight of hand tricks)

The elements in B take the mark of the plural:

Alzacuello (minister's collar) Alzacuellos Alzapaño (curtain hook), Alzapañios Andaniño (child's cart), Andaniñios Antepasado (ancestor), Antepasados Ave María (a prayer), Ave Marías Cualquiera (whatever), Cualesquiera Entremetido (intruder, busybody), Entremetidos Gentilhombre (man of gentle birth), Gentileshombres Guardafuego (fire-guard), Guardafuegos Hijodalgo (squire), Hijosdalgo Pasamano (handrail, lace-edgings), Pasamanos Pasatiempo (pastime), Pasatiempos Picaparte (latch or latchkey), Picapartes Pisaverde (beau), Pisaverdes Portaestandarte (standard bearer), Portaestandartes Portafusil (musket-sling), Portafusiles Puercoespín (porcupine), Puercosespines Quienquiera (whoever), Quienesquiera Quitasol (parasol), Quitasoles Ricahembra (woman of gentle birth), Ricashembras Sobrecama (counterpane), Sobrecamas Sobredicho (aforesaid), Sobredichos Tapaboca (slap on the mouth), Tapabocas Tirabotón (button-hook), Tirabotones

N.B.--When the second of the two words commences with _r_ this letter should be doubled--

Ropa (clothes), guardarropa (wardrobe), guardarropas (pl.)

In compound nouns (very rare) formed of two nouns of which the first stands as an adjective to the second, the first noun remains invariable, the second only taking the mark of the plural--

Ferrocarril (railway), Ferrocarriles Madreselva (honeysuckle), Madreselvas

In the following compound nouns formed of an adjective and a noun, the adjective remains invariable in the plural, as--

Bajamar (low tide), Bajamares Bajorelieve (bas-relief), Bajorelieves Belladona (belladonna), Belladonas Blancomanjar (blanc-mange), Blancomanjares Plenamar (full tide), Plenamares Salvoconducto (safe conduct), Salvoconductos Salvaguardia (safeguard), Salvaguardias Santa Bárbara (powder magazine), Santa Bárbaras

In compound nouns formed of two words, the first of which has suffered the loss or change of a letter, this first component remains invariable--

(N.B.--Many such words are found in Spanish.)

Artimaña (trick), Artimañas Barbicano (white-bearded man), Barbicanos Barbilindo (beardless man), Barbilindos Boquirrubio (rosy-lipped), Boquirrubios Cojitranco (lame fellow--disparagingly), Cojitrancos Cuellierguido (stiff-necked man), Cuellierguidos Gallipavo (turkey), Gallipavos Manirroto (spendthrift), Manirrotos Marisabidilla (blue stocking), Marisabidillas Ojinegro (black-eyed), Ojinegros Ojizarco (blue-eyed), Ojizarcos Patizambo (bandy-legged), Patizambos Pechicolorado (robin redbreast), Pechicolorados Pleamar (high tide), Pleamares Tragicomedia (tragi-comedy), Tragicomedias Viandante (wayfarer), Viandantes

The following make their plural as follows--

Bancarrota (bankruptcy), Bancarrotas Coliflor (cauliflower), Coliflores Dares y tomares (wrangling), used only in _pl._ Dimes y diretes (ifs, ands and buts), used only in _pl._ Don Diego de noche (four o'clocks--flower), Don Diegos de noche Maritornes (ill-shaped woman), Maritornes Parabién (compliment), Parabienes Vaivén (vibration), Vaivenes

The following are examples of the large class of nouns (compound) formed with a verb or adverb and a plural noun and which are used for both numbers--

Azotacalles (idler) Buscavidas (pryer) Cortaplumas (penknife) Chupaflores (humming-bird) Destripaterrones (navvy) Lavamanos (wash-hand stand) Limpiabotas (boot-black) Matamoros (boaster) Mondadientes (toothpick) Papahueros (ninny) Papamoscas (ninny) Papanatas (ninny) Paracaídas (parachute) Paraguas (umbrella) Pelagatos (ragamuffin) Pintamonas (slap-dasher or bad partner) Sacacorchos (corkscrew) Salvavidas (life-boats) Sepancuantos (slap or blow)

The following also are used for both numbers without alteration--

Correveidile (tale-bearer) Hazmereir (laughing-stock) Metomentodo (busybody) Paternoster (Lord's Prayer) Quitaipón (ornament for headstall of draught beasts) Sábelotodo (presumptious man) Sinvergüenza (barefaced man)

