CHAPTER XVII

THE PROMISE OF RACE-CULTURE

“The best is yet to be.”

In its form of what we have called _negative_ eugenics, the practice of our principle would assuredly reduce to an incalculable extent the amount of human defect, mental and physical, which each generation now exhibits. This alone, as has been said, would be far more than sufficient to justify us. A world without hereditary disease of mind and body, and its grave social consequences, would alone warrant the hint of Ruskin that posterity may some day look back upon us with “incredulous disdain.” Yet, assuming that this could be accomplished, as it will be accomplished, what more is to be hoped for? Must race-culture cease merely when it has raised the average of the community by reducing to a minimum the proportion of those who are thus grossly defective in mind or body? Such disease apart, are we to be content, must we be content, with the present level of mediocrity in respect of intelligence and temper and moral sentiment? Can we anticipate a London in which the present ratio of musical comedy to great opera will be reversed, in which the works of Mr. George Meredith will sell in hundreds of thousands, whilst some of our popular novelists will have to find other means of earning a living? Can we make for a critical democracy which no political party can fool, and which will choose its best to govern it? Yet more, can we undertake, now or hereafter, to provide every generation with its own Shakespeare and Beethoven and Tintoretto and Newton? What, in a word, is the promise of _positive_ eugenics? It is to this aspect of the question that Mr. Galton has mainly directed himself. Indeed he was led to formulate the principles and ideals of the new science by his study of hereditary genius some four decades ago. Let us now attempt to answer some of these questions.

=The production of genius.=--And first as to the production of genius. It is this, perhaps, that has been the main butt of the jesters who pass for philosophers with some of us to-day. It may be said at once that neither Mr. Galton nor any other responsible person has ever asserted that we can produce genius at will. The difficulties in the way of such a project--at present--are almost innumerable. One or two may be cited.

In the first place, there is the cardinal--but by no means universal--difficulty that the genius is too commonly so occupied with the development and expansion of his own individuality that he has little time or energy for the purposes of the race. This, of course, is an example of Spencer's great generalisation as to the antagonism or inverse ratio between individuation and genesis.

Again, there is the generalisation of heredity formulated by Mr. Galton, and named by him the _law of regression towards mediocrity_. It asserts that the children of those who are above or below the mean of a race, tend to return towards that mean. The children of the born criminal will be probably somewhat less criminal in tendency than he, though more criminal than the average citizen. The children of the man of genius, if he has any, will probably be nearer mediocrity than he, though on the average possessing greater talent than the average citizen. It is thus not in the nature of sheer genius to reproduce on its own level. It is only the critics who are wholly ignorant of the elementary facts of heredity that attribute to the eugenist an expectation of which no one knows the absurdity so well as he does.

On the other hand, it is impossible to question that the hereditary transmission of genius or great talent does occur. One may cite at random such cases as that of the Bach family, Thomas and Matthew Arnold, James and John Stuart Mill: and the reader who is inclined to believe that there is no law or likelihood in this matter, must certainly make himself acquainted with Mr. Galton's _Hereditary Genius_, and with such a paper as that which he printed in _Sociological Papers_, 1904, furnishing an “index to achievements of near kinsfolk of some of the Fellows of the Royal Society.” There is, of course, the obvious fallacy involved in the possibility that not heredity but environment was really responsible for many of these cases. It must have been a great thing to have such a father as James Mill. But it would be equally idle to imagine that the evidence can be dismissed with this criticism. A Matthew Arnold, a John Stuart Mill, could not be manufactured out of any chance material by an ideal education continued for a thousand years.

=The transmission of genius.=--One single instance of the transmission of genius or great talent in a family may be cited. We shall take the family which produced Charles Darwin, the discoverer of the fundamental principle of eugenics, and his first cousin, Francis Galton. Darwin's grandfather was Erasmus Darwin, physician, poet and philosopher, and independent expounder of the doctrine of organic evolution. Darwin's father was a distinguished physician, described by his son as “the wisest man I ever knew.” Darwin's maternal grandfather was Josiah Wedgwood, the famous founder of the pottery works. Amongst his first cousins is Mr. Francis Galton. He has five living sons, each a man of great distinction, including Mr. Francis Darwin and Sir George Darwin, both of them original thinkers, honoured by the presidency of the British Association. No one will put such a case as this down to pure chance or to the influence of environment alone. This is evidently, like many others, a greatly distinguished stock. The worth of such families to a nation is wholly beyond any one's powers of estimation. What if Erasmus Darwin had never married!

No student of human heredity can doubt that, however limited our immediate hopes, facts such as those alluded to furnish promise of great things for the future. But let us turn now from genius to what we usually call talent.

