CHAPTER VII. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN TRIBES.

_Identity of the American Tribes with the Nations of the other Continents. High Mental and Moral qualities of the North American Indians. Views of Cooper, Du Ponceau, and Catlin. Clear nature of the proofs derivable from Language of the Identity of the N. A. Indians with the European and Asiatic Nations. Catlin’s views as to the Identity of the Mandans, a Tribe of N. A. Indians, with the Welsh. Union in the Dialects of the N. A. Indians, of Greek, and other Indo-European and Tartar Inflections, with the Pronouns of the Hebrew and the Welsh. Close Approximation of these Dialects to the Greek and other European Tongues, and to the Languages of the North of Europe and Asia._

That the Tribes of the American Continent are descended from the same stock as the Asiatic and European nations is a proposition with respect to which the evidence contained in Appendix A must, I conceive, be felt to be conclusive when combined with Dr. Prichard’s proofs that the Physiology of the Human race in different countries is the result of climate and other external agencies. As regards the mental and moral qualities of the native American nations, there seems to be no solid ground for the inference maintained in some quarters that they are a different, because in these respects an inferior, race. It is impossible to peruse Mr. Catlin’s living picture of the manners and social habits of the North American Indians without being deeply impressed with the conviction that these Tribes, both intellectually and morally, are as highly gifted by nature as those nations who have inherited the blessings of a refined civilization. That the same remark applies to the more Southern American populations, such as the Mexicans and Peruvians, may be shown by an appeal to numerous considerations. In this place, however, I shall confine my observations to the Septs generally termed North American Indians, the original inhabitants of the United States and the regions in the same latitude. This race of men has been thus described in a celebrated work of fiction, which owes its chief interest to the vivid portraiture it exhibits of Indian life and manners.(136)

“It is generally believed that the Aborigines of the American continent have had an Asiatic origin. There are many physical as well as moral facts which corroborate this opinion, and some few that would seem to weigh against it.

“The colour of the Indian, the writer believes, is peculiar to himself, and while his cheek-bones have a very striking indication of a Tartar origin, his eyes have not. Climate may have had great influence on the former, but it is difficult to see how it can have produced the substantial difference which exists in the latter. The imagery of the Indian, both in his poetry and his oratory, is Oriental, chastened, and perhaps improved, by the limited range of his practical knowledge. He draws his metaphors from the clouds, the seasons, the birds, the beasts, and the vegetable world. In this, perhaps, he does no more than any other energetic and imaginative race would do, being compelled to set bounds to his fancy by experience; but the North American Indian clothes his ideas in a dress that is so different from that of the African for instance, and so Oriental in itself as to be remarked. His language, too, has the richness and sententious fulness of the Chinese. He will express a phrase in a word, and he will qualify the meaning of an entire sentence by a syllable; he will even convey different significations by the simplest inflections of the voice.

“Philologists who have devoted much time to the study, have said that there were but two or three languages, properly speaking, among all the numerous tribes which formerly occupied the country that now composes the United States. They ascribe the known difficulty one people have in understanding one another to corruptions and dialects.

“The writer remembers to have been present at an interview between two chiefs of the Great Prairies west of the Mississippi, and when an interpreter was in attendance who spoke both their languages. The warriors appeared to be on the most friendly terms, and seemingly conversed much together, yet, according to the account of the interpreter, each was absolutely ignorant of what the other said. They were of hostile tribes, brought together by the influence of the American Government; and it is worthy of remark that a common policy led them both to adopt the same subject. They mutually exhorted each other to be of use in the event of the chance of war throwing either of the parties into the hands of his enemies. Whatever may be the truth, as respects the root and the genius of the Indian tongues, it is quite certain they are now so distinct in their words as to possess most of the disadvantages of strange languages; hence much of the embarrassment that has arisen in learning their histories, and most of the uncertainty which exists in their traditions.”

The traits of character embodied in this passage are not those of an inferior, but of a highly acute and imaginative race!

The Philological objections to the proposition that the North American Tribes are of Asiatic origin have by many writers been regarded as insuperable. Du Ponceau, who has given profound attention to the subject, dwells, 1, On the differences in words among the American languages themselves; 2, On the failure which he imputes to those writers who have attempted to identify the Indians with some one individual Asiatic nation, as the Chinese, the Tartars, or the Jews, &c.; and 3, On the differences in the Grammars of the North American dialects and those of the languages of the Old World, which he treats as a conclusive refutation of all arguments in favour of original unity! Mr. Catlin also lays great stress on the first of these considerations, viz. the great differences he found in the words of the dialects of the Tribes he visited.

To every one of these objections the general principles developed in the previous pages will be found to involve a complete answer. 1. The differences apparently fundamental in the words of American languages may be accounted for in the same manner as similar differences in the languages of the old world (the Gothic and Celtic for example,) have already been explained, viz. by the tendency to abandon different synonymes. 2. That attempts to prove a close specific relation between the North American dialects and any one Asiatic language, such as the Chinese or the Hebrew, should have failed, was to be expected as a consequence of the same tendency. 3. Finally, differences of Grammar have been shown to be fallacious evidence viewed separately and without due regard to other features of language.(137) Moreover, it will presently appear clearly that, even as regards the Grammar of the Indian Dialects, Du Ponceau’s impressions can be distinctly proved to be erroneous, an extended comparison serving to render manifest the interesting fact that, as respects the elements of Grammar, these dialects perfectly agree with the Asiatic and European languages, while in the mode of combining those elements, they do not differ from those languages more widely than the latter differ among themselves.

If the ancestors of the American Indians emigrated at a remote period from the opposite Asiatic Coasts, we have no right to anticipate in their dialects a complete conformity to any one language of the old world, but general and varying features of resemblance to several. The kindred dialects of the same Continent after the lapse of a considerable time do not exhibit any other kind of resemblance! Now this is the species of relation which the North American Indian dialects actually display when compared to the Languages of the Old World!

The chief examples which I have selected as illustrations of this proposition have been taken from the Algonquyn dialects, the very class examined by Du Ponceau himself, to which I have added a few corroborative instances from those of the tribes of the regions to the west of the Mississippi which have been lately described by Mr. Catlin. The dialects termed Algonquyn by Du Ponceau were formerly spoken by numerous tribes who, though not the sole inhabitants, were originally spread through the whole of the present territory of the United States, including the “Lenni Lenapé,” the “Chippeways,” and other powerful septs.

With regard to this class of Indian Dialects I propose to show: 1. That as regards Words they bear a close resemblance to a great variety of Asiatic and European languages. 2. That their grammatical peculiarities, in like manner, combine those of various languages of the Old World, as in the instance of their Verbs and Pronouns, in which the inflections of the Greek and other Indo-European Tongues are found united with separate Pronouns identical with those common to the Welsh on the one hand and the Hebrew and its kindred Semetic dialects on the other.

_Words from the North American Indian Dialects of the Algonquyn Class compared with analogous Terms in Asiatic and European Languages._

Man ittou, “The Deity, a Spirit,” (_Ind._,(138)) Mouno he ka, “Ghosts,” (_Mandan_,(139)) Manes, “The Spirits of the Dead,” (_Latin_,) Manus, “The Mind,” (_Sanscrit_,) Mēn, “The Mind,” (_Greek_,) Mens, Ment-is (_Latin_), Pata-maw-os, “The Deity,” from Pata-maw-an, “To adore,” (_Ind._,) Poth-ēmenai, “To seek, or pray to,” (_Doric_,) for Poth-ein (_Greek_), Peton, “To worship,” Peta, “A Prayer,” (_Old High German_,) Bet-en, Bitte (_German_); see, as to N’iou and Nioueskou, two remarkable words for “The Deity,” (_Ind._,) pages 22, 23, 24. For names of the Heavenly Bodies, see Appendix A.

“Father,” Ooch, Oss (_Ind._), Ozha (_Sclavon._), Otze (_Dalmatian_), Wosch (_Lusatian_), Otzie (_Bohemian_), Nosa (_Ind._), Niza, Niesee (_Samoieds_).

“Mother,” Anna (_Ind._), Ana (_Turkish_), Anya (_Hungarian_), Nanna (_Ind._), Nain(140) (_Welsh_), Ningé (_Ind._), Naing (_Irish_), Nik, Nêkaoui (_Ind._), N.k.be(141) (_Hebrew_).

“A Woman,” Panum, Phanem (_Ind._), Banen (_Cornish_), Been (_Welsh_), Pin, “A Female,” applied to animals, (_Chinese_.)

“A Girl,” Kan-isswah (_Ind._), Gen eez (_Pers._), Nunk-shoué, Nunk(142) (_Ind._), Neang (_Chin._), Non (_Mantschu_).

“Husband,” Nap-é, Nap eem (_Ind._), Nub-o, Nuptiæ (_Lat._), Nuptials (_Eng._)—“Husband,” Weew-ehsa, Wasuk (_Ind._), “Wife,” Weewo, Weowika (_Ind._), “Marriage,” Wiwaha (_Sanscrit_), Wife (_Eng._)

“A little Child,” Awusk, Awash ish (_Ind._), “A Child,” Watsah (_Sanscrit_), “Young,” Wuski (_Ind._), “A Youth,” Was or Gwas (_Welsh_).

“High,” Hockunk (_Ind._), Hoch, Höhe, Hoheit (_German_), High, Height (_Eng._), Hitké(143) (_Iroquois_).

“The Earth,” Hacki, Ki, Ackour (_Ind._), Ge (_Greek_), Ager (_Latin_), Agr-os (_Greek_).

“Foot,” Sit (_Ind._), St.o, “I stand,” (_Latin_).

“Good,” Wuilit (_Ind._), Wohl (_Ger._), Weal, Well, Wealth (_Eng._), Ee.o.l, “To profit, benefit,” (_Hebrew_).

“To fight,” Pachg-amen(144) (_Ind._), P.g.ee (_Heb._), Pug-no (_Latin_).

“To give,” Mekan (_Ind._), M.gn (_Hebrew_).

“Night,” Nukon (_Ind._), Nux (_Greek_), Nox (_Latin_), Noc (_Polish_), Noc (_Hungarian_).

“Blood,” M’huk, Mokum (_Ind._), Mucum, Mucus (_Latin_).

“Cold,” Kisina (_Ind._), Kuisne, “Ice,” (_Irish_,) K.sh.a, “To harden, stiffen,” “A Cucumber,(145) from its cooling properties,” (_Hebrew_).

“Sleep,” Nipu, Nip-awin, “To sleep,” Nupp (_Ind._), Nap (_Eng._), Hup-nos (_Greek_), Nim pamino, “I sleep,” (_Ind._), N.m., N.ou.m.e (_Hebrew_).

“To touch,” Aman damaog-an (_Ind._), Man-us (_Latin_).

“Man,” Nin (_Ind._), Ninetz “Men,” (_Samoieds_,) a diminutive race in the North-east of Asia. The national name they have given to themselves is the above word, Ninetz “Men.”

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I shall add a few further illustrations from the specimens of the languages of the Indian Tribes to the West of the United States, which have been published by Mr. Catlin.

“Spirits, Ghosts,” Mouno he ka (_Mandan_,)—and see above, Manitto, “A Spirit,” (_Ind._)—Manes, “The Spirits of the Dead,” (_Latin_).

“Bad,” Khe cush (_Mandan_), Kakos (_Greek_).

“A Bear,” Mah to (_Mandan_), Matto (_Sioux_), Medve (_Hungarian_), Medvid (_Sclavonian_), Metzwetz (_Lusatian_), Koonoghk (_Riccaree_), Chiung (_Chinese_).

“Dog,” Shonka (_Riccaree_), Shunah (_Sanscrit_), Shun (_Armenian_), A meeteh (_Blackfeet_), Meda (_Taraikai_, _North-east of Asia_), Madaidh (_Irish_).

“A Raven,” Kaka (_Mandan_), To kah ka (_Riccaree_), Kaka (_Sanscrit_).

“River,” Pass ahah (_Mandan_). See Appendix A. p. 78.

“Ears,” Ookah nay(146) (_Tuskaroras_), Ucho (_Sclavonian_), Ochtowaga (_Shawannos_), Ohto kiss (_Blackfeet_), Ōta (_Greek._) See p. 73, Appendix A.

“Hand,” Onka (_Mandan._) See Appendix, page 69. Ohahna (_Tuskaroras._) See Appendix, p. 68.

“Head,” Otahra (_Tuskaroras_), Otri (_Ashantees Negroes_), Utieri (_Aminas Negroes._)

“Nose,” Pahoo (_Mandan_), Pei Pi (_Chinese_), Pah.soo (_Sioux_), Ph.o.e, “To Breathe,” (_Hebrew_), Phusa-o, “To Breathe,” (_Greek._)

Want of space, and the extensive nature of the evidence contained in Appendix A, alone deter me from greatly multiplying these examples.

2. As regards Grammatical forms:

Nothing can be more erroneous than the inference that the North American Indian dialects differ in this respect from those of Asia and Europe. In the previous comparison numerous examples present themselves in which the same words unequivocally exhibit at once both the roots and the inflections of words belonging to the languages termed Indo-European, as in _Patam-awan_, _Patam-awos_, _Kis-ina_, _M. huk_, _Mok-um_, _Khe-cush_, _Nimp-amino_, &c.!

These are not isolated instances. I do not hesitate to affirm that it may be shown by means of the very terms he has selected for examination, that those North American Indian dialects which Du Ponceau has analyzed, abound in similar examples! That the same remark is true with regard to the dialects of the Western Tribes described by Mr. Catlin, is a proposition which will now be illustrated in a remarkable instance!

Among the tribes with whom he resided this writer has especially noticed a highly interesting sept, the Mandans, in whose dialect he has pointed out a variety of instances of close resemblance to the Welsh, which he has left to the judgment of those who are conversant with that language. On this subject I conceive there cannot be any difference of opinion among those who are vernacularly acquainted with the venerable tongue of the Cymry. Of the Mandan terms selected by Mr. Catlin (which are subjoined below), the majority must be admitted to present plain and unequivocal features of resemblance, or rather of identity, to the equivalent Welsh terms.

Now, it will be seen that of these(147) examples of affinity the greater number consist of terms which belong exclusively to the province of Grammar!

English. Mandan. Welsh. Other Asiatic And European Languages. I. Me. Me. Me (_Latin_ and _Eng._), Eme (_Greek._) You. Ne. Chwe. Nee, (_Chinese._) He. E. E. E.ee.a, E.ou.e, or E.v.e, “He, She, It,” (_Heb._) She. Ea. E, Hee. Ea, “She,” (_Latin._) It. Ount. Hooyant, “They” Onuh, “It, Him, (Plural.)(148) Her,” (_Turkish._) They. Eonah, (Onúh Nhou, “They,” E.n.e, “They,” ha, Honúh ha, Hyny, “Those.” (_Hebrew_), “They,” Oona, “They,” _Iroquois also “He, She, Dialects._ It,” (_Mixed Indian Dialects of Asia_.) Ainah, Ont, Ent, (_Endings of the third person plural of Indo-European Verbs._)(149) We. Noo. Nee. Nōi (_Greek_), Nou, Nc’hnou (_Hebrew._) No, or, There Megosh.(150) Nagoes, Nage. is not. Head. Pan. Pen. The Great Maho peneta. Mawr(151) Spirit. Penaether Yysprid Mawr.

By some of our countrymen it has been sanguinely maintained that the descendants of a body of Welsh, who left their country under Prince Madoc in the twelfth century, may be still traced by affinities of language among the North American Indian Tribes. Struck by the resemblances he has detected, Mr. Catlin has been led to favour the same conclusion, and to suggest that the Mandans may probably be shown to be the descendants of the lost Cambrian Colony!

But the examples selected by this writer, however creditable to his accuracy and research, do not tend, as he suggests, to prove the existence of a specific connexion between the Welsh and the Mandans! This will be evident from the words contained in the right-hand column (which have been added by the author of this work). An examination of the whole comparison will serve to show clearly, that though in most of the instances he has noticed the resemblance displayed by the Mandan to the Welsh is a close one, in many of them it displays an equally close affinity to the Latin and Greek, &c., while in some—this North American Indian dialect totally differs from the Welsh tongue, and at the same time agrees with—other languages of the Old World. Many of those examples which precede the Comparison are also illustrations of the principle that the Mandan, like other North American Indian dialects, exhibits a general resemblance to all, and not a specific relation to any one of the Asiatic and European tongues. Thus Khe cush, “Bad,” which is identical with the Greek, but is totally unlike the Welsh, is a Mandan word!

The prevalent theory, that there exists a group of Indo-European languages and nations—peculiarly connected among themselves—peculiarly isolated from others—will, I conceive, be found to be fallacious; and what is highly remarkable, distinct proofs of its fallacy, as will presently be seen, are derivable from the dialects of the North American Tribes!

The writers by whom this theory has been maintained have overlooked, on the one hand, the numerous points of resemblance which connect the Indo-European languages with other Tongues; while, on the other hand, they have also overlooked the numerous points of difference which they mutually display. On a close investigation it will be evident that it is only in the basis of their Grammars that any of the ancient languages of Asia and Europe, even those which are very nearly related, agree; they do not display an identity of Grammatical forms! Compare, for example, the inflections of the Verbs in the Latin and the Greek, and the numerous points of difference which they exhibit in almost every tense, combined with mere partial coincidences. That these remarks are equally true of the relation displayed by the North American Indian dialects compared to those of the Old World will be apparent from the following examples, in which it will be manifest that these dialects in their basis agree with, and in their inflections and details only partially differ from, the Asiatic and European languages!

_Present Tense of a Verb in two Dialects of the Algonquyn Class._

“Chippeway” Dialect. “Lenni Lenape” Dialect. (Root) NOND—“Understand.” (Root) PEND—“Understand.”(152) _Singular._ _Singular._ N’-nond-OM. N’-pend-AMEN. “I understand.” “I understand.”

K’-nond-OM. K’-pend-AMEN. “Thou understand-est.” “Thou understand-est.”

---- -Nond-om. ---- -Pend-amen. “He understand-s.” “He understand-s.”

_Plural._ _Plural._

N’-nond-AM-IN. N’-pend-AMEN-EEN. “We understand.” “We understand.”

K’-nond-AM. K’-pend-AM-OHUMO. “Ye understand.” “Ye understand.”

---Nond-UM-ÔG. ---Pend-AMEN-OWO. “They understand.” “They understand.”

It will be observed that the inflections of the Algonquyn Verb, indicative of persons (corresponding to those in Leg-o, Leg-is, Leg-it, _Latin_), are “Om and Amen.” In another form of the Algonquyn Verb, “Amo” is also used.

These forms, “Om, Amo, Amen,” are the common inflections of the first person in all the Indo-European languages. (See Dr. Prichard on the Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations, pp. 130, 136.) In the North American Indian dialects it will be seen that they occur in all the three persons. There are instances of the same kind in the Indo-European Tongues for the Doric Greek Infinitive as in Poth-emen-ai, “To desire,” and the Greek Passive Participle as in Tupt-omen-os, Tupt-omen-e, “Struck,” are examples of the application of “Amen or Omen” to any individual of the Human Race, in other words, _to all the three persons_!

