Chapter 37

_The Relation of the one, is in these words._

_Joseh Shute_ Clerk, Parson of _Mary_ (nigh _Plymouth_) in the County of _Devon_, aged 81 years, being a temperate man, and of an healthy constitution, having the in-most Grinder loose, and so remaining, perceived, that his mouth, about three Moneths since, was somewhat streightned; and upon inquiry into the cause of it, found, That he had a new Tooth (the third Grinder) being the innermost of the upper Jaw in the Right Cheek, which still remains firm.

_The Account of the other follows thus._

_Maria Stert_ of _Benecliffe_, in _Plympton St. Mary_ (near _Plymouth_) in _Devon_, aged about 75 years, an healthy person, having had nine children, about the fortieth year of her age lost three of her {381} upper _Incisores_ or _Cutters_, the other drawn out, and so remained Toothless, as to them, for about 25 years, when she perceived, that a new Tooth came forth (without any pain) next the _Canini_ of the left Cheek: And about two years after, another Tooth grew out likewise without pain, close by the former. The first whereof, never came to above half the length of her former _Cutters_, the latter scarce breaking the skin: Both which yet proved serviceable, till about six weeks since, when she eating (no hard, crusty, or solid) Meat, that Tooth which came out first, fell down into her Mouth, without any loosness before hand perceived, or any pain; which had not a phang like other _Cutters_, but much less, and shorter. The other abides firm, and serviceable.

To the truth of these Relations, not onely the said _Joseph Shute_ and _Maria Stert_, have put the one his name, the other her Mark, the third and seventh of _January_, 1666. but also Sir _William Strode_, and Mr. _Colepresse_ have subscribed the same, as believing the Relation to be true.

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_An Account of two Books._

__I. ISMAELIS BULLIALDI_ ad Astronomos Monita duo: Primum, De Stella Nova, quæ in Collo Ceti ante annos aliquot visa est. Alterum, De Nebulosa in Andromeda Cinguli parte Borea, ante biennium iterum orta._

The chief end of the _Author_ in publishing this Tract, seems to be, To excite Astronomers to a diligent observation, both of that _New Star_ in the _Neck_ of the _Whale_, to be seen in _February_ and _March_ next; and of that other, in the Northern part of _Andromeda's Girdle_, to be seen at this very present.

As to the _former_ of these Stars, _he affirms_, that, as it hath appeared for many years in the said place, so it will in the beginning of _March_ next appear equal to the Stars of the _third Magnitude_, or perhaps bigger; and that about the end of the same Month, if the Crepuscle do not hinder, the greatest _Phasis_ of it will appear, if so be, that it keep the same Analogy of Motions and Periods, which it observed from _An._ 1638. to _An._ 1664. Where he takes notice of the Causes, why its two greatest Appearances could not be seen, _An._ 1664, 1665, 1666; and how he {382} comes to know, that in the beginning of _March_ next, It will equal, or even exceed the Stars of the _Third Magnitude_; noting, that from the Observations hitherto made of this Star, it is manifest, that the _greatest Phases_ thereof do every year anticipate by 32. or 33. dayes; forasmuch as _An._ 1660. its _greatest Appearance_ was about the end of _October_ and the beginning of _November_; _An._ 1661. about the end of _September_, or the beginning of _October_; _An._ 1662. about the end of _August_, &c. so that this year it must be in _March_, if the former Analogy do hold.

He collects also from the Observations, That one _Period_ from the _greatest Phasis_ to the next, consists of about 333. dayes: but that the interval of the time betwixt the times of its beginning to appear equal to the Stars of the _Sixt Magnitude_, and of its ending to do so, consists of about 120. dayes: And that its _greatest Appearance_ lasts about 15. dayes: All which yet he would have understood with some latitude.

This done, he proceeds to the investigation of the Causes of the Vicissitudes in the Emersion and Dis-appearance of this Star, and having discoursed, That the apparent Increase and Decrement of every Lucid Body proceeds _either_ from its changed distance from the Eye of the Observer; _or_ from its various site and position in respect of him, whereby the angle of Vision is changed; or from the increase or diminution of the bulk of the lucid body it self: and having also demonstrated it impossible, that this Star should move in a _Circle_, or in an _Ellipsis_; and proved it improbable that it should move in a _Strait Line_, he concludes, that there can be no other genuin, or at least, no other more probable cause of its Emersion and Occultation, than this, That the bigger part of that round Body is obscure and inconspicuous to us, and its lesser part lucid, the whole Body turning about its own Center, and one Axe; whereby for one determinate space of time it exhibits its lucid part to the Earth, for another, subducts it: it not being likely, that fires should be kindled in the Body of that Star, and that the matter thereof should at certain times take fire and shine, at other times be extinguisht upon the consumption of that matter.

