Part 5

Chapter 52,087 wordsPublic domain

+--------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. |Totals. | | of +--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+ Means. | |parents.|1¾| 2|2¼|2½|2¾| 3 | 3¼| 3½| 3¾| 4 |4¼|4½| Regression.| +--------+--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+-----+------+---------+ | 3½ | | | | 1| | | 1| 1| 1| | | | 4| 3.25 | .25 | | 3⅝ | | 1| 1| 6|12| 28| 26| 96| 63| 10| 1| | 244| 3.43 | .19 | | 3¾ | 1| 2| 4| 7|19| 45| 50|224|212| 25| 2| | 591| 3.50 | .25 | | 3⅞ | | | | 2| 5| 25| 32|105|177| 64| 8| 6| 424| 3.65 | .22 | | 4 | | | | 1| 2| 5| | 14| 15| 7| | 1| 45| 3.57 | .43 | | 4⅛ | | | | | | 2| | | 4| 1| | | 7| 3.57 | .55 | | 4¼ | | | | | | | 1| | 1| 2| | | 4| 3.75 | .50 | | 4⅜ | | | | | | | | 3| | | | | 3| 3.50 | .87 | | +--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+-----+------+---------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3.78| 1| 3| 5|17|38|105|110|443|473|109|11| 7| 1322| 3.54 | .24 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+-----+------+---------+

TABLE 10.—_Classification of generation 10, plus series._

+--------+-----------------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|2¼|2½|2¾| 3|3¼| 3½| 3¾| 4 |4¼|4½| 5| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | 3¾ | | 1| 1| 9|13| 63|117| 44| 8| 1| | 257 | 3.69 | .06 | | 3⅞ | 1| | 3| 3|16| 95|142| 62|20| 5| | 347 | 3.72 | .15 | | 4 | | | | | 4| 26| 61| 20| 7| 2| | 120 | 3.76 | .24 | | 4⅛ | | | | | | 11| 17| 7| 6| 1| 2| 44 | 3.87 | .25 | | 4¼ | | | | | | 1| 4| 2| 1| | | 8 | 3.84 | .41 | | +--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3.88| 1| 1| 4|12|33|196|341|135|42| 9| 2| 776 | 3.73 | .15 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 11.—_Classification of generation 11, plus series._

+--------+--------------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|2¾| 3|3¼| 3½| 3¾| 4 |4¼|4½|4¾| 5| | | | +--------+--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | 3¾ | | | | 2| 7| 2| | | | | 11 | 3.75 | 0 | | 3⅞ | 2| 7|17| 87|162| 41|11| 3| 3| | 333 | 3.70 | .17 | | 4 | | 3| 2| 25| 87| 65|24| 6| 1| 1| 214 | 3.87 | .13 | | 4⅛ | | 3| 3| 16| 49| 27| 8| 2| 2| | 110 | 3.81 | .31 | | 4¼ | | | | 2| 13| 5| 3| 1| 1| | 25 | 3.91 | .34 | | 4⅜ | | | | | 1| 3| | | | | 4 | 3.94 | .43 | | +--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3.97| 2|13|22|132|319|143|46|12| 7| 1| 697 | 3.78 | .19 | +--------+--+--+--+---+---+---+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 12.—_Classification of generation 12, plus series._

+--------+----------------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+---+---+--+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|2½| 3|3¼|3½| 3¾| 4 |4¼|4½|4¾| 5|5¼| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+---+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | 3¾ | | | | | 4| 20| 7| 4| | | | 35 | 3.83 | -.08 | | 3⅞ | | | | 2| 19| 17| 6| 2| 2| | | 48 | 3.96 | .09 | | 4 | | 1| 1|10| 53| 59|12| 5| 1| 1| 2| 145 | 3.93 | .07 | | 4⅛ | 1| | 2|17| 86| 83|28| 6| 3| 1| | 227 | 3.91 | .21 | | 4¼ | | 1| | 7| 19| 29|11| 3| 1| | | 71 | 3.94 | .31 | | 4⅜ | | | | 3| 6| 14|10| 7| 3| 1| 1| 45 | 4.13 | .24 | | 4½ | | | | | 1| 4| 1| | | 1| | 7 | 4.14 | .36 | | 4⅝ | | 1| | | 3| 4| 3| | | | | 11 | 3.90 | .72 | | 5 | | | | | | | | | 1| | | 1 | 4.75 | .25 | | +--+--+--+--+---+---+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4.09| 1| 3| 3|43|207|217|75|23|11| 4| 3| 590 | 3.94 | .17 | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+---+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 13.—_Classification of generation 13, plus selection series._