This inflection “Amen” exists in the Tartar dialects in the first person, as in Bol-amen, “I am,” Bol-asin, “Thou art,” &c.

The following are examples of its use for the first person in the Greek:

_Singular._ _Plural._ _Amen_, used as an Inflection _Amen_, used as an Inflection for “I.” for “We.” _E-tupt_-OMĒN, “I was struck.” _Tupt_-OMEN, “We strike.” _Tupt-oi_-MĒN, “Would that I were struck.” Ē-MĒN, “I had been.” Ē-MEN, “We were.”

These examples will serve to illustrate the proposition that in inflections and other grammatical details the North American Indian dialects partially coincide with individual Indo-European languages in the same manner as those languages partially agree among themselves! It remains to be pointed out that where these two groups of tongues differ, the differences are such as time might have produced, and that they have the same basis in common.

“Om, Amo, Amen,” are according to Dr. Prichard, pronouns confused with the verb. It is an interesting fact, that “Amo”(153) is actually used as the separate pronoun of the third person “He” in the dialect of the “Blackfeet,” one of the N. American Indian Tribes to the west of the Mississippi visited by Mr. Catlin! Now, as all pronouns were originally(154) nouns, names for a “Human Being,” (see p. 13,) words of this class must have been in the first instance applied indifferently to all the three Persons. But in the course of time—1, In some languages different nouns were appropriated to different Persons,—the most common noun being applied to the First; (this accounts for the occurrence of “Amo Om Amen,” probably forms of the most primitive(155) noun—in the first Person of the Indo-European languages!)—2, In other tongues supplementary pronouns were used to mark the requisite distinction of Persons, the most common nouns being still used agreeably to previous habit,—(though no longer of practical service)—in combination with the verb; (this is the case in the Algonquyn dialects in which the same inflection is repeated in all the three persons, and the requisite distinction of persons is made by means of pronoun prefixes or supplementary pronouns, a distinction which, in the Greek, &c., is made by varying the final inflections or original pronouns, as in “Tupt-oi-mēn, Tupt-oi-o,” &c.)(156)

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The pronoun prefixes of these North American Indian dialects, which as previously intimated, are common to the Welsh and the Hebrew, and other Semetic tongues remain to be noticed.

ALGONQUYN PRONOUN PREFIXES.

(See previous specimens of Algonquyn Verbs.)

N’ “I” and “We.”

This is an abbreviated form used in conjunction with the verb as a prefix. The pronoun in full is Ni Nin “I,” Ninou “We.” Both the pronoun itself and the abbreviated form in which it is used as a prefix, occur in the Hebrew in which the latter is used as a suffix!

This Algonquyn pronoun is identical with an Algonquyn word for “A Man,” which, it will be observed, renders the proofs of affinity between the Semetic and Algonquyn dialects in this instance complete.

Algonquyn. Semetic. Welsh. “Man.” “I,” or “Me.” “I,” or “Me.” Anini.(157) A.nee, (_Heb._) Innai. A.n.a, (_Arabic._) Ini. Innai. N-nin. “I,” or “Me.” Nin. Ni.(158) Nee, (_Heb._) N’.

“We.” “We.” “We.” A.n.ou, Ni. A.n.c’h.n.ou. Nin-ou. N.c’h.n.ou, (_Heb._) Nyni. Nin-owin. N.h.h.n, (_Arabic._) Nyninnou.

K’, “Thou” and “Ye.”(159)

This is also an abbreviation, the Pronoun in full is Ki, K-in, K-il, “Thou;” Kin-owa, and Kil-ou, “Ye.”

Algonquyn. Semetic. Welsh. “Thou, Thine.” “Thee, Thy.” K’. C’. (_Heb._) Kee. C’.ee. (_Heb._) “Ye, Yours.” “Ye.” K’. Ki. Chwi. Ki-nowa. C-oun. C-n. (_Chald._) C-m. (_Heb._) Kil-ou.

Du Ponceau notices another grammatical feature in which it is clear, though he was unconscious of that fact, that these North American Indian dialects form a connecting link between the Semetic and Indo-European languages. “We find,” he observes, “many Nouns substantive with M prefixed in such a way as to form an integral part of the words.”

This is a Semetic mode of forming a Noun from a Root! In Latin, Nouns are formed from Roots by the same Letter placed at the end of words, as in Regn-um, a mode of which we have also had an example in the Algonquyn dialects, in the words M’-huk, Mok-um!

Where long intervals of time have elapsed, it is in all cases difficult to discriminate between the proofs of a general and remote, and those of a near and specific relation. Still I conceive the previous examples tend, in some measure, to render it probable that there is a closer affinity between the North American Indians and the inhabitants of Northern Asia and of Europe, especially the Russians, Hungarians, and other nations located in its Northern and Western Regions, than exists between these American Septs and the inhabitants of Southern Asia. Should this proposition be confirmed by further investigation, it will be found to be in unison with Adelung’s conclusion, that the route by which the first Colonists of Europe came from Central Asia lay through the Steppes which separate the Chinese and Russian Empires. The Nomade Hordes of these vast plains,—the great “Officina Gentium,”—were probably the parent Septs of all or most of the European nations on the one hand, and of the populations of the North-east of Asia and of the opposite American coasts on the other!

Of the general proposition, that the American Tribes and the Nations of the Old World are descended from the same Parent Stock, I conceive the evidence adduced in the previous pages will be deemed to be conclusive.

APPENDIX A. ANALYTICAL COMPARISON OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT WORDS IN THE AFRICAN LANGUAGES WITH THE ANALOGOUS WORDS IN THE LANGUAGES OF ASIA, EUROPE, AND AMERICA.

_This Comparison will serve to show:_

1. The connexion between the Languages of the Negro population of the Middle of AFRICA with those of the races in the North and South of AFRICA who differ from the Negroes in Physiognomy, Colour, and other Physical qualities.

2. The connexion between the Languages of every part of AFRICA with those of ASIA, EUROPE, and AMERICA.

3. The fundamental identity of the Languages of the four great divisions of the Globe.

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Oue ini and Ou oini, Luminary Effulgence. [Probably connected with “Ooh” Glory, “Eoohu” Day.] (_Egyptian._) 2. R. Ou oein, to Roongeh, “Sun.”(160) diffuse Light, [Illuminare.] (_Egypt._) 3. I mine, “Day.” 4. 5. Ra, Re, Sun. (_Egypt._) 6. 7. Hor, “Horus,” the Huer, Day. God of Day. (_Egypt._) 8. Horambe, Moon. 9. 10.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. O . een . n, Eye. Wawn or Gwawn, “A (_Heb._) Wang, quick darting of “Light emitted from rays, (Dr. Owen a body.”(_Chinese._) Pughe’s Dict.) The Dawn.” (_Welsh._) 2. Ee . ou . m “Day,”(_Heb._) [Probably from “Eoohu” Day, (_Egyptian,_) and the suffix “M,” which in Hebrew forms nouns from roots, like the English suffix “er” in Mak-er.(161)] 3. Emee . n “Day.”(_Greek._) 4. Arou, Behold! Ora-o, to see. (_Chald._) R.a.e, to (_Greek._) see. (_Heb._) 5. Re, Moon, Re alt, Star. (_Irish._) 6. Ur, Fire, Ur-o. (_Latin._) Uru, Day. (_Kurd._) Hur, Fire, (_Aymarans, S. A._) and Or, Day. (_Armenian._) 7. Huere, Sun. Huarassi, Sun and (_Zend._) Day. (_Omaguans, S. A._) 8. Hora, Time, (_Greek,_) an Hour, (_Latin._) 9. A . ou . r, Aurora, the Dawn. Light, Daylight. (_Latin._) (_Heb. & Chaldæ._) 10. Arpi, Sun. (_Armenian._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Wurabe, Day. (_Nubia._) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Kammer, Ungmar, Moon. 7. Re, the Sun, as above. 8. Iri, “Eye.”(162) Iirri, “Sun” The symbol of Osiris, the God of Day. 9. Iris, the Dawn. (_Egypt._) 10. Wurrhy, “Moon.” Uhaaire, and Ver, (_Abyss._) [Compare “Moon.” Wurabe, “Day,” above.] (_Nubian._) 11. La, “Fire.” Leaw, “Fire.”

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Or, Day. Wawr, or Gwawr, the Ourhenha, Day. (_Armenian._) Dawn. (_Welsh._) (_Hurons, N. A._) Awringo, Sun (_Finnish._) 2. A.ou.r, Light, &c., as above; Also with m prefix— 3. M . A . ou. r, An instrument or source of Light, applied to the Sun and Moon. (_Heb._) 4. Mihira, Sun. (_Sanscrit._) 5. Mar, Sun. (_Abassian._) 6. N. Mar, Sun. (_Affghan._) 7. Iru, Sun. (_Korea._) 8. Eiere, Day. (_Zend._) [Compare Yere, Moon, (_Samoied_) below.] 9. Iris, the Rainbow. (_Latin._) 10. Wurra, Moon. Wiri, Yere, and (_Sumbava._) Irri, Moon. (_Samoied._) 11. Lohe, Flame. Hello, Fire. Lo-dern, “To Burn.” (_Runsienes, N. A._) (_German._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Lo, “Day.” 2. 3. Lp.s.h, “Flame.” Lelaffu, “Fire.” 4. Lopsh, “To Burn.” Leetshaatsi, “Sun.” (_Egypt._) 5. Lataa, “Sun.” See Lo, La, above. 6. La, “Fire.” Lo, Leaw, Fire, as “Day,” as above. above. Also Lilo, Fire.(163) 7. Lelegh, Day. 8. Eluk wee, Heaven. 9. See Lelegh, “Day,” as above.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Lo, and La, “Day.” Olo, Sun and Day. (_Irish._) (_Vilellans, S. A._) 2. Hallo Allo, a Day. (_Corea._) 3. 4. L.e.b.e, “Flame.” Licht. (_German._) L.e.b, “To burn.” Light. (_English._) (_Hebrew._) L.e.t, Lo-dern, “To burn.” “Flame,” “To flame, (_German._) [See burn.” (_Heb._) Lohe, above.] 5. Hallo Alo, a Day. (_Coriac._) 6. Olo, Sun and Day. (_Vilellans, S. A._) Ele le dun, Flame. (_Arowacks._) 7. Uolok, Day. (_Esquim._) 8. El eek, (_Nootka Sound_,) and Hello, Fire, (_Runsienes, N. A_.) Ali-gega, Sun. (_M. Baya_, extreme south of S. A.) 9. Lux, Light. (_Latin._) Licht. (_German._) Lluched, Lightning. (_Welsh._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Liklo, Ames-ligo, “An Eye.” 3. 4. Eli-ang, the Sun. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Eli-ang, the Sun, as above. 10. 11. 12. Lelangu, Sun. 13. Lainch, and Lainghitsi, Heaven.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Lochatai, “He Llygad, “An Eye.” sees.” _Sanscrit._) (_Welsh._) 2. Look-eth. (_English._) 3. E.l. To shine. Eel-ios, the Sun. E.l.l. To shine (_Greek._) brightly. 4. E.ee.l.l. Lucifer. (_Hebrew._) 5. Hailih, and Hāil, the Sun. Gra-_haulai_, Sun. Hailihs, the Sun. (_Welsh._) Hell, (_Abipones._) Hello, (_Sanscrit._) Bright. (_German._) Fire. (_Runsienes, N. A._) 6. Hallo, Alo, a Olo, Sun. Day. (_Coriac._) 7. Ali, Day. Allit, Moon. (_Moluccan._) (_Vilellans, S. A._) 8. Eel-ios, the Sun. (_Greek._) 9. Alank, a heavenly Luminary, or Star. (_Algonquyn dialects, N. A._) 10. Alak, a Star. (_Assanskians._) 11. Alagon, a Star. (_Kotowskians, N. Asia._) 12. Lun, Day. Lunus. Luna. (_Sirjanian & (_Latin._) Luan, Permian._ Moon. (_Irish._) 13. Languin, Heaven. (_Moluccan._) [Also, in the same language, Ali, Day. Compare El-iang, above.]

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Kalla, Coll, Moon. 3. N jellauma(164), Woelau. Volan, Moon. Day. _Phellata dialect._ 4. Leoure, Moon. (_Fulah dialect._) 5. 6. Liulu, Moon. (_Phellata._) 7. 8. 9. Hyalla, Heaven. Ellu, Iulo, I ewel, Heaven.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Gailgen, Moon. Gealach, Moon. Igaluk, Moon. (_Coriac._) Glauh, (_Irish._) (_Kadjaks_, extreme Moon. (_Sanscrit._) N.W. of _N.A._) 2. Killa, Quilla, Moon. (_Quichuans, S.A._) 3. Jwala, Light, Gwawl, or Wawl, Flame. (_Sanscrit._) Light. (_Welsh._) 4. Lloer, Moon. (_Welsh._) Laor, Moon. (_Armorican._) 5. Glauh-r, Moon. [Formed from Glauh, Moon, above, by “Sandhi.”] (_Sanscrit._) 6. Liu, Colour. (_Welsh._) Llei-ad, Moon. (_Welsh._) [The double _Ll_ gives to the word a sound nearly the same as _Ch_leiad.] 7. Klaida, Klaidu, Moon, (_Sanscrit._) [This, and several of the previous Sanscrit words, have been compared with the Welsh by Dr. Prichard.] 8. Koilak, Heaven. Killak. (_Tchugassians_, (_Greenland._) N.E. of _Asia_, and Killock, Heaven. N.W. of _America_.) (_Kadjaks._) 9. Igalack Moon, as above. (_Kadjaks._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Serapis, or Sorohb, Sun. Soropis, the God of the Sun, the same as Osiris. (_Egypt._) 2. Scharappa,(165) Sorrie, Sun. “Moon.” (_Berber & Dongolan._) 3. Osiri, Osira, Surrie, Sore, Sun. (Osiris), believed to be the God of the Sun (_Egypt._) 4. Soroka,(166) Day. 5. Assara, Moon. 6. Osran, Osseram, Osseramme, Moon. 7. A-un, Sun. [See this word more fully illustrated in another part of this Analysis.] 8. Antu, a Day. 9. Andru, Day. 10. Omma Ongma, “Moon.” 11.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Sh . r ph, to burn, a Conflagration. S . h . r ph . e . m, “Seraphs.” Sh.r.b, to burn, scorch. Ze.r, to shine brightly. 2. Ts. e. r, a Sêr, Stars. Light, Noon. (_Welsh._) (_Hebrew._) 3. Surya, the Indian God of the Sun. His orb personified. (_Sanscrit._) 4. Scorch. (_English._) 5. Sārā, “Moon.” Sêr, Stars. (_Syrian_, _Mongol_, (_Welsh_, as above.) & _Calmuck_.) 6. 7. Ano, Day. (_Caraibs, S. A._) 8. Antu Antú, Sun, Day. (_Araucan, S. A._) 9. “Indra,” the Inti, Indi, Sun. (In Indian God of Day, several other Diespater. dialects of _S.A._) (_Sanscrit._) 10. Omma, “Eye,” “Face,” also applied to “Sun and Moon.” (_Greek._) [Schneider.] 11. Mah, the Moon. _Bucharian._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Mo Moe. 2. Muhta. 3. Mum Muhm, “Eye.” 4. Moomo, “Moon.” 5. 6. Manga, Eye.(167) 7. 8. 9. Mone, “Moon.” 10. Missigh, “Eye.” 11. Massou, Massoo, Masso, Massorohi, “Eye.” 12. Masso-androu, Sun, (i.e. “Eye of Day.”) [See Androu, Day, immediately before.]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Mi-en, “Face.” (_Chinese & Burman._) 2. 3. 4. 5. Ee m ee . n, “the Eye,” or Finger, (_Heb._) [Similiter “Per-ception,” now used for the “Eye,” but applied originally to the hand.] 6. 7. M . n . ee. A name under which the idolatrous Jews worshipped the “Material Heavens.” 8. Mondy, “Sun.” Manoak, “Sun,” or (_Permian._) “Moon.” (_Algonquyn Dialects._) 9. “Moon.” (_English._) Mēnē, “Month.” (_Greek._) Mensis, “Month.” (_Lat._) Mana, “Moon.” (_Lapld._) 10. Miezzi, “Eye.” (_Burman._) 11. 12. Musseete, “Day.” (_New England._) Metzli, “Moon.” (_Mexican._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Massch-ekka, Masso-anru, “Sun.” Masso-anro, “Sun.” [Apparently Massu, Mass-ge, Masso-anru, “Sun.” from Missigh,(168) “Fire.” “Eye,” and Ika, or Ik, “Fire.” Compare Massoandrou, “Sun.” _South Africa._ (_Berbers & Dongolans._) 2. Masso-am, Sun. 3. Midding, “Moon.” Majava, “Day.” 4. Wussuk, Fire. 5. Wis, Sun. 6. 7. Att-aschi, Sun. 8. 9. Sou Siou, Star. (_Egypt._) 10. Zu, Sun.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Miaschta, “Moon.” Mesaz, “Moon.” (_Affghan._) Māsi, (_Sclavonian._) Mis, “Moon.” “Month.” (_Welsh._) (_Sanscrit._) 2. M.s.e(169), and M.j, “Sun.” (_Georgian._) 3. 4. Us-tus, burnt. Usi Ussi, Fire. (_Latin._) (_California, N. A._) Is-chey, Fire. (_Black Feet Indians, N. A._) Neetak _Hasseh_, Sun. _Hasche_, Moon. (_Chikkasahs_, N. A.) 5. Is-chey, Fire. (_Black Feet, N.A._, as above.) 6. Ash, Fire. Ass-o, to roast. Assista, Fire. (_Heb._) Az-er, and (_Latin._) (_Hurons, N. A._) At-emsch. Azgo.(170) (_Persian._) (_Gothic._) Ash-es. (_English._) 7. Aith-ein, to burn. (_Greek._) 8. At-emsch. Sah, the Sun and (_Pehli._) Moon. (_Chippeway._) Ath-eresch, Fire. (_Zend._) 9. Soo, Moon. (_Penobscot, N. A._) 10. Suâ, Sun. (_Muyscans, S.A._, near the Isthmus of Darien.)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. So, Heaven. 2. 3. 4. Shah, Flame. 5. Shah shah, Heat. (_Egypt._) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Njite, “Fire.” Nissiek, “Fire.” (_Phellata._) 11. Ntzai, “Sun.” 12. Gimoihu, Fire. 13. Khem, God of the Sun. (_Egypt._) 14. 15. T’kaam. 16. Gam, Moon.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Sua, Fire. (_Basque._) 2. Zee ou, Beams, Rays, Splendour. 3. Zee, to be Zĕō, to be hot. bright. (_Heb._) (_Greek._) 4. Sua, Fire. (_Basque_, as above. 5. Sch un, Sun. Sun. (_English._) Tscan-u, Sun. (_Mantchu._) Tschaan, Day. 6. Z.k. Flame. Tschan-e, Moon, (_Kinai Tribe_, extreme N.W. of _N. A._) Tcenoe, Moon. (_Cherokee._) 7. Ts.c’h.e, to Sacche, Sun. shine. (_Mossans, S.A._) 8. Ts.c’h, clear and Sekkinek, Sun. parching. (_Greenland, N. A._) 9. Ts.c’h.ts c’h, Siccus, Dry. violent Heat, or (_Latin._) Sych, Drought. (_Heb._) Dry. (_Welsh._) 10. N.sh.k, to kindle, to rise in flame, to kindle a fire. (_Heb._) 11. Nitidus, Shining. (_Latin._) 12. C’h m, Hot, Heat. 13. C’h.m m, to be inflamed. 14. C’h.m.n.ee.n, Kaumet, Sun. Sun Images. (_Heb._) 15. Kaumei, Moon. (_Greenland._) 16. Gomma, Moon. (_California._) Kyem, Moon. (_Araucan._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Giom, Heaven 2. Chrom. 3. Grom. Giro, Sun 4. Krom, Fire. Karree, Moon. Korro, T’kaukarah, Moon. (_Egypt._) Moon. Kohri, “Moon.” 5. Grom, “Fire,” (_Egyptian_, as above.) 6. 7. Giro, “Sun,” as above. 8. 9. 10.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Kümar, Heaven. (_Permian._) 2. C’hr.a, Ch.r.e, to kindle, burn up. (_Heb._) 3. Chor. Quarassi, Sun. (_Persian._) (_Brazil._) Coaracy, Cuarasi, Chorschid. (_Pehli._) 4. Chorschid, Sun. Chiriti, Moon. (_Ossetian._) (_Caraibs._) 5. G.r.m, Warm. Gorm, to heat, or (_Pers._) warm. (_Irish._) “Warm.” (_Eng. & Germ._) Gwr-ês, Heat; 6. C’h.r.e, to burn. Greiaw, to burn; Grau-haulai, Sun. (_Heb._ as above.) Grei-an, i.e. “the Grau-ek, Moon. Burner,” the Sun. (_Abipones, S. A._) (_Welsh._) 7. Grian. (_Irish._) 8. Grag, Fire. Gar-akou. (_Armenian._) (_Hurons._) Garocqua, Sun. (_Iroquois, N. A._) 9. Ee.ph.c’h,(171) Epee, Fire. to breathe, to pant. (_Katabans, N. A._) 10. Ph.ou.c’h, to Pioc Peez, Fire. blow upon, kindle, (_Moxians, S. A._) inflame. (_Heb._) Paahteh, Fire. (_Nadowessians, N. A._) Futui, Fire. (_Betoans, S. A._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bazu. Ibida. 9. Bazou, Fire. 10. Fosseye, the Sun. 11. 12. 13. 14. Aifi-am, Of-endi, the Moon. 15. T’aib, Fire. 16. 17. Teb re, Heaven. Tubhia, Tubia, Fire. 18. Tuah hey, “the Sun.”

