Chapter 13

When "Santo" means "holy" it is always written in full. When "Santo" means "saint" it drops the "to" before the name following.

EXCEPTIONS--

Santo Tomás (or Tomé), Santo Domingo, and Santo Torribio.

But--La isla de San Tomás (the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies).

Some adjectives alter their meaning according as they precede or follow a noun, as--

Cierto hombre: A certain man. (Not "un cierto.") Una noticia cierta: A certain (sure) news.

Un pobre escritor: A poor writer--of little worth. Un escritor pobre: An impecunious writer.

Un simple favor: A simple favour. Un favor simple: A simple favour.

Un simple soldado: A simple (plain) soldier. Un hombre simple: A simple man, a simpleton.

"One" and "ones" after an adjective are always left untranslated. "Man" and "woman" in the majority of cases are also omitted, as--

Tengo algunos buenos: I have some good ones. Un francés, una francesa: A Frenchman, a Frenchwoman.

Numeral adjectives used for measurement are translated as follows--

Una plataforma de 30 pies de largo y seis pies de ancho (_also_ de 30 pies por seis): A platform 30 feet long by six feet wide.

Este tanque tiene 16 pies de profundidad: This tank is 16 feet deep.

"In" after a superlative relative is rendered by _de_, as--

Es el negociante más próspero de la ciudad: He is the most successful merchant in the city.

The proportional adjectives are--

El doble (the double) El triple (3 fold) El cuádruplo (4 fold) El quíntuple (5 fold) El séxtuple (6 fold) El décuplo (10 fold) El céntuplo (100 fold) Siete veces tanto (7 fold) Ocho veces tanto (8 fold). Etc., etc.

The adjective is used also adverbially, oftener in Spanish than in English, as--

Hablar claro, alto, bajo, fuerte: To speak clearly, loudly, softly, strongly.

Comprar caro, barato: To buy dear, cheap.

Ir derecho: To go straight.

Tener fuerte: To hold fast.

Exclamó ufano, cortés, enfadado, bondadoso: He proudly, courteously, angrily, kindly exclaimed.

Justo ha llegado una carta: A letter has just arrived.

Adjectives have a governing power through a preposition and then the preposition to be used belongs to the "idiom" of the language. Practice will make perfect.

The following are some examples in which the construction differs from the English--

Afable á, _or_ con, _or_ para con todos: Affable to all. Agradecido á los beneficios: Grateful for the favours. Agudo de ingenio: Sharp-witted. Ajeno de la verdad: Foreign to truth. Alegre de cascos: Light-headed. Blanco de tez: fair-complexioned. Cargado de espaldas: Round-shouldered. Codicioso, deseoso de dinero: Greedy, wishing for money. Cercano á su fin: Nearing his end. ¡Desdichado de mí!: Unhappy me! Difícil de comprender: Hard to understand. Dotado de buenas partes: Endowed with good parts. Duro de cabeza (de mollera), de corazón: Hard-headed, hard-hearted. Evidente para todo el mundo: Evident to all. Fácil de explicar: Easy to explain. Falto de juicio: Lacking in judgment. Hermoso de ver: Beautiful to see. Lleno de cerveza, de vino: Full of (or with) beer, wine. Mayor _or_ Menor de edad: Of age, under age. Pequeño de tamano: Small in size. Rico de virtudes: Rich in virtues. Seco (enjuto) de carnes: Spare in flesh. Sorprendido de la noticia: Surprised at the news. Tardo á comprender: Slow in understanding. Triste de aspecto: Sad in countenance.

VOCABULARY.

=á la par=, at the same time =las Antillas=, the West Indies =atropellar por=, to infringe, to trample upon, also to run down (vehicles, etc.) =blando=, gentle, soft =chaconada=, jacconet =ciencia=, science, wisdom =corto=, short, brief =desarme=, disarmament =deseoso=, wishful, eager =dique=, dock =doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge =equivocarse=, to make a mistake =fletar=, to freight, to charter =forros estampados=, printed linings =hidalguía=, chivalry, nobleness, gentlemanly principles =imponerse á=, to command =inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety =el inconveniente=, inconvenience =ladrillos refractarios=, firebricks =lástima=, pity, compassion =nivel=, level =principal=, principal, chief, leading =quejarse (de)=, to complain =responsable=, responsible =rizados, crespolinas=, crimps =tío=, uncle, also a coarse fellow[184] *=tropezar=, to stumble =ufano=, proud, full of dignity =velero=, sailing vessel, sailer

[Footnote 184: Also used before names instead of "Señor" among country folks.]