APPENDIX III

PRINCIPAL NAMES OF COUNTRIES, TOWNS, ETC., (WITH CORRESPONDING SPANISH ADJECTIVES)

Abisinia (abisinio), Abyssinia Adrianópolis, Adrianopole África (africano), Africa Álava (alaveño, alavés), Alava Albania (albanés), Albania Alcalá de Henares (complutense), Alcalá Alemania (alemán), Germany Alicante (alicantino), Alicante Alsacia (alsaciano), Alsatia Amberes, Antwerp América (americano), America Andalucía (andaluz), Andalusia Antillas (antillano), West Indies Arabia (árabe, arábigo), Arabia Aragón (aragonés), Arragon Argel (argelino), Algiers Argentina (argentine), Argentine Armenia (armenio), Armenia Asia (asiático), Asia Atenas (ateniense), Athens Austria (austríaco), Austria Ávila (abulense), Avila Barcelona (barcelonés), Barcelona Basilea, Basle Baviera (bávaro), Bavaria Belén, Bethlehem Bélgica (belga, bélgico), Belgium Bilbao (bilbaíno), Bilbao Bohemia (bohemo), Bohemia Bolivia (boliviano), Bolivia Bolonia (boloñés), Bologna Brasil (brasileño), Brazil Bretaña (bretón), Brittany Brujas, Bruges Bruselas, Brussels Buenos Aires (bonaerense, porteño), Buenos Aires Bulgaria (búlgaro), Bulgaria Burdeos, Bordeaux Burgos (burgalés), Burgos Cádiz (gaditano), Cadiz Calabria (calabrés), Calabria Caldea (caldeo), Chaldaea Canadá (canadiense), Canada Canarias (canario), Canary Islands Caracas (caraqueño), Caracas Cartago (cartaginés), Carthage Castilla (castellano), Castille Cataluña (catalán), Catalonia Cerdeña (sardo), Sardinia Chile (chileno), Chili China (chino), China Colombia (colombiano), Colombia Copenhague, Copenhagen Córdoba (cordobés), Cordova Córcega (corso), Corsica Corfú (corfiota), Corfu Dardanelos, Dardenelles Dinamarca (danés, dinamarqués), Denmark Dresde, Dresden Ecuador (ecuatoriano), Equador Egipto (egipcio), Egypt Escocia (escocés), Scotland Esmirna, Smyrna España (español), Spanish Estocolmo, Stockholm Etiopia (etíope), Ethiopia Europa (europeo), European Extremadura (extremeño) Extremadura Fenicia (fenicio), Phoenician Filipinas (filipino), Philippine Islands Flandes (flamenco), Flanders Florencia (florentino), Florentine Francia (francés), France Gales (galés), Wales Galicia (gallego), Galicia (Spain) Gascuña (gascón), Gascony Génova (genovés), Genoa Gibraltar (gibraltareño), Gibraltar Ginebra (ginebrino), Geneva Gran Bretaña (británico), Great Britain Granada (granadino), Granada Grecia (griego), Greece Guadalajara (guadalajareño), Guadalajara Guatemala (guatemalteco), Guatemala Guipúzcoa (guipuzcoano), Guipuzcoa Habana (habanero, habano), Havannah Holanda (holandés), Holland Honduras (hondureño), Honduras Hungría (húngaro), Hungary India (indios), India Inglaterra (inglés), England Irlanda (irlandés), Ireland Italia (italiano), Italy Japón (japonés), Japan La Mancha (manchego), La Mancha León (leonés), Leon (Spain) Lieja, Liège Lima (limeño), Lima Liorna (liornés), Leghorn Lisboa (lisbonense), Lisbon Lombardia (lombardo), Lombardy Londres (londinense), London Macedonia (macedonio), Macedonia Madrid (madrileño), Madrid Málaga (malagueño), Malaga Malta (maltés), Malta Mallorca (mallorquín), Majorca Maracaibo (maracaibero), Maracaibo Marruecos (marroquí), Morocco Marsella (marsellés), Marseilles Menorca (menorquín), Minorca Méjico (mejicano), Mexico Murcia (murciano), Murcia Nápoles (napolitano), Naples Navarra (navarro), Navarre Normandia (normando), Normandy Noruega (noruego), Norway Pamplona (pamplonés), Pamplona Paraguay (paraguayano), Paraguay Paris (parisiense), Paris Persia (persa _or_ persiano), Persia Perú (peruano), Peru Piamonte (piamontés), Piedmont Polonia (polaco), Poland Portugal (portugués), Portugal Puerto Rico (portorriqueño), Porto Rico Roma (romano), Rome Rumania (rumano), Roumania Rusia (ruso), Russia Saboya (saboyardo), Savoy Sajonia (sajón), Saxony Salamanca (salmantino, salamanques), Salamanca Salvador (salvadoreño), Salvador San Sebastian (donostiarra), San Sebastian Serbia (serbio), Serbia Sevilla (sevillano), Seville Sicilia (siciliano), Sicily Suecia (sueco), Sweden Suiza (suizo), Switzerland Tetuán (tetuaní), Tetuan Troya (troyano), Troy Túnez (tunecino), Tunis Turquía (turco), Turkey Uruguay (uruguayano), Uruguay Valencia (valenciano), Valencia Valladolid (valisoletano), Valladolid Varsovia (varsoviano), Warsaw Vascongadas, Provincias (vascongado, vascuence), Basque Provinces Venecia (veneciano), Venice Venezuela (venezolano), Venezuela Vera Cruz (veracruzano), Vera Cruz Viena (vienés), Vienna Vigo (vigués), Vigo Vitoria (vitoriano), Vitoria Yucatán (yucateco), Yucatan Zaragoza (zaragozano), Zaragoza