+--------+-----------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|2¾|3¼|3½|3¾| 4|4¼|4½|4¾| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | 4 | | 4|17|23|19| 2| | | 65 | 3.67 | .31 | | 4⅛ | | | 1| 8|16| 5| 1| | 31 | 3.97 | .15 | | 4¼ | 1| | 5|10|20| 6| | 1| 43 | 3.93 | .32 | | 4⅜ | | | 1| 5| 3| 1| | | 10 | 3.85 | .52 | | 4½ | | | 1|14|15| 7| 3| | 40 | 3.98 | .52 | | 4⅝ | | | | 3| 1| | 1| | 5 | 3.95 | .80 | | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4.22| 1| 4|25|63|74|21| 5| 1| 194 | 3.88 | .34 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 14.—_Summary of the results of thirteen generations of plus selection based on Tables 1-13._

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ |Generation. | |No. of offspring. | | |Mean, parents. | | | |Mean, offspring. | | | | |Standard deviation, | | | | |parents. | | | | | |Standard deviation, | | | | | |offspring. | | | | | | |Correlation, | | | | | | |parents-offspring. | | | | | | | |Absolute regression of | | | | | | | |offspring on parents. | | | | | | | | |Advance of | | | | | | | | |parents. | | | | | | | | | |Advance of | | | | | | | | | |offspring. +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+------+ | 1 | 150 | 2.51 | 2.05 | .313 | .541 | .298 | .46 | | | | 2 | 471 | 2.52 | 1.92 | .307 | .732 | .317 | .60 | .01 | -.13 | | 3 | 341 | 2.73 | 2.51 | .285 | .531 | .331 | .22 | .21 | .59 | | 4 | 444 | 3.09 | 2.73 | .215 | .468 | .066 | .36 | .36 | .22 | | 5 | 610 | 3.33 | 2.90 | .240 | .505 | .160 | .43 | .24 | .17 | | 6 | 861 | 3.52 | 3.11 | .209 | .490 | .180 | .41 | .19 | .21 | | 7 |1,077 | 3.56 | 3.20 | .212 | .555 | .215 | .36 | .04 | .09 | | 8 |1,408 | 3.75 | 3.48 | .246 | .439 | .099 | .27 | .19 | .28 | | 9 |1,322 | 3.78 | 3.54 | .112 | .346 | .210 | .24 | .03 | .06 | | 10 | 776 | 3.88 | 3.73 | .112 | .362 | .116 | .15 | .10 | .19 | | 11 | 697 | 3.98 | 3.78 | .113 | .289 | .233 | .20 | .10 | .05 | | 12 | 590 | 4.09 | 3.94 | .176 | .302 | .161 | .15 | .11 | .16 | | 13 | 194 | 4.22 | 3.88 | .433 | .270 | .132 | .34 | .13 | -.06 | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+------+ |Total |8,941 | | | | | | | | | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+------+

TABLE 15.—_Mean grade and number of offspring produced by parents of a particular grade in each generation of the plus selection series, based on Tables 1-13. The grade of the parents is indicated at the head of each column. In the body of the table is recorded the grade of the offspring (in light-faced figures) and the number of offspring (in =heavy-faced figures=)._

+------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------+ |Generation. | | | | Grade of parents; below, | | | | grade and number of their | Total | | | offspring. | number | | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ of | | | 3⅛ | 3¼ | 3⅜ | 3½ | 3⅝ | 3¾ | 3⅞ | 4 | 4⅛ |offspring.| +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----------+ | 2 |2.50 | | | | | | | | | | | | =5= | | | | | | | | | =471= | | 3 |3.07 |3.17 |2.91 | | | | | | | | | | =10=| =6=| =8=| | | | | | | =341= | | 4 |2.69 |2.89 |2.70 |3.02 | |2.75 | | | | | | |=122=| =64=| =23=| =20=| | =6=| | | | =444= | | 5 |2.81 |2.81 |2.94 |2.87 |3.08 |3.07 |3.35 |3.36 |3.00 | | | |=114=|=138=|=145=| =69=| =64=| =14=| =8=| =7=| =3= | =610= | | 6 |2.84 |3.10 |2.96 |3.10 |3.16 |3.22 |3.26 |3.41 | | | | | =28=|=143=|=123=|=212=|=181=| =78=| =80=| =14=| | =861= | | 7 |2.87 |3.09 |2.97 |3.18 |3.23 |3.35 |3.49 |3.53 | | | | | =28=|=131=|=160=|=177=|=289=|=184=| =90=| =15=| | =1,077= | | 8 | | | |3.46 |3.50 |3.49 |3.53 |3.31 |3.72 | | | | | | | =59=|=484=|=469=|=238=| =64=| =60=| =1,408= | | 9 | | | |3.25 |3.43 |3.50 |3.65 |3.57 |3.57 | | | | | | | =4=|=244=|=591=|=424=| =45=| =7=| =1,322= | | 10 | | | | | |3.69 |3.72 |3.76 |3.87 | | | | | | | | |=257=|=347=|=120=| =44=| =776= | | 11 | | | | | |3.75 |3.70 |3.87 |3.81 | | | | | | | | | =11=|=333=|=214=|=110=| =697= | | 12 | | | | | |3.82 |3.96 |3.93 |3.91 | | | | | | | | | =35=| =48=|=145=|=227=| =590= | | 13 | | | | | | | |3.67 |3.97 | | | | | | | | | | | =65=| =31=| =194= | +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----------+

