Part 27
If a true aneurism happens, that is, a swelling arising from a general weakness of the coats of an arterial vessel, or from a wound or rupture of some of its coats, it may be often distinguished from a tumor proceeding from any other cause by a degree of pulsation, supposing the situation of the injured vessel be superficial; as may be evinced in recent aneurisms of the humeral artery, which sometimes happen from bleeding near the bending of the elbow-joint; as well as in aneurisms of the inferior part of the radical artery, of the ulnary artery, or of the anterior artery of the leg called _tibialis antica_; and as may be observed to be sometimes the case too in those arteries, whose situations are not superficial; to wit, in aneurisms of the _aorta ascendens_, the curvature of the _aorta_, and of the _carotides_.
The symptom of pulsation in tumors, which take their rise from a partial wound, or from a general weakness, and subsequent dilatation of the coats of an artery, is not confined to this species of aneurism, but is frequently attendant upon false aneurisms (that is, such tumors, as are occasioned by extravasated arterial blood), supposing the disease to be a recent one of either of the preceding vessels, or of any other arterial vessel not deeply situated: and this symptom of pulsation in false aneurisms will sometimes be accompanied with a discoloration, or variegated appearance, of the integuments dependent upon the insinuation of the blood underneath them.
But if the extravasation be confined under an aponeurosis, or if the disease has been of so long standing, as to admit of the thinner parts of the extravasated blood being absorbed, or by any other means dispersed, and the fibrous parts, which are left behind, should be accumulated in considerable quantities, and acquire so compact and solid an appearance, as to resemble brown macerated leather in their colour and texture, which I have always observed to be the case in old diseases of this kind; under these circumstances, the original symptoms of pulsation on the swelling, and a discoloration of the integuments, for the most part become imperceptible: for which reasons the true nature of the disease must be attended with a degree of uncertainty.
It must be acknowleged by all those, whose experience has given them opportunities of examining into these diseases, that the symptoms of a pulsation, and a discoloration of the teguments from extravasated blood, are not only very often wanting in old aneurisms, but in the most recent ones: which proves the non-existence of these symptoms to be no certain characteristics of tumors not being aneurismal: and the reason why this often happens may be readily explained, and conceived of, from demonstrating the very deep or low situation of many arteries, that are known to be liable to these injuries; such as the femoral arteries, the _arteriæ tibiales posticæ_, the _arteriæ peroneæ_, and some others.
Notwithstanding I have treated of pulsation on tumors, and a discoloration of the integuments or coverings of the part, when they do exist, as being the truest marks of aneurisms; yet it must not be inferred from what has hitherto been advanced, that the appearances of these symptoms are unexceptionable rules of tumors being aneurismal; seeing it does happen, that mere imposthumations, or collections of matter, arising from external as well as from internal causes, are sometimes so immediately situated upon the heart itself, and at other times upon some of its principal arteries, as to partake in the most regular manner of their contraction and dilatation (systole and diastole).
Some years ago I saw an instance of a boy, about 13 years of age, who had his breast-bone much broken by a fall. On this account he was admitted into Guy’s Hospital; but not till a fortnight after the accident happened.
Upon examination, there appeared an evident separation of the broken parts of the bone, which were removed at a considerable distance from each other: the intermediate space was occupied by a tumor of a considerable size: the integuments were of their natural complexion: the tumor had as regular a contraction and dilatation as the heart itself, or the aorta could be supposed to have.
Upon pressure, the tumor receded; upon a removal of the pressure, the tumor immediately resumed its former size and shape. All these are the distinguishing signs of a true recent aneurism. The situation and symptoms of this swelling were judged sufficient reasons for considering the nature of the disease as uncertain; on which account it was left to take its own course. The event was, the tumor burst in three weeks after his admittance, discharged a considerable quantity of matter, and the patient did well.
From what has been above advanced it is plain, if these arguments can be supported by facts, that the laying down such rules for infallibly distinguishing aneurismal tumors from tumors proceeding from very different causes, must be a matter of the greatest difficulty: and, as a further proof of their uncertainty, I take the liberty of offering the following short history of a remarkable case, which has lately occurred in my own experience.
In the month of December 1756. John Yates, aged 35 years, received an hurt upon and about his knee, by falling upon the ground from a man’s back. The accident was immediately followed with a considerable degree of lameness and pain; which upon standing or walking were greatly increased.
He continued in much the same state for about six weeks after the accident. At the end of this time, the calf or the leg was attacked with an œdematous or doughy swelling; which, in a fortnight, became so painful, as to disable him from walking. The tumor continued to increase for about eight weeks; and at length extended itself so far upwards, as to affect the greatest part of the thigh, the whole of which was attended with excessive pain, but more particularly so about the knee.
_N. B._ So far I relate from the patient’s own account.
