Part 15

=La Belle Sauvage Yard.= The yard of the famous coaching inn of the same name. The history of this sign was curious. Kept by Isabelle Savage, it bore the name of “The Bel Savage”; but its sign was a bell suspended within an iron hoop at the top of the usual “Ale Stake.” Hence its proper name was “The Bell in the Hoop.” When in the year 1616 John Rolfe brought his Virginian bride Pocohontas to London, the story of his remarkable adventures had anticipated his arrival, and people spoke of this Indian heroine as “La Belle Sauvage.” It was odd that these strangers within our gates should put up at the “Bell Savage,” and the association resulted in the change of title on their account.

=Labrador.= Called by the Portuguese navigators _Tierra Labrador_, “cultivatable land.”

=Lackland.= The surname of King John, who, owing to his thriftlessness, was left entirely without provision at the death of his father, Henry II.

=Laconics.= Terse and pithy replies, so called from the Lacons, which was the name applied to the Spartans, from the country whence they came. When Philip of Macedon sent this message to the Spartan magistrates: “If I enter Laconia I will level Lacedæmon to the ground,” the reply was briefly: “If.”

=Lacrosse.= This name was given to the game by Charlevoix, who, seeing it played by some Alonquin Indians with a stick between Quebec and Three Rivers, called it _le jeu de la Crosse_.

=Ladbroke Grove.= This, with the square of the same name, was built upon by the Ladbroke family, who acquired the lease of the land for the purpose.

=Lad Lane.= A name frequently met with in connection with the old coaching inn, “The Swan with Two Necks.” It was a corruption of “Our Lady Lane,” so called from a statue of the Virgin.

=Ladrones.= Expresses the Spanish for “thieves,” the name given to those islands by Magellan because the natives made off with the stores he had landed.

=Ladybird.= A pretty species of beetle resembling a bug, and anciently called “Our Lady’s Bug.” _Bug_ is the accepted American term for a beetle.

=Lady Day.= The Feast of Our Lady, otherwise of the Annunciation to the Virgin (25th March). Prior to 1752 this was also the first day of the New Year; now it figures as Quarter Day, when rents and taxes have to be paid.

=Lady Freemason.= The Hon. Elizabeth St Leger, niece of Sir Anthony St Leger, who founded the stakes named after him at Doncaster Races, and daughter of Lord Doneraile of Dublin. Chancing to overhear the proceedings at a Lodge held at her father’s mansion she was discovered, and, as the only way out of an unprecedented dilemma, initiated to the craft. No other female has ever been made a “Freemason.”

=Lager Beer.= The German “lager bier” is simply stock beer, the liquor being kept in a _lager_, or cellar, until it is sufficiently ripened for consumption. All over the United States the demand for “Lager” is enormous.

=Laid on the Shelf.= A phrase implying that one’s period of usefulness has been passed. The allusion is to books read and clothes laid aside as of no further use.

=Laid up in Lavender.= Something put away very carefully, as a good housewife preserves linen strewn with lavender in a press against moths. At times we hear the expression allusive to an article put in pawn.

=Lake Erie.= See “Erie.”

=Lake Huron.= See “Huron.”

=Lake Ontario.= See “Ontario.”

=Lake School of Poets.= A term applied by _The Edinburgh Review_ to the imitators of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey, who communed with Nature in the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland.

=Lake Superior.= The uppermost and principal of the five great lakes of North America.

=Lake Winnipeg.= See “Winnipeg.”

=La Marseillaise.= See “Marseillaise.”

=Lambeth.= A corruption of “Lamhithe,” the Anglo-Saxon for mud haven, or a muddy landing-place.

=Lambeth Palace.= The historic residence of the Archbishops of Canterbury.

=Lamb’s Conduit Street.= After William Lambe, a wealthy clothworker, who at his own cost built “a faire conduit and standard” in the fields here off Holborn in 1577.

=Lamb’s Wool.= A rural beverage of roasted apple juice and spiced ale. It received its name from the Saxon _La Mæs Ubhal_, or “Feast of the Apple Gathering.” From _lammas ool_ its further corruption was easy.