APPENDIX IV

AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES[213]

[Footnote 213: The terminations _ón_ and _ito_ or _ico_ may be taken by practically all nouns (avoiding cacophony, as: Pantalonón, habitacionóna, etc.); the others may not and consequently should not be used by students, until learnt by practice.]

Bestiecita (little beast) Bestiezuela (little beast) (disparaging) Chiquito (little child) Chiquitín (little child) Florecita (little flower) Florecilla (little flower) (insignificant) Hombrón (big, tall man) Hombrote (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombracho (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombrachón (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombrazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombronazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) Juanito (little John) Labradorcito (little labourer) Lagarto--Lagartija (little lizard) Lío--Liecito (little bundle) Librón (large, big book) Librazo (large, big book) (disparaging) Libracho (large, big book) (disparaging) Librote (large, big book) (disparaging) Llavín (little key, latchkey) Manuel--Manolo (little Manuel) Manuel--Manolito (little Manuel) Madrecita (little mother) Madrecica (little mother) Pajarraco (big bird) (disparaging) Papelón (large paper) Plazoleta (little square) Reinecita (little queen) Tamborcito[214] (little drum) Tamborcico (little drum)

[Footnote 214: _Ito_ is more Castillian. _Ico_ is more Aragonese. They are both used.]

We repeat that the peculiarity of Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (with the exception of the Augment. _on_, which denotes only increase) is that besides the idea of increase or diminution a further disparaging or endearing meaning is implied although not _distinctly defined_.

These terminations in many cases substitute the use of adjectives to great advantage, and are largely used by Spaniards, especially the diminutives which, for this reason, should be carefully noticed.

A diminutive noun can also be further qualified by an adjective, as--

Mi padre me regaló este gracioso librito: My father made me a present of this pretty little book.

Diminutives can be made of Augmentatives and vice-versa--

Escoba (broom), Escobilla, Escobillón Sala (drawing-room), Salón, Saloncillo

If a masculine noun ends in _a_ its diminutive also ends in _a_--

Un drama (drama), Un dramita Un poema (poem), Un poemita

But not nouns that indicate male persons--

Papá (Papa), Papaíto

Although _ón_ and _ote_ are generally augmentative terminations, in the following words and a few more, they are used as diminutives--

Calle (street) Callejón (narrow street, alley) Carro (cart) Carretón (little cart) Isla (island) Islote (little barren island) Torre (tower) Torrejón (turret)

Besides Augmentative and Diminutive terminations, there are some terminations which, without indicating increase or decrease, are used to indicate disparagement pure and simple--

Calducho (bad broth) Gentualla (mob) Gentuza (insignificant people) Libraco (nasty book) Madrastra (step-mother) Medicastro (bad doctor) Mujeruca (old wife, gossip) Poetastro (bad poet)

The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (especially the latter) are found added to adjectives and, although more rarely, to other parts of speech also. They must be learnt by practice, however, as they cannot be used indiscriminately.

EXAMPLES--

El picarillo (picaruelo) quiere el otro cuello que es más blanquito: The little rogue wants the other collar which is nice and clean (lit., whiter).

Como me gusta la blanca nieve acabadita de caer: How pretty is the snow just newly fallen.