=The production of talent.=--There can be no question that amongst the promises of race-culture is the possibility of breeding such things as talent and the mental energy upon which talent so largely depends. In his _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, Mr. Galton shows the remarkable extent to which energy or the capacity for labour underlies intellectual achievement. He says, of energy--

“It is consistent with all the robust virtues, and makes a large practice of them possible. It is the measure of fulness of life; the more energy the more abundance of it; no energy at all is death; idiots are feeble and listless. In the enquiries I made on the antecedents of men of science no points came out more strongly than that the leaders of scientific thought were generally gifted with remarkable energy, and that they had inherited the gift of it from their parents and grandparents. I have since found the same to be the case in other careers.... It may be objected that if the race were too healthy and energetic there would be insufficient call for the exercise of the pitying and self-denying virtues, and the character of men would grow harder in consequence. But it does not seem reasonable to preserve sickly breeds for the sole purpose of tending them, as the breed of foxes is preserved solely for sport and its attendant advantages. There is little fear that misery will ever cease from the land, or that the compassionate will fail to find objects for their compassion; but at present the supply vastly exceeds the demand: the land is over-stocked and over-burdened with the listless and the incapable. In any scheme of eugenics, energy is the most important quality to favour; it is, as we have seen, the basis of living action, and it is eminently transmissible by descent.”

Need it be pointed out that any political system which ceases to favour or actively disfavours energy, making it as profitable to be lazy as to be active, is anti-eugenic, and must inevitably lead to disaster? That, however, by the way. Our present point is that eugenics can reasonably promise, when its principles are recognised, to multiply the human[84] and diminish the vegetable type in the community. In so doing, it will greatly further the production of talent, and therefore of that traditional or acquired progress which men of talent and genius create. Such a result will also further, though indirectly, the production of genius itself. For, as Mr. Galton points out, “men of an order of ability which is now very rare, would become more frequent, because the level out of which they rose would itself have risen.”

This is by no means the only fashion in which an effective and practicable race-culture would serve genius, and I shall not be blamed for considering this matter further by any reader who realises, however faintly, what the man of genius is worth to the world. If it were shown possible to establish such social conditions that genius could never flower in them, we should realise that their establishment would mean the putting of an end to progress and the blasting of all the highest hopes of the highest of all ages.

The immediate need of this age, as of all ages, is perhaps not so much the birth of babies capable of developing into men and women of genius, as the full exploitation of the possibilities of genius with which, as I fancy, every generation on the average is about as well endowed as any other. There is, of course, the popular doctrine that there are no mute inglorious Miltons, that “genius will out,” and that therefore if it does not appear, it is not there to appear. In expressing the compelling power of genius in many cases, this doctrine is not without truth. Yet history abounds in instances where genius has been destroyed by environment--and we can only guess how many more instances there are of which history has no record. To take the single case of musical genius, it is a lamentable thought that there may be those now living whose natural endowments, in a favourable environment, would have enabled them to write symphonies fit to place beside Beethoven's, but whom some environmental factors--conventional, economic, educational, or what not--have silenced; or worse, have persuaded to write such sterile nullities as need not here be instanced. There is surely no waste in all this wasteful world so lamentable as this waste of genius.

If, then, anyone could devise for us a means by which the genius, potentially existing at any time, were realised, he would have performed in effect a service equivalent to that of which eugenics repudiates the present possibility--the actual creation of genius. But if we consider what the conditions are which cause the waste of genius, we realise at once that they mainly inhere in the level of the human environment of the priceless potentiality in question. As we noted elsewhere, in an age like that of Pericles genius springs up on all hands. It is encouraged and welcomed because the average level of the human environment in which it finds itself is so high. But if eugenics can raise the average level of intelligence, in so doing not merely does it render more likely, as Mr. Galton points out, the production of men of the highest ability, but it provides those conditions in which men of genius, now swamped, can swim. We could not undertake to produce a Shakespeare, but we might reasonably hope to produce a generation which would not damage or destroy its Shakespeares. And even if men of genius still found it necessary, as men of genius have found it necessary, to “play to the gallery,” they would play, as Mr. Galton says of the demagogue in a eugenic age, “to a more sensible gallery than at present.”

Darwin somewhere points out that it is not the scientific, but the unscientific man who denies future possibilities. Thus though an advocate of eugenics may be applauded for his judgment if he declares that the creation of genius will for ever be impossible, yet I should not care to assert that the ultimate limitations of eugenics can thus be defined. We have yet to hear the last of Mendelism.

=Eugenics and unemployment.=--Let us look now at another aspect of the promise of race-culture. When the time comes that quality rather than quantity is the ideal of those who concern themselves with the population question, it is quite evident that not a few of the social problems which we now find utterly insoluble will disappear. In this brief outline, we can only allude to one or two points. Take, for instance, the question of unemployment. We know that some by no means small proportion of the unemployed were really destined to be unemployable from the first, as for instance by reason of hereditary disease. It were better for them and for us had they never been born. Many more of the unemployed have been made unemployable by the influence of over-crowding, to which they were subjected in their years of development. Is there, can there be, any real and permanent remedy for over-crowding, but the erection of parenthood into an act of personal and provident responsibility?