=Lame Duck.= The name given to a member of the Stock Exchange who cannot meet his liabilities on settling day. Instead of walking erect, like a man of strict integrity, he ducks his head, and waddles off, well knowing that he has been black-boarded and struck off the list of members.

=Lammas Day.= The ancient name for the first of August, when every parishioner brought to church a loaf made of new wheat. The name expresses the Anglo-Saxon for “loaf mass,” and the bread was a gift of first-fruits to the clergy. Its modern equivalent is the “Harvest Festival.”

=Lamp-black.= So called because this pigment was at first obtained by burning resinous matter over the flame of a lamp.

=Lancaster.= The Roman _Lunecastra_, or fortified camp on the Lune.

=Lancaster Gun.= After the name of its inventor.

=Lancastrians.= During the Wars of the Roses the partisans of the House of Lancaster in the contest for the crown of England as opposed to the House of York.

=Lancers.= This dance received its name from a company of Lancers who went through the evolutions of a quadrille on horseback about the year 1836.

=Landau.= After Landau in Germany, where it was first made.

=Landes.= Expresses the French for heaths. The people of this marshy and, in parts sandy, district walk on long stilts.

=Landgrave.= The Anglicised form of the German _landgraf_, count, a ground landlord.

=Land o’ Cakes.= Scotland, which has always been celebrated for its oatmeal cakes.

=Land of Green Ginger.= A square at Hull where, as popularly thought, green ginger was anciently landed from the river and sold in open market. The name is, however, a corruption of “Greenhinger,” being the land owned by Moses Greenhinger, a boat builder, who lived in Whitefriargate in the seventeenth century. This is proved by a letter of Sir Willoughby Hickman, a candidate for the borough in 1685. Therein he states that a coach took him from the waterside to the George Inn, “at the corner of the land of Moses Greenhinger.”

=Land of Promise.= The name of a short street in Hoxton, so called, sarcastically no doubt, because it leads to the workhouse.

=Land of Steady Habits.= Connecticut, so called on account of the excellent moral character of the people.

=Land of Sundown Seas.= Alaska. “Sundown” is an Americanism for sunset, just as “Sun-up” is for sunrise.

=Land o’ the Leal.= The Scottish heaven, or “Dixie’s Land”; according to the Baroness Nairne’s ballad the word _Leal_ means faithful.

=Land of the Midnight Sun.= Norway.

=Landscaper.= Local slang in the eastern counties for a tramp, vagrant, or “Loafer.”

=Land Shark.= The name given by sailors to a boarding-house keeper in a seaport town who preys upon them by systematic overcharges.

=Landwehr.= The German equivalent for our volunteers, or soldiers for land defence. The term _wehr_ means bulwark, defence.

=Lane.= Actors refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, as “The Lane,” the playhouse of London _par excellence_ since the palmy days of the Drama.

=Langbourn Ward.= From the long bourn or stream, of which now no trace remains.

=Langholm Place.= After the mansion and grounds of Sir James Langham, which occupied what is now the street of the same name.

=Laodicea.= This ancient city was so called after Laodice, the queen of Antiochus Theos, who founded it.

=Lap Dog.= One literally nursed in the lap of luxury. Mothers of families are strangers to such pets.

=Lapsus Linguæ.= Latin for “a slip of the tongue.”

=Largess.= From the Latin _largitso_, to give freely, through the French _largesse_. This word meant originally a fee or present bestowed upon a butler or head servant by a departing guest. In its modern acceptation it is a distribution of money amongst a number rather as a matter of policy or necessity than from choice.

=Lascar.= The generic name for an East Indian seaman, though it really expresses the Persian for a soldier, from _lashkari_, a camp-follower. Lascars were first employed by the East Indiamen homeward bound. Nowadays all Asiatic sailors, of whatever nationality, are called Lascars.

=Lasso.= From the Spanish _lazo_, a noose.

=Latakia.= A Turkish tobacco, so called from the place (the ancient Laodicea) where it is produced.

=Latch-string is always out.= An Americanism for a hearty welcome at all times, without need for a formal invitation. The allusion to the latch-string means: “You have only to walk in, like any member of the family.”

=Lath.= A subdivision of land while certain portions of Eastern England were held by the Danes, so called from the Norse “Lathing,” a law assembly.

=Latins.= See “Italy.”