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Phōs, Fire, Flame. 2. Ee.ph.c’h. (As Ee.ph-aistos, above.) Vulcan, the God of Fire. (_Greek._) 3 Ph.ou.c’h. (As Foc-us. (_Latin._) above.) 4. Aifi, Fire. Fire, Fei-er, (_Sumbava._) (_English & German_,) formed from the root by adding -_er_, the formative of nouns. 5. Fi. (_Japan._) 6. Fei. (_Siam._) 7. Vu-r. (_Affghan._) 8. Bi. (_Siberian._) 9. B.sh.l, to ripen Bask. (_English._) in the Sun, to boil. (_Heb._) 10. Phos, Star. Phō-s, Fire, Light. (_Japan._) (_Greek._) 11. Ee p h o, to Pha-o, to shine. shine forth. (_Greek._) (_Heb._) 12. Ee p.h.o, Phoi b-os, “Phœbus,” Brightness, the Sun. (_Greek._) Splendour. (_Chald._) 13. Ee p.ph.e, very beautiful. (_Heb._) 14. Alf, the Moon. (_Kurdish._) 15. Af, the Sun, and T’eb, the Sun. (_Sanscr._) 16. Af-teb, the Sun. (_Persian._) 17. Tab, Heat. Tep-or. (_Latin._) Tash, a Day. (_Persian._) (_Pimans_, south of _N. A._) 18. Taw, “Sun.” Tea-s, or Deas, Tasi, Fire. (_The (_Kurdish._) Sunbeams. (_Welsh._) Kinai_, extreme N. W. of _N. A._) Daazoa, Sun. (_Mokobis, S. A._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Tedi, “Moon.” 2. 3. To trig, “Moon.” 4. Ot u, and 5. Hauy, Fire. Hu, Fire. (_Nubia & Abyss._) 6. Ei T.ei, and T’jih “Fire.” 7. Tuah’ hey, “Sun.” (_Nubia & Abyss._) 8. Haou. Uwya, Awia. 9. Eoohu, Day. Ua, and Ou, “Sun.” (_Egypt._) 10. Aou.eh, Moon. 11. “I.oh” Lunus, the God of the Moon. (_Egypt._) 12. Joh Ooh Oih Oou, Glory. (_Egypt._) 13. Hu.n, Sun. [See Hu, Fire, above.] 14. Au-n, and Uwi-n, “Sun.” [See Awia, and Ua, Sun, above.]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Tadi, “Hot.” Tata, Fire. (_Affghan._) (_Omaguans_, N. A.) 2. Tab-dar, Hot. Tē k-ō, to melt, To-atka, Fire. (_Persian._) consume. (_Greek._) (_Musgohges_, _S. Carolina, N. A._) 3. Tœda, a Torch. (_Latin._) 4. Ot m, to be burnt Hot. (_English._) Ouato, Fire. up. (_Heb._) (_Caribs, S. A._) 5. Ho, “Fire.” Otschichta, Fire. (_Chinese._) (_Onandagos, N. A._) Oua, (_Natchez_,) and You, Fire. (_Woccons, N. A._) 6. 7. Ha, Hai, Hen, Hueiou, Weyo, Veio, Sun. (_Corea._) “Sun.” (_Caraibs, S. A._) 8. Ē-ōs, the Dawn. (_Greek._) 9. Auhe, Oweeh, Moon. (_Choctans, N. A._) 10. Yehiha, Moon. (_Mobimans, S. A._) 11. Yachquau, Moon. (_Senekas, N. A._) 12. 13. Hen, Sun (as Hu an, Phœbus, the above). (_Corea._) Sun. (_Welsh._) 14.

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Tôn-ih, Fire. 2. Tô in Sun. (_Nubia & Abyssinia._) 3. Tan gu, Tan go, Tan goa, Sun. 4. Danghitsi, Heaven. 5. Deemwa, Fire. Diambo, Sun. 6. Ik, Ika, Fire. Ejia, Fire. Ecy, Fire. (_Berbers & Dongolans._) 7. Ag ning, Engink, Sun. 8. Nahangue, Nonge, Eanga, Inyanga, Sun. (_Fulahs & Inganga, Moon. Phellatahs._) 9. K o e, to burn. 10. K o.h th, Fire. 11. K o e, to burn. (_Egypt._)

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Ta-an, Fire. Ta-ande, and Teinde. (_Welsh._) Teine, (_Algonquyn “Fire,” also “The Dialects._) Sun.” (_Irish._) 2. To-natiuh, Sun. (_Mexican._) 3. Tschingochok, Tschingukuk, Sun. Sun, and T angeik. (_Kadjaks_, N. W. of (_Tschugassians_, N. _A._) E. of _Asia_ and N. W. of _America_.) 4. Ten gri, Heaven. Toendi, Heaven. (_Tagurian._) (_Hurons, N. A._) 5. Tee me, or Tîme, (_Irish_,) and Don y m, or Tou y m, Heat, Hot. (_Welsh._) 6. Ioak, Fire. (_Choktahs, N. A._) 7. Ag nih, Fire. Iigain, “I Burn.” Ig nach, Ing nek, (_Sanscrit._) (_Russ._) Ignis, Fire. (_Greenland._) Ignem. (_Latin._) Okon, Fire. (_Sclavonian._) 8. Ee.c.b, And Cou Kaiō, to burn. e, to burn. (_Greek._) (_Hebrew._) 9. Co o h, Fire. (_Sussees, N. A._) 10. K uthal, K tal, Fire. (_Araucan, S. A._) 11. Chuk kut. (_Naragansetts._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. K o h th, Fire. 2. Shah, Flame. Shah shah Heat. (_Egyptian._) 3. Ejia, “Fire.” Ecy, Fire. 4. Edja, “Fire.” 5. Dio, “Fire.” Day, “Sun.” 6. 7. Eju, Ejwyge, Sun. 8. Gajewoade, Fire. 9. Uk, Igodu, Moon. 10. K a, and K cha, Moon.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Kohteoue, Kotawa, (and used by the same tribe.) 2. S cute, Fire. (_Miamis, N. A._) 3. 4. Djo, Djau, Die-s, Day. Heaven, Air. (_Latin._) (_Sanscrit._) 5. Divasi, Day. Dio, Dios, (Jupiter, Father of Day. (_Greek._) | 6. Diwaspiti Diespater. (“Diespater”), (_Latin._) Jupiter, “Father of Day.” (_Sanscrit._) 7. Equia, and Kizho, Kes-us, Igus-guia, Sun. Kissessua, Gischi, Goiza, Morning. Geschu, Sun; (_Basque._) Kijigah, Day. (_Algonquyn dialects:_) 8. 9. Hak,(172) Moon; Io-hakta, a Star. (_Algonquyn_ dialects, N. A.) 10. K’akh, Fire. (_Yucatan._) Kacha, Moon. (_Ugaljachnuti_, near _Behring’s Straits, N. A._) Cayacu, Moon. (_Brazil._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Onatejá, Moon. T’ jo, Moon. T’ ga, Moon. (_Berber & Dongolan._) 2. T.jih, Fire. 3. 4. 5. Onatejá, Moon. T’jo, “Moon.” T’ ga, Moon. (_Berber & Dongolan._) 6. Teelee, “Sun.” Duléh, “Sun.” 7. Dalkah, “Day.” 8. Dilko, “Heaven.” Dalkah, a Day, (as above.) 9. Genaa, “Sun.” 10. Guiante, “Sun.” 11. Gonde, Gonda, “Moon.”

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Tacock, Moon. (_Esquimaux._) 2. Taiki, Fire. (_Pimans, S.A._) 3. Tüiküt, Sun. Taiki, Sun. (_Coriac._) (_Tarahumaran._) 4. D’ge, “Day.” Tag, “Day,” (_Georgian._) (_German._) Day. (_English._) 5. Tagara, “Heaven.” (_Jakutian._) 6. Tael, Tylys, Taglich. (_German._) Moon. (_Permian._) Dai-ly. (_English._) 7. Tjel, “Day.” Tsele, Day. Tsjel-emi, “Daily.” (_Tarahumaran_, S. (_Ostiaks._) of _N. A._) 8. Talkon, a Day. (_The Kinai_, extreme N. W. of _N. A._) 9. Guin esch, Gunes, Gunnei, or Cunnei, Coun, Fire. “Sun.” (_Turk._) “A great Fire.” (_Chippeway._) Kes-is Kesus, “Sun.” (_Algonquyn._) 10. Gun, “Day.” Gunnes, “Warm.” (_Casanians._) (_Welsh._) 11. Kun, Sun. (_Tartar._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Agonne, Moon. 3.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Kjun, Day. Egun, Day. Kize-kun, (_Turk._) (_Basque._) Okené-gat,(173) “Day.” (_Algonquyn dialects._) 2. Tes-Gessu, Sun. [Evidently a compound of Gischu or Kiz-ho, the Sun, with “Tesh.”(174)] 3. Tschi, Schi, Teshe-kow, “Day,” “Day.” (_Morduins_, (_Algonquyn N.E. of _Asia_.) Dialects._)

According to Du Ponceau the words for “Heaven” in the Algonquyn tongue are derived from several sources. A numerous class consists of “Mots derivées de _Kesuch_, Astre, Soleil,” i.e. words from _Kesuch_, “Sun, Star.” Compare the names for the “Eye,” previously noticed; also traced by Du Ponceau to Kesuch, or Kesus, “The Sun.”

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. T’ gachu, “Heaven.” 3. 4. Tschukko, “Heaven.” K’ tak. 5. Nghoi, “Heaven.” [Also “Thunder in the Air.”] 6. 7. Homma, “Heaven.” [See Omma, Moomo, and other analogous words previously explained, applied to “Sun and Moon.”]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. K jok,(175) Kez-hik, Keg-ik, “Heaven.” (_Turk._) Heaven 2. Chok, “Heaven.” (_Tart._) Kuk, “Heaven.” (_Casan._) 3. Kh’igan, Gezhegon, Heaven. “Heaven.” (_Comac._) (_Algonquyn._) Ko’chan, “Heaven.” (_Kamschatka._) Kundschu, “Heaven.” (_Jukadshires._) 4. Shkai, “Heaven.” “Sky.” (_Eng & Ta k, Tack, (_Morduins._) Dan._) “Heaven.” (_Esquimaux._) Keschékewé, Heaven. (_Algonquyn._) 5. 6. Kiusiu-luste. (_Tscheremessian._) 7.

Another class of names for “heaven,” are words signifying “_On High_,” _En Haut._

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Szemmèÿ, Heaven. (_Nubia & Abyssinia._) 2. Szèmma, Heaven. (_Berbers & Dongolans._) 3. Szemma, Heaven, (_Phellata._) 4. Szemma. 5. Szemma. 6. Assaman. Sambiam pungo. Assamane, Heaven. 7. 8. Apĕ, Apē, Aphe, “Head.” 9. A ph . o ph, a Ivaq. Giant. (_Egypt._) 10. I banju

Asia. Europe. America. 1. 2. 3. 4. Sema, Heaven. (_Arabic._) 5. Shmia, Heaven. (_Pehlwi._) 6. Asman, Heaven. A woso-gamé, Heaven. (_Siberian Tartars_) [Literally “En Haut,” on high.] (_Algonquyn._) 7. Upo. (_Greek._) Up. Apez, Heaven. (_English._) (_Moxian._) Heavion, to rise, Heafon, Heaven. (_Ang. Sax._) Haupt. (_German._) 8. Heafod, (_Ang. Sax._) Huf-wud, Head. (_Swedish._) 9. I bag, I bâca. (_Brazil._) 10. Oubecou, (_Caraibs_,) Ipigem, Heaven. (_Abipones._)

Another Class of names for “Heaven,” are words signifying “_On High_,” _En Haut._

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Pe, and Phe, Heaven. 2. N e th-Pe and Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. 3. Net-phe, an Egyptian Goddess, the consort of Seb or Saturn. Her emblem was “_The Firmament_.” 4. Ne-Pheou, Heaven-s or Heaven. [Like the Greek “Ouranoi.”] (_Egypt._) 5. Sulu, “Heaven.” I suhlu, Heaven. [Compare preceding words.]

Asia. Europe. America. 1. 2. Ibo, Ibunga, the Sun. (_California._) 3. Nebo, Heaven. (_Sclavon._) Nev, Heaven. (_Welsh._) 4. 5. S l, to raise, Celsus, Cœlum. elevate. (_Hebrew._) (_Latin._)

Another Class of words for the “Sky” is derived, as is obvious in many languages, from words primarily meaning “Air.”

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Maaro, Heaven. [Compare the formation of M—.’ A . ou . r, a Luminary, _Hebrew_, from A our, Light,(176) as previously explained.] 3. Iru, Heaven. 4. 5. Atem co. 6. Aineha. 7. Aineha addela, Eye. (_Nubia & Abyss._)

Asia. Europe. America. 1. A ou . ee . r, A wyr, the Air, the Air, Space, Sky. (_Welsh._) (_Chald._) from A r, to flow. (_Heb._) 2. A r w, Heaven. (_Ossetian._) 3. A ē r and Ē r ē, Juno, the Atmosphere or Heavens personified. 4. Auwa, Heaven. A .ō, to blow, Wahwi, “Heaven.” (_Sib. Tartars._) breathe. (_Greek._) (_Algonquyn._) A ha, Breath. [According to Du (_German._) A-them, Ponceau, of unknown Breath, Air. origin, “origine (_German._) inconnue.” But see the adjoining column.] 5. At m-ē, At m-os, Breath, Vapour. Atmos-Sphaira, Atmosphere. (_Greek._) Atmosphere. (_English._) Chwa, a gust of Wind. (_Welsh._) 6. Aino, Eye. (_Mossans, S. A._) 7. Oeen, Eye. Ene, En, Behold. En-ourou, Yen-ourou, Behold. (_Heb._) (_Latin._) Eye. (_Caraibs, S. Yen, Eye. A._) (_Chinese._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. Ne ay. Hinma, Eye. 2. Neay (as above). 3. Nou kou, Onukou, Eye. 4. 5. K hasso, Eye. 6. Guitte, Eye. 7. Egō at, Eye. (_Nubia & Abyss._)

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Ñahui, Eye. (_Quichauns._) Nàgui, Eye. (_Quitenans, S. A._) 2. Ne, Eye. Ne, Nege, Ge, “Eye.” (_Circassian._) (_Araucan, S. A._) 3. Nigüecogue, Nigecogee, “Eye.” (_M. Bayan._) Natocle, “Eye.” (_Abipones_, inhabitants of the extreme S. of _S. America_.) 4. Achsi, Eye. Ishyik. K hescoué, (_Sanscrit._) the Eye, connected with Kesus, the Sun. (_Algonquyn,_(_177_)_ N. A._) 5. Kussee, Eye. (_Nootka Sound._) 6. Giosgus, Gus, Eye. (_Turk._) 7. Eage, Eye. (_Ang. Sax._) Oko, Eye. (_Sclavonian._) Oculus, Eye. (_Latin._)

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. Zu, Sun (as before). T’ saguh, Eye. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Szan-ko, Eye.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. Sah, the Sun and Moon. (_Chippeway_, as before.) 2. Zu, and Zuiakc, Eye. (_Lulians_, S. A.) 3. Sagax, Quick of Sight. (_Latin_.) Sight. (_English._) 4. Sai, Saiwa, Saie, See. (_English._) Eye. (_Samoied._) Sehen. (_German._) 5. Schun, “Sun.” Sun. (_English._) (_Mantchu._) 6. Sem, Eye. Szem, Eye. (_Ostiaks._) (_Hungarian._) 7. Shenek, Eye. (_Alyon. dialects_, N. A.)

In the words next following we have an example of the principle that the terms applied to the perceptive powers of the “Hand,” in the first instance, form a source of many analogous words applied to the operations of the other senses, and to those of the mind.

NORTH MIDDLE SOUTH AFRICA—_Egyptians, AFRICA—_Negroes._ AFRICA—_Hottentots, &c._ &c._ 1. 2. 3. Tewho, Eye. 4. Batte, Eye. 5. Bal, an Eye, Bel, Eyes. (_Egypt._) 6. Belle, Blind. [Supposed by Dr. Loewe to be from Bel or Bal, and the Hebrew negative suffix “_l_.”] (_Egypt._) 7. Rogue, Heaven.