=Eugenics and woman.=--Take, again, the woman question. No one will deny that in many of its gravest forms, especially in its economic form, and the question of the employment of women, wisely or horribly, this depends (to a degree which few, I think, realise) upon the fact that there are now, for instance, 1,300,000 women in excess in this country. Is it then proposed, the reader will say, by means of race-culture to exterminate the superfluous woman? Indeed, no. But is the reader aware that Nature is not responsible for the existence of the superfluous woman? There are more boys than girls born in the ratio of about 103 or 104 to 100: and Nature means them all to live, boys and girls alike. If they did so live, we should have merely the problem of the superfluous man, which would not be an economic problem at all. But we destroy hosts of all the children that are born, and since male organisms are in general less resistant than female organisms, we destroy a disproportionate number of boys, so that the natural balance of the sexes is inverted. Unlike ancient societies, we largely practise _male_ infanticide. Can the reader believe that there is any permanent and final means of arresting this wastage of child-life, with its singular and far-reaching consequences,--other than the elevation of parenthood, on the principles which race-culture enjoins, even wholly apart from the question of the selection of parents? We shall not succeed in keeping all the children alive (with a trivial number of exceptions), thereby abolishing the superfluous woman by keeping alive the boy who should have grown up to be her partner, until we greatly reduce the birth-rate; as it must and will be reduced when the ideal of race-culture is realised, and no child comes into the world that is not already loved and desired in anticipation.

=Eugenics and cruelty to children.=--This ideal, also, offers us in its realisation the only complete remedy for the present ghastly cruelty under which so many children suffer even in Great Britain, even in the twentieth century. Is the reader aware that the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children enquired into the ill-treatment or cruel neglect of 115,000 children in the year beginning April 1st, 1906? It has been reasonably and carefully estimated that “over half a million children are involved in the total of the wastage of child-life and the torture and neglect of child-life in a single year.” Surely Mr. G. R. Sims, to whom I would offer a hearty tribute for his recent services to childhood, is justified in saying, “Against the guilt of race-suicide our men of science are everywhere preaching their sermons to-day. It is against the guilt of race-murder that the cry of the children should ring through the land.” As regards race suicide and the men of science, I am not so sure as to the assertion. But the truth of the second sentence quoted is as indisputable as it is horrible.

Now no legislation conceivable will wholly cure this evil nor avert its consequences. At bottom it depends upon human nature, and you can cure it only by curing the defect of human nature. This, in general, is of course beyond the immediate powers of man, but evidently we should gain the same end if only we could confine the advent of children to those parents who desired them--that is to say, those in whom human nature displayed the first, if not indeed almost the only, requisite for the happiness of childhood. To this most beneficent and wholly moral end we shall come, notwithstanding the blind and pitiable guidance of most of our accredited moral teachers to-day. By no other means than the realisation of the ideal defined, that every new baby shall be loved and desired in anticipation--an ideal which is perfectly practicable--can the black stain of child murder and child torture and child neglect be removed from our civilisation.

=Ruskin and race-culture.=--The name of Ruskin, perhaps, would not occur to the reader as likely to afford support to the fair hopes of the eugenist. Consider then, these words from _Time and Tide_:--

“You leave your marriages to be settled by supply and demand, instead of wholesome law. And thus, among your youths and maidens, the improvident, incontinent, selfish, and foolish ones marry, whether you will or not; and beget families of children necessarily inheritors in a great degree of these parental dispositions; and for whom, supposing they had the best dispositions in the world, you have thus provided, by way of educators, the foolishest fathers and mothers you could find; (the only rational sentence in their letters, usually, is the invariable one, in which they declare themselves ‘incapable of providing for their children's education’). On the other hand, whosoever is wise, patient, unselfish, and pure among your youth, you keep maid or bachelor; wasting their best days of natural life in painful sacrifice, forbidding them their best help and best reward, and carefully excluding their prudence and tenderness from any offices of parental duty. Is not this a beatific and beautifully sagacious system for a Celestial Empire, such as that of these British Isles?”

Apart from the point as to wholesome law rather than the education of opinion as the eugenic means, the foregoing passage must win the assent and respect of every eugenist. It indicates the promise of race-culture as it appeared to John Ruskin. The passage has been quoted in full not for the benefit of the ordinary thoughtful reader but for that of the professional literary man who, in this remarkable age, so far as I can judge, reads nothing but what he writes, and thus qualifies himself for dismissing Spencer or Darwin or Galton in any casual phrase--meanwhile condemning Ruskin, whom he probably professes to adore.

=Race-culture and human variety.=--Now let us turn to another question. Let it be asserted most emphatically that, if there is anything in the world which eugenics or race-culture does _not_ promise or desire, it is the production of a uniform type of man. This delusion, for which there has never been any warrant at all, possesses many of the critics of eugenics, and they have made pretty play with it, just as they do with their other delusions. Let us note one or two facts which bear upon this most undesirable ideal.

In the first place, it is unattainable because of the existence of what we call variation. No apparatus conceivable would suffice to eliminate from every generation those who varied from the accepted type.

In the second place, this uniformity is supremely undesirable from the purely evolutionary point of view, because its attainment would mean the arrest of all progress. All organic evolution, as we know, depends upon the struggle between creatures possessing variations and the consequent selection of those variations which constitute their possessors best adapted or fitted to the particular environment. If there is no variation there can be no evolution. To aim at the suppression of variation, therefore, on supposed eugenic grounds (which would be involved in aiming at any uniform type of mankind) would be to aim at destroying the necessary condition of all racial progress. The mere fact that the critics of race-culture attribute to evolutionists, of all people, the desire to suppress variation, is a pathognomic symptom of their critical quality.