_So far of that Star._ As to the other in the _Girdle_ of _Andromeda_, seen about the beginning of _An._ 1665; he relates, that, when in the end of 1664. the World beheld the then appearing _Comet_, {383} Astronomers observed also this new _Phænomenon_, which was called by them _Nebulosa in Cingulo Andromedæ_. Concerning which, he notes, that the same had been already seen many years before by _Simon Narius_, vid. _An._ 1612. when with a _Telescope_ he search'd for the _Satellits_ of _Jupiter_, and observed their motions; alledging for proof hereof, the said _Authors_ own words, out of his own Book, _De Mundo Joviali_, publisht _An._ 1614. And farther shews, that it hath formerly appear'd (about 150. years ago) and been taken notice off by an expert, though Anonymous, Astronomer; whose words he cites out of a _Manuscript_, brought out of _Holland_ by the Excellent _Jacobus Augustus Thuanus_, returning from his Embassy to _Paris_; wherein also was marked the _Figure_ of that _Phænomenon_; represented in print by our Author: who from all this collects, that, whereas this Star hath been seen formerly, and that 150. years since, but yet neither observed by _Hipparchus_, nor any other of the Antients, that we can find; nor also in the former Age by _Tycho Brahe_, nor in our Age, by _Bayerus_; and appear'd also in the Month of _November_ last (wherein he wrote this _Tract_) much lessened and obscure, after it had, two years ago, shone very bright; that therefore it must needs appear and dis-appear by turns, like those in the _Necks_ of the _Whale_ and _Swan_.

__II._ ENTRIENS sur les Vies et sur les Ouvrages_ Des plus excellens Peintres, Anciens et Modernes, par Monsieur_ FELIBIEN._

This Author, having first discoursed of that Royal Pallace the _Louvre_, and the Designs of finishing it; passes on to the Art of _Picturing_, and treats of the three principal things, wherein a good Master of the Art must excel, _vid._ the Composition, Designing, and Laying on of Colours, which done, he ravels into the Origine, and deduces the Progress of Painting, and relates what is most remarkable in the Lives of the Antient Painters: And among many particulars, he observes in the Life of _Andreas de Sarte_, how difficult it is, to judge well of a Picture; relating, that a Duke of _Mantua_, having obtained of _Clement_ VII. a Pourtrait of _Leo_ X. which had been done by _Raphael Urbin_, and was at _Florence_, those of that Town being unwilling to lose so excellent a {384} piece, caused a Copy thereof to be made by the said _Andreas de Sarte_, which they sent instead of the Original. This _Copy_ was so perfect, that _Julio Romano_, who had been bred and taught by _Raphael_, and was one of the best Painters of _Italy_, took it for an _Original_; and would never have been undeceived, if one _Vasari_ had not assured him, that it was but a Copy, which himself had seen made, and had not shew'd him certain marks, that were there put to discriminate it from the Original.

In the _Second_ Part, the Author has set down all that is requisite to judge and discourse well of Painting. But, to add Examples to Precepts, he discourses of the _Modern_ Painters, and making a Description of their best Works, he takes occasion to observe, what is there found most excellent, and to shew, how they have put in practice the Rules of Art. He treats also of the declining of Painting, and affirms, that nothing considerable hath been done in it from the time of _Constantine_, till _An._ 1240. when one, _Cimabue_, began to raise this Art again. After this, he give a List of the Painters, that since have been famous for their Works, preferring before all others, _Raphael Urbin_. The last of all is the above-mention'd _Andrè de Sartes_, who died, _An._ 1530. and whom the liberality of _Francis_ I. had drawn into _France_.

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The Printing of these Tracts is now return'd to the first Printer thereof, as being somewhat re-setled after the late sad Fire of _London_.

_FINIS._

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In the _SAVOY_, Printed by _T. N._ for _John Martyn_, Printer to the _Royal Society_, and are to be sold at his Shop a little without Temple-Bar, 1667.

{385}

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_Numb._ 22.