On the 28th of April 1757. he was admitted into Guy’s Hospital under my care.
Upon examination, the thigh appeared enlarged to a very great size. The tumor was uniform, and extended from the inside of the knee to within a very small space of the groin. The integuments were in every part of their natural colour.
Upon pressing the tumor on the inside, it appeared soft, and there was a very evident fluctuation to be felt on its internal and lateral part; but there was not the least appearance of pulsation.
The tumor, on its superior and posterior parts, was of a stony hardness.
The leg, which, according to the patient’s account, had some time ago been much swelled, did not now appear to be at all so.
He was continually in great pain, and had been for some time incapable of getting any sleep. His appetite was bad. He was a good deal emaciated. He had a constant slow fever, which arose about five weeks before his admission into the hospital. He appeared pale and sallow in his complexion.
From the time of his being placed under my care to the end of ten days, there was no alteration in the swelling, or in the symptoms attending it.
In expectation therefore of affording him that relief, which could by no other means be procured, I judged it adviseable to make an opening into the tumor; which I did by incision into the most prominent and fluctuating part; upon which there immediately gushed out a large stream of thin florid blood, and at this instant discovered to me the true state of that disease; which, till now, could not be ascertained by any peculiar symptom distinguishable by the touch, or perceptible to the eye.
Seeing this, I immediately filled up the wound with lint and tow; and then proceeded, in as expeditious a manner as possible, to apply a tight bandage upon the thigh, near to the groin; and, lest this might accidentally break, I applied a second ligature below the first, and proceeded to amputate the limb upon the spot.
During the operation the man fainted, but soon recovered from this deliquium; and, without any bad symptoms, gradually recovered his rest, appetite, and strength, and is now in perfect health.
Upon a dissection of the thigh and leg, I discovered the following appearances:
A great part of the fleshy portions of two of the extensor muscles of the leg, to wit, the _vastus internus_, and _crureus_, were destroyed, with the subjacent _periosteum_.
Four of the muscles, whose uses are to bend the leg, and which compose the internal and external hamstrings; to wit, _gracilis_, _semitendinosus_, _semimembranosus_, and _biceps tibiæ_, together with that adductor and flexor muscle of the leg called _sartorius_, were removed at a considerable distance from the thigh-bone on its inferior part, and from the _tibia_ and _fibula_ on their superior parts; by which means a large bed or cavity was formed for containing the extravasation, which consisted partly of a fluid, and partly of a coagulated blood; but by far the greatest part of the coagulum had acquired so firm and fibrous a consistence and appearance, as nearly to resemble brown macerated leather in its colour and texture. The neighbouring muscles appeared livid and lacerated.
The _os femoris_ was become carious on its inferior and posterior parts; and, at about an inch distance above the condyle of that bone internally, there arose a considerable _exostosis_.
The capsular ligament of the knee-joint was become much thickened, and contained about two ounces of a viscid yellow _synovia_.
The femoral artery, on its inferior part, just above its division into _tibialis antica_ and _postica_, was diseased; which disease extended four inches upwards.
The coats of the artery were considerably thickened, and lacerated longitudinally.
The smallest diameter of the diseased part of the artery was two inches and one quarter: the largest diameter of the diseased part of the artery was two inches and one half.
Hatton-Garden, Nov. 17. 1757.
XLV. _Farther Experiments for increasing the Quantity of Steam in a Fire-Engine. By_ Keane Fitz-Gerald, _Esq; F.R.S._
[Read Nov. 24, 1757.]
I Gave a former account to the Royal Society of some experiments made for increasing the quantity of steam in a fire-engine, by blowing air thro’ boiling water[199]. The effects then evidently produced left me, and I believe many others, who came to view the experiments, no room to doubt the seeming cause. In which error I should probably have still remained, had not farther experiments demonstrated the mistake.
Whatever apology I ought to make this learned Society, for having given in that account prematurely, I believe their great regard to truth, which has always been the basis of their researches for the improvement of natural knowlege, will require none for this. I shall therefore, as briefly as I can, relate the further experiments, that were made, which evidently demonstrate the error of the former; and from which some phænomena have occurred, perhaps hitherto unknown.
In order to try what difference the air passing thro’ a thinner body of water might occasion, I brought the horizontal pipe, which (as mentioned in the former account) was placed 12 inches under the surface of the water, to within six inches; and found, on setting the engine to work, that the leaden pipe, for the conveyance of air from the bellows into the boiler, became much hotter than I had perceived it before; which could not happen, if a constant cool air had passed thro’: and on shutting the cock, which was fixed in the leaden pipe to hinder the steam from ascending into the bellows before the engine should be set to work, tho’ no air could then possibly pass thro’, yet the bellows still continued to move with the same regularity as before; which, on examination, was found defective on the inside, where the middle board, that divides the two bodies, was warped and cracked in several places, thro’ which the air passed very regularly from one body to the other at each stroke, instead of passing thro’ the pipe into the boiler, as imagined. By this, the cause of deception was evident; which I was still in hopes of remedying, by having a new pair of bellows made, somewhat larger, and much stronger. When this was fixed, and the engine worked a few strokes, I was surprised to find the bellows did not come down, but remained fully charged with air, tho’ it had 400 lb. weight upon it; and that, on increasing the weight gradually to 1400 lb. which was as much as the bellows could support, the air was not forced thro’.