And, of course, quite independently of the evolutionary function of variation--though this is cardinal and must never be forgotten by the politician of any school, since what we call individuality is variation on the human plane--the value of variation in ordinary life is wholly incalculable. It is not merely that, as Mr. Galton says, “There are a vast number of conflicting ideals, of alternative characters, of incompatible civilisations; but they are wanted to give fulness and interest to life. Society would be very dull if every man resembled the highly estimable Marcus Aurelius or Adam Bede.” The question is not merely as to the interest of life. Much more important is the fact that it takes all sorts to make a world. What is the development of society but the result of the psychological division of labour in the social organism? And how could such division of labour be carried out if we had not various types of labourers? What would be the good of science if there were no poetry or music to live for? How would poetry and music help us if we had not men of science to protect our shores from plague?

Obviously the existence of men of most various types is a necessity for any highly organised society. Even if eugenics were capable--as it is not--of producing a complete and balanced type, fit up to a point to turn out a satisfactory poem, a satisfactory symphony or a satisfactory sofa, the utmost could not be expected of such a man in any of these directions. In a word, as long as their activities are not anti-social, men cannot be of too various types. We require mystic and mathematician, poet and pathologist. Only, we want good specimens of each. “The aim of eugenics,” says Mr. Galton, “is to represent each class or sect by its best specimens; that done, to leave them to work out their common civilisation in their own way.... Special aptitudes would be assessed highly by those who possessed them, as the artistic faculties by artists, fearlessness of enquiry and veracity by scientists, religious absorption by mystics, and so on. There would be self-sacrificers, self-tormentors, and other exceptional idealists.” But at least it is better to have good rather than bad specimens of any kind, whatever that kind may be. Mr. Galton thinks that all except cranks would agree as to including health, energy, ability, manliness and courteous disposition amongst qualities uniformly desirable--alike in poet and pathologist. We should desire also uniformity as to the absence of the anti-social proclivities of the born criminal. So much uniformity being granted, let us have with it the utmost conceivable variety,--more, indeed, than most of us can conceive.

This point, of course, is cardinal from the point of view of practice. No progress could be made with eugenics, it would be impossible even to form a Eugenics Education Society, if each of us were to regard the particular type he belongs to as the ideal, and were to seek merely to obtain the best specimens of that type. The doctrine that it takes all sorts to make a world--a doctrine very hard for youth to learn, yet unconsciously learnt by all who are capable of learning at all--must be regarded as a cardinal truth for the eugenist. But he wisely seeks good specimens rather than bad. Poets certainly, but not poetasters; jesters certainly, but not clever fools, who stand Truth on her head and then make street-boy gestures at her.

=Time and its treasure.=--Taking the modern estimates of the physicists, we are assured that the total period of past human existence is very brief compared with what may reasonably be predicted. Granted, then, practically unlimited time, what inherent limits are there to the upward development of man as a moral and intellectual being? Shall we answer this question by a study of the nature of matter? Plainly not. Shall we answer it by a study of the nature of mind? Surely not, for the study of existing mind cannot inform us as to what mind might be. One source of guidance alone we have, and this is the amazing contrast which exists between the mind of man at its highest, and mind in its humblest animal forms: or shall we say even between the highest and lowest manifestations of mind within the human species? The measureless height of the ascent thus indicated offers us no warrant for the conclusion that, as we stand on the heights of our life, our “glimpse of a height that is higher” is only an hallucination. On the contrary.

There is no warrant whatever for supposing that the forces which have brought us thus far are yet exhausted: they have their origin in the inexhaustible. Who, gazing on the earth of a hundred million years ago, could have predicted life--could have recognised, in the forces then at work and the matter in which they were displayed, the promise and potency of all terrestrial life? Who, contemplating life at a much later stage, even later mammalian, could have seen in the simian the prophecy of man? Who, examining the earliest nervous ganglia, could have foreseen the human cerebrum? The fact that we can imagine nothing higher than ourselves, that we make even our gods in our own image, offers no warrant for supposing that nothing higher will ever be, What ape could have predicted man, what reptile the bird, what amœba the bee? “There are many events in the womb of time which will be delivered,” and the fairest of her sons and daughters are yet to be.

But even grant, for the sake of the argument, that the intelligence of a Newton, the musical faculty of a Bach, the moral nature of any good mother anywhere, represent the utmost limits of which the evolution of the psychical is capable. There is every reason to deny this, but let us for the moment assume it true. There still remains the thought of Wordsworth, “What one is, why may not millions be?”--a thought to which Spencer has also given utterance. What is shown possible for human nature here and there, he says, is conceivable for human nature at large. It is possible for a human being, whilst still remaining human, to be a Shakespeare or a St. Francis: these things are thus demonstrably within the possibilities of human nature. It is therefore at the least conceivable that, in the course of almost infinite time (even assuming, say, that intelligence must ever be limited, as even Newton's intelligence was limited), some such capacities as his may be common property amongst men of the scientific type; and so with other types. We may answer Wordsworth that there is no bar thrown by Nature in the way of such a hope.