PHILOSOPHICAL _TRANSACTIONS._

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_Monday_, _February_ 11. 1666.

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The Contents.

_Trials proposed to be made for the Improvement of the Experiment of _Transfusing Blood out of one live Animal into another_. A Method for _Observing the Eclipses of the Moon_, free from the Common Inconveniences. An Account of some Celestial Observations lately made at _Madrid_. Extract of a Letter, lately written to the Publisher, containing some observations about _Insects_ and their Inoxiousness, &c. An Account of some Books, _vid._ _I. TOME TROISIEME DES LETTRES DE M. DESCARTES. II. ASTRONOMIA REFORMATA P. RICCIOLI. III. ANATOME MEDULLÆ SPINALIS ET NERVORUM_, inde provenientium, _GERARDI BLASII_, M.D. An Advertisement about the re-printing of M. _Evelyns_ Sylva and Pomona. A _Table_ of the _Transactions_, printed these two years._

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_Tryals proposed by Mr. _Boyle_ to Dr. _Lower_, to be made by him, for the Improvement of Tranfusing blood out of one live Animal into another; promised _Numb. 20. p. 357_._

The following _Queries_ and _Tryals_ were written long since, and read about a Moneth ago in the _R Society_, and do now come forth against the Authors intention, at the earnest desire of some Learned Persons, and particualrly of the worthy _Doctor_, to whom they were addressed; who thinks, they may excite and assist others in a matter, which, to be well prosecuted, will require many hands. At the reading of them, the _Author_ declared, that of divers of them he thought he could fore-see the Events, but {386} yet judged it fit, not to omit them, because the Importance of the _Theories_, they may give light to, may make the Tryals recompence the pains, whether the success favour the _Affirmative_ or the _Negative_ of the Question, by enabling us to determine the one or the other upon surer grounds, than we could otherwise do. And this Advertisement he desires may be applied to those other Papers of his, that consist of _Quæries_ or proposed _Tryals_.

_The _Quæries_ themselves follow._

1. Whether by this way of Transfusing Blood; the disposition of Individual Animals of the same kind, may not be much altered? (As whether a _fierce_ Dog, by being often quite new stocked with the blood of a _cowardly_ Dog, may not become more tame; _& vice versa, &c_?)

2. Whether immediately upon the unbinding of a Dog, replenisht with adventitious blood, he will know and fawn upon his Master; and do the like customary things as before? And whether he will do such things better or worse at some time after the Operation?

3. Whether those Dogs, that have _Peculiarities_, will have them either abolisht, or at least much impaired by transfusion of blood? (As whether the blood of a _Mastiff_, being frequently transfused into a _Blood-hound_, or a _Spaniel_, will not prejudice them in point of scent?)

4. Whether acquired Habits will be destroy'd or impair'd by this Experiment? (As whether a Dog, taught to fetch and carry, or to dive after Ducks, or to sett, will after frequent and full recruits of the blood of Dogs unfit for those Exercises, be as good at them, as before?)

5. Whether any considerable change is to be observ'd in the Pulse, Urin, and other Excrements of the _Recipient_ Animal, by this Operation, or the quantity of his insensible Transpiration?

6. Whether the _Emittent_ Dog, being full fed at such a distance of time before the Operation, that the mass of blood may be suppos'd to abound with _Chyle_, the _Recipient_ Dog, being before hungry, will lose his appetite, more than if the _Emittent_ Dogs blood had not been so chylous? And how long, upon a {387} Vein opened of a Dog, the admitted blood will be found to retain _Chyle_?

7. Whether a Dog may be kept alive without eating by the frequent Injection of the Chyle of another, taken freshly from the Receptacle, into the Veins of the _Recipient_ Dog?

8. Whether a Dog, that is _sick_ of some disease chiefly imputable to the mass of blood, may be cured by exchanging it for that of a _sound_ Dog? And whether a _sound_ Dog may receive such diseases from the blood of a _sick_ one, as are not otherwise of an infectious nature?

9. What will be the Operation of frequently stocking (which is feasible enough) an _old_ and feeble Dog with the blood of _young_ ones, as to liveliness, dulness, drowsiness, squeamishness, &c., _et vice versa_?

10. Whether a _small_ young Dog, by being often fresh stockt with the blood of a young Dog of a _larger_ kind, will grow bigger, than the ordinary size of his own kind?