EXERCISE 1 (71).

Translate into English--

1. Gran lastima es, si lastima grande que las grandes naciones no se pongan de acuerdo para proclamar el desarme general.

2. Santa vida fué la de San Francisco de Asis.

3. Aun los racionalistas respetan a este Santo como también a la profunda doctrina de Santo Tom as de Aquino.

4. Ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal.

5. Es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre como del rico.

6. Pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor pues esto no convencería a los hombres más simples.

7. El hombre más sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez, llegue á donde llegare su ciencia (however great, etc.)

8. Si V. me diera el doble, el triple, el quintuple, y aun seis, diez ó cien veces tanto, no cometería esa indelicadeza, atropellando por las leyes de la hidalguía y del honor.

9. El orador habla claro, metafórico, alto, bajo, fuerte, y blando según lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga por bianco (to have for his aim) la virtud y el progreso.

10. Ande V. derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya (lest you) á tropezar y á caerse.

11. Cortés y ufano á la par, repuso: "soy pobre mas soy honrado."

12. Justo lo que debía contestar.

13. Los estudiantes más agudos de ingenio son á veces un tantico alegres de cascos.

14. No importa (never mind), son todos deseosos de aprender y afables con su profesor que además de ser cojo de un pie ya está cercano á su fin.

15. Este tío es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes.

EXERCISE 2 (72).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We are open (dispuestos) to charter a small steamer or a sailing vessel for St. Thomas in the West Indies.

2. We can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home (de ida y vuelta).

3. The heating surface (superficie de caldeo) is (es de) 20' X 15'.

4. These warehouses are 30' long, 20' wide (de ancho) and 15 feet high (de alto).

5. Some are built with stone and mortar (son de mampostería), others with firebricks, and they are the best in the docks.

6. Last week nothing was doing (no se hacía) on 'Change, but' to-day leading operators are distinctly bullish (trabajan distintamente por la alza) and have acquired a further large holding (y se han afianzado mucho más), being more convinced than ever that prices will climb[185] (subirán) to a much higher level.

7. Meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought (el exceso de compras en el mercado se hace peligroso).

8. He gave me too short a notice (aviso) and the consequence was 20 bales were short shipped (no se expidieron).

9. He now complains of being short of (que le faltan) printed linings, jacconets and crimps, also of short measure (de falta de medida) in some of the cloth invoiced.

10. Their orders fall short (son mucho menos) of what we expected.

11. We have run short of (se nos ha acabado) the raw material.

12. Our correspondents are short-staffed (no tienen bastante personal), hence their delaying often to send out (y por tanto a menudo retardan el envío de) our invoices, which is a great inconvenience.

[Footnote 185: To climb--_Trepar_.]

LESSON XXXVII. (Lección trigésima séptima.)

THE PRONOUN.

The pronouns _Nos_ and _Vos_ are used for the 1st and 2nd person _singular_, respectively, in poetry and high-flown prose.

_Nos_ is used in Royal decrees; and _Vos_ often to translate the French "vous" and English "you" in novels. They require the verb in the plural and any occurring adjective in the singular, masculine or feminine according to the sex represented--

Nos el Rey somos justo: We the King are just.

Vos Doña Catalina sois generosa: You, Lady Catherine, are generous.

A subject pronoun following "to be" and preceding a relative may be followed by a verb in the 1st or 3rd person, as--

Soy yo quien giré _or_ giró aquella letra: It is I who drew that bill.

Two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the verb in the plural, and in the 1st person in preference to the 2nd and 3rd, and 2nd in preference to 3rd, as--

Yo y tú (_or_ yo y él) vamos; tú y él vais.

A conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the Indic. Cond. and Subj. moods, but with the verb in the Indic. or Cond. mood a great latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis. The principal idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb, as--

Entreguéle los bultos, acordéle toda facilidad para el pago y quise acabarlo todo amistosamente.

The conjunctive pronouns _lo, le_, are both used for "him," "it" (_m._), (direct object); the second is more generally used for a person, but no distinction is strictly observed.

_Lo_ (not _le_) should however be used for "it," referring to a whole statement.

_Lo_ translates often the English "so," as--

Lo digo: I say it, I say so.

Ya lo creo: I should think so.

The conjunctive dative (indirect object) should be _le_ for both genders (_sing._). _La_ instead of _le_ for the feminine is however permissible and is used by the best writers.

_Les_ instead of _los_ is often found in the accusative (direct object), masculine plural, but this should not be imitated.

When a conjunctive pers. pronoun follows the verb, the subject pronoun must also follow, as--

Dígolo yo (_not_ yo dígolo): I say so.

Otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is very arbitrary, the general practice being, of course, to put it before unless the sentence is interrogative.

The conj. pronouns _nos_ and _os_ following a verb in the Imperative mood require the elision of the _s_ and _d_ termination of the verb, as--

Escribámonos: Let us write to each other.

Escribíos: Write to each other.

Conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective before parts of the body or articles of dress, as--

Me quebré el brazo: I broke my arm.

Se lastimó el dedo: He hurt his finger.

Se puso el sombrero: He put on his hat.

Also--

Me han impuesto una multa sobre los géneros: They have inflicted a fine on my goods.

And in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be avoided without creating confusion.

A somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the "ethical" dative, as--

Póngame aquí un clavo: Put me a nail here.

Castígueme este muchacho para que aprenda: Punish this boy (for me) so that he may learn.

Córteme el pelo á este muchacho: Cut this boy's hair.

This "ethical dative" shows the person _interested in the action. Its use is much more frequent in Spanish than in English.

=Conducir= (model verb for all ending in _ducir_; to conduct, to lead).

_Pres. Indic._, Conduzco----------

_Pres. Subj._, Conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcáis, conduzcan.

_Past Def._, Conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, condujeron.[186]

[Footnote 186: Not "condujieron." Imp. Subj., of course, Condujese, etc.]

VOCABULARY.

=abordar=, to board, to accost, to approach =*abrir agua=, to spring a leak =ajeno=, belonging to others, outward *=andar en cuestiones=, to dispute =barrica=, cask =cabo=, corporal =¿cómo no?= yes, of course I will *=cubrir (p.p. cubierto)=, to cover *=dar dos pasos=, to take a stroll *=dar la lengua=, to chat, to parley =despejar=, to clear =devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains =difunto=, late, deceased =estallar=, to burst, to explode, to break out =formal=, formal, respectable *=ir repitiendo, etc=., to keep repeating, etc. =jefe del despacho=, manager =llevarse bien=, to get on well together =lograr=, to contrive, to attain =machacar=, to hammer, to insist =mandato=, order, injunction =melindroso=, squeamish, very particular =multa=, fine, penalty =Noruego=, Norwegian =peligro=, danger =remolcar=, to tow =sacar en limpio=, to make out ¡=santo y bueno=! that is all very well =sargento=, sergeant =transportar=, to transport, to convey =tul bordado=, embroidered tulle =vender gato por liebre=, to cheat ¡=vaya=! come (exclam.)

EXERCISE 1 (73)

Translate into English--

1. ¿Vió V. á la Señora (the wife) del Coronel?

2. Víla ayer y la dí el recado del Sr. Mayor.

3. ¿Este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados?

4. Lo creo, me lo ha dicho el sargento.

5. Bueno fuera írselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie, si puede ser.

6. Á mi no me cuente para nada (do not take me into account), valdríale mejor verse con (see) el jefe del despacho.

7. Á él le gusta dar la lengua, vaya á hablarle.

8. No le conozco, V. se hace cargo (you understand) que me resulta dificultoso el abordarle, y lo mismo da (it is the same) hablar con V.