=What is possible?=--This, of course, is speculation and of no immediate value. I would merely remind the reader that the doctrine of optimism, as regards the future of mankind, which the principles of race-culture assume and which they desire to justify, was definitely shared by the great pioneers to whom we owe our understanding of those principles. Notwithstanding grave nervous disorder, such as makes pessimists of most men, both Darwin and Spencer were compelled by their study of Nature to this rational optimism as regards man's future. The doctrine of organic evolution, and of the age-long ascent of man through the selection of the fittest (who have, _on the whole_, been the _best_) for parenthood, is one not of despair but of hope. Exactly half a century ago it struck horror into the minds of our predecessors. Man, then, is only an erected ape, they thought--as if any historical doctrine, however true, could shorten the dizzy distance to which man has climbed since he was simian: and man being an ape, they thought his high dreams palpably vain. But the measure of the accomplished hints at the measure of the possible, and the value of the historical facts lies not in themselves, all facts as such being as dead as are the individual atoms of the living body, but in the principles which grow out of them. It is of no importance as such that man has simian ancestors; it is of immeasurable importance that he should learn by what processes he has become human, and by what, indeed, they became simian--which would have been a proud adjective for its own day. The principles of organic progress matter for us because they are the principles of race-culture, the only sure means of human progress. Our looking backwards does not turn us into pillars of salt, but teaches us that the best is yet to be, and how alone it is to be attained.

Elsewhere the optimistic argument of Wordsworth is quoted. Hear also John Ruskin:--

“There is as yet no ascertained limit to the nobleness of person and mind which the human creature may attain, by persevering observance of the laws of God respecting its birth and training.”[85]

and Herbert Spencer:--

“What now characterises the exceptionally high may be expected eventually to characterise all. For that which the best human nature is capable of, is within the reach of human nature at large.”[86]

and Francis Galton:--

“There is nothing either in the history of domestic animals or in that of evolution to make us doubt that a race of sane men may be formed, who shall be as much superior, mentally and morally, to the modern European, as the modern European is to the lowest of the Negro races.

“It is earnestly to be hoped that enquiries will be increasingly directed into historical facts, with the view of estimating the possible effects of reasonable political action in the future, in gradually raising the present miserably low standard of the human race to one in which the Utopias in the dreamland of philanthropists may become practical possibilities.”[87]

=Conclusion--Eugenics and Religion.=--In an early chapter it was attempted to show that eugenics is not merely moral, but is of the very heart of morality. We saw that it involves taking no life, that, rather, it desires to make philanthropy more philanthropic, that, at any rate so far as this eugenist is concerned, it recognises and bows to the supreme law of love: and claims to serve that law, and the ideal of social morality, which is the making of human worth. Eugenics may or may not be practicable, it may or may not be based upon natural truth, but it is assuredly moral: though I, for one, would proclaim eternal war between this real morality and the damnable sham which approves the unbridled transmission of the most hideous diseases, rotting body and soul, in the interests of good.

And if religion, whatever its origin and the more questionable chapters in its past, be now “morality touched with emotion,” I claim that eugenics is religious, is and will ever be a religion. Elsewhere[88] I have attempted to show that religion has survived and will survive because of its survival-value--its services to the life of the societies wherein it flourishes. The religion of the future, it was sought to argue, will be that which “best serves Nature's unswerving desire--fulness of life.” The Founder of the Christian religion said, “I am come that ye might have life, and that ye might have it more abundantly.” It is higher and more abundant life that is the eugenic ideal. Progress I define as the emergence and increasing dominance of mind. Of progress, thus conceived, man is the highest fruit hitherto. He is also its appointed agent, and eugenics is his instrument.

To this end he must use all the powers which have blossomed in him from the dust. He must claim Art: and indeed in Wagner's great music-drama, at the moment when the prophetic Brünnhilde tells Sieglinde who has just lost her mate that she, the expectant mother, may look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come in the child Siegfried; and when the heroic theme is pronounced for the first time and followed by that which signifies redemption by love--then, I think, the eugenist may thrill not merely to the music, or to the humanity of the story, but to the spiritual and scientific truth which it symbolises.

If the struggle towards individual perfection be religious, so, assuredly, is the struggle, less egoistic, indeed, towards racial perfection. If the historic meaning and purport of religion are as I conceive them, and if its future evolution may thence be inferred, there can be no doubt in the prophecy that in ages to come those high aspirations and spiritual visions which astronomy has dishoused from amongst the stars, and which, at their best, were ever selfish, will find a place on this human earth of ours. If we have transferred our hopes from heaven to earth and from ourselves to our children, they are not less religious. And they that shall be of us shall build the old waste places; for we shall raise up the foundations of many generations:

“We feed the high tradition of the world, And leave our spirits in our children's breasts.”

APPENDIX

CONCERNING BOOKS TO READ

The preceding pages are of course only tentative, preliminary and introductory. I have merely tried to make a beginning. No better purpose can be achieved than that the reader should proceed to study the subject for himself. A few pages may therefore be devoted to the names of some of the books which will be found useful. This is in no sense a complete bibliography, nor even a tithe of such a bibliography. But the reader who makes a beginning with the books here named, or even with a well-chosen half dozen of them, will thereafter need no one to tell him that the culture of the human race on scientific principles will be the supreme science of all the future, the supreme goal of all statesmen, the object and the final judge of all legislation.

Where it is thought that useful remarks can be made they will be made, but neither their presence nor absence nor their length is to be taken as any index to the writer's opinion of the relative value of the works in question.

_Heredity._ (The Progressive Science Series, 1908.) By Professor J. A. Thomson, M.A.