=Latin Vulgate.= The Roman Catholic Bible authorised by the Council of Trent in 1546. This translation of the Scriptures was made by St Jerome from the Greek into the Latin or vulgar tongue A.D. 405.

=Latitudinarians.= The opposers of the High Church party, and also of the Puritans, during the Restoration period. Modern Latitudinarians are those who hold very broad views in regard to orthodox doctrine.

=Laugh and grow Fat.= In allusion to Democritus, “The Laughing Philosopher,” who waxed fat, and lived to be 109 years old.

=Laughing Philosopher.= Democritus of Abdera, from his habit of humorously exposing the absurdities of his countrymen, whose stupidity, he declared, was proverbial; the feeble powers of mankind, contrasted with the forces of nature, likewise aroused his contempt.

=Laugh in your Sleeve.= Anciently the sleeves of all outer garments were very wide, and when a person covered his face with his hand there was always a suspicion that he was making merry at someone else’s discomfiture.

=Laugh on the wrong Side of your Face.= A person may preserve a grave countenance while listening to a story, and at the same time wink significantly to a bystander on the opposite side of the speaker. The expression means that if, for his insolence, he received a castigation, both his eyes would be made to wink or blink.

=Laundress.= The exclusive designation of a housekeeper or caretaker of bachelor chambers in the Temple. This is because during the Crusades a great many women of the town followed in the train of the Knights Templars to the Holy Land for the purpose of washing their linen. It afterwards transpired that, as a rule, they acted also as mistresses to the Knights, and had tents set apart for them even within sight of Jerusalem. Historians tell us too that, though a religious Order, the Templars did not scruple to introduce these women into their London house after their return from the seat of warfare, and this irregularity, in fact, led to their suppression by Edward II. in 1313.

=Laundried.= An Americanism for “washed,” in relation to household or personal linen. This, when one comes to look into the word, is correct English, meaning _lawn dried_.

=Lavender.= From the Latin verb _lavare_, to wash, because this shrub yields an essential oil employed in medicine and perfumery. Laundresses also use it for preserving newly washed linen against moths.

=Lavender Water.= A scent produced from the essential oil of lavender, spirits of wine, and ambergris.

=Lawing.= An Americanism for “going to law.”

=Lawless Parliament.= See “Parliament of Dunces.”

=Lawn.= The finest linen, which has been bleached on a lawn instead of the usual drying ground. The greensward called a lawn received its name from the Celtic _allawnt_, a smooth, rising ground.

=Lawrence Lane.= From the Church of St Lawrence, at its foot, in Gresham Street.

=Law Sakes.= An American corruption of the phrase “For the Lord’s sake!” which, current among the Puritans of New England, found its way in this new form into neighbouring states.

=Laws, Laws-a-me.= A corruption of “Lord, have mercy on me.”

=Lawyer.= From the old English _Lawwer_, literally “lawman”; the suffix is allied to the Latin _vir_, man.

=Lawyer’s Treat.= A phrase implying that each shall pay for his own drinks. A lawyer never treats his clients at a refreshment bar; they defray the cost between them.

=Lay-by.= The name given to an article, generally clothing, purchased on the weekly instalment system, and laid by on a shelf until the whole amount has been paid off.

=Lazar-house.= The old name for a poor-house, in allusion to Lazarus, who picked up the crumbs under the table at the mansion of Dives. On the Continent such an institution is styled a “Lazaretto.”

=Lazarists.= An Order of missionaries founded by St Vincent de Paul, so called from their headquarters in Paris, the Priory of St Lazare, between 1632 and 1792.

=Lazzaroni.= The beggars of Naples, and originally all the poorest people of that city who had no regular habitation save the streets. Their name was derived from the common refuge, the Hospital of St Lazarus.

=Leadenhall Street.= After the edifice known as the Leadenhall, the first in London ever roofed with lead, built in 1419 by Sir Simon Eyre, and presented to the city for the purposes of a granary in time of scarcity.

=Leading Article= (or =Leader=). There are three reasons for this term applied to a large-type newspaper article. It is supposed to be written by the chief of the literary staff, the editor; it leads off the foreign and all other important news on the inside pages of the paper; and it is intended to lead public opinion according to the party views maintained by the journal in question.