Mira á aquella chica tan bien vestidita de azul: Look at that little girl so prettily dressed in blue

Vino callandito: He came in as quietly as a mouse.

Vive cerquita de nuestra casa: He lives quite close to our house.

Poquito á poco hila la vieja el copo (proverb): Little by little the old woman spins her distaff (Slow and sure wins the race)

Translation of the English "ish" after colours--

Amarillento (yellowish) Azulado (bluish) Azulino (bluish) Blanquecino (whitish) Morenito (brownish) Que tira á moreno (brownish) Negruzco (blackish) Pardusco (greyish) Que tira á pardo ó gris (greyish) Rojizo (reddish) Verdoso (greenish) Verdusco (greenish)

Notice also--

Anaranjado (orange-coloured) Avellanado (nut-coloured, tawny) Celeste (sky-blue) Dorado (golden) Pajizo (straw-coloured) Perlino (pearl-coloured) Plateado (silvery) Rosado (rose-coloured, pink, rosy) Terreo (ashen-pale) Trigueño (brown, wheat-coloured)

APPENDIX V

VERBS WHICH DIFFER IN REGIMEN FROM THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. EXTRACTED FROM THE GENERAL LIST OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH ACADEMY[215]

[Footnote 215: This list is comprehensive, but not exhaustive; some of these verbs, besides the preposition given, may be followed by others. Practice in reading is the best master.]

Abordar (una nave) á (_or_ con) otra: To board (a ship). Abrasarse en deseos: To be burning with desire. Abundar de (_or_ en) riquezas: To abound with riches. Abusar de la amistad: To abuse friendship. Acertar con la casa: To find the right house. Adelantarse á otros: To take the start on others. Admirarse de un suceso: To wonder at an event. Aficionarse á alguna cosa: To grow fond of anything. Alejarse de su tierra: To depart from one's country. Alimentarse con (_or_ de) yerbas: To feed on vegetables. Anticiparse á otro: To forestall another. Apiadarse con los pobres: To have pity on the poor. Aportar á Barcelona: To put into Barcelona. Apreciar en mucho: To appreciate highly. Arder de cólera: To burn with anger. Armarse de paciencia: To arm oneself with patience. Arrimarse á la pared: To lean against the wall. Arrostrar (con (_or_ por)) los peligros: To face the dangers. Atender (á) los negocios: To attend to business. Aventajarse á otros: To excel others.

Bañar con (de _or_ en) lágrimas: To bathe with tears. Barbear con la pared: To run against the wall. Brindar á la salud de alguno: To drink the health of someone. Brindar con regalos: To give presents. Burlarse de algo: To laugh at something.

Caber de pies: There to be standing room. Calificar de docto: To call one learned. Cambiar una cosa con (_or_ por) otra: To exchange one thing for another. Campar por su respeto: To keep to oneself. Carecer de medios: To lack means. Casar _or_ casarse con alguno: To marry someone. Cesar de correr: To cease running. Cifrar su dicha en la virtud: To make one's happiness consist in virtue. Clavar á (_or_ en) la pared: To nail on the wall. Cojear del pie derecho: To limp with the right foot. Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail. Colmar de mercedes: To load with benefits. Comerciar con su crédito: To trade on one's credit. Comprar de (_or_ á) una persona: To buy from someone. Comprar al fiado: To buy on credit. Comprometerse á pagar: To undertake to pay. Confiar en (_or_ de) alguno: To trust anybody. Conservarse con (_or_ en) salud: To keep in good health. Contar con su auxilio: To count on his help. Contravenir á la ley: To contravene the law. Convenir al enfermo: To suit the patient. Correr con los gastos: To undertake the expense. Cortar por lo sano: To cut short (an argument, etc.). Cumplir á uno hacer una cosa: To be one's duty to do something. Chancearse con alguno: To joke with someone.

Dañarse del pecho: To injure one's chest. Dar con la carga en el suelo: To throw down the load. Dar con quien lo entiende: To come across someone who understands it. Dar contra un poste: To knock against a post. Dar de barato: To grant for argument's sake. Darse por vencido: To give it up. Decir bien una cosa con otra: To match well together. Decir para sí: To say to oneself. Dejar de escribir: To cease writing, to fail to write. Demandar ante el juez (_or_ en juicio): To summon. Depender de alguno: To be dependent on someone. Desayunarse con chocolate: To breakfast on chocolate. Desconfiar de alguno: To mistrust one. Descuidarse de (_or_ en) su obligación: To neglect one's duty. Desfallecer de ánimo: To lose courage. Deshacerse de los géneros: To get rid of the goods. Detestar de la mentira: To hate lying. Disfrutar de buena renta: To enjoy a good income. Doblar por un difunto: To sound the death knell. Dudar de alguna cosa: To doubt something.