Asia. Europe. America. 1. E e d, the Hand. Yede, Eye. (_Zamucans, S. A._) 2. E ed o, to feel, Eido, to _see_, to to perceive, to know. (_Greek._) know. 3. Do-eth re, Eye. Do-eth, Wise. (_Zend._) (_Welsh._) 4. Toké, Eye. (_Villelans, S. A._) 5. B th, the Pupil Ball, Eyeball. of the Eye. (_English._) Bli-ck. (_Hebrew._) (_German._) 6. Blink. (_English._) [Compare this word with the last.] 7. Blind, Black. (_English._)

Remarks.

The proofs involved in the previous Analysis of the original unity of the different languages of the globe are distinct and vivid. It will be observed that those irregularities of structure, which are to be found more or less in each individual language, viewed separately, disappear when the whole mass of human tongues are thus surveyed in combination as derivative branches of one original speech. Moreover, it will be seen that the greater the number of languages, and the wider the geographical surface of the globe comprised in the comparison, the more minutely may be traced the steps of the transition by which the languages of mankind branched off from their common Original. This evidence is in its nature demonstrative of the truths developed in these pages.

It will be apparent that the Heavenly Bodies were originally designated by numerous synonymes applied to the Sun, Moon, and Stars alike. In the course of time, a portion of these terms fell into disuse among each different branch of the human family; and as these various tribes did not, except in individual instances, preserve the same terms, these changes gave rise to differences, apparently fundamental. Moreover, in those instances in which the _same_ terms were retained, time produced important conventional differences of _application_. For example, in order to distinguish the Sun, Moon, &c. from each other.

1. A portion of these synonymes, which were originally used for all the Heavenly Bodies alike, were exclusively _appropriated_ to the Sun, while other synonymes were appropriated in like manner to the Moon, &c.; among different nations the same terms were frequently applied to _different_ luminaries. Thus, in conformity to this principle, the English words “Sun” and “Moon” will be found to occur in the previous Analysis each applied, in other languages, to _both_ those luminaries.

2. In some cases the different luminaries were distinguished from each other in a different manner, viz. two or more synonymes were united into one compound word, which was employed as the distinctive name of one of the Heavenly Bodies, as of the Sun, for example, while the “Moon” and the “Stars” continued to be known by their original names, consisting of simple synonymes; or received new names, formed by means of _distinct_ compounds.

Examples of the second class abound in the dialects of the American continent. One example may suffice in this place, by way of illustration: “Tes-gessu” in some of these dialects means the Sun; in other dialects we find each of its component elements, “_Tês_” and “_Gessu_,” used _separately_ as names of the same luminary. In common with many other important truths, the nature and origin of these compounds are, I conceive, rendered clearly apparent by an extended range of comparison, though they seem to have been a source of embarrassment to the philosophical mind of Du Ponceau, whose valuable inquiries were confined to a particular class of the dialects of North America.

When the results of the previous Analysis are compared with the previous collection of African synonymes, used as names of the Heavenly Bodies, &c., it will be found that _nearly every one_ of these synonymes has been unequivocally connected with the languages of the other three great divisions of the globe. The exceptions are too insignificant to be in any respect deserving of attention, with reference to the objects of this investigation. The completeness of this explanation of the African terms may, in the first instance, form a subject of surprise. But, astonishing as the results of the previous comparison in this respect undoubtedly are, they are nevertheless precisely the same as we should be led _à priori_ to expect, on the assumption that the African nations are descended from the same stock as the inhabitants of the other three continents.(178)

Words For “Man, Woman, Human Being.”

[In the following Analysis, the letter M. marks nouns masculine, (“Vir,” _Latin_, “Man,” _English_;) F. marks nouns feminine, (“Fœmina,” _Latin_, “Woman,” _English_;) H. marks terms applied to a “Human Being,” whether “male” or “female,” (“Homo,” _Latin_, “Mensch,” _German_;) there is no equivalent expression in the English language.]

From the following Analysis, it will be apparent that, originally, the same words were in most instances applied to individuals of the human race, whether male or female, indiscriminately. Subsequently, a portion of the synonymes, thus indiscriminately applied in the first instance to the _whole_ species, were _separately_ appropriated to each of the two sexes; while another portion, as, for example, the Latin, “Homo,” and the German, “Mensch,” continued to be used as general terms for an individual of the species, _without reference to sex_.

As the appropriation of these words was purely conventional, the same synonymes were very frequently appropriated, among different branches of the human race, to different sexes: i.e. a word appropriated to “Man” (Vir) by some tribes was appropriated to the “Female” sex (Fœmina) by other tribes. It is also evident that the terms thus appropriated consisted in some instances of simple, in others of compound, synonymes.

These principles, which are precisely analogous to the results which flow from a comparison of the names of “The Heavenly Bodies” in the African tongues and in the other languages of the globe, will be found to afford a complete and consistent explanation of the phenomena displayed by the following Analysis, viz.: As before suggested, we find the _words_ applied to the _human race_ in the different tongues of the globe _the same_; it is only in the _appropriation of those words_, as regards the two _sexes_, that we find a wide diversity in the various languages of the human race.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS I.

First Modification.

North Gour-ko, M., Gourk-o Africa.—_Fulahs & Mahodo, M. Phellatahs_ _Negro-land_ Gourr, H., Garr, H., Core, H. Gour-gne, M., Kerim, F. Europe.—_Welsh_ Gour, M. (A mighty man, a hero.) Gour-on, M. Asia.—_Taraikai_ Guru, H _Kamschatka_ K ur, H. _Pelu_ K or, H. _Negro-land_ (as Core. H. above)

Second Modification.

South Urun, H. Orrang, Africa.—_Madagascar_ M.(179) Europe.—_Welsh_. Our, M., Ouron, M. (Modifications of “Gour and Gour-on,” above.) Asia.—_Malay_ Orang, M. South Uar mi, F. America.—_Quicuans_ _Negro-land_ (as Ker im, F. above)

There is a very obvious connexion between the above words for Man and a word for “The Hand,” of which the extreme antiquity is apparent from its occurring in the languages of races so widely separated as the following, in whose tongues this word exists in the subjoined forms, which cannot be said essentially to differ from each other: Gara (_Mongol_), Kara (_Sanscrit_), Keir (_Greek_), “The Hand.” [Compare the relation shown in the following examples between Manus, “The Hand” (_Latin_), and Manus-zia (_Sanscrit_), and Men-sch (_German_), i.e. Homo, a “Human Being.”]

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS II.

Europe.—_English_ To _Be_. _Welsh_ (Living, to Biou. live) _Greek_ (To live) Bio-ō.(180) _Greek_ (Life) Bi-os. Asia.—_Koibals, N. Biusé, M. Asia_ _Negro-land_ Buas-ja, F.

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS III.

First Modification.

Europe.—_Latin_ Homo, H. South Uhm-to, H. Uhm-fasi, Africa.—_Koosas_ F. (A Child) Uhm-toano. _Negro-land._ (A Bi-ommo, H. compound, apparently, of Ommo and the previous word “Biou,” &c.) South Humasoi, H. Umasoi, America.—_Betoans_ H. _Negro-land_ Um-ir, H. Mo, H. Asia.—_Ossetians_ Mo, H. South Me, M. America.—_Guaramians_ _Negro-land_ Amme, H., Emme, H. Meame, H. Mammoku, M. Mangman, F.

The following are examples of words of this class applied to the Female Sex:

South Ma, F. America.—_Mobimans_ _Mossans_ (“A Meme, F. Mother”) _Negro-land_ Ma, F., Mmi, F. North Hime, F., Himi, F. Africa.—_Egypt_ Europe.—_Basque_ Emea, F. Asia.—_Karassians Ima, F., Ime, F. and Ostiaks_ Europe.—_Fin._ Waimo, F.

Second Modification.

Europe.—_Latin_ Ho-_min_-em, H. (from Homo) (Human) Hu-“_man_”-ûs. (The Hand) “_man_”-us. Asia,—_Sans._ (A Manus-zia, H. “Human Being”) Europe.—_German_ Men-sch, H. (The same) (A Man, Vir) Mann, M. _English_ Man, M. _Danish_ Mand, M. _Negro-land_ Manee, H., Mond, H., Mundu, H. South Africa.—_Lagoa Monhee, H. Bay_ _Beetjuanas_ Muhn-to, H. Mon-una, M. Asia.—_Kurd_ Manno, M. _Ossetian_ Moine Mo, H. South Mena, M. America.—_Omaguans_

The following are examples in which the _Second Modification_ and the transition from the first to the second form of these words are traceable in words applied to the Female Sex.

Europe.—_Fin._ Waimo, F. (Woman, as above) Asia.—_Sanscrit_ Wa-_man_i, F. Europe.—_English_ Wo-man, F.

The words of this Class may be distinctly traced, in both their previous modifications, as Pronouns in common use in the principal languages of Europe and Asia. The value of this evidence will be understood when Horne Tooke’s principle, that Pronouns are identical with Nouns, is borne in mind.

1. Pronouns identical with Amme, Emme, Meame, “Man,” above:

Aham, “I,” Mam, “Me,” (_Sanscrit._) Eme, “Me,” (_Greek._)

2. Pronouns identical with Monhe, Mano, Manee, “Man,” above.

Mon, “I,” (_Ostiak._) Men, I, (_Persian._) Menik, “I,” (_Belutchee._) Menya, “Me,” (_Russian._) “Mein,” (_German and English._)

For other examples, see Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America.

There is another topic that calls for observation in this place.

The origin of the peculiar transition, observable in this class of words, as, for example, in the instance of the Latin words “Homo, Ho-_minis_, Hu-manus, Manus,” has been fully investigated in the Observations on the Algonquyn Dialects of North America. Those observations are equally applicable in this place, for the previous Analysis establishes the remarkable fact that the African languages exhibit in this instance not only the same _words_, but the principal subordinate modifications of those words, which occur in the tongues of the other three continents.

Further, these modifications are _completely_ traceable in the Negro dialects _separately_ considered. They are also completely traceable in the dialects of South Africa _separately_ considered. Moreover, it may be added, that these gradations of inflexion actually coexist in one _single class_ of South African dialects: “Uhm-to, Muhn-to, Monuna,” are all found in the languages of the kindred tribes, the Koossas and Beetjuanas.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS IV.

First Modification.

South Joalé, H. Aalo, F. America.—_Abipones and Mokobis_ _Negro-land_ Alo, F. Europe.—_Latin Ille, Illa. Pronouns_ South Lelay, M. Lahe, M. Africa.—_Madagascar_

Second Modification.

North Lomi, H. Africa.—_Egypt_ _Negro-land_ Olummi, M.(181) South Olon, H. Oelun, H. Africa.—_Madagascar_ Asia.—_Malays of Aulon, H. Formosa_ N. Ahlaniah, H. America.—_Algonquyn Illaniah, H. dialects_ Illenni, H. Lenno, M. Lennis, H. _Negro-land_ Laniu, M. Lung, F.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS V.

Europe.—_Welsh_, Nouv us. “Full of Spirits” Asia.—_Hebrew._ N. ph. sh, H. (Breath, Spirit, A Man) _Negro-land_ Nipa, H., Nippa, H. Nebeju, M., Enipa, H. N. Népiou, H., Napiou, America.—_Algonquyn H. Nabou, H., dialects_ Len-nâpé, M.

Referring to the foregoing American words, Népio and Nabou, Du Ponceau observes, “Ces deux derniers semblent avoir quelque rapport avec Len-âpé.” “_The last two seem to have some connexion with Len-âpé._” Lenâpé is plainly a compound of the two preceding roots, Lenno and Napiou. The nature of these compounds, which, as above stated, may be said to have escaped the observation of Du Ponceau, has been explained in the preceding remarks on “The Heavenly Bodies.” Len-âpé is a compound formed to distinguish the _Male_ sex.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS VI.

First Modification.

North Anah.On.h. Africa.—_Egypt_ (To live) Asia.—_Heb._ (To A.n.c.h. A.n.sh, M., sigh, breathe) N.sh.e, F. _Kamschatka_ Ainu, M. _Negro-land_ Nu, M., In, F. South T’Na, M. Africa.—_Bosjesmans_ N. Anini, H., Inin, M., America.—_Algonquyn Ninnee, M., dialects_ Inishiti, H. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (as An.sh, M., N sh.e, above) F.

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Ungi, M. Jankueh, F., Nga, F. North Nekdo, H. Africa.—_Phellatahs_ North Ongué, H. America.—_Iroquois_ _Greenland_ Innuk, H.

Agreeably to Horne Tooke’s principles, the following Pronouns in other languages may be regarded as identical with the African Nouns in the Analysis, viz.:

The Pronoun of the Second Person, Nyu, Nai, “Thou” (_Chinese_), may be identified with Nu, and T’na. The Pronouns of the First Person, “I,” Anok (_Egyptian_), An.c.ee (_Hebrew_), Iōn ga (_Greek_), Ngoo (_Chinese_), may be viewed as identical with Ungi Jankueh and Nga.(182)

_Further examples of both the previous Modifications of Class VI._ _Being words applied to the Female Sex._

Asia.—_Malay_ Ina, F. _Turkish_ (A Mother) Anna, F. _Negro-land_ Anna, F. South Anu, F. America.—_Sapeboeans_ Europe.—_Hungarian_ Anya. (A Mother) _Negro-land_ Wan, F., Jankueh, F. Asia.—_Japan_ Wonna, F., Wonago, F. _Lieu Kieu_ Einago, F. Europe.—_English_ Wench _Gothic_ Uen, F., Uens, F. South Africa Honnes, F. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (as A.n.sh, M., N.sh.e, above) F. _Koibal_ Niausa, F.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—_Class_ VII.

First Modification.

South Kouh, M., Kauh, M. Africa.—_Coronas_ Negroland Cow, M., Kea, M., Kaikjai, M., Koa, M., (_plural._) South Chha, M. America.—_Muyscans_ _Zamucans_ Cheké, F. North Ochechee, M. America.—_Shawannos_ Asia.—_Heb._ (A Gou.e. Body, A Person) _Kamschatka_ Okkăijŭh, M. _Taraikai_ Okkai, M. _Lasian_ Akadju, M. N. Africa.—_Berbers Agikh, M. & Dongolans_

_Words applied chiefly to Nouns Feminine._

Asia.—_Mantschu_ Chache, M., or Haghe, M., Cheche, F., or Heghe, F S. Cheké, F. America.—_Zamucans_ (as above) North Huagin, F. America.—_Cochimi_ Europe.—_English_ Hag, F. _German_ Hexe, F. _Latin Pronouns_ Hic, M., Hæc, F.

Second Modification.(183)

South Kouh, M., Kus, F., Africa.—_Hottentot Kauh, M., Chai-sas, Tribes_ F. K’quique, M., K’quiqis, F. Quoique, M., Kyoiqui-s, F. Quai-scha, F. Europe.—_Latin Qui, Quis, Quisque. Pronouns_ South Cocco, M. America.—_Salivians_ _Mobimans_ Coucya, F. N. Hakke, H., Icquoi-s, America.—_Algonquyn F. Esqua, F., dialects_ (A Body, “Squaw,” F. or Person)

It will be observed that in the previous African words, as also in the North American words introduced into the comparison, the Feminine is formed by adding the letter “_s_,” (as in the English Prince-_ss_); a form which prevails widely in the most ancient languages of Europe.

Asia.—_Taraikai_ (as Okai, M. above) _Negro-land_ Okee-tu, F., Uk-assi, F. Asia.—_Georgian_ Kasi, M. _Samoied_ (Men) Chosowo. _Lasian_ Goz, H. Europe.—_Welsh_ Gouas, M. _Basque_ Giuzona, M. _Negro-land_ Guiguienne, F., Guiacar, M.

Third Modification.

_Negro-land_ Jakkela, M., Ackala, M.(184) South Oukele, H. America.—_Caraibs_ North Oquichetle, H. America.—_Mexico_

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS VIII. [A Modification of CLASS VII.]

Asia.—_Hebrew_ Gou. e, or G O V, H. (“Man,” as above) _Pehlwi_ Gebna, M. _Samoied_ Chubb, M., Chyb, M. South Chaib, M., Kupp, M. Africa.—HOTTENTOTS

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c.—_CLASS IX.

North Hoout, H. Africa.—_Egypt_ _Nubia & Abyssinia_ Odéÿ, H. Oták, M. Negro-land. Ot ga, M., Ot-jee, F.

Conformably to Horne Tooke’s principle, A.th.c., “Thou” (_Hebrew,_) may be regarded as identical with Otak, Ot ga, Ot-jee, the above names for “Man, Woman,” &c.

Asia.—_Tribes on the Had-kip, M. __“__Jenisei__”__ River_ _in Siberia_ At-kub, M. Hutt, H., Hitt, H. Ket, H., K hitt, H.

These words are composed of simple and of compound synonymes, both derived from the last two classes of words.

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS X.

First Modification.

_Negro-land_ Mad, H., Made, H., Mutte, H. Europe.—_Icelandic_ Mad-ur, M. Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Māth, F.

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Messhuhu, M., Muhsa, F. Musee, F. Asia.—_Zend._ Meshio, M. _Taraikai_ Mazy, F. _Motorian_ Misem, F. Europe.—_Sclavonian_ Mosh, M. _Latin._ Mas, M.(185) _Armorican_ Maues, F. South Muysca, M. America.—_Muyscans_ _Negro-land_ Mogee, H. Europe.—_Dalmatian_ Muux, M.

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XI.

_Negro-land_ Ibalu, M., Belb, M., Obellima, M. South Africa Am-pele, F. South Pelé, H. America.—_Vilellans_

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XII.

Europe. (_Latin_ and “Is,” “Os.” _Greek_ Pronouns, and terminations of Nouns) _Latin_ (To Be) Esse. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (“To E c . sh. A . ee . Be”) sh (Vir.) A . sh . e (Fœmina.)(186) _Negro-land_ Osse, H., See, H. Uzu, M.(187) South Zohee, M., Zohee-s, Africa.—_Hottentots_ F. Europe.—_Greek_ Zo-ē. (Life) (To live) Zoō.

_Names for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XIII.

First Modification.

Asia.—_Affghan_ Meru, M. _Zend_ Merete, M. _Persian_ Mard, M. _Sanscrit_ Mart-ja, M. Europe.—_Latin_ Mari-tus, M., Mar-is.

Second Modification.

Asia.—_Georgian_ K-mari, M. Africa.—_Negro-land_ Ka_mere_, M.

Third Modification.

_Negro-land_ Nu-_mero_, H. North Né-_marough_, H. America.—_Algon. dialects._

_Words for __“__Man, Woman,__”__ &c._—CLASS XIV.

[Applied chiefly to the _Female_ Sex.]

First Modification.

Europe.—_Greek_ (A Gun . ē, F. Woman) _Russian_ Jena, F. _Latin_ (“The Mother “Juno.” of the Gods”) Asia.—_Sanscrit_ Jani, F. (Janoni, A Mother.) _Negro-land_ Jonnu, F., Djonnu, F., Junoo, F.(188)

The identity of the Negro word “Junoo” with the Latin “Juno,” is a remarkable feature in this comparison.

“Janoni, a Mother, in Sanscrit,” it is observed in an able article in the Edinburgh Review,(189) “is the manifest origin of the Latin appellation of _the mother of the Gods_.”