=League of the Cross.= The title of a modern crusade among the Roman Catholics for the total suppression of drunkenness.

=Leamington.= The town in the meadow on the banks of the Leam.

=Leap Year.= That which every fourth year leaps to the total of 366 days by adding a day to the month of February.

=Leather Lane.= From “The Old Leather Bottle,” now modernised, at the corner of this lane and Charles Street.

=Leave some for Manners.= A dinner-table phrase, which had its origin in the ancient custom of making an offering of a portion of the viands to the gods.

=Lebanon.= From the Hebrew _laban_, white; expresses “the white mountain.”

=Lee.= A variant of the Anglo-Saxon _lea_ and _ley_, “meadow” or “pasture land.” This word enters into many river and place-names.

=Leech.= The old name for a medical man in the days when bleeding the patient, no matter what his ailment might be, was the common practice.

=L. E. L.= The literary pseudonym, formed from the initials of Letitia Elizabeth Landon, the poetess.

=Leg and Star.= A corruption of “The Star and Garter.” This, of course, arose when a painted device, instead of a mere title, served as an inn and tavern sign.

=Legend.= An Americanism for a written or printed notice. The term has latterly come into use in England relative to a tradesman’s shop announcement.

=Legitimate Drama.= That which is dependent upon its intrinsic literary and constructive merits, quite apart from scenic effects.

=Leg Stretcher.= A Far Western expression for a drink. This arose from the common travellers’ exclamation while the stage coach was waiting for the mails: “I’ll get off a bit, and stretch my legs.”

=Leicester.= The _Leirecastra_ of the Romans, being the fortified camp on the Leire, now called the Soar.

=Leicester Square.= Originally Leicester Fields, from the town mansion built on its east side by Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, in 1636.

=Leipsic.= Expresses the Slavonic for linden or lime tree town, from _lipa_, lime-tree.

=Leman Street.= Properly “Lemon Street,” from a wharf at the Thames side, where, before the construction of the docks, lemons were landed and sold.

=Lemon Sole.= The species of sole found on the south coast of England; really a mud sole, from the Latin _lima_, mud.

=Lent.= From the Anglo-Saxon _lencten_, the spring. The word has the same origin as “lengthen,” since at this season of the year the lengthening of the days becomes perceptible.

=Lent Crocking.= A popular old-time diversion of the schoolboys on Shrove Tuesday. The ringleader, having knocked at a house door and recited a garbled set of verses, to the effect that he had come _a-shroving_, his companions kept up an incessant din with old saucepans and kettles until they were paid to go away.

=Leonine Verses.= Those which rhyme both in the middle and at the end of each line, so called after Leoninus, a canon of St Victor in Paris midway in the twelfth century.

=Let the Cat out of the Bag.= To disclose a trick unwittingly. The illusion is to a very old device at country fairs of selling a cat for a sucking pig. One pig only was exposed to view; all the others were supposed to be ready tied up for carrying away. If, on occasion, a purchaser insisted on untying the sack before paying for it, the cat leapt out, and the fraud was discovered. As to the other victims who had taken away theirs on trust, they were forced to admit, because their sack contained no sucking pig, that they had been “sucked in.”

=Levant.= An Italian term for the Orient or East--_i.e._ all those parts of the Mediterranean eastward of Italy. The word is also used in the sense of to depart, and a defaulter was said to have _levanted_, or gone to the Levant. This was in allusion to the “Grand Tour” which all scions of the nobility were expected to make on reaching their majority.

=Levee.= A French word applied to a royal reception, from _lever_, arising, because in former times such a function took place in the King’s bed-chamber at the hour of rising.

=Levellers.= The primitive Radicals or Socialists of the time of Charles I. and long afterwards; their plea was that all men should be on a common level in regard to office-seeking. Also the original name of the “White Boys” in Ireland, who commenced their agrarian outrages by levelling the hedges and fences on enclosed lands.

=Leviticus.= That book of the Old Testament which sets forth the laws pertaining to the priests or Levites, the descendants of Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah.

=Lewisham.= From _Leesham_, the home or family settlement in the meadow. See “Lee.”

=Leyden.= Originally _Lugdunum_, the Latinised form of the Celtic _llwch_, a morass, and _dun_, a hill, fortress.