Echar en tierra: To throw on the ground. Echar de casa: To turn out of the house. Echar de ver una cosa: To perceive (realise) a thing. Echarla de rico: To assume airs of a rich man. Embelesarse con alguna cosa: To go into raptures over anything. Embutir de algodón: To stuff with cotton. Enajenarse de alguna cosa: To do away with anything. Encargarse de algún negocio: To undertake a business. Encontrarse con un amigo: To meet a friend. Encuadernar á la rústica, en pasta: To bind in paper covers, in boards. Escarmentar con la desgracia: To take warning from misfortune. Esmerarse en alguna cosa: To take pains with anything.

Fiarse á (de, en) alguno: To trust in anyone. Firmar de propria mano: To sign with one's own hand. Forrar de (con, en) pieles: To line with skins. Fumar en pipa: To smoke the pipe.

Girar á cargo de alguno: To draw on someone. Girar sobre París: To draw on Paris. Guardarse de alguno: To guard against anybody. Gustar de bromas: To be fond of joking.

Habérselas con otros: To wrangle, to have a bone to pick, to vie with Hacer de galán en un drama: To take the part of principal actor in a drama. Herir de muerte: To wound fatally. Hincarse de rodillas: To fall on one's knees. Hocicar con (contra, en) alguna cosa: To run against anything.

Igualar (igualarse) á (_or_ con) otro: To equal another, to match. Indemnizar del perjuicio: To indemnify for the loss. Influir con el jefe: To influence the chief. Insistir en (sobre) una cosa: To insist on something. Inspirar una idea á alguno: To inspire anybody with an idea. Inundar de (_or_ en) agua: To flood with water.

Librar á cargo de un banquero: To draw on a banker. Librar una letra sobre Paris: To draw a bill on Paris. Lindar (una tierra) con otra: To border on another. Llegar á la posada: To reach the inn. Llevarse bien con el vecino: To get on well with the neighbour. Llover á cantaros: To rain in bucketfuls.

Maravillarse con (_or_ de) una noticia: To be surprised at some news. Marcar á fuego: To brand. Mejorar de condición: To improve in condition. Mejorar en tercio y quinto: To improve greatly.

Oler á rosas: To smell of roses.

Parecerse á otro: To be similar to another. Pensar en (sobre) alguna cosa: To think of something. Pensar para sí: To think to oneself. Perecerse de risa: To die with laughter. Pintar de azul: To paint blue. Poblar de árboles: To plant with trees. Ponerse á escribir: To commence writing. Prescindir de una cosa: To dispense with anything. Presumir de rico: To feign riches. Proveer á la necesidad pública: To provide the needs of the public.

Quedar á deber: To remain owing. Quedarse con lo ajeno: To keep other people's property.

Rebosar de alegría: To teem with joy. Recibir á cuenta: To receive on account. Recibir de criado: To admit as a servant. Recibir por esposa: To receive as a wife. Reclamar á fulano: To claim from so and so. Responder á la pregunta: To answer the question. Reventar de risa: To burst with laughter. Rodear de una pared: To surround with a wall.

Saber á vino: To taste of wine. Salirse con la suya: To have one's own way. Salvarse á nado: To save oneself by swimming. Sentarse á la mesa: To sit down at table. Soñar con ladrones: To dream of thieves. Suplicar (apelar) de la sentencia: To appeal against the sentence.

Tachar de ligero: To tax one with levity. Tener á menos hablar á uno: Not to deign to speak to one. Tenerse de pie: To stand on foot. Teñir de (en) negro: To dye black. Tomar á pecho: To take to heart. Tomar hacia la derecha: To turn to the right. Trabajar á destajo: To do work by the job. Trabarse de palabras: To quarrel. Transportar á lomo: To carry on one's back.

Varar en la playa: To run aground. Velar á los muertos: To watch over the dead. Vengarse de una ofensa: To avenge an insult. Vengarse en el ofensor: To avenge oneself on the offender. Venir á casa: To come home. Ver de hacer algo: To try and do something. Vestir á la moda: To dress in the fashion. Vestir de máscara: To dress in fancy dress. Vestirse de paño: To dress in cloth. Vivir á su gusto: To live after one's taste.

CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS

The Simple tenses only are given--Compound tenses are formed with the verb "haber" followed by the past participle.