+------+-----------------------------+----------+ |Generation. | | | | Grade of parents; below, | | | | grade and number of their | Total | | | offspring. | number | | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ of | | | 4¼ | 4⅜ | 4½ | 4⅝ | 4¾ |offspring.| +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----------+ | 7 |3.75 | | | | | | | | =3=| | | | | =1,077= | | 8 |3.69 |3.96 | | | | | | | =22=| =8=| | | | =1,408= | | 9 |3.75 |3.50 | | | | | | | =4=| =3=| | | | =1,322= | | 10 |3.84 | | | | | | | | =8=| | | | | =776= | | 11 |3.91 |3.94 | | | | | | | =25=| =4=| | | | =697= | | 12 |3.94 |4.12 |4.14 |3.90 |4.75 | | | | =71=| =45=| =7=| =11=| =1=| =590= | | 13 |3.93 |3.85 |3.98 | |3.95 | | | | =43=| =10=| =40=| | =5=| =194= | | | | | | | +----------+ | | | | | | | =8,941= | +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----------+

TABLE 16.—_Classification of the offspring in generation 1 of the minus selection series._

+--------+-----------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|+¼| 0| ¼| ½| ¾| 1|1¼|1½|1¾| 2| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | -1¼ | 1| | | | | 2| | 3| 2| | 8 | 1.34 | -.09 | | 1⅜ | 1| 1| 3| |12| 8| 3| 1| 1| 1| 31 | .86 | .51 | | 1½ | | | | | 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 1| 6 | 1.37 | .13 | | 1⅞ | | | 1| 1| 2| 2| | 3| 1| | 10 | 1.05 | .82 | | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.46| 2| 1| 4| 1|15|13| 4| 8| 5| 2| 55 | 1.00 | .46 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 17.—_Classification of generation 2, minus selection series._

+--------+-----------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|+½| 0|-¼| ½| ¾| 1|1¼|1½|1¾| 2| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | ¾ | 1| | 2| 2| 1| 6| 2| 3| 2| | 19 | 1.04 | -.29 | | 1⅛ | | | 2| 2| | 2| 2| 3| | 1| 12 | 1.05 | .07 | | 1¼ | | | | | 4| 6| 3| | 3| 1| 17 | 1.18 | .07 | | 1⅜ | | 1| | | | | | 1| 1| 2| 5 | 1.45 | -.08 | | 1½ | | | 1| |10|13| 1| 8| 4| | 37 | 1.11 | .39 | | 1⅝ | | 1| | | 1| | 1| | | | 3 | .67 | .95 | | 1¾ | | | 1| 1| 2|14| 4| 3| 1| 1| 27 | 1.09 | .66 | | 1⅞ | 1| 1| | 1| 2| 3| | 1| 3| | 12 | 1.10 | .77 | | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.41| 2| 3| 6| 6|20|44|13|19|14| 5| 132 | 1.07 | .34 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 18.—_Classification of generation 3, minus series._

+--------+--------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.| 0|-¼| ½| ¾| 1|1¼|1½|1¾| 2| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | -1⅛ | | | 2| 1| 1| | 1| | | 5 | .85 | .27 | | 1¼ | | 1| 3| 6| 5| 1| 2| 1| 1| 20 | 1.05 | .20 | | 1⅜ | | 1| 3| 4|11| 3| 4| 2| | 28 | 1.03 | .34 | | 1½ | | | 1| 1|12| 1| 5| 5| 3| 28 | 1.31 | .19 | | 1⅝ | 1| 1| 1|10|10| 5| 8| 8| 4| 48 | 1.22 | .40 | | 1¾ | | 1| 2| 8|19| 9| 9| 7| 8| 63 | 1.26 | .49 | | 1⅞ | | | | | 3| | | | | 3 | 1.00 | .87 | | +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.56| 1| 4|12|30|61|19|29|23|16| 195 | 1.18 | .38 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 19.—_Classification of generation 4, minus selection series._