This is the most recent and most valuable for general purposes of all books on the subject of heredity. No layman should express opinions on heredity or eugenics until he has read it, for it is extremely improbable that they will be valuable. Professor Thomson covers the whole ground with extreme lucidity and care and impartiality. The book is readable, nay more, fascinating from end to end, and it is liberally and usefully illustrated. It is the first general treatise on heredity which leads consciously, yet as of necessity, towards eugenics as the crown and goal of the whole study, and in this respect it undoubtedly marks an epoch.

_The Methods and Scope of Genetics._ (1908.) By W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S.

This is the inaugural lecture, destined, I have little doubt, to become historic, which was delivered by Professor Bateson on his appointment to the new Darwin Chair of Biology at Cambridge. It is purposely included here for very good reasons. The reader who begins his serious study of heredity with Professor Thomson's work must be informed that though the author gives an interesting account of Mendelism, he is not a Mendelian, and neither his account of Mendelism nor his estimate of it is at all adequate for the present day. In truth there is the study of heredity before Mendelism and after, and though eugenics owes its modern origin to the founder of the school of biometrics, and though among his followers there are to be found many who decry and oppose the Mendelians, it is for the eugenist of single purpose to take the truth wherever it is to be found. It is now idle to deny either the general truth or the stupendous promise of Mendelism. Many vital phenomena besides heredity are studied by the statistical method, and are put down by it to heredity. The Mendelians take seeds of known origin, and plant them and note the result. They carry out experimental breeding not only amongst plants but amongst the higher animals, including mammals who, in all essentials of structure and function, are one with ourselves. It is not possible, I believe, to over-estimate the supreme importance of Mendelian enquiry for eugenics. Eugenics is founded upon heredity, and genetics, which is Professor Bateson's name for the physiology of heredity and variation, is now working at the very heart of those natural phenomena upon which eugenics depends. This lecture of Professor Bateson's is by the far the best introduction to Mendelism that exists, besides being the most recent and the most authoritative possible. With the lucidity of the born teacher (whose faculty, I have no doubt, is a Mendelian unit, not always inherited by the born observer) the author explains the essence of Mendelism. The usual expositor has not proceeded far upon his way before he is encumbering himself and the learner with the phenomena of dominance and recessiveness, which are not cardinal and are highly involved. Professor Bateson makes no allusion to them. But he gives an account of Mendelism which it is impossible to put down without finishing, and which is elementary in the highest sense of the word. In the later pages the author preaches eugenics with a vigour and conviction not unworthy of notice as coming from the leader of a school which is utterly opposed in principle and in methods, if not in results, to the school of biometrics founded by the founder of eugenics. I insist upon this because there is a half-instructed ignorance abroad which has heard the name of Mendel, and seeks thereby to discredit Darwin and natural selection, Mr. Galton and eugenics. Hear Professor Bateson:--

“If there are societies which refuse to apply the new knowledge, the fault will not lie with Genetics. I think it needs but little observation of the newer civilisations to foresee that _they_ will apply every scrap of scientific knowledge which can help them, or seems to help them in the struggle, and I am good enough selectionist to know that in that day the fate of the recalcitrant communities is sealed.”

_Hereditary Genius, An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences._ By Francis Galton.

This is the classical and pioneer enquiry, far beyond my praise or appraisement. The main text is not long, is easily read and is extremely interesting. The reader should acquaint himself also with Mr. Constable's recent criticism, _Poverty and Hereditary Genius_.

_A Study of British Genius._ (1904.) By Havelock Ellis.

This is an extremely interesting book, which should be read in association with the foregoing, to which it is a criticism and supplement. The greater part of the volume is concerned with the study of genius from the point of view of heredity--in terms of nationality and race, and of individual parentage. Very great labour and scholarship have been expended to very high purpose in this work.

_Inquiries into Human Faculty._ (1883.) By Francis Galton.

This is the next in order of Mr. Galton's works, _Hereditary Genius_ dating from 1869. It has recently been reprinted in Dent's “Everyman's Library,” and can thus be purchased for one shilling.

_Natural Inheritance._ (1889.) By Francis Galton.

_Memories of my Life._ (1908.) By Francis Galton.

This is Mr. Galton's latest book, and apart from its personal fascination must be read by the serious eugenist if only on account of its last five chapters, and especially the last two, which deal with Heredity and Race Improvement. What could be more interesting and significant, for instance, than to find Mr. Galton in 1908 saying of himself in 1865, “I was too much disposed to think of marriage under some regulation, and not enough of the effects of self-interest and of social and religious sentiment.” Mr. Galton comments on the wrongheadedness of objectors to eugenics. I fancy, however, that the familiar misrepresentations will soon cease to be possible. The whole of this brief last chapter must be carefully read and studied. At least I must quote the following paragraph:--

“What I desire is that the importance of eugenic marriages should be reckoned at its just value, neither too high nor too low, and that eugenics should form one of the many considerations by which marriages are promoted or hindered, as they are by social position, adequate fortune, and similarity of creed. I can believe hereafter that it will be felt as derogatory to a person of exceptionally good stock to marry into an inferior one as it is for a person of high Austrian rank to marry one who has not sixteen heraldic quarterings. I also hope that social recognition of an appropriate kind will be given to healthy, capable, and large families, and that social influence will be exerted towards the encouragement of eugenic marriages.”