=Leyton.= The town in the lea or meadow.

=Leytonstone.= A corruption of “Leytonstowe,” the stock or wooded place in the vicinity of a meadow.

=Lhassa.= A Tibetan word for “full of gods.”

=Liberal.= The modern designation of the Progressive or “Whig” Party. This arose out of Lord Byron’s political magazine, _The Liberal_, in 1828, though the name was not formally assumed until the agitation for the Reform Bill in 1831.

=Liberator.= The surname of Simon Bolivar, who established the independence of Peru.

=Liberia.= An independent republic of free Negroes on the west coast of Africa. The word is derived from the Latin _liber_, free, and the Celtic suffix _ia_, country.

=Library.= From the Latin _librarium_, a bookcase, through _liber_, a book.

=Lifting.= This technical term in the printing trade, because type is lifted out of the columns prior to distribution, or, as may happen in a newspaper, to be held over until the next issue for want of space, has come to be applied by journalists to literary theft. Facts, anecdotes, or jokes stolen from a contribution submitted to an editor on approval are said to have been “lifted.” One newspaper, too, often “lifts” matter from another without acknowledgment.

=Light.= A journeyman printer’s term for “credit.” Derived from the old saying: “He stands in a good light with his neighbours.” The boast: “My light is good,” has about it little to find fault with.

=Liguorians.= Another name for the Redemptorists or Preachers of the Redemption, an Order founded by St Francis Liguori in 1732.

=Like a Thousand of Brick.= An Americanism for very heavily, as if a waggon-load of bricks had been dumped down on one.

=Lille.= Properly _L’Isle_, the island.

=Lima.= A Spanish corruption of the Peruvian Rima, the name of the river on which it is situated.

=Limavady.= From the Irish _Leim-a-madha_, “The Dog’s Leap.”

=Limehouse.= A corruption of _Limehurst_, or wood of lime-trees.

=Lime Street.= Where lime was sold in ancient times.

=Limoges.= Anciently called “Lemovica,” from the _Lemovices_, the people who settled in this portion of Gaul.

=Lincoln.= Originally _Llyn-dun_, the Celtic for “Pool hill,” or the town built on the eminence overlooking the Swanpool, which was not drained until the eighteenth century. When the Romans established themselves here they called it _Lindum Colonia_, or the colony beside the pool. Of this name, therefore, Lincoln is a softened abbreviation.

=Lincoln College.= Founded at Oxford by Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1427.

=Lincoln’s Inn.= Anciently the town mansion of the Earls of Lincoln, built by Henry de Lacey, Earl of Lincoln, in the fourteenth century.

=Line of Business.= A theatrical phrase for the special kind of parts in which an actor is experienced. One who plays the “Juveniles” would not be entrusted with an “Old Man’s” part, and so forth.

=Liner.= A steamship belonging to a regular line or service of fast sailers--_e.g._ the Cunard Line.

=Lingo.= Slang for language, derived from the Latin _lingua_, the tongue.

=Lingua Franca.= A common language along the Mediterranean shores, being a mixture of French and Italian. See “Lingo.”

=Linoleum.= A floorcloth, into the manufacture of which linseed oil enters largely.

=Linseed Lancers.= The nickname of the Army Medical Corps.

=Lion.= An ancient inn sign derived from the heraldic device of a particular monarch, or it might be, the Lord of the Manor. According to the colour of the animal in that device, so the name of the inn, after a mere name was substituted for the painted representation, came to be designated. Hence “Red Lion,” “Black Lion,” etc.

=Lion and Key.= A corruption of “The Lion on the Quay,” by way of distinguishing an inn or tavern from other Lions in the same seaport.

=Lion Comique.= The name bestowed upon George Leybourne and other music-hall vocalists of his class in days when comic singing was very different to what it is now. The modern type of vocal comedians is, happily, not “lionised” in the strict sense of the word.

=Lionise.= See “Lion of the Season.”

=Lion of the Season.= A distinguished musical executant or other celebrity, generally a foreigner, at whose shrine society metaphorically worships while his fame is at its zenith. The expression is the outcome of the anxiety of the country folk in former days to see the “London Lion” at the Tower. Hence to “lionise,” make the most of a “stranger within our gates.”