I also made several experiments, by lowering the horizontal pipe two feet under the surface of the water, and raising it at different times to within four inches of the surface, and could not at any depth force the air thro’, whilst the engine worked; but on opening the steam-pipe, which is a pipe for letting the steam pass from the boiler whenever the engine stops, the bellows could then readily force the air thro’, tho’ the water boiled ever so strong, and seemingly made a surprising increase of steam.
I had the leaden pipe to convey the air from the bellows, which was first put thro’ the top into the boiler, carried on the outside, and passed horizontally into it, about the height the water generally stands, that by opening a cock, fixed for the purpose close to the boiler, I could readily discharge all the steam lodged in the pipe; and by shutting the cock, and making small holes at three or four inches distance, I could almost find the point, where the air and steam met in opposition, cool air being strongly expelled thro’ one, and hot steam thro’ the other.
It was also perceptible, that the air was impelled somewhat, tho’ not considerably, more forward by the addition of each hundred weight on the bellows:
That the deeper the horizontal pipe was placed in the water, the less resistance was made by the steam:
That in proportion as the heat of the steam was increased, by making the water boil more strongly, the resistance to the pressure of the air by the weight on the bellows became greater.
It is a very doubtful matter, whether air forced thro’ boiling water would have answered the purpose intended: but I believe it was never imagined, that air could not be readily forced thro’, until proved by the foregoing experiments. The attempt, tho’ it has failed demonstrably in that point, has produced the same effect from another cause, as to saving coals, and throwing up more water. For, by the constant care, that was taken during the time of making these experiments, to measure the coals, to admit only a proper quantity of fuel to be laid on, and also to mark the time exactly it took in burning; the engine then did, and still continues to require eight bushels of coals less, in every 24 hours work, than it did before; and also, from the regularity of its stroke, to throw up more water; the same care being required from the engineer, who can have no pretence for consuming more coals now, than appeared sufficient during the time the experiments were making.
Tho’ some of the properties of steam are well known; yet the degrees of expansion it is capable of; whether air be mixed with, or necessary to, its formation; as also how far its power of resistance may reach; are probably not yet known, to a proper degree of exactness. Niewentit fixes the expansion of a cubical inch of water, converted into steam, at 13365, Dr. Desaguliers at 14000, and Mr. Payne at 4000 times. The great scope in this subject from a plenum to a vacuum, if I may be allowed the expression, as also the very useful purposes, to which it has already been, and possibly may be still further applied, will, I hope, be an inducement to those, who are much better qualified, to proceed in so useful an inquiry.
XLVI. _Observatio Eclipsis Lunæ Die 27_ Martii, _Ann. 1755. habita Ulissipone in Domo Patrum Congregationis Oratorii à_ Joanne Chevalier _ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, Regiæ_ Londinensis _Societatis Socio, Regiæque_ Parisiensis _Scientiarum Academiæ correspondente_.
Tubo optico 8 pedum peracta est observatio cœlo sereno, claroque.
[Read Dec. 8, 1757.]
IMMERSIONES.
Hora postmeridiana temporis veri. h ’ ” Initium penumb rædubium 10 29 50 Initium eclipsis dubium 10 33 35 Certe jam incæperat 10 34 05 Umbra ad mare humorum 10 44 00 Umbra ad Grimaldum 10 44 53 Grimaldus totus in umbra 10 47 58 Mare humorum totum in umbra 10 51 14 Thico incipit mergi 10 53 29 Thico totus mergitur 10 55 14 Umbra ad Reinholdum 11 08 04 Umbram ingreditur Copernicus 11 19 22 Umbra ad mare nectaris 11 24 52 Totum in umbra 11 33 50 Umbra ad mare tranquillitatis 11 35 24 Promontorium acutum in umbra 11 45 46
EMERSIONES.
h ’ ” Incipit emergere ab umbra Copernicus 12 04 38 Totus Copernicus extra umbram 12 07 40 Incipit egredi Grimaldus 12 09 38 Totus Grimaldus extra umbram 12 12 38 Incipit emergere mare fœcunditatis 12 31 37 Emergit mare humorum 12 36 11 Incipit emergere Capuanus 12 39 40 Egreditur Schicardus 12 48 30 Emergit Thico 12 51 40 Totum mare nectaris egreditur 12 58 09 Finis eclipsis 13 13 02 Finis penumbræ dubius 13 16 50
XLVII. _Eclipsis Lunæ Die 4ᵃ_ Februarii, _Ann. 1757. habita Ulissipone à_ Joanne Chevalier _Presbytero Congregationis Oratorii, Regiæ_ Londinensis _Societatis Socio, Regiæque Scientiarum_ Parisiensis _Academiæ correspondente, et a_ Theodoro de Almeida _ejusdem Congregationis Presbytero, ac Physicæ publico Professore_.