Second Modification.

_Words for __“__Woman.__”_

South Coenac, F. America.—_Mocobis_ _Omaguans_ Cunia, F. South Aukona, F. Africa.—_Hottentots_

_Words for __“__Man,__”_ (Vir and Homo.)

First Modification.

_Negro-land_ Gonee, M. Asia.—_Mongol_ Kun, M. _Jukadshires_ Kun sch, M.

Second Modification.

South Africa T’kohn, H.(190) N. Tchainan, H. America.—_Algonquyn dialects_ Asia.—_Corea_ Tchin, H. Europe.—_Irish and Duine, H., Dean, H. Welsh_

Names Of “The Hand.”

The African words of this Class collected by Adelung are thirty-six in number. Of these, twenty-nine belong to the languages of the region of pure Negroes. In the following Analysis the whole of these words have been shown to be related to analogous words used in the other great divisions of the Globe.(191)

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS I.

First Modification.

North Tom. America.—_Mexico_ North Tedembeton. Africa.—_Nubia_ Europe.—_Welsh_ (“To Teim-law. feel”) _English_ “Thumb.” _German_ (The Thumb) Daum. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (To Tom. perceive, discern, taste) Africa.—_Hottentots_ Tamma, and T’inn. (Tongue) Europe.—_English_ Tongue.

There are numerous examples to show that the words for the Tongue and the Taste of the _Palate_ are in many, if not in all cases, terms thus applied in a _secondary_ sense, which, in their _primary_ meaning, were applied to “_The Hand_,” and its Perceptive Functions. Compare the words which occur hereafter (under “The Names for the Hand.—Class X.”) Tusso, “The Hand” (_Negro_); Dāst, “The Hand” (_Persian_); Tast-en, “To _grope_” (_German_); “Taste” (_English_).

The names for “The Hand,” and its Functions, have also given rise to numerous words metaphorically expressive of mental operations, as in the above examples: Tom, “The Hand” (_Mexican_); Tom, To Taste, To Discern, Discernment, Judgment (_Hebrew_); Tam-ias, A Judge (_Greek_); Doom, “Dooms-day” (_English_).

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Dinde, Ninde, Nindi. South Tangh, Tangam, Africa.—_Madagascar_ Tangan. _Hottentots_ T’unka. Asia.—_Malays_ Tangan, Tögon, Tono. _Tribes on the __“__Jenisei__”__ River, in Siberia_ _Kamschatka_ Tono. North Tene-law. America.—_Hudson’s Bay._ “The Hand” “The Tongue” Tene-thoun.

In these American dialects “Tene” is a general prefix to the names of the senses; “Law” is the _distinctive_ name of the Hand; “Toun” the _distinctive_ name of the Tongue, &c.

Europe.—_English_ Tongue. _Latin Verbs_ Tang-o, Teneo.

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS II.

South T’koam. Africa.—_Coronas_ North Cam. America.—_Poconchi_ Asia.—_Hebrew_ (A K. m ts. _Hand_-full) (To grasp, To lay K. m. t. hold of) Europe.—_Welsh_ (To Kum-meryd. take)

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS III.

_Negro-land_ Bulla. (Hand and Arm) Bulla. Asia.—_Persian_ (The B. Arm)

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS IV.

_Negro-land_ Obaa. Europe.—_Gothic & Hab-an. Häb-ban. Anglo-Saxon_ (To have) _Latin_ Hab-ere.

_Names of __“__The hand.__”_—CLASS V.

_Negro-land_ Ononuba. South Nubou, Nuboupé. America.—_Mossans_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS VI.

North Koi. Africa.—_Egypt._ (The Hand and Front Arm) (The Hand) Gig. _Negro-land_ Kook Coco. Kogo. Okuh, Hukko. Europe.—_Finland_ Kchesi. _Lapland_ Chketsch. Chkatsch. _Hungarian_ Keez. Asia.—_Arabic_ Caa. (Cubitus) _Tamul_ (Hand) Kei. _Georgian_ Che. _Persian_ Kef, or Gef. _Quasi Quumuq_ Kujä. _Ossetian_ Koch, Kuch. N. America.—_Nootka Kook-elixo. Sound_ _Tschitketans_ Katchicou. _Ugaljachmutzi_ Kajak-az. _Senecas_ Kaschuchta. _St. Barbara’s_ Huachajâ. S. Cuu, Cuugh. America.—_Araucans_ _Brazils_ Gepo. _Yarurans_ Icchi-mo.

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_-CLASS VII.

The following may be regarded as modifications of the foregoing Class of words:

North Shig. Africa.—_Egypt_ [Allied to Gig, “The Hand,” (_Egypt_) above mentioned] South Sseak-ja. Africa.—_Beetjuanas_ Asia.—[Language of Zjâk. the _Garrau Mountains_, N.E. of _Bengal_] _Georgian_ Shi. _Chinese_ Zjiu, Ziu. N. Shou-shey. America.—_Fitzhugh Sound_ _Negro-land_ Aschi. Europe.—_Basque_ Escua.

The words used in the last two Classes of examples as “_Names_” for “The Hand,” may be identified in the most unequivocal manner in other instances, as _Verbs_ descriptive of some distinctive Functions of the Hand.

Compare Coco, Okuh, Hukko, _Negro_ names for “The Hand,” with the verbs Kō, “To take,” Ek-ō, “To hold, have, act” (_Greek_); Ago (_Latin_).

Compare Aschi (_Negro_), Escua (_Basque_), with Esch-ŏn, Isch-ein, Sch-ein, “To hold,” “To have” (_Greek_).

Compare Katchicou, _North American_, and Chkatsch, _Lapland_, names for “The Hand,” with “Catch” (_English_).

Compare Kef, or Gef (_Persian_), and Gepo “The Hand” (_Brazilian_), with Give (_English_), Geb-en (_German_).

Compare Kaschuchtah, _North American_, and Khesi, _Fin_, names for the Hand, with the verbs Keisio, “To search for” (_Welsh_), Guess (_English_); verbs derived from G.sh, “To feel, search for, with the Hand” (_Hebrew_).

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS VIII.

Asia.—_Hebrew_ (The A.m.e. Hand and Forearm) _Hebrew_ (“A Ee.m.ee.n. Ee.m.n.e. Finger,” “The Right Ee.m.ee.n.th. Hand”) North Mah, Mahe. Africa.—_Egypt_. The Hand and Forearm) South Omma. Africa.—_Hottentots_ (Hand) South Eme. America.—_Sapibocans_ [See A.m.e (_Hebrew_) Yumanai. above.] _Zamucans_ [See Ee.m.n.e Immomo. (_Hebrew_) above.] _Salivians_

The following may be viewed as modifications of the previous words:(192)

South Africa.—_Lagoa Mundha. Bay_ Europe.—_Latin_ Manus.

_Names of __“__The hand.__”_—CLASS IX.

_Negro-land_ Ensah, Ensaa. South Fansah. Africa.—_Caffres_ Europe.—_Latin_ Ansa or Hansa.(193) (“Handle”) _Latin_ (To seize or Pré-hendo. hold) _Danish, Icelandic, Haand, Hond, Hand. English, and German_ _Greek_ (To take) Chandano. Asia, North.—_Tribes Kenar, Kenaran. on the __“__Jenisei__”__ River, Siberia_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS X.

North Idd-egh. Africa.—_Berber_ Asia.—_Hebrew and Eed, Ied. Arabic_ _Pehlwi_ Jede-man.(194) _Sumoied, Koibal, Uda, Oda, Udam. and Motorian_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XI.

North Youngo. Africa.—_Phellatahs_ _Negro-land_ Nakoa. South Onekoa. Africa.—_Hottentots of Saldana Bay_ North Nagona. America.—_Cochimi_ _Miamis_ Onexca. Enahkee. _Iroquois_ Eniage. _Algon. dialects_ Nachk. Naak. Europe.—_English_ Knack. (Adroitness in any Handy-craft) _English_ (Joints of Knuck-les. the Fingers) South Nucápe. America.—_Maipurans_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XII.

First Modification.

South T’aa. Africa.—_Bosjesmans_ North Daha. America.—_Mixtecans_ Europe.—_Welsh_ (The Dahai. Right hand)

Second Modification.

Asia.—_Persian and Dā-st. Kurd_ _Armenian_ Tzjern. _Negro-land_ Tusso. Europe.—_German_ (A Tatze. Claw, a Paw) _German_ (To Tast-en. _grope_) _English_ (applied “Taste.” to the Palate)

Third Modification.

Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Tegi. Europe.—_English_ (A “Take.” Verb) Asia.—_Taraikai_ Dēk. Europe.—_Latin_ (The Dex-tra. Right Hand) _Greek_ (To take) Dekomai.

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XIII.

_Negro-land_ Be. Asia.—Tribes on the Phjaga. _Jenisei, Siberia_ _Siam_ Pfan. Europe.—_Welsh_ Pau-en. _English_ (applied Paw. to animals) South Poh, Po. America.—_Brazils_ _Omaguans_ Pua. North Peton. America.—_Mic-Macs_

_Names of __“__The Hand.__”_—CLASS XIV.

First Modification.

_Negro-land_ Alo, Allo. Asia.—_Turkish_ Ell, Elli. Europe.—(An old Ell, Elle. Teutonic word applied to the Cubit, or Forearm) _English_ El-bow.

Second Modification.

_Negro-land_ Loho. Europe.—_Welsh_ La-o-u. America.—_Chippewayans_ Lah. _Hudson’s Bay_ (“The Tene(195)-Law. Hand”) (“The Tongue”) Tene-Thoun.

Third Modification.

_Negro-land_ (Allied Loco. to the Negro word Loho, “The Hand,” above) North Oleechee. America.—_Penobscot_ Asia.—_Tibet_ Lag. _Georgian_ Cheli. Europe.—_English_ Claw. (Applied to animals) _Irish_ (The Hand) Glak. Asia.—_Ingumian_ Kulku.

Fourth Modification.

Europe.—_Greek_ (The Olē n . ē. Hand and Front Arm, the Cubit) N. Olœnskam. Alœn-skam. America.—_Pennsylvania_ New Sweden. Olœnskan. Alœnskan.

Words For “The Tongue.”

In the following Analysis all the South African words, and also all the Negro words of this class, with the exception of “Teckramme,” (probably a compound,) have been shown to be unequivocally connected with important analogous terms in the languages of the other great Continents.

(_South Africa_,—Tamma Tamme, T’inn.(196)) See these words illustrated among the words for “The Hand.” See also, under the same head, for examples of the principle that the words applied to “The Tongue,” and its Perceptive Functions, are in many, if not in most cases, secondary or Metaphorical applications of words originally applied to “The Hand,” and its Perceptive Functions; as in Tasten, “To grope,” _German_; “Taste,” applied to the “_Palate_,” _English_. The next words present additional examples of the same principle.

_Negro-land_—Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin, Laming.

_Gaelic_—Lam, “The Hand;” _Greek_—Lam-bano, “To take;” _Latin_—Lam-bo, To lick with _the Tongue_.

_Negro-land_—Dali;(197) _Malays_ of _Formosa_—Dadila; _Turkish_—Dil; _North America_ (_Nagailers_)—Thoula.

_South Africa_ (_Madagascar, & Caffres_)—Lella, Leula, Lolemi; _North America_ (_Penobscot_)—Wee-laulo; _Greek_—Laleo, “To speak;” Lalia, “Speech.”

_Negro-land_—Ning; _Georgian_—Nina; _Lasian_—Nena, Nen; _South America_ (_Kiriri_)—Nunu.

_Egypt_—La sh; _Hebrew_—L. sh . on . n; _Armenian_—Ljesu; _South Africa_ (_Caffres_)—Loodjem.

_Negro-land_—Essiénkó; _Old German_—Zunka; _Modern German_—Zunge.(198)

_South Africa_ (_Koossas_)—Müme; _Chinese_—Mi; _Basque_—Mihia, Minni.

_North Africa_ (_Berbers_)—Narka; _South America_ (_Maupurian_)—Nuore; _Caraibs_—Nourou.

_North Africa_ (_Dongolan_)—Nadka; _South America_ (_Betoan_)—Ineca.

Words For “The Ear.”

_Negro-land_—Szemman-kó; _Hebrew_—Sh.m.o, “To hear.”

_Negro-land_—Asse Asshabe;(199) _Abyssinia_—Ishenha Ashenha; _Hebrew_—A.z.n.

_Negro-land_—Uwasso; _Bohemian_—Ussi; _Greek_—Ouas, Ous.

_Negro-land_—Otuh (Otto, “Ears”); _Greek_—Ōta (“Ears”); _North America_ (_Knistenaux_)—Otoweegie.

_South Africa_ (_Caffres_)—Gevea; _Kurd_—Guh; _Samoied_—Ko, Kuo.

_North Africa_ (_Berbers_)—Ukkegá; _Selavonian_—Ucho; _North America_ (_Shawannos_)—Ochtowaga; _Greek_—Akou-o (“To hear”).

_North Africa_ (_Dongolans_)—Ulûk; _Coriac_—Wilugi; _Chinese_—Uhl.

_South Africa_—T’no-eingtu, T’naum, T’nunka; _Bucharian_—Dehâu.

_Egypt_—Meeje; _Japan_—Mimi.

_Negro-land_—Toy; _Esquimaux_—Tehui; _Brazil_—Ty.

The majority of the words of the next two Classes (names of “The Foot” and “The Head,”) will be found to admit of a satisfactory explanation. The exceptions are more numerous than in the instance of the words for “The Hand;” but it must be borne in mind that these exceptions do not at all serve to invalidate the inferences that flow from numerous unequivocal examples of a different nature. This combination of many features of difference with numerous points of resemblance is the direct result of the tendency of each race to abandon a portion of the synonymes originally common to all the various races of mankind.

Words For “The Foot.”

_Negro-land_—(Foot and Leg) Sing; _German_—Schenkel; _English_—Shank.

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Coap and T’keib; _Affghan_—Ch pé; _Abassian_—Sh pe; _South America_ (_Mokobis_)—Capiate.

_Negro-land_—Trippe; _German_-Tripp-en, “To go,” Treppen (“Steps”) _English_—“Trip.”

_Negro-land_—Itta; _Latin_—It-er, “A Journey,” It-um, “Gone;” the participle of the Latin verb Eo, “To go;” _Zend_—Jeieta, “He goes.”

_S. Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Y and Yi; _Egypt_—I, “To go;” _Latin_—Eo, “I go.”

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Ir-qua; _South America_ (_Zamucans_)—Irie; _Latin_—Ire, “To go;” _Zend_—Harra, “I go.”

_Negro-land_—Gann; _Greenland_—Kannak; _German_—Gehen, “To go,” (Gegangen, “Gone”); _Scotch_—Gang; _Negro-land_—It-genge; apparently a compound of the last with a word previously explained.

_Negro-land_—Nugee; _Sclaronic_—Noga; _South America_ (_Maupurians_)—Nuchü, Nucsi.

_Egypt_—Rat; _Welsh_—Rodio, “To walk.”

_Negro-land_—Afo; _South America_ (_Vilellans_)—Apé; _Latin_—Pe, Pe-s.

_North Africa_ (_Fulahs and Phellatahs_)—Kússengál, Kavassongal; _Jeniseians_—Kassa; _Mingrelian_—Kutchi; _Welsh_—Koes, “A Leg;” _North America_ (_Shawannos_)—Kussie.

_Negro-land_—Akkau, Ugod; N. W. of _America_ and N. E. of _Asia_ (_Tschuktsches_)—Iguk; (_Kadjak_)—Igugu; _Turkish_—Ajak, Ajag.

_Negro-land_—Kulu, Kolo; _Mongol_—Kull, Koll.

_Negro-land_—Tangue; _North America_ (_Mixtecan_)—Tohuan “Feet;” _South Africa_—Tóoh; _English_—Toe; _Saxon_—Da; _Dutch_—Deen.

_Nubia_—Regget; _Hebrew_—R . g . l.

_S. Africa_—Lefack; _English_—Leg; _Wogul_—Lagyl; _Pehlwi_—Lager-man.

_Negro-land_—E’ns-zih, and (_Caffre_) En-jau, appear to be allied to the _Latin_—Eo, Eundo; _Italian_—And-are; _English_—Wend, Went; _German_—Wenden.

_South Africa_—Hoots; _Armenian_—Oat, Woat; _Welsh_—Wad-n; _German_—Wad-en, “To go;” _English_—“Wade;” _Latin_—“Vad-o.”

Words For “The Head.”

_Negro-land_—Kung, Koon, Ikkungee, Ukkoong; _Brazilian_—Acang, Yahange; _Irish_—Ken; (_German_—König; _English_—King, i.e. “A Head.”)

_South Africa_—Olo, Loha; _Hebrew_—Ol, “Above,” “To ascend;” _Motorian_—Ulu, “A Head.”

_South Africa_—Klogo; _Irish_—Kloigean; _Welsh_—Ben-glog, “A Skull;” _Hebrew_—G. l. g. l. th, (The Human Skull, Golgotha); _Armenian_—Kluch; _Jeniseians_—Kolkä;(200) _Sclavonian_—Golowa “A Head.”

_Egypt_—Kahi, Jo; _Negro-land_—Go, Ko, Kujuoo; _South Africa_—Kŏhho; _Jeniseians_—Koïgo; _German_—Kopf.

_Negro-land_—Ta, Tu; _South Africa_—Dooha; _Georgian_—T’awi; _Chinese_—T’eu; _North America_ (_Nagailers_)—Thie.

_Negro-land_—Tabu; _Persian_—Tab, (“Top;”) _German_—Topp; _North America_ (_Mohegans_)—Dup, Utup, (“Head.”)

_Fulahs_ and _Phellatahs_—Hore, Horde; _Hebrew_—Or, “To rise.”

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—Biquäau; _South America_ (_Aymarans_)—Pegke; _North America_ (_New England_)—Bequoquo; _English_—Peak, Beak.

_Hottentots_—Minung; _Chinese_—Mien, “The Face;” _English_—“Mien,” and _French_—“Mine.”

_Negro-land_—Oitju, Ithu; _South America_ (_Zamucans_)—Yatoitac; _Welsh_—Yaad; _English_—Head, Height.

_Negro-land_—Boppe, Bapp; _South America_ (_Yaoans_)—Boppe; (_Caraibs_)—Opoupou; _North America_ (_Woccons_)—Poppe.

_South Africa_ (_Hottentots_)—T’naa; _Isle of Man_—Tchynn.

Words For “Water.”

CLASS I.

South Ouata. Africa.—_Hottentots_ Europe—_Russian_ Ouade. _Swedish_ Wat-n. _English_ Wat-er, “Wet.” _Latin_ (“Moist”) Ud-us. N. Wt-achsu. America.—_Algonquyn dialects_ _Cora_ (“The Sea”) Vaat.(201) _Mexico_ (“The Sea”) Veyat-l.

It will be observed that the root or common base of all these words is the same as that of “Wet, Wat-er,” (_English._) They differ only in those grammatical inflexions in which various words of the same language differ.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS II.