9. V. se equivoca, va mucho de Pedro á Pedro (there is a great difference between the two) y en cuanto á su timidez no sea V. melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar (nothing venture, nothing have).

10. Para no andar en más cuestiones seguiré su mandato (I shall do as you tell me).

11. ¡Que tenga V. buena suerte!

12. Me devané los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que quería decir la carta pero no me fué posible y dí al diablo con el hato y el garabato (I gave up the whole confounded thing) como se suele decir.

13. Me puse el sombrero y me fuí para dar dos pasos y despejarme la cabeza.

14. Sr. Juan, V. machaca desde muchos días sobre que le debo dar alguna orden á Don José, pues para darles gusto á ambos salúdemele V. mucho (give him my kind regards), en su primera carta y dígale que me envíe luego 500 piezas de tul bordado repetición de mi pedido anterior, mismos matices.

EXERCISE 2 (74).

Translate into Spanish--

1. It is I who conveyed (trasmitir) that information to him.

2. The goods were conveyed by the Ship Canal (el canal marítimo).

3. Have you made it clear (lo ha explicado claramente) that the risk will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance (medio de trasporte)?

4. Our agent contrived to get the fine refunded (hacerse refundir); he wrote us so.

5. The vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke (habló con la bocina á) a Norwegian steamer, who gave her assistance and towed her to (al) Havre.

6. The conditions you have put forth (presentado) are altogether unacceptable.

7. Put him in the way (muéstrele V. el modo) of conducting his business without depending on (de) outward assistance.

8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite satisfactorily.

9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I should not have financed (comanditado) him.

10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal).

11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando largas).

12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado).

13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms.

14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear (descompuesto).

15. Mr. Núñez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador.

16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience.

17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise.

LESSON XXXVIII. (Lección trigésima octava.)

THE PRONOUN. (_contd._).

Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo escribe," "Le hablamos á él mismo."

Notice the following idiomatic uses of _Lo, La, Los, Las_ with the verbs _haber_ and _hacer_--

¿Hay dinero? Is there money?--Sí, lo hay: Yes, there is some.

¿Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?--Sí, las hay: Yes, there are some.

¿Hace dos días? Is it two days ago?--No, no los hace: No, it is not.

¿Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?--Sí, la hace: Yes, it is.

¿Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?--La hace, mucho: Yes, very necessary.

In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir á ver" (to go and see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, occurring, may be taken by either verb, as--

Irle á ver _or_ ir á verle: To go and see him.

Mandarlo hacer _or_ Mandar hacerlo: To have it made.

An object pronoun _after a preposition_ may often be either ordinary or reflexive as in English, as--

Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre sí _or_ entre ellos: The lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them).

Of course _él, ella, ellos, ellas_, cannot be used with reference to "V." "Vs."--

Vs. lo han arreglado entre sí _or_ entre Vs. (_but not_ entre ellos): You have arranged it between yourselves.

=Demonstrative Pronouns=.

Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used--

Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc.

Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc.

The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., should be translated "Hace _or_ ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace _or_ ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (_or_ no le veo) desde hace tres meses," "Hace (_or_ ha) tres meses desde que le ví la última vez."

"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde hace tres horas.

=Relative Pronouns=.

_Cuyo_ in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure relative instead of _el cual_ followed by a noun, as--

Lo dí a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo pasó á un amigo de él:

I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his.

The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of _cuyo_, it is in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be accepted.

=Indefinite Pronouns=.

The Indefinite Pronouns _algo_ and _nada_ followed by an adjective, generally (but not necessarily) take =de= before the adjective, as--

Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good. No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good.

_Un nada_ is used as a noun, as--

Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him.

_La nada_--nothingness.