This volume, a model for all future autobiographers, ends with the following splendid statement of the eugenic creed:--

“A true philanthropist concerns himself not only with society as a whole, but also with as many of the individuals who compose it as the range of his affections can include. If a man devotes himself solely to the good of a nation as a whole, his tastes must be impersonal and his conclusions so far heartless, deserving the ill title of ‘dismal’ with which Carlyle labelled statistics. If, on the other hand, he attends only to certain individuals in whom he happens to take an interest, he becomes guided by favouritism and is oblivious of the rights of others and of the futurity of the race. Charity refers to the individual; Statesmanship to the nation; Eugenics cares for both.

“It is known that a considerable part of the huge stream of British charity furthers by indirect and unsuspected ways the production of the Unfit; it is most desirable that money and other attention bestowed on harmful forms of charity should be diverted to the production and well-being of the Fit. For clearness of explanation we may divide newly married couples into three classes, with respect to the probable civic worth of their offspring. There would be a small class of ‘desirables,’ a large class of ‘passables,’ of whom nothing more will be said here, and a small class of ‘undesirables.’ It would clearly be advantageous to the country if social and moral support as well as timely material help were extended to the desirables, and not monopolised as it is now apt to be by the undesirables.

“I take eugenics very seriously, feeling that its principles ought to become one of the dominant motives in a civilised nation, much as if they were one of its religious tenets. I have often expressed myself in this sense, and will conclude this book by briefly reiterating my views.

“Individuals appear to me as partial detachments from the infinite ocean of Being, and this world as a stage on which Evolution takes place, principally hitherto by means of Natural Selection, which achieves the good of the whole with scant regard to that of the individual.

“Man is gifted with pity and other kindly feelings; he has also the power of preventing many kinds of suffering. I conceive it to fall well within his province to replace Natural Selection by other processes that are more merciful and not less effective.

“This is precisely the aim of eugenics. Its first object is to check the birth-rate of the Unfit, instead of allowing them to come into being, though doomed in large numbers to perish prematurely. The second object is the improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the Fit by early marriages and healthful rearing of their children. Natural Selection rests upon excessive production and wholesale destruction; Eugenics on bringing no more individuals into the world than can be properly cared for, and those only of the best stock.”

_Heredity and Selection in Sociology._ (1907.) By George Chatterton-Hill.

This is a useful and interesting work, the nature of which is well indicated by its title. It contains many purely eugenic chapters, and cannot be ignored by the student.

_The Germ-plasm, A Theory of Heredity._ (The Contemporary Science Series. 1893.) By August Weismann.

This is Weismann's great work. It should be studied by politicians and others who still interpret all social phenomena in terms of Lamarckian theory, and also by modern writers who are so much more Weismannian than Weismann.

_The Evolution Theory._ (1904.) Translated by J. Arthur Thomson and M. R. Thomson. By August Weismann.

_The Principles of Heredity._ (1905.) By G. Archdall Reid.

This is a very interesting and extremely Weismannian book which contains the most recent statement of the author's remarkable enquiries into the influence of disease as a factor of human selection.

_Variation in Animals and Plants._ (The International Scientific Series. 1903.) By H. M. Vernon.

_Variation, Heredity and Evolution._ (1906.) By R. H. Lock.

_The Origin of Species._ (1869. Last (sixth) edition. Reprinted 1901.) By Charles Darwin.

_The Descent of Man._ (1871. Second edition, 1874. Reprinted 1906.) By Charles Darwin.

These classics now cost only half-a-crown apiece.

The beginner should read _The Descent of Man_ first, I think. Some of the earlier chapters are of the utmost eugenic value, and would be found immensely interesting by modern lecturers on decadence, and the like.

_Darwinism To-day._ (1907.) By Vernon L. Kellogg.

An interesting and scholarly recent criticism, containing much matter strictly relevant to eugenics.

_The Evolution of Sex._ (The Contemporary Science Series. Revised edition, 1901. Originally published in 1899.) By Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson.

A famous book, yet to be discovered by most “authorities” on the Woman Question.

_A History of Matrimonial Institutions._ (1904.) By G. E. Howard.

This is a three-volume treatise, extremely comprehensive, and especially valuable as a guide to the literature of the subject. Only the professional student can be expected to read it from cover to cover, but it is invaluable for purposes of reference.

_The History of Human Marriage._ By E. Westermarck.

This rightly celebrated and epoch-making work demonstrates in especial the survival-value of monogamy, and its historical dominance as a marriage form.

_The Evolution of Marriage._ (The Contemporary Science Series.) By Professor Letourneau.

_The Principles of Population._ By T. R. Malthus.

The substance of this may be conveniently read in the extracts published in the _Economic Classics_ by Macmillan (1905).

_The Principles of Biology._ By Herbert Spencer.

The last section, “The Laws of Multiplication,” _must_ be read as the expression of the missing half of the truth discovered by Malthus. It is tiresome, nearly half a century after Spencer's enunciation of his law, to have to read the remarks of some modern writers who continue to assume that Malthus expressed not merely the truth but the whole truth.