North Eiooue. Africa.—_Egypt_ (“Aquæ”) North Eau.(202) America.—_Woccons_ _Cheerokees_ Auwa. _Muskohges_ Wewa. Europe.—_Welsh_ Wy, or Gwy. [Hence the name of “The Wye.” the River] _Icelandic_ Aa. _Anglo-Saxon_ Ea, Eia.(203) Asia.—_Kamschatka_ Ja, Ii. _Samoied_ Ii, I. _Negro-land_ Ji. South Ī, I. America.—_Guaranian_ _Brazilian_ Y.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS III.

North O kah, Ookaw. America.—_Chikkasahs_ Europe.—_Irish_ Oixe. _Latin_ Aqua. South Yacu. America.—_Quicuans_

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS IV.

South Unu. America.—_Quicuans_ _Negro-land_ Nu. N. Iin, Jin. America.—_Kolushians_ _Negro-land_ Inssuo, Ensu.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS V.

[The words of this Class appear to be compounds of words of the last two Classes.]

Compare the previous words for Water, viz.:

Europe—_Irish_ _Oixe_, North _Okah, Ookaw_. America—_Chikkasahs_

with the following words:

North Oghnacauno. America.—_Oneidas_ Europe.—_Greek and Ō keano, or Latin. (The Ocean)_ Ōkeano-s. North Oneekanoosh. America.—_Senecas_ _Muynckussar_ Oneegha. Asia.—_Anam_ Nuock, Nak. _Coriac_ (The Sea) Anchon, Ancho. _Negro-land_ Enchion.(204)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VI.

South Bischan. Africa.—_Gallas_ Asia.—_Circassian_ Pishi. _Kurilians_ Pi, Peh. _Samoied_ Bi, Be. North Beh. America.—_Delawares_ _New Sweden_ Bij. Europe.—_Greek_ (To Pi-ō. drink) _Latin_ (To drink) Bi-b-o.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VII.

_Negro-land_ Asioué.(205) Asia.—_Jeso_ Azui.(206) _Chinese_ Shui. _Turkish_ Schuy, Su. North Ziy. America.—_Runsienes_

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS VIII.

North Esseg. Africa.—_Dongolans_ Europe.—_Irish or Eask, Uisge. Gaelic_ _Welsh or Celtic of The “Esk,” The Britain_. [British “Usk.” Names of Streams]

These Celtic words are the chief basis of Edward Llwyd’s theory, that the Britons were preceded by a Gaelic tribe, who gave names to these streams. The extreme antiquity of these words is certain:

_Swedish_ (To wash) Wase a. _Old German_ Wask-en, Wasc-an.

The following five Classes of words, from VIII. to XIV., may be regarded as mutually connected.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS IX.

First Modification.

North Mi, Me. Africa.—_Abyssinia_ _Egypt_ Mōou, Mau. _Egypt_ (Seas) Amaiou. _Negro-land_ (Water) Améh. Asia.—_Chinese_ Moi, Mui. _Pehlwi_ Mea. _Hebrew_ Me, (Meem). _Hebrew_ (The Sea) Ee . am, or Jam. _Japan_ (The Sea) Umi. _Arabic_ (Water) Ma. South Ma. America.—_Vilellans_ _Aymarans_ Huma. North Amma. America.—_Cherokees_ [Compare the above _Negro_ word Améh.] Europe.—_Latin_ Hum-or. _Adjective_, “Wet” Hum-idus. [Compare Huma, “Water.” _South American_, above; and Umi, “The Sea,” (_Japan_), above.]

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS X.

_Negro-land_ Mage. North Imack. America.—_Greenland_ _Tschuktsches_ Emak, Mok. South Mouke. America.—_Araucan_ Europe.—_Latin & Muc-us. English_ _English_ Muggy. Asia.—_Hebrew_ (To M. g. flow, dissolve)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XI.

North Matsos. Africa.—_Egypt_ (To irrigate, To drink) _Negro-land_, Water Mazei. Mazia. Masa. South Africa Maasi, Meetsi. Matee. Asia.—_Japan_ Mizzu, Midz. Misi. Europe.—_Latin_ Mad-idus. (Wet) _English_ “Mizzle”, Moist. Mist.

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XII.

North Amanga. Africa.—_Berbers_ _Egypt_ (Ram) (A Mounoshe. Mouns-ōr. Torrent, A Stream) em. South Amaansi. Amaanzu. Africa.—_Caffre Tribes_ N. Ménâ. Meneh. America.—_Nadowessians_ Asia.—_Koibal_ (A Meanlai. Stream) _Chaldee_ (Waters) Main. Europe.—_Latin_ (To Man-o. flow)

_Names for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XIII.

[Apparently connected with CLASS IX.]

Asia.—_Heb._ “The Jam, or Ee . am. Sea,” (as above) _Tibet_ (“The Sea”) Gjiamzo. _Kurd_ (A Stream) Tcham. South Kam, Kamme, T’kamme. Africa.—_Hottentot Tribes_ (Water)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XIV.

_Negro-land_ Koro. North Africa.—_Afnu_ Grua. Asia.—_Pelu_ Chuura. (“Rain”) _Tuschi_ (“Rain”) Kare. _Kalmuck_ (Rain) Chura. _Armenian_ (Water) Tschu r.(207)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XV.

N. Africa.—_Egypt_ Eïoor. (A Stream) (Water) Erōn. South Rano, Rana. Ranu. Africa.—_Madagascar_ Europe.—_English_ Rain. and _Anglo-Saxon_ “Pluvia” _Greek_ “Flowing” Rhĕōn. (applied to Water) _Celtic_ (The name “The Rhône.”(208) of a stream in Gaul)

_Words for __“__Water.__”_—CLASS XVI.

_Negro-land_ Doc, Dock, M’dock. Asia.—_Tribes on the Dok. __“__Jenisei__”__ River, Siberia_ _Kamschatka_ (The Adŭcka. Sea) Europe.—_English_ Duck. (“To put under water,” “A water-fowl,”—_Dr. Johnson_) S. T’kohaa. Africa.—_Hottentots_ (Water)

The following words for “Water” seem also to be unequivocally related viz.: _Basque_—Itsassoa; _Negro-land_—Itchi; _Samoieds_—Ija, Ja; _South America_ (_Cayubabans_)—Ikita; _North America_ (_Katahbans_)—Ejau.

APPENDIX B. CONTAINING (ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE TRIBES AND REGIONS OF AFRICA) THE AFRICAN WORDS COMPARED IN APPENDIX A, WITH THE CORRESPONDING TERMS IN THE LANGUAGES OF ASIA, EUROPE, AND AMERICA.

AFRICAN WORDS GEOGRAPHICALLY ARRANGED.

Fire, Sun, Day, Eye, Moon, Heaven.

NORTH AFRICA.

_Egypt._—“Fire,” Chrom, Grom, Krom, Kōh-th, from Koe, “To burn.” “Sun,” Ra, Re. “Names of the Gods of the Sun,” Khem, Hor, Serapis, Osiri. “Day,” Haou, Eoohu,—(connected with “Glory,” Joh, Ooh, Oih, and “Moon,” Oou, “Lunus,” Joh.) “Eye,” Iri, Bal. “Moon,” Joh, Oou. “Heaven,” Pe, Phe, _plural_ “Heaven-s,” Neth-phe,(209) Ne-pheou. “Name of the Goddess of the Heavens, or Firmament,” Net-phe.

_Nubia and Abyssinia._—“Fire,” Haúÿ (_Abyss._); Ton-ih, (_Nub._) “Sun,” Tuahhéy (_Abyss._); Tôin, (_Nub._) “Day,” Máaltih (_Abyss._); Wúrabe, (_Nub._) “Eye,” Aineha (_Abyss._); Aina addela, Egôat, (_Nub._) “Moon,” Wúrrhÿ (_Abyss._); Totrig, (_Nub._) “Heaven,” Szemmeÿ (_Abyss._); Tébre, (_Nub._)

_Berbers and Dongolans._—“Fire,” Îka (_Ber._); Îk, (_Don._) “Sun,” Maschékka (_Ber._); Masilk, (_Don._) “Day,” Ogrêska (_Ber._); Ogrêska, (_Don._) “Eye,” Manga (_Ber._); Missigh, (_Don._) “Moon,” O’natejá. (_Ber._); Scharâppa, (_Don._) “Heaven,” Szèmma (_Ber._); Szémma, (_Don._)

_Phellatahs and Fulahs._—“Fire,” Njite (_Phel._); Gia-hingol, (_Ful._) “Sun,” Nonge (_Phel._); Nahangue, (_Ful._) “Day,” Njellauma, (_Phel._) “Eye,” Gîteh (_Phel._); Hyterr, (_Ful._) “Moon,” Liulú (_Phel._); Leoure, (_Ful._) “Heaven,” Szemma (_Phel._); Hyalla, (_Ful._)

NEGRO-LAND.

_Jolofs and Sereres._—“Fire,” Safara, (_Jol._) “Sun,” Ghiante-finkan, Guiante, Burhum safara (_Jol._); Fosseye, (_Ser._) “Day,” Lelegh, Huer, Beuhuli, (_Jol._) “Eye,” Smabutt, Batte, Guitte, (_Jol._) “Moon,” Uhaaire, Verr, Burhum safara lionn (_Jol._); Coll, (_Ser._) “Heaven,” Assaman, Assamane (_Jol._); Rogue, (_Ser._)

_Mandingoes._—“Fire,” Deemwa. “Sun,” and also “Day,” Teelee. “Day,” Teelee. “Eye,” Neay. “Moon,” Korro, Pandintee. “Heaven,” Santo.

_Jalunkan and Sokko._—“Sun,” Telle (_Jal._); Tillee, (_Sok._) “Moon,” Karree (_Jal._); Kalla, (_Sok._) “Heaven,” Margetangala (_Jal._); Bandee, (_Sok._)

_Kanga, Mangree, and Gien._—“Sun,” Jiro (_Kan._); Lataa (_Man._); Jinaa, (_Gien._) “Moon,” Tjo (_Kan._); Su, (_Gien._)

_Fetu, Fanti; and Gold Coast._—“Fire,” Edjà, (_Fetu._) “Sun,” Egwju (_Fetu._); Uwia, (_G. Coast._) “Day,” Ada, (_Fetu._) “Eye,” Enniba, (_Fetu._); Eniba, (_G. Coast._) “Moon,” Osran (_Fetu_); Assara (_G. Coast._) “Heaven,”(210) Araiáni (_Fetu_); Njame, (_Fanti._)

_Amina, Akkim, and Akripon._—“Sun,” Eiwiaa (_Am._); Awia (_Ak._); Ou, (_Akr._) “Moon,” Osseram (_Am._); Osseranni (_Ak._); Ofendi, (_Akr._) “Heaven,” Jankombum (_Am._); Jahinee (_Ak._); Aduankam, (_Akr._)

_Akrai and Tambi._—“Fire,” La, (_Ak._) “Sun,” Hun (_Ak._); Pum, (_Tam._) “Eye,” Hinma, (_Ak._) “Moon,” Dubliman (_Ak._); Horambi, (_Tam._) “Heaven,” Jankombum (_Ak._); Nguai (_Ak._); Ngoi [which means also, “Thunder in the Air,”] (_Ak._); Giom, (_Tam._)

_Widah, Papah, and Watje._—“Sun,” Wetaga (_Pap._); Uä, (_Wat._) “Eye,” Noucou [_plural_], (_Wid._) “Moon,” Su-ede, (_Pap._) “Heaven,” Jiwel, (_Pap._)

_Kongo and Angola._—“Fire,” Tubhia (_Kon._); Tubia (_Kon. & Ang._); Bazou, (_Kon._) “Sun,” N’tzai, Tangu, (_Kon._) “Moon,” Gonde, Gonda, (_Kon._) “Heaven,” Sullu (_Kon._); Ulu, (_Ang._)

_Loango, Mandongo, and Camba._—“Fire,” Bazu, (_Lo._) “Sun,” Tangoa (_Lo._); Attaschi (_Man._); Tango, (_Cam._) “Moon,” Gonda (_Lo._); Agonne (_Man._); Gonda, (_Cam._) “Heaven,” Iru (_Lo._); Sambiam-pungo (_Man._); Julo, (_Cam._)

_Karabari, Ibo, and Mokko._—“Sun,” Anjam (_Ka._); A-un, Anjau (_Ibo_); Eju, (_Mok._) “Moon,” Omma (_Ka._); Ongma, Aoueh (_Ibo_); Affiam, (_Mok._) “Heaven,” Elukwee (_Ka._); Tschukko, Ellu (_Ibo_); Ibanju, (_Mok._)

_Wawu and Tembu._—“Sun,” Jirri (_Wa._); Wis, (_Tem._) “Moon,” Mone (_Wa._); Igodu, (_Tem._) “Heaven,” Barriadad (_Wa._); So, (_Tem._)

_Krepeers, Ashantees, and Kassenti._—“Fire,” Dio (_Kre._); Egia, (_Ash._) “Sun,” Uwin, (_Kas._) “Eye,” Onuku (_Kre._); Wannua, (_Ash._) “Moon,” Ungmar, (_Kas._) “Heaven,” Ktāk, (_Kas._)

_Affadeh._—“Fire,” Hu. “Sun,” Zú. “Day,” Phadeenszo. “Eye,” Szanko. “Moon,” Tédi. “Heaven,” Dilko.

_Mobba and Schilluck._—“Fire,” Wussik (_Mob._); Mâssze, (_Sch._) “Sun,” Engik (_Mob._); Róongéh, (_Sch._) “Day,” Dalkáh, (_Mob._) “Moon,” Ûk, (_Mob._) “Heaven,” Szemma, (_Mob._)

_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—“Fire,” Otu (_Dâr F._); Nissiek, (_Dâr R._) “Sun,” Duléh (_Dâr F._); Agñing, (_Dâr R._) “Day,” Lô (_Dâr F._) “Eye,” Nûnjiéh (_Dâr F._); Khasso, (_Dâr R._) “Moon,” Kámmer (_Dâr F._); Medding, (_Dâr R._) “Heaven,” Szémma, (_Dâr F._)

_Fire, Sun, Day, Eye, Moon, Heaven._

SOUTH AFRICA.

_Gallas._—“Fire,” Ibida. “Heaven,” Ivaq.

_Madagascar._—“Fire,” Lelaffu. “Sun,” Masso anro, Māssŏ andrōû. (Eye of Day), Massoam, Massoanrü. “Day,” Arcik ando Majava, Antu, Andru. “Eye,” Massou, Massoo, Masso, Massorohi. “Moon,” Woelau, Volān, Bo, Bolan, Volan. “Heaven,” Atemco, Danghitsi, Langhitsi, Lainch, Langhits.

_Koossa_, _Beetjuanas_, _Lagoa Bay_, and _Caffres_.—“Fire,” Umlilo (_Koos._); Mulélo (_Beet._); Lilo, Leaw, (_Caf._) “Sun,” Lélanga, (_Koos._); Leetshaatsi (_Beet._); Diambo (_Lag. B._); Lelanga, Eliang, (_Caf._) “Day,” Imine (_Koos._); Motsichari, (_Beet._) “Eye,” Amesligo (_Koos._); Liklŏ (_Beet._); Tewho, (_Lag._ _B._) “Moon,” Injanga (_Koos._); Köhri (_Beet._); Moomo (_Lag. B._); Janga, Inyango, (_Caf._) “Heaven,” Isuhlu (_Koos._); Maaro, (_Beet._)

_Bosjemans_, _Coronas_, _Hottentots_, _and Saldannä Bay_.—“Fire,” Tjih (_Bos._); T’aib (_Cor._); T’ei, T’ei eip, Nèip, Ecy, Ei, (_Hot._) “Sun,” T’kòăra (_Bos._); Soröhb (_Cor._); Sore, Sorrie, Sorrè, Sorri, Surrie (_Hot._); Sore, (_Sal. B._) “Day,” T’gaa, (_Bos._); Sorökŏa, (_Cor._) “Eye,” T’saguh (_Bos._); Muhm (_Cor._); Mo, Mu, Mum, Moe, (_Hot._) “Moon,” T’káukăruh (_Bos._); T’khaam (_Cor._); K’cha, T’ga, Tohâ, Kā (_Hot._); Gam, (_Sal. B._) “Heaven,” T’gachuh (_Bos._); Homma, (_Sal. B._)

Man, Woman, Human Being.

[M. marks Nouns Masculine; F. Nouns Feminine; H. words for a Human Being, whether Male or Female.]

NORTH AFRICA.

_Egypt._—Hoout, M. and H., Hime, F., Himi, F., Lomi, F. and H.(211)

_Abyssinia and Nubia._—Szebbat, H. (_Ab._); Odey, H. (_Nub._); Szebbey, M. (_Ab._); Auadseh, M., Oták, M. (_Nub._); Szebbéitÿ, F. (_Ab._); “Indáki”, F., Tétakkát, F. (_Nub._)

_Berbers and Dongolans._—Adémga, M. (_Ber._); Ogikh, M. (_Don._); Edinga, F. (_Ber._); Enga, F. (_Don._)

_Phellatahs and Fulahs._—Nékdo, H., Gúrko, M. (_Phel._); Gorko mahodo, M. (_Ful._); Debbo, F. (_Phel._); Debo, F. (_Ful._)

NEGRO-LAND.

_Iolofs and Sereres._—Gour, H., Garr, H. (_Iol._); Core, H. (_Ser._); Goourgne, M., Guiacar, M., Guiaccar, M. (_Iol._); Cow, M. (_Ser._); Digin, F., Guiguienne, F., Diguén, F. (_Iol._); Tewe, F. (_Ser._)

_Mandingos._—Mo, H., Kea, M., Fato, M., Musha, F.

_Jallunkans and Sokko._—Mogee, H. (_Jal._); Manni, H. (_Sok._); Kai, M. (_Jal._); Kjä, M. (_Sok._); Musee, F. (_Jal._); Mussu, F. (_Sok._)

_Kanga, Mangree, and Gien._—Ngumbo, H. (_Kan._); Mia, H. (_Man._); Me, H. (_Gien_); Nebeju, M. (_Kan._); Laniu, M. (_Man._); Unsoibe, M. (_Gien_); Junoo, F. (_Kan._); Auwee, F. (_Man._); Lung, F. (_Gien_).

_Fetu, Fanti, and Gold Coast._—Enipa, H. (_Fanti_); Nipa, H., Baning, M., Bubasja, F. (_Fetu_); Hiro, F. (_G. Coast._)

_Amina, Akkim, and Akripon._—Ojippa, H. (_Am._); Nippa, H. (_Akkim_); Osse, H. (_Akri._); Obaini, M. (_Am._); Obellima, M. (_Akkim_); Unji, M. (_Akri._); Obbaa, F. (_Am._); Obia, F. (_Akkim_); Otjee, (_Akri._)

_Akrai and Tambi._—Biomo, H., Biommo, H. (_Ak._); Numero, H. (_Tam._); Nu, M. (_Ak._); Njummu, M. (_Tam._); Nga, F., In, F. (_Ak._)

_Papah, and Watje._—Emme, H. (_Pap._); Ammee, H. (_Wat._); Messuhu, M. (_Pap._); Uzu, M. (_Wat._); Djonnu, F. (_Pap._); Jonnu, F. (_Wat._)

_Kongo._—Eiecala-muntu, H., Mundu, H., Ackala, M., Jakkela, M., Bacala, M., Kentu, F., Quinto, F.