11. Whether any Medicated Liquors may be injected together with the blood into the _Recipient_ Dog? And in case they may, whether there will be any considerable difference found between the separations made on this occasion, and those, which would be made, in case such Medicated Liquors had been injected with some other Vehicle, or alone, or taken in at the mouth?

12. Whether a Purging Medicine, being given to the _Emittent_ Dog a while before the Operation, the _Recipient_ Dog will be thereby purged, and how? (which Experiment may be hugely varied.)

13. Whether the Operation may be successfully practis'd, in case the injected blood be that of an Animal of another _Species_, as of a _Calf_ into a _Dog_, &c. and of a _Cold_ Animal, as of a _Fish_, or _Frog_, or _Tortoise_, into the Vessels of a _Hot_ Animal, and _vice versa_?

14. Whether the _Colour_ of the Hair or Feathers of the _Recipient_ Animal, by the frequent repeating of this Operation, will be changed into that of the _Emittent_?

15. Whether by frequently transfusing into the same Dog, the blood of some Animal of another _Species_, something further, and more tending to some degrees of a change of _Species_, may {388} be effected, at least in Animals near of Kin; (As Spaniels and Setting Dogs, Irish Grey-hounds and ordinary Grey-hounds, &c?)

16. Whether the Transfusion may be practic'd upon pregnant Bitches, at least at certain times of their gravidation? And what effect it will have upon the Whelps?

_There_ were some other _Quæries_ proposed by the same _Author_; as, the weighing of the _Emittent_ Animal before the Operation, that (making an abatement for the Effluviums, and for the Excrements, if it voids any) it may appear, how much blood it really loses. To which were annext divers others not so fit to be perused but by _Physitians_, and therefore here omitted.

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_A Method for Observing the _Eclipses of the Moon_, free from the Common Inconveniencies, as it was left by the Learned Mr. _Rook_, late _Gresham_-Professor of Geometry._

Eclipses of the Moon are observed for two principal ends; One _Astronomical_, that by comparing Observations with Calculations, the _Theory_ of the _Moons Motion_ may be perfected, and the _Tables_ thereof reformed: the other, _Geographical_, that by comparing among themselves the Observations of the same _Ecliptick Phases_, made in _divers_ places, the _Difference_ of _Meridians_ or _Longitudes_ of those places may be discerned.

The Knowledge of the Eclipse's Quantity and Duration, the Shadows, Curvity, and Inclination, &c. conduce only to the former of these ends. The exact time of the Beginning, Middle, and End of Eclipses, as also in _Total_ ones, the Beginning and End of _Total_ darkness, is useful for both of them.

But because in Observations made by the _bare_ Eye, these times considerably differ from those with a _Telescope_; and, because the _Beginning_ of Eclipses, and the _End_ of _Total_ darkness, are scarce to be observed exactly, even with Glasses (none being able clearly to distinguish between the _True_ Shadow and _Penumbra_, unless he hath seen, for some time before, the Line, separating them, pass along upon the Surface of the Moon;) and lastly, because in small {389} _Partial_ Eclipses, the Beginning and End, and in _Total_ ones of short continuance in the Shadow, the Beginning and End of _Total_ darkness, are unfit for nice Observations, by reason of the slow change of _Apparences_, which the _Oblique_ Motion of the Shadow then causeth. For these reasons I shall propound a _Method_ peculiarly design'd for the Accomplishment of the _Geographical_ end in Observing Lunar Eclipses, free (as far as is possible) from all the mentioned Inconveniences.

For, _First_, It shall not be practicable without a Telescope. _Secondly_, The Observer shall alwayes have opportunity before his principal Observation, to note the Distinction between the _True Shadow_ and the _Penumbra_. And, _Thirdly_, It shall be applicable to those Seasons of the Eclipse, when there is the suddenest Alteration in the _Apparences_.

To satisfie all which intents,

Let there be of the Eminentest _Spots_, dispersed over all Quarters of the Moons Surface, a select number generally agreed on, to be constantly made use of, to this purpose, in all parts of the World. As, for Example, those, which _M. Hevelius_ calleth,

{ Sinai. { { Æthna. { Besbicus. { Mæotis. Mons { Insula. { Palus { { Porphyrites. { Creta. { Maræotis. { Lacus Niger Major. { Serorum.