[Read Dec. 8, 1757.]
HANC observationem peregi tubo optico novem pedes longo, cujus lens ocularis focum habebat ad 4 pollices, et lineam unam: adhibui preterea vitrum planum cæruleum, quod oculum inter et ocularem lentem interponebam, ut ingressum macularum in umbram observarem juxta ea quæ in observatione eclipsis lunæ ann. 1755. invenit clarissimus vir Josephus Soares de Barros ex regia Berolinensi academia. Primum igitur vitro cæruleo adhibito observabam ingressum maculæ in umbram, et tempore notato iterum solo tubo optico ingressum ejusdem maculæ in umbram observabam, et differentiam utriusque ingressûs notabam.
Initio eclipsis cœlum serenum ac clarum fuit, postea nubilum, et post maximam obscurationem vapores horizontis et claritas incipientis diei observationem peragere impediere.
Manè. H. M. S. Initium penumbræ 4 52 49 Initium dubium eclipsis 4 55 29 Certo jam incæperat 4 57 30 Umbra ad Aristarchum observata vitro cæruleo plano 5 00 19 Solo tubo optico adhibito 5 00 50 Keplerus umbram ingreditur observatus tubo, et vitro cæruleo plano 5 13 20 Observatus solo tubo optico 5 14 00 Plato umbram ingreditur observatus tubo, et vitro cæruleo 5 15 2 ---- Solo tubo 5 15 40 Umbra ad Eudoxum 5 17 18 Mare serenitatis incipit mergi 5 30 10 Copernicus observatus tubo et vitro cæruleo umbram ingreditur 5 36 48 ---- Solo tubo 5 37 22 Mare Crisium ingreditur umbram 5 53 51 ---- Medium in umbra 5 59 30 ---- Totum mergitur 6 5 21 Mare fœcunditatis occultari incipit 6 7 41 Umbra ad promontorium acutum 6 8 33 Umbra tangit mare nectaris 6 22 51 Umbra ad Langrenum 6 23 33
_Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ a_ JOANNE CHEVALIER, _&c._
ANNO 1757 telescopio Gregoriano 7 pedum nocte serenâ, nullâque lunari luce illustratâ, observavi immersionem totalem primi satellitis die 21 Martii tempore vero postmeridiano 11ʰ 13’ 1”
Die vero 22 Martii tempore vero, et antemeridiano, observavi immersionem totalem tertii satellitis 0ʰ 13’ 32”
XLVIII. _Observationes Eclipsium Satellitum Jovis Ulissipone habitæ à_ Joanne Chevalier, _Presbytero Congregationis Oratorii, Regiæque_ Londinensis _Societatis Socio, Anno 1757_.
[Read Dec. 8, 1757.]
TElescopio Gregoriano 7 pedum observavi emersionem primi satellitis die 7 Junii cum cœlum serenum ac clarum esset, hora postmeridiana temporis veri 10ʰ 29’ 12”
Die 8 Junii eodem telescopio observavi emersionem secundi satellitis hora postmeridiana 8ʰ 32’ 48” cœlum aliquantum nubilum erat.
Eadem die observavi emersionem tertii satellitis hora postmeridiana 9ʰ 36’ 25” cœlo claro.
Die 15 Junii cœlo claro observavi emersionem secundi satellitis hora postmeridiana 11ʰ 6’ 15”
Sequenti die 16 Junii observavi immersionem tertii satellitis hora matutina temporis veri 0ʰ 0’ 29”
XLIX. _A remarkable Case of the Efficacy of the Bark in a Mortification. In a Letter to_ William Watson, _M.D. F.R.S. from Mr._ Richard Grindall, _Surgeon to the_ London _Hospital_.
[Read Dec. 8, 1757.]
Austin-Friars, Dec. 7th, 1757.
SIR,
THE following case being very singular has induced me to lay it before the Royal Society, and beg the favour to do it through your means. Although numerous instances are related in the records of medicine, of the great danger in interrupting nature in her operations, there is not one (so far as I know), in which more violent and extraordinary effects have been produced, than in the following.
It may happen also, that this instance may be of service in ascertaining the virtue of the medicine in intermittents, when in the hands of men of judgment.