_Loango, Mandongo, and Camba._—Mond, H. (_Lo._); Mutte, H. (_Man._); Monami, H. (_Cam._); Bakala, M., Bakkara, M. (_Lo._); Najalaka, M. (_Man._); Olummi, M. (_Cam._); Kento, F., Tjendo, F. (_Lo._); Okeetu, F. (_Man._); Ukassi, F. (_Cam._)

_Karabari, Ibo, and Mokko._—Mad, H. (_Kar._); Made, H. (_Ibo._); Auwo, H. (_Mok._); Mammoku, M. (_Kar._); Mook, M., Dikkom, M., Dim, M., (_Ibo_); Iden, M. (_Mok._); Mangman, F. (_Kar._); Mai, F., Wei, _F._ (_Ibo_); Wan, F. (_Mok._)

_Wawu and Tembu._—See, H. (_Wa._); Iraa, H. (_Tem._); Gonee, M. (_Wa._); Ibalu, M. (_Tem._); Anna, F. (_Wa._); Alo, F. (_Tem._)

_Kassenti._—Umir, H., Otga, M., Uppi, F.

_Affadeh._—Mágu, H., Beló, M., Kerim, F.

_Schilluck._—Tabànje, M., Uréh, F.

_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—Koá, H., Duéh, M. (_D. Fur._); Kamére, M. (_D. Run._); Jânkuèh, F. (_D. Fur._); Mmi, F. (_D. Run._)

SOUTH AFRICA.

_Madagascar._—Oelun, H., Olon, H., Urun, H., Lelay, M., Lăhē, M., Orrang, M., Văiăve, F., Bayave, F., Ampele, F.

_Koossas, Beetjuanas, Lagoa Bay, and Caffres._—Uhmto, H. (_Koos._); Muhnto, H. (_Beet._); Monhee, H. (_L. Bay_); Monúna, M. (_Beet._); Indóda, M. (_Koos._); Doda, M., Abaandoo, M. (_Caf._); Umfási, F. (_Koos._); Massári, _or_ Bassari, F. (_Beet._); Aduhast, F. (_L. Bay_); Omfaas, F. (_Caf._)

_Bosjemans, Coronas, Hottentots, and Saldannä Bay._—T’kūi H. (_Bos._); T’kohn, H. (_Cor._); T’na, M. (_Bos._); Köuh, M., Kauh, M., Chaib, M. (_Cor._); Kùpp, M., K’quique, M., Zohee, M., Qûoique, M., Quaina, M. (_Hot._); T’aifi, F. (_Bos._); Chaisas, F. (_Cor._); Ankona, F. (_Sal. B._); Honnes, F., Kus, F., K’quiquis, Zohees, F., Kȳoiquis, F., Quaishha, F. (_Hot._)

Parts Of The Body, Hand, Arm, &c.

NORTH AFRICA.

_Egypt._—“Hand,” Gig, Shig [The Hand and Fore-Arm], Koi, Mah, Mahe. “Tongue,” Lash. “Ear,” Meeje.(212) “Nose,” Sha. “Foot,” Rat, [I, “To go.”] “Head,” Kahi, Jo.

_Abyssinia and Nubia._—“Hand,” Tedémbetôn, (_Nub._) “Tongue,” Mülhassh (_Abyss._); E’midáp, (_Nub._) “Ear,” A’shinhá (_Abyss._); Ishenáh, Wongwil, (_Nub._) “Nose,” Affinkjáha (_Abyss._); A’ffinkjách, Ognûf, (_Nub._) “Foot,” Tarékkas (_Abyss._); Regget, (_Nub._) “Head,” Râassih (_Abyss._); Dimmáha, O’gürmá, (_Nub._)

_Berbers and Dongolans._—“Hand,” Iddegh (_Ber._); Ihg, (_Don._) “Tongue,” Nárka (_Ber._); Nádka, (_Don._) “Ear,” U’kkegá (_Ber._); Ulûk, (_Don._) “Nose,” Szurringa, (_Ber. & Don._) “Foot,” Oèntúga (_Ber._); Ossentuge, (_Don._)

_Phellatahs and Fulahs._—“Hand,” Néworéh (_Phel._); Youngo, (_Ful._) “Tongue,” Démgal (_Phel._); D’heingall, (_Ful._) “Ear,” Nuppi (_Phel._) Noppy, (_Ful._) “Nose,” Njelhinerát (_Phel._); Hener, (_Ful._) “Foot,” Kússengál (_Phel._); Kavassongal, (_Ful._) “Head,” Hóre (_Phel._); Horde, (_Ful._)

NEGRO-LAND.

_Iolofs and Sereres._—“Hand,” Loho, Loco [properly the Arm], Lokoo (_Iol._); Bayie, (_Ser._) “Tongue,” Laming, Lamai, Lammegue, Lamin (_Iol._); Delemme, (_Ser._) “Ear,” Smanoppe, Nope, Noppe (_Iol._); Noffe, (_Ser._) “Nose,” Smak-bookan, Bacann, Boucanne, Baccané (_Iol._); Guisse, (_Ser._) “Foot,” Simatank, Tangue (_Iol._); Guiaf, (_Ser._) “Head,” Smababb, Boppe, Bappe, Bop (_Iol._); Coque, (_Ser._).

_Mandingos._—“Hand,” Bulla, Boula [Hand and Arm]. “Tongue,” Ning. “Ear,” Toola. “Nose,” Noong. “Foot,” Sing. “Head,” Kung, Koon.

_Jallunkans and Sokko._—“Hand,” Ibolee (_Jal._); Bulla, Blu, (_Sok._) “Foot,” Itgenge (_Jal._); Afo, (_Sok._) “Head,” Ikkunjee (_Jal._); Ukkung, (_Sok._)

_Kanga, Mangree, and Gien._—“Hand,” Nakoa (_Kan._); Ikko, (_Gien._) “Foot,” Namboo (_Kan._); Trippi (_Man._); Nugee, (_Gien._) “Head,” Nandewu (_Kan._); Tri (_Man._); Ungo, (_Gien._)

_Fetu and Gold Coast._—“Hand,” Ensah, (_Fetu._) “Tongue,” Teckremà (_Fetu_); Decrame, (_G. Coast._) “Ear,” Asschaba (_Fetu_); Asso, (_G. Coast._) “Nose,” Engvvinni (_Fetu_); O-u-nom, (_G. Coast._) “Foot,” Anan, (_Fetu._) “Head,” Etyr (_Fetu_); Eteri, (_G. Coast._)

_Amina, Akkim, and Akripon._—“Hand,” En-saa, Obaa (_Am. & Akkim_); Obaa, (_Akri._) “Foot,” Onang (_Am. & Akkim_); Djabi, (_Akri._) “Head,” Utieri (_Am._); Metih (_Akkim_); Nuntji, (_Akri._)

_Akrai and Tambi._—“Hand,” Nindeh, Dinde, Nindé (_Ak._); Nindi, (_Tam._) “Arm,” Nindeh, (_Ak._) “Ear,” Toy, (_Ak._) “Foot,” Nanne, Nandé, (_Ak._); Nandi, (_Tam._) “Head,” Ithu, Oitju (_Ak._); Ii, (_Tam._)

_Widah, Papah, and Watje._—“Hand,” Alo (_Wid._); Allo (_Pap._); Aschi, (_Wat._) “Ears,” Otto, (_Wid._) “Nose,” Aonty, (_Wid._) “Foot,” Affo (_Wid._); Afo, (_Pap. & Wat._) “Head,” Ta, (_Pap. & Wat._)

_Kongo and Angolan._—“Hand,” Moco [_pl._], Kook, Coco, (_Kon._) “Foot,” Malu (_Kon._); Quirio, (_An._) “Head,” Ontu, (_Kon._)

_Loango, Mandongo, and Camba._—“Hand,” Kogo (_Lo._); Koko, (_Man. & Cam._) “Foot,” Kulu (_Lo. & Cam._); Kolo, (_Man._) “Head,” Tu (_Lo._); Motu, (_Man. & Cam._)

_Karabari, Ibo, and Mokko._—“Hand,” Okuh (_Kar._); Hukko (_Ibo_); Ono-nuba, (_Mok._) “Foot,” Akkah (_Kar._); Akkau (_Ibo_); Ugod, (_Mok._) “Head,” Issi (_Kar. & Ibo_); Iboil, (_Mok._)

_Wawu and Tembu._—“Hand,” Be (_Wa._); Nin, (_Tem._) “Foot,” Gann (_Wa._); Navorre, (_Tem._) “Head,” Angoru (_Wa._); Kujuoo, (_Tem._)

_Krepeer, Ashantees, and Kassenti._—“Hand,” Inno, (_Kas._) “Arm,” Assij (_Kre._); Osa, (_Ash._) “Ear,” Otuh (_Kre._); Uwasso, (_Ash._) “Nose,” Amonthi (_Kre._); Ohüny, (_Ash._) “Foot,” Itta, (_Kas._) “Head,” Ota (_Kre._); Otri (_Ash._); Dür, (_Kas._)

_Affadeh._—“Hand,” Blimszeh. “Tongue,” Essiénkó. “Ear,” Szémmankó. “Nose,” Démulzungenkó. “Foot,” E’nszih. “Head,” Go, Ko.

_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—“Hand,” Enkeffy [Surface of the Hand], (_D. Fur._) “Tongue,” Dali, (_D. Fur._) “Ear,” Dilá (_D. Fur._); Nesso, (_D. Run._) “Nose,” Dürméh, (_D. Fur._) “Foot,” Tárinmúfsaly (_D. Fur._); Itar, (_D. Run._) “Head,” Tabú, (_D. Fur._)

SOUTH AFRICA.

_Beetjuana-Caffres, Corona-Hottentots, and Madagascar._—“Hand,” T’koam (_Cor.-Hot._); Tang’am, (_Mad._) “Tongue,” Lolemi (_Beet.-Kaf._); Lella, Leula, (_Mad._) “Ears,” Zébe (_Beet.-Kaf._); Soffi, (_Mad._) “Nose,” Ongko, (_Beet.-Kaf._); Orong, (_Mad._)

_Madagascar._—“Hand,” Tang’am, Tangan, Tangh. “Tongue,” Lella, Leula, Lēlã, Lela. “Ear,” Souffy, Soofi. “Nose,” Orung, Urun, Oron. “Foot,” Hoots, Lefack, Ungoor, Lafatungu, Tombut, “Head,” Loha, Dooha, Lua.

_Koosas, Beetjuanas, Lagoa Bay, and Caffres._—“Hand,” Mundha (_L. Bay_); Fansa (_Caf._); Isanga (_Koos._); Sseaakja, (_Beet._) “Tongue,” Mume (_Koos._); Lolémi (_Beet._); Loodjem, (_L. Bay._) “Ear,” Elébe (_Koos._); Zébe (_Beet._); Gevea, (_L. Bay._) “Nose,” Poomlu (_Koos._); Ongkŏ (_Beet._); Numpho, (_L. Bay._) “Foot,” Jénjăo (_Koos._); Lónao (_Beet._); Chizenda (_L. Bay_); Enjau, (_Caf._) “Head,” Klogo (_Koos._); Kŏhho (_Beet._); Lücko (_L. Bay_); Loko, (_Caf._)

_Bosjemans, Coronas, Hottentots, and Saldannä Bay._—“Hand,” T’aa (_Bos._); T’kŏám (_Cor._); Onecoa (_Sal. B._); T’unka, Omma, (_Hot._) “Tongue,” T’in (_Bos._); Tamma (_Cor. & Hot._); Tamme, (_Sal. B._) “Ear,” T’no-cingtu (_Bos._); T’naum (_Cor._); Naho (_Sal. B._); Nouw [_pl._], (_Hot._) “Nose,” T’nuhntu (_Bos._); T’geub (_Cor._); Tui, Zakui (_Sal. B._); T’koi, Koyb, Qui, Ture, Thuké, Qûoi, (_Hot._) “Foot,” T’oóah (_Bos._); T’keib (_Cor._); Coap (_Sal. B._); Y, Itqua, Yi, (_Hot._) “Head,” T’naa (_Bos._); Minuong (_Cor._); Biquäau, Biqua, Bigûa, (_Hot._)

Water.

NORTH AFRICA.

_Egypt._—“Aquæ,” Eiooue, Mōou, Mau. “Seas,” Amaiou. “Rain,” Mou-noshe. “A Torrent, A Stream,” Mouns-ōr. em. “To irrigate, To drink,” Matsos. “A Stream,” Eioor, Erōn.

_Abyssinia and Arabia._—Mi (_Abyss._); Me, Ejern, (_Nub._)

_Berbers and Dongolans._—Amánga (_Ber._); Esseg, (_Don._)

NEGRO-LAND.

_Iolofs._—M’doch, Doc, Dock.

_Mandingos._—Ji, Gee,

_Fetu and Gold Coast._—Ensu (_Fetu_); Enchion, (_G. Coast._)

_Akrai._—Nuh.

_Widah._-Asioué.

_Kongo and Angola._—Masa (_Kon. & Ang._); Mazia, (_Ang._)

_Loango._—Mazei.

_Krepeer and Ashantees._—Itchi (_Kre._); Inssuo, (_Ash._)

_Affadeh._—Améh.

_Mobba and Schilluck._—E’ndschÿ (_Mob._); Mage [also Cold], (_Sch._)

_Dâr Fûr and Dâr Runga._—Kóro, (_D. Fûr_); Tta, (_D. Run._)

SOUTH AFRICA.

_Gallas._—Bischan.

_Madagascar._—Rano, Rana, Ranü.

_Koosas, Beetjuanas, Lagoa Bay, and Caffres._—Ammaansi (_Koos._); Meetsi (_Beet._); Matce (_Lag. B._); Maasi, Ammanzu, (_Caf._)

_Huswanas._—T’kaē.

_Bosjemans, Coronas, Hottentots, and Saldannä Bay._—T’kohaa (_Bos._), T’kamma (_Cor. & Hot._); Kamma, Kamme, Kām (_Hot._); Ouata, (_Sal. Bay._)

FOOTNOTES

1 See notes to D’Oyly and Mant’s Bible. The differences, it is supposed, may have consisted in a different mode of pronouncing the same words, such as exists in various English counties, to a sufficient extent to make the speakers mutually unintelligible! See, also, Eichhorn’s view.

2 Lyell’s Geology, vol. i. p. 230.

3 Consolations in Travel.

4 Discourse on the Origin and Families of Nations.

5 Mithridates, vol. i.

6 Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.

7 Genesis, c. iii. v. 7, “And they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves aprons.”

8 Adelung quotes Zimmerman to the effect that of the animals found in Europe all have been derived from Asia, with the exception of sixteen or seventeen kinds, and these are mostly Mice and Bats.

9 “A Tree well known in India, called the Tschiampa. It fruit is like an Apple, and it is said to bear both good and evil fruit!”

10 Bohlen (Prof. Theol. zu Königsberg) auf Genesis.

11 Morier.

12 “Unexplored” with reference to the Semetic nations.

13 “I” (with “Other” added) means “We.”

14 Prichard on Man.

15 Lyell on Geology.

16 See also the Rev. T. Price on the Physiology and Physiognomy of the British Isles.

17 The Greek, Russian, and German, have all been shown to belong to what are called the Indo-European class of languages. The Finnish, Vater states to be in its roots identical with the German.

18 See Dugald Stewart, on the Active and Moral Faculties.

19 In connexion with this subject I may refer to an article distinguished by great genius and profound philosophical reasoning, which lately appeared in Chambers’s Journal, under the title of “Thoughts on Nations and Civilization.” (See Number for May 21st, 1842.)

20 This sept were also generally termed the “gentlemanly” Mandans. The recent destruction of this warm-hearted tribe by the smallpox is one of the most heart-rending tragedies in history!

21 Bell’s Geography.

22 The African names for “The Nose” do not occur in Appendix A, but they are noticed elsewhere in this work. The names for “The Eye” are explained among words for “The Sun,” &c. of which they are generally derivatives.

23 The terms for the Domestic Relations are in some instances compound words—in others they seem to be identical with the Names of the Human Race.

24 Probably the terms were not in all cases appropriated in the first instance to the Hand exclusively, but applied alike to all the perceptive organs.

25 Klaproth’s Asia Polyglotta.

26 Eiere (“Day,” _Zend_,) is obviously connected with Huere (“The Sun,” _Zend_.)

27 Klaproth’s Asia Polyglotta, p. 36.

28 Parkhurst’s Hebrew Lexicon.

29 Bohemia is inhabited by a Sclavonic race, &c.

30 This comparison has been extracted from the Cambrian Quarterly Magazine, vol. II., p. 183, in which it was originally published by the author of this work.

31 History of the English language, prefixed to Dr. Johnson’s Dictionary.

32 Rask’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe. Preface, p. xlvii.

33 Mr. Lockhart has given an interesting account of the origin of Sir Walter Scott’s views on this subject as expressed in the passages quoted above. They were first suggested by a friend whose attention had been much directed to subjects of this nature.

34 This inflection, as in “They Hav-_en_,” is also preserved in the Dialects of the English Provinces.

35 Giv-eth (_Eng._) Gieb-et (_Germ._) Don-at (_Lat._) Can-ati (_Sans._) i.e. Can-it (_Lat._) Diy-ati (_Sans._) i.e. Die-th (_Eng._)

36 A work published by this gentleman under the quaint title of “Tim Bobbin,” and written entirely in the Lancashire Dialect, is well known. His writings, however, display the attainments of a scholar.

37 “_Gang to the recht (right) hand_” was a reply which Dr. Lappenberg of Hamburgh has noticed to the author as one which struck his ear when he visited Scotland for the first time as a student. The approximation to the German is manifest.

38 Rask, by Thorpe, pp. 8-9.

39 This Verb also exhibits the German Plural “Sind,” which differs from the singular altogether, and belonged no doubt originally to a distinct Auxiliary Verb.

40 See Glossary to Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer.

41 Rask’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar.

42 Rask’s Grammar, by Thorpe.

43 Bosworth’s Scandinavian Literature.

44 Ib. See Rask’s Anglo-Saxon Grammar, by Thorpe.

45 The original identity of all these Languages may be said to be clearly proved; the Icelandic, also, seems to have deviated less than the rest from the parent tongue. But this opinion that the Icelandic has not changed at all is a highly unreasonable one. For example, the Danish and Swedish names for “Water”, of which the antiquity is certain from their general use among the Teutonic tribes, &c. must have been lost by the Icelanders.

46 As to Grammar and Inflections, see especially pp. xvii. and xix. xxi. xxiii.—Rask.

47 See Bosworth’s “Scandinavian Literature,” as to the difference in the arrangement of sentences, and the difference of Idioms between the ancient and modern Scandinavian dialects.