Let in each _Eclipse_, not all, but (for instance) three of these _Spots_, which then lie nearest to the _Ecliptick_, be exactly observed, when they are first touch'd by the _True_ Shadow, and again, when they are just compleatly entred into it, and (if you please) also in the _Decrease_ of the Eclipse, when they are first fully clear from the _True_ Shadow: For the accurate determinations of which moments of time (that being in this business of main importance) let there be taken _Altitudes_ of remarkable _Fixed Stars_ on this {390} side of the _Line_, of such, as lie between the _Æquator_ and _Tropick_ of _Cancer_; but _beyond_ the _Line_, of such, as are situate towards the other _Tropick_; and in all places, of such, as at the time of Observation, are about 4. hours distant from the _Meridian_.

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_An Account of some Observations, lately made in _Spain_, by His Excellency the _Earl of Sandwich_._

The Right Honourable the _Earl of Sandwich_, as he appears eminent in discharging the Trust, his Majesty hath reposed in him, of Ambassador Extraordinary to the King of _Spain_; so he forgets not in the midst of that Employment, that he is a Member of the _Royal Society_; but does from time to time, when his weighty State-Negotiations do permit, imploy himself in making considerable Observations of divers kinds, both _Astronomical_ and _Physiological_; and communicateth the same to the said _Society_; as for instance, lately, what he has observ'd concerning the _Solar Eclipse_ in _June_ last, the Suns height in the Solstice, and also the Latitude of _Madrid_, esteeming by the Suns Altitude in the _Solstice_, and by other Meridian Altitudes, the _Latitude_ of _Madrid_ to be 40 deg. 10 min; which differs considerably from that assigned by others; the General Chart of _Europe_ giving to it 41 deg. 30 min. the General Map of _Spain_, 40 deg. 27 min. A large Provincial Map of _Castile_, 40 deg. 38 min.

To these particulars, and others formerly imparted, his Excellency is making more of the same nature; and particularly those of the Immersion of the _Satellites_ of _Jupiter_.

We must not omit mentioning here, what he hath observed of _Halo_'s about the _Moon_; which he relates in these words;

_Decemb._ 25. _Old Style_, 1666. In the Evening, here (vid. at _Madrid_) was a great _Halo_ about the Moon, the _Semidiameter_ whereof was about 23 deg. 30 min. _Aldebaran_ was just in the _North-east_ part of the _Circle_, and the two Horns of _Aries_ just enclosed by the _South-west_ of the _Circle_, the Moon being in the _Center_. I note this the rather (_saith he_) because five or six years ago, vid. _Novemb._ 21. _Old Style_, 1661. an hour after Sun-set, I saw a great _Halo_ about the Moon of the same _Semidiameter_, {391} at _Tangier_, the Moon being very near the same place, where she was now.

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_Extract of a Letter, lately written by Mr. _Nathaniel Fairfax_ to the _Publisher_, containing Observations about some _Insects_, and their Inoxiousness, &c._

The Ingenious Author of this Letter, as he expresses an extraordinary desire to see the _Store-house_ of _Natural Philosophy_, more richly fraughted (a Work begun by the single care and conduct of the Excellent Lord _Verulam_, and prosecuted by the Joynt-undertakings of the _R. Society_) so he very frankly offers his Service in contributing some of his Observations, and begins in this very Letter to perform his Offer. For, Having taken notice of what was publisht in _Numb. 9. p. 161_. out of the _Italian_ Philosopher _Redi_, vid. That Creatures, reputed Venomous, are indeed no Poysons, when swallow'd, though they may prove so, when put into Wounds: He, for confirmation thereof, alledges Examples of several Persons well known to him (himself also having been an Eye-witness to some such Experiments) who have frequently swallow'd _Spiders_, even of the rankest kind, without any more harm than happens to Hens, Robin-red-breasts, and other Birds, who make Spiders their daily Commons. And having made mention of some men, that eat even _Toads_, he adds, that though a Toad be not a Poyson to us in the whole; yet it may invenome outwardly, according to some parts so and so stirr'd; an instance whereof he alledges in a Boy, who stumbling on a Toad, and hurling stones at it, some Juyce from the bruised Toad chanced to light upon his Lips, whereupon they swell'd, each to the thickness of about two Thumbs: And he neglecting to use, what might be proper to restore them, they have continued in that mishapen size ever since; the ugliness whereof, when the Relator saw, gave him occasion to inquire after the cause of it, which thereupon he understood to be, as has been recited.