+--------+-----------------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.|+½|+¼| 0|-¼| ½| ¾| 1|1¼|1½|1¾| 2|2¼| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | -1¼ | | | | | | | 1| | 1| 1| 1| | 4 | 1.56 | -.31 | | 1⅜ | | | | 2| 3| 4| 8| 3| 1| 2| 6| | 29 | 1.16 | .21 | | 1½ | | 1| 1| 3| 2| 7| 7| 6| 8|16| 8| | 59 | 1.31 | .19 | | 1⅝ | | | | 1| | 4|10| 4| 8| 7| 6| | 40 | 1.36 | .26 | | 1¾ | | | | 4| 4| 6|19|11|16|22|11| | 93 | 1.34 | .41 | | 1⅞ | 2| 1| 2| 6| 1|10|19|12|17|19| 5| 1| 95 | 1.18 | .69 | | 2 | | | | | | 1| 2| 3| | 1| 2| | 9 | 1.36 | .64 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.69| 2| 2| 3|16|10|32|66|39|51|68|39| 1| 329 | 1.28 | .41 | +--------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 20.—_Classification of generation 5, minus series._

+--------+------------------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.| 0|-¼| ½| ¾| 1 |1¼| 1½| 1¾| 2 |2¼|2½| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | ⅞ | 2| 1| | 4| 5| | 3| 4| 1| | | 20 | 1.09 | -.22 | | 1 | | 2| | | 1| | | | 1| | | 4 | .99 | .01 | | 1⅜ | | 4| 1| 1| 6| 2| 10| 14| 11| 2| | 51 | 1.50 | -.13 | | 1½ | 1| | 3| 9| 9|11| 7| 7| 5| | 1| 53 | 1.25 | .25 | | 1⅝ | | 1| 1| 5| 12| 4| 15| 12| 4| | | 54 | 1.35 | .27 | | 1¾ | | 9|14|29| 50|30| 50| 55| 24| 1| | 262 | 1.30 | .45 | | 1⅞ | | | | 4| 11|12| 29| 50| 31| 6| | 143 | 1.64 | .23 | | 2 | | 1| 2|11| 14| 5| 19| 28| 25| 4| | 109 | 1.52 | .48 | | 2⅛ | | | | | | | 1| 2| 2| | | 5 | 1.80 | .32 | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.73| 3|18|21|63|108|64|134|172|104|13| 1| 701 | 1.41 | .32 | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 21.—_Classification of generation 6, minus series._

+--------+------------------------------------+-------+------+-----------+ | Grade | Grade of offspring. | | | | | of +--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+Totals.|Means.|Regression.| |parents.| 0|-¼| ½| ¾| 1 |1¼| 1½| 1¾| 2 |2¼|2½| | | | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ | -1⅛ | | 1| 1| | 2| | 1| | | | | 5 | .85 | .27 | | 1⅜ | | | | | 1| 1| 1| | 1| | | 4 | 1.44 | -.07 | | 1½ | | | 1| 3| 4| 4| 4| 6| 2| | | 24 | 1.34 | .16 | | 1⅝ | 1| | 1|11| 16| 3| 17| 28| 17| | | 94 | 1.45 | .17 | | 1¾ | 1| 1| 8|14| 39|20| 39| 77| 43| | 2| 244 | 1.49 | .26 | | 1⅞ | | 1| 9|24| 61|40| 71|156|127|12| 1| 502 | 1.59 | .28 | | 2 | 1| 3| 5|12| 32|22| 37| 89| 76| 5| 1| 283 | 1.58 | .42 | | 2⅛ | | | | 2| 4| 4| 5| 35| 31| 4| | 85 | 1.52 | .60 | | 2½ | | | | | | | 2| 5| 3| 1| | 11 | 1.82 | .68 | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+-------+------+-----------+ |Totals | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |means, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.86| 3| 6|25|66|159|94|177|396|300|22| 4| 1252 | 1.56 | .30 | +--------+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+---+---+--+--+-------+------+-----------+

TABLE 22.—_Classification of generation 7, minus series._