Pictographs of the North American Indians. A preliminary paper Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882-83, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1886, pages 3-256

Part 1

Chapter 11,096 wordsPublic domain

Transcriber's Note

Italics are indicated by _underscores_, and superscript by caret signs, e. g. Oheno^npa, 38^{mm}. Individual letters in square brackets were inverted in the printed text.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

PICTOGRAPHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

A PRELIMINARY PAPER.

BY GARRICK MALLERY.

CONTENTS.

Page. List of illustrations 7

Introductory 13

Distribution of petroglyphs in North America 19 Northeastern rock-carvings 19 Rock-carvings in Pennsylvania 20 in Ohio 21 in West Virginia 22 in the Southern States 22 in Iowa 23 in Minnesota 23 in Wyoming and Idaho 24 in Nevada 24 in Oregon and Washington Territory 25 in Utah 26 in Colorado 27 in New Mexico 28 in Arizona 28 in California 30 in Colored pictographs on rocks 33

Foreign petroglyphs 38 Petroglyphs in South America 38 in British Guiana 40 in Brazil 44 Pictographs in Peru 45

Objects represented in pictographs 46

Instruments used in pictography 48 Instruments for carving 48 for drawing 48 for painting 48 for tattooing 49

Colors and methods of application 50 In the United States 50 In British Guiana 53 Significance of colors 53

Materials upon which pictographs are made 58 Natural objects 58 Bone 59 Living tree 59 Wood 59 Bark 59 Skins 60 Feathers 60 Gourds 60 Horse-hair 60 Shells, including wampum 60 Earth and sand 60

The human person 61 Paint on the human person 61 Tattooing 63 Tattoo marks of the Haida Indians 66 Tattooing in the Pacific Islands 73 Artificial objects 78

Mnemonic 79 The quipu of the Peruvians 79 Notched sticks 81 Order of songs 82 Traditions 84 Treaties 86 War 87 Time 88 The Dakota Winter Counts 89 The Corbusier Winter Counts 127

Notification 147 Notice of departure and direction 147 condition 152 Warning and guidance 155 Charts of geographic features 157 Claim or demand 159 Messages and communications 160 Record of expedition 164

Totemic 165 Tribal designations 165 Gentile or clan designations 167 Personal designations 168 Insignia or tokens of authority 168 Personal name 169 An Ogalala roster 174 Red-Cloud’s census 176 Property marks 182 Status of the individual 183 Signs of particular achievements 183

Religious 188 Mythic personages 188 Shamanism 190 Dances and ceremonies 194 Mortuary practices 197 Grave-posts 198 Charms and fetiches 201

Customs 203 Associations 203 Daily life and habits 205

Tribal history 207

Biographic 208 Continuous record of events in life 208 Particular exploits and events 214

Ideographs 219 Abstract ideas 219 Symbolism 221

Identification of the pictographers 224 General style or type 225 Presence of characteristic objects 230

Modes of interpretation 233 Homomorphs and symmorphs 239

Conventionalizing 244

Errors and frauds 247

Suggestions to collaborators 254

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE Page.

I.--Colored pictographs in Santa Barbara County, California 34 II.--Colored pictographs in Santa Barbara County, California 35 III.--New Zealand tattooed heads 76 IV.--Ojibwa Meda song 82 V.--Penn wampum belt 87 VI.--Winter count on buffalo robe 89 VII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1786-’87 to 1792-’93 100 VIII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1793-’94 to 1799-1800 101 IX.--Dakota winter counts: for 1800-’01 to 1802-’03 103 X.--Dakota winter counts: for 1803-’04 to 1805-’06 104 XI.--Dakota winter counts: for 1806-’07 to 1808-’09 105 XII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1809-’10 to 1811-’12 106 XIII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1812-’13 to 1814-’15 108 XIV.--Dakota winter counts: for 1815-’16 to 1817-’18 109 XV.--Dakota winter counts: for 1818-’19 to 1820-’21 110 XVI.--Dakota winter counts: for 1821-’22 to 1823-’24 111 XVII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1824-’25 to 1826-’27 113 XVIII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1827-’28 to 1829-’30 114 XIX.--Dakota winter counts: for 1830-’31 to 1832-’33 115 XX.--Dakota winter counts: for 1833-’34 to 1835-’36 116 XXI.--Dakota winter counts: for 1836-’37 to 1838-’39 117 XXII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1839-’40 to 1841-’42 117 XXIII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1842-’43 to 1844-’45 118 XXIV.--Dakota winter counts: for 1845-’46 to 1847-’48 119 XXV.--Dakota winter counts: for 1848-’49 to 1850-’51 120 XXVI.--Dakota winter counts: for 1851-’52 to 1853-’54 120 XXVII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1854-’55 to 1856-’57 121 XXVIII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1857-’58 to 1859-’60 122 XXIX.--Dakota winter counts: for 1860-’61 to 1862-’63 123 XXX.--Dakota winter counts: for 1863-’64 to 1865-’66 124 XXXI.--Dakota winter counts: for 1866-’67 to 1868-’69 125 XXXII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1869-’70 to 1870-’71 126 XXXIII.--Dakota winter counts: for 1871-’72 to 1876-’77 127 XXXIV.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1775-’76 to 1780-’81 130 XXXV.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1781-’82 to 1786-’87 131 XXXVI.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1787-’88 to 1792-’93 132 XXXVII.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1793-’94 to 1798-’99 133 XXXVIII.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1799-1800 to 1804-’05 134 XXXIX.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1805-’06 to 1810-’11 134 XL.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1811-’12 to 1816-’17 135 XLI.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1817-’18 to 1822-’23 136 XLII.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1823-’24 to 1828-’29 137 XLIII.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1829-’30 to 1834-’35 138 XLIV.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1835-’36 to 1840-’41 139 XLV.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1841-’42 to 1846-’47 140 XLVI.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1847-’48 to 1852-’53 142 XLVII.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1853-’54 to 1858-’59 143 XLVIII.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1859-’60 to 1864-’65 143 XLIX.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1865-’66 to 1870-’71 144 L.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1871-’72 to 1876-’77 145 LI.--Corbusier winter counts: for 1877-’78 to 1878-’79 146 LII.--An Ogalala roster: Big-Road and band 174 LIII.--An Ogalala roster: Low-Dog and band 174 LIV.--An Ogalala roster: The Bear Spares-him and band 174 LV.--An Ogalala roster: Has a War-club and band 174 LVI.--An Ogalala roster: Wall-Dog and band 174 LVII.--An Ogalala roster: Iron-Crow and band 174 LVIII.--An Ogalala roster: Little-Hawk and band 174 LIX.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LX.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXI.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXIII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXIV.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXV.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXVI.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band 176 LXVII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band 176 LXVIII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band 176 LXIX.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band 176 LXX.--Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band 176 LXXI.--Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band 176 LXXII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band 176 LXXIII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Hawk’s band 176 LXXIV.--Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Hawk’s hand 176 LXXV.--Red-Cloud’s census: High-Wolf’s band 176 LXXVI.--Red-Cloud’s census: High-Wolf’s band 176 LXXVII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Gun’s band 176 LXXVIII.--Red-Cloud’s census: Gun’s band 176 LXXIX.--Red-Cloud’s census: Second Black-Deer’s band 176 LXXX.--Rock Painting in Azuza Cañon, California 156 LXXXI.--Moki masks etched on rocks. Arizona 194 LXXXII.--Buffalo-head monument 195 LXXXIII.--Ojibwa grave-posts 199