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | =Sentir= (to feel, to regret). | |_Pres. Part._, |Sintiendo. | |_Pres. Indic._,|Siento, sientes, siente ... sienten. | |_Pres. Subj._, |Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan. | |_Past Def._, | -- -- -- sintió -- -- -- sintieron.| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | =Pediz= (to ask, to request). | |_Pres. Part._, |Pidiendo. | |_Pres. Indic._,|Pido, pides, pide -- -- -- -- piden. | |_Pres. Subj._, |Pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan. | |_Past Def._, | -- -- -- pidió -- -- -- pidieron. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | =Dormir= (to sleep).[187] | |_Pres. Part._, |Durmiendo. | |_Pres. Ind._, |Duermo, duermes, duerme ... duermen. | |_Pres. Subj._, |Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman. | |_Past Def._, | -- -- -- durmió -- -- -- durmieron.| +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. "muerto." N.B.--"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of "matar" (to kill), as--Le han muerto: They have killed him.]

VOCABULARY.

=adeudar=, to debit, to pay (duty) =atrasado=, in arrears, behind =ce por be=, with all particulars, minutely =chapas=, plates *=contar=, to count, to relate =discreto=, sensible, judicious, discreet =dispensar=, to excuse =echar á perder=, to spoil, to wreck =empeoramiento=, turn for the worse *=estar en poco de=, to be within an inch of =grano de anis=, a trifling matter *=hacer de las suyas=, to play one's pranks *=hacer el obsequio=, to do the favour =informe=, report =mandar buscar=, to send for =obligar=, to compel *=obtener=, to obtain, to bring about =pesado=, heavy =quehaceres=, occupations, business =reglamento=, regulation, bye-laws =remesa=, remittance, shipment =revista=, review =rodajas (de goma)=, rubber heels (revolving) =tacones (de goma)=, rubber heels (shaped) =taller=, workshop =tonto=, simpleton, foolish =tornillos=, screws

EXERCISE 1 (75).

Translate into English--

1. Yo mismo escribo al Sr. Mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus pedidos á Vs. directamente pues, por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en que así se haga.

2. Si dicho Señor envía pedidos ¿hace falta avisarle á V.?

3. Sí, la hace, y les ruego tengan la bondad de decírmelo á fin de poner á Vs. en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las remesas, etc.

4. ¿Hace ocho días que Ilegó el informe de la comisión?

5. Creo que no los hace todavía.

6. Tengo los muestrarios aquí, voy á dárselos á V.

7. Se los voy á devolver en seguida.

8. Nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglarán esto entre ellos (_or_ entre sí).

9. Hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese mercado, las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde.

10. Nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso (charge full weight) por sus tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo así que vienen juntos con sus chapas y tornillos, cuyos hierros, claro es, no debían (deberían) adeudar el mismo derecho.

11. No sucedió nada de extraordinario para justificar su acción que en poco estuvo de echarlo todo á perder.

12. Hágame V. el obsequio de contármelo todo, pues no es ningún grano de anís.

13. Sentarse[188] pues y se lo contaré ce por be.

14. Dispense V. que le haya hecho esperar, tuve que despachar á mi chauffeur.

15. Es V. muy dueño, pero acuérdese V. que primero los quehaceres y después los placeres.

16. V. es hombre discrete y lo que es yo, soy un pobre ton to.

17. Vamos é ver de que se trata.

18. ¿Ha hecho V. alguna de las suyas?

[Footnote 188: Notice the Imperative Infinitive.]

EXERCISE 2 (76).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I regret having left the newspapers at the workshop, but I shall send for them.

2. He regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee.

3. English manufacturers are not asleep.

4. They have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake (se han despertado bien) to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods (modernos, á la altura de los tiempos) and adapting themselves to the requirements of the consumers.

5. Manufacturers are selling every day but usually (generalmente) in small lots.

6. Shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it.

7. Dhooties (dhooties) and jacconets are now so well sold that producers (productores) will only book (aceptan órdenes) at good prices.

8. Heavy textiles (telas) are too stiff for general attention (demasiado firmes para atraer á los compradores) but makers are not hungry for (ansiosos de obtener) orders.

9. Indian business was barely (apenas) of normal dimensions (proporciones).

10. Will you set the books on that shelf (estante) and set (colocar) those papers in order?

11. The term you have set me (fijado) is too short.

12. They ought to set a (dar) good example.

13. He set about it (puso mano á la obra) at once.