48 Rask, pp. xvii. and xix. Bosworth’s Scandinavian Literature.

49 See the Irish names for the Heavenly Bodies, in Append. A and C.

50 See Appendix A.

51 Possibly many of these words may be traced in the Greek, &c., but it would be foreign to the present subject to enter into too minute a discussion on that head.

52 Chalmers’ Caledonia.

53 In this part of the present work I have derived great assistance from Dr. Prichard’s sound and successful researches, and from the labours of M. Bullet, which are distinguished alike by genius and indefatigable industry.

54 I find M. Bullet in many, and in some few instances Dr. Prichard, have, as I conceive, mistaken the Roman inflections for distinct Celtic words.

55 Malte Brun.

56 Kerdanet’s History of the Language of the Gauls and Armoricans, translated by David Lewis, Esq., in the Cumbrian Quarterly Magazine.

57 Prichard on the Celtic Languages.

58 Tribus (_Latin_.)

59 As previously noticed, the French names handed down from the old Gauls are probably often nearer the Celtic than the Latin names.

60 Esseg, “Water,” (_Dongolan, North Africa._)

61 This word is marked thus, with a dagger, in the Cornish Vocabularies, as being extinct.

62 Chalmers’s Caledonia.

63 Ab-us, (Anton.) Ab-on-trus, Ab-ou-trus, Ab-ou, (Ptolomey.) Baxter suggests Abon trus t, “The Noise of the Rivers,” an allusion, as he supposes, to the noise of the currents. But this explanation involves a change in the second word, and a fanciful construction of the sense of the terms employed.

64 It is only by a very minute and careful investigation of Maps, ancient and modern, that I have been enabled to verify the correctness of this and many other Celtic derivations.

65 A powerful Gaulish Tribe in the East of Gaul.

66 Lacus (_Latin._)

67 This is one of the numerous instances in which, judging merely from ancient Maps, or from the less minute modern Maps, (_on which this stream is not marked_,) the situation of a place seems inconsistent with the derivation suggested.

68 Hornius’s ancient Map. This place is very near to Bilboa.

69 Lan means an inclosed spot in Welsh.

70 Medius (_Latin._)

71 Dr. W. O. Pughe’s Welsh Dictionary.

72 Lutum (_Latin._)

73 Dunum, a Hill Fort.

74 Asia, by Carl Ritter and others.

75 Hence the “Hindoo-Kuh.”

76 A Town.

77 Celtic Ethnography, in Dr. Prichard’s work on “Man.”

78 The word, in the sense of a stream, seems to be confined to such streams as traverse the bottoms of narrow glens.

79 This word occurs in a variety of mutually connected meanings in the Hebrew and Celtic.

80 Petro is said to mean a Rock, in Gaulish names, by some French Celtic scholars.

81 Hence, also, as may be inferred, the Curi-osilitæ in Brittany.

82 In such instances, however, the Celtic generally presents words approaching in sound and sense to those occurring in the Local names, though not so near to then as the Oriental terms, &c.

83 E.r, a Mountain; by reduplication E.r r, a very high Mountain (_Heb._)

84 Kohl’s Russia.

85 Here is an explanation, in the instance of the very same word, of Lhuyd’s difficulty noticed in the last Section.

86 In Appendix A the original identity and subsequent specific appropriation of the names of the Heavenly Luminaries are especially noticed. See Appendix A, p. 48. These words occur in the same Appendix; as to “Tin-dee,” see p. 26, as to “Nganga,” see same page.

87 For example: “Carbonic Acid Gas,” called also “Choke Damp” (by miners,) and “Fixed Air.”

“Carburetted Hydrogen,” called also “Fire Damp” (by miners), “Inflammable Air,” “Coal Gas,” and “Gas.”

“Iodine,” from Iōdēs, “Like a Violet,” (_Greek_,) a name suggested by its beautiful violet tint.

“Nitrous Oxide,” or “Protoxide of Azote” (terms expressive of its component elements), a gas discovered by Dr. Priestley, called also “Laughing Gas” (from its peculiar property discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy).

“Gas” is from a German word meaning “Breath, Air, Spirit,” &c. &c.

88 See Remarks in Adelung’s Mithridates on the Hebrew.

89 Some excellent observations on the subject of words thus formed by children occur in some late numbers of Chambers’s Journal.

90 This did not apply to the first four lines quoted above.

91 This is perfectly obvious in the Hebrew, and may be shown by Analysis in other Languages.

92 See Dr. Darwin’s Zoonomia.

93 The occurrence in the Georgian, as a word for a “Father,” of this term, which is generally used for a “Mother,” is specially noticed by Adelung. Compare the other example from the dialect of the Mangrees.

94 Sir William Jones’s Works, vol. iii. p. 185.

95 The term Semetic, i.e. descendants of Shem, for which Dr. Prichard has proposed to substitute Syro-Phœnician, is applied to the ancient nations of Judea, Syria, and Arabia. The common origin and specific connexion of most of these nations which may be inferred from the Scriptural account, are distinctly apparent from the close affinity of their languages. These Tongues by the highest authorities have been pronounced to be as nearly related as the Doric and Ionic dialects of the Greek.

96 See a Treatise by Rammohun Roy, showing that the ancient faith of the Hindoos involved the unity of the Deity.

97 Ju-piter is a compound of Pater, a Father, with “Jov,” which is the basis.

98 Vesta is also used for Fire itself.

99 Cicero de Natura Deorum.

100 Ymenyn (_Welsh_).

101 This name is supposed by Hebrew scholars to be expressive of swiftness, and to be derived from S.s, or Sh.sh, Active, Sprightly.

102 From the change of hue the body undergoes in death.

103 Other examples of the affinity of the Hebrew and the Welsh have been examined with great ability by Dr. William Owen Pughe, in the Cymrodorion Transactions. There is also a valuable old work on the connexion of the Hebrew with other languages, by Mr. Barker, schoolmaster, Carmarthen.

104 Dr. Prichard on Egyptian Mythology.

105 Dr. Prichard on Man.

106 In some of these instances the Coptic or Egyptian has lost the original meaning of these appellations, in others it has preserved them in common with the Hebrew and Indo-European Tongues.

107 Materia Hieroglyphica.

108 Wilkinson.

109 Among the Egyptian Deities is Anep, Anepo, the classical Anubis, “The Conductor of Souls.”

110 Wilkinson, p. 11, note 4.

111 Ibid.

112 Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.

113 Lepsius Lettre à Rosselini.

114 See a short summary of Mr. Colebrooke’s views in Dr. Prichard on Man, in his observations on the Egyptians.

115 Sir William Jones on the Gods of Greece, Italy, and India.

116 Ibid.

117 Prichard on Man, vol. ii. p. 199.

118 Mr. Wilkinson refers the reign of Menes to 2320 B.C.

119 Foreign Quarterly, 1836. I conceive, however, that the conclusion of the ingenious reviewer as to the identity of M.s.e.k with the name of the Muscovites, may require reconsideration. See Adelung on the Russians, and Vol. I, p. 314.

120 Adelung.

121 Tattam’s Egyptian Grammar.

122 Foreign Quarterly Review.

123 There is an able pamphlet by Dr. Löewe, in which he maintains the Hebrew to be the Parent of the Egyptian. Dr. Löewe’s examples appear to me to be equally conclusive _against_ the specific connexion he advocates, and _in support_ of the original unity of these tongues at a remote era.

124 Compare Sohn (_German_), Son (_English_).

125 See Dr. Prichard on Man.

126 Mithridates, under Africa.

127 See Belzoni’s Travels, p. 239.

128 Prichard on Man.

129 The The African languages (as far as they are known to us), and the American, according to Du Ponceau, are all polysyllabic.

130 To this rule, however, pronouns are an exception.

131 Numerous examples also occur in Appendix A.

132 Cæteris paribus, this is a correct view; but not where grammatical resemblances are treated as more important evidence than other resemblances.

133 The occurrence of nasal sounds at the end of words, as in this instance, form an apparent exception to the principle that Chinese words consist simply of one consonant followed by a vowel. But these nasals Adelung states to be mere evanescent intonations.

134 Adelung, notwithstanding his opinion that the Chinese is a perfectly distinct language, was struck with the analogy between “Foo Tsin,” and “Moo Tsin,” and “Fa-ther” and “Mo-ther.”

135 It is observable, that as in the above instances of Heuen and Keen, the Chinese verbs very commonly terminate in a nasal _n_, as do those of the Persian and Teutonic.

136 Cooper’s Last of the Mohicans.

137 See chapter on the Chinese.

_ 138 Ind._ means, _N. A. Indian_. This term (_Ind._) is used here exclusively to distinguish words from the dialects of the Algonquyn class.

139 A Western Tribe visited by Mr. Catlin.

140 Nain (_Welsh_) Grandmother.

141 “A Woman.” See Parkhurst’s Lex.

142 Nunk (_Indian_) means “Young.”

143 This word is from the dialects of the Iroquois, another class of Indian Tribes, who inhabited the present territory of the United States.

144 “War,” Aguwarrie, in the Iroquois dialects, Gewehr (_German_), Guerre (_French_), War (_English_).

145 Parkhurst.

146 Nakoha (_Mandan_), Noh gee (_Sioux_).

147 They are chiefly composed of Pronouns, terms which form the basis of Grammar.

148 Hooynt does not mean “It” in Welsh. In that language it is a plural and not a singular, as Mr. Catlin supposes. This circumstance, however, does not render the example less relevant, “Hooynt” (_Welsh_) being clearly identical with the terms from the Mandan, Turkish, &c., with which it is compared above; for pronouns, singular and plural, were originally the same words as they still are in all cases in the Chinese, and in several instances in the above examples.

149 Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts, p. 134.

150 This is an erroneous example, I conceive. “Megosh” is also a questionable one.

151 Dr. Prichard, Eastern Origin of Celts.

152 Compare Pend-o (_Latin_).

153 Many of those differences displayed by the North American Indian languages among themselves, and as compared to those of Asia, which have been assumed by many writers to be fundamental, consist of mere transitions of application agreeably to Horne Tooke’s principles; terms which appear as pronoun inflections in one dialect, occurring as pronouns, or as words for “Man” in others, &c. Thus we have Rauha pronoun of the third person “He” (_Iroquois._) Rehoje, “Man Homo,” (_Tarahumaran._) R.ch.e, Rou.e, “Life, Soul, Spirit, Breath,” (_Hebrew and Arabic._)

154 As to the identity of these inflections, “Om, Amo, Amen,” with pronouns and nouns. (See Appendix A, pp. 53-4.)

155 These terms seem to consist of the first essays of the organs of articulation. (See p. 105.)

156 Ki-nondonim-i, “I,” or “We understand you,” (_Algonquyn dialects._) Compare Eimi, Tupt-oi-mi, &c. (_Greek._) Bha va-mi (Sans.) &c. Compare “Amo,” with “I Am,” (_English_,) &c.

157 See Appendix A, p. 56, for the origin of this word.

158 Ni, “I,” (_Basque._)

159 This Pronoun does not occur in any Indo-European language except the Welsh. The Pronoun of the first person occurs in a modified form in the Greek.

160 The names for the Sun, Moon, and the Eye, are generally from the same roots.

161 Compare the unsatisfactory Etymology of Ee . ou . m, usually adopted by Hebrew lexicographers, from E . m, Tumult, because there is “a tumultuous agitation of the celestial fluid,” at daybreak.

162 This is an important word, as being one of the instances adduced by Dr. Leipsius, in opposition to Champollion’s opinion, that the modern Coptic is perfectly identical with the ancient Egyptian. This word, Iri, “an Eye,” and its signification, are only known to us through Plutarch. The term is obsolete in the Coptic.—Leipsius, “Lettre à Rossellini.”

163 Mu lilo, Um lilo, also occur as words for fire, in the South of Africa.

164 N’jellauma, and Liulu, both occur in the dialect of the Phellatas, and Leoure occurs in that of the Fulahs, who are a kindred race.

165 Burhum-_Safara_, The Sun, which occurs in one of the Negro dialects, seems to be derivable from the same root.

166 Mot-Sichari, Day, a word that occurs among the languages of the South of Africa, is probably from the same root.

167 It may be inferred, however, that the simple word, Masso, was applied originally as we find it in the Georgian, to the Sun, before it was used for the Eye. It is an error to suppose that the names for such organs as the “Eye” belong to the first elements of language. The name for the Eye is generally a mere derivative of words for “Light,” “Sun,” &c.

168 See Note in page 14.

169 See Note in page 14.

170 These words,—Aithein, “To burn,” Greek, and “Ashes,” English, &c.—are said by German scholars to be mutually connected. (Schwenk’s Wörterbuch.)

171 It is observable that the Hebrew words, Ee.ph.c’h, and Ph.ou.c’h, are evidently imitations of the act of Breathing, or Puffing. They may, I conceive, be regarded as the roots of all the words for “Fire,” &c., which follow.

172 Du Ponceau, whose principles are here adopted as probably applicable to all languages, states that in the Algonquyn Class of Dialects of North America the names for the Moon are derived from those for the Sun, with the addition of a word meaning night, &c. The word Hak, he says, is very generally thus used, for the Moon, with the requisite addition.

173 According to Du Ponceau the words for “Day,” in the Algonquyn tongues, are modifications of the words for the “Sun.”

174 Tash, “A Day,” (_Pimans_, south of _N.A._) This word, Teas, or Tesh, has already been traced through the various meanings of Fire, Sun, Day, &c.

175 Words for Heaven, in the languages of the North of Asia, which are evidently connected with the North American Indian words for Heaven, and also with the North American Indian names for the “Sun,” from which they are derived.

176 According to the views of many Hebrew scholars, A . ou . r, “Light,” and A ou . ee . r, “Air,” are probably from the same root—A r. “To flow,”—applied to Water, Air, Light, &c. (See p. 5, Appendix A.)

177 The names for the Eye, in the _Algonquyn_ dialects of North America, are stated by Du Ponceau to be derivatives of names for the Sun. This is generally but not, it would seem, universally the case in all languages. Probably it would also be more correct, as a general rule, to say that the names for the Eye, and for the Sun, are from the same roots, than that the latter are the roots of the former.

178 I need scarcely observe that the previous Analysis must necessarily be, in some respects, philologically incomplete. Agrêska, Ogrêska, (_Nubia_ and _Abyssinia_,) seem to be related to Agir, Fire, (_Kurd_.) We-taga, the Sun, (_Negro_,) seems to be a compound of the second class above noticed from Awia, Uwia, and Tjo, T’ga, African words for the Heavenly Bodies. Gjaubenje and Ma-undgage wodu, Fire, are plainly compounds from Gajewodu, Fire, (_Negro_.) The evidence derived from words, of which the origin is clearly traceable, is so complete, that all words of doubtful origin have been omitted from the previous and from the following Tables.

179 Hence the name of the “Ourang Outang.”

180 Obaini, M., Baning, M. (_Negro_), seem to be connected with Bio-ōn (_Greek_), “A Being,” (_English_.)

181 Illum (Latin).

182 Ng-ummi, and Ng-umbo, (Negro names for “Man,”) seem obviously to be compounds of the above words, “Ungi, Nga,” with Ommo, Uhm-to, &c., another word for “Man, Woman,” &c., elsewhere noticed in this Analysis.

183 There is not, in every case, a regular or broadly marked distinction between these “Modifications,” which have been adopted to facilitate comparison rather than as being based on strictly philological grounds.

184 Najakala and Ba cala, M. (_Negro_), seem to be compounds derived from Ackala and other roots. Ack-ala, Jakk-ela themselves seem to be compounds of “Kai, Hakke,” &c. (the class of words analysed above,) with Alo, &c. terms for “Man,” noticed in other parts of this Analysis.

185 Mass-ari, Bass-ari, F.—_South Africa_.

186 She—_English_.

_ 187 Turkish_—Uz, “Self,” Himself, Myself.

188 Two dominant ideas pervade the words of this class, viz. those of 1, Birth; and 2, Existence in the abstract. As words expressive of ideas of the second class are regarded by philosophical writers as _derivatives_, the idea of Birth, as in the Greek words Genn-ao, Gun-ē, Genn-ētor, may be viewed as the _primary_ and _proper_ sense.

189 Vol. XIII., p. 373, Review of Wilkins’s Sanscrit Grammar.

_ 190 Negro-land_—Dikkom, Dim, M., Tewe, F.; _Irish_—Dae, M. & F.

191 There are only two African words of this class, which have been left unnoticed in the analysis, viz. Blimozeh, “The Hand,” a Negro word, apparently related to “Bulla,” another Negro word for “The Hand,” probably allied also to “Pal-ma,” (_Latin_;) and Neworeh. “The Hand,” used by the _Phellatahs_, a tribe of North Africa, who inhabit a tract contiguous to Negro-land. These exceptions are too trifling to call for any qualification of the generality of the above statement.

192 On this subject the analysis of Manee and other analogous African words for “Man.” See also Observations on the Algonguyn Dialects of North America

193 “Ansa, for Hansa,” supine of Hendo, whence “Pre-hendo” (_Latin_).—Valpy’s Etym. Latin Dict.

194 Apparently a compound of Eed or Ied, and Man-us.

195 Tene in this dialect is prefixed to the names of the senses generally. Law, for instance, is the distinctive name of “The Hand,” Thoun is that of “The Tongue,” obviously connected with “Tongue,” (_English_).

196 “Dem gall, Dein gall” (_Fulahs_ and _Phellatahs_, North Africa), seem to be compounds of these words, with another root.

197 Del emme (_Negro-land_), “The Tongue,” seems to be a compound of the second and third classes.

_ 198 Pehlwi_, “Hosuan.” The close connexion between the German and the Pehlwi, and the other dialects of Persia, is indisputable.

199 South Africa, Zebé, &c.

200 Hence, apparently, Lücko, Loko,—_South Africa_.

201 “Water,” Ahti, Cora,—Atl, _Mexico_.

202 Eau, “Water,” _French_.

203 Iâ, “Ice,” _Welsh_.

204 There are other analogous words,—Endschey, “Water,” _Negro-land_, Ente, “A Duck,” i.e. “A Water Fowl,” _German_.

_ 205 Mongol_, Usu; _Tibet_, “Tschu.”

_ 206 North America_ (_Azanax_), Eslenes.

207 Dour, Water, (_Welsh_); Jura, “The Sea,” (_Lettish._) Ejern (_Abyssinian_), “Water,” seems also to be connected with “Tschur,” “Jura,” &c.

208 Many examples serve to show that the names of Streams, &c., in Gaul, as preserved by the French, are in many instances more faithful transcripts of the original Celtic appellations than the names preserved by Latin writers.

209 Like the Greek, Ouranoi, “A _singular-plural_.”

210 Omitted in previous Analysis: Araiáni, “Heaven” (_Fetu_); Ouran-os, “Heaven” (_Greek_); Enniba, Eniba [above], “Eye.” [See Appendix A, pp. 42, 43.] Njame, see Djau, “Heaven,” “Air” (_Sanscrit_); Ada, “Day” (_Fetu_); from Edja, “Fire,” Egwju, “Sun” (_Fetu_).

211 Also A.nah, “To live,” (Anok I.)—_Egypt._

212 The great majority of the African words for the Nose (a class not included in Appendix A) have been explained in other parts of this work.