_The Republic of Plato._

Apart from the lines of Theognis quoted by Darwin in _The Descent of Man_, which are some two centuries older than Plato, the fifth book of the _Republic_ is the earliest discussion in literature of the idea of eugenics, and utterly wild though we may consider most of the proposals of Plato--or Socrates--to be, these early thinkers are yet more modern and more scientific and more fundamental than all their successors, even including our modern Utopia makers who have come after Darwin, in recognising that it is the quality of the citizen which will make a Utopia possible. The following will suffice to show that after more than two thousand years we can still learn from the fundamental idea of Plato's fifth chapter:--

“It is plain, then, that after this we must make marriages as much as possible sacred; but the most advantageous should be most sacred. By all means. How then shall they be most advantageous? Tell me that, Glauco, for I see in your houses dogs of chace, and a great many excellent birds. Have you then indeed ever attended at all, in any respect, to their marriages, and the propagation of their species? How? said he. First of all, that among these, although they be excellent themselves, are there not some who are most excellent? There are. Whether then do you breed from all of them alike? or are you careful to breed chiefly from the best? From the best. But how? From the youngest or from the oldest, or from those who are most in their prime? From those in their prime. And if the breed be not of this kind, you reckon that the race of birds and dogs greatly degenerates. I reckon so, replied he. And what think you as to horses, said I, and other animals? is the case any otherwise with respect to these? That, said he, were absurd.”

Plato proposed to destroy the family, and to “practise every art that no mother should know her own child.” He also approved of infanticide. Nevertheless, this fifth book of the _Republic_ is interesting and valuable reading, and it is especially well to note that this pioneer of Utopianism and Socialism possessed the idea which almost all living Socialists, except Dr. A. R. Wallace and Professors Forel and Pearson, lack, that we must first make the Utopian and Utopia will follow.

_The Family._ (1906.) By Elsie Clews Parsons.

This recent, scholarly and lucid book, of which any living man might well be proud, may follow the reading of the utterly unconcerned and taken-for-granted fashion in which Socrates and Plato proposed to destroy the family. Lecture VIII., on “Sexual Choice,” is brief, but the references following it are extremely valuable and complete. It is evident that one of the books which will have to be written on eugenics in the near future must deal with the whole question of marriage and human selection both in its historical and in its contemporary aspects.

“The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed under Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment.” _Nature_, 1901, p. 659; _Smithsonian Report_, Washington, 1901, p. 523. By Francis Galton.

This was the Huxley Lecture of the Anthropological Institute in 1901, and the contemporary interest in eugenics may be said to date from it.

“Eugenics, its Definition, Scope and Aims.” (_Sociological Papers._ 1904.) By Francis Galton.

This remarkable lecture constituted a further introduction of the subject, and it is somewhat of the nature of an impertinence for the professional jester, who is not acquainted with a line of it, to dismiss eugenics with a phrase as if this lecture had never been written or were unobtainable. Mr. Galton there defined eugenics as “the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race....” The definition given in the _Century Dictionary_ is unauthoritative, incorrect, and misses the entire point.

An extremely valuable discussion follows this lecture, and it is absolutely necessary for the student to acquaint himself with the whole of these pages (45-99).

_Restrictions in Marriage: Studies in National Eugenics: Eugenics as a Factor in Religion._ By Francis Galton.

These are memoirs communicated to the Sociological Society in 1905, and published together with the subsequent discussions in _Sociological Papers_ (1905). The three memoirs are also published separately under one cover.

_Probability, the Foundation of Eugenics._ The Herbert Spencer Lecture of 1907. By Francis Galton.

This lecture contains a very brief historical outline of the recent progress of eugenic enquiry and a simple discussion of the mathematical method of studying heredity. It must, of course, be read by every serious student.

_National Life from the Standpoint of Science._ (1905.) By Karl Pearson.

This is a reprint of a lecture delivered by Professor Pearson in 1900, together with some other valuable contributions of his to the subject. There is scarcely a better introduction to eugenics.

_The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics._ The Robert Boyle Lecture, 1907. (Second edition, 1909.) By Karl Pearson.

This fine lecture should be carefully read. It gives some index to the quantity and quality of the work done by Professor Pearson and his followers since the Francis Galton Eugenics Laboratory was founded.

_Population and Progress._ (1907.) By Montague Crackanthorpe, K.C.

Though only published recently, part of this book goes back far. The first chapter is indeed a reprint of a eugenic article published in the _Fortnightly Review_ as far back as 1872. Some of us may perhaps be inclined to forget that more than a generation ago Mr. Crackanthorpe had grasped the great truths which we are now trying to spread, and had courageously expressed them in the face of ignorance and prejudice even greater than those of to-day. This is unquestionably a book which every student must read, but the press generally, with some notable exceptions, have fought rather shy of it. It was sent to the present writer at his request from a leading morning paper which trusts him, and he wrote a column on it, most careful in diction and moderate in opinion, which was, nevertheless, not printed. One of the leading medical papers devoted a long article to the book, written on the general principle that it is right for a medical paper to differ from any non-medical person who approaches the closed neighbourhood of medical enquiry. Another leading medical paper considered Mr. Crackanthorpe's “ideal” to be “beyond present accomplishment,” and feared it must have “many generations of probation before it could hope to enter the sphere of practical politics.” I venture to say that _Population and Progress_, dealing, as it does, with a subject that really matters, contains more fundamental practical politics--in the true sense of that word--than has been discussed in most of our current newspapers since they were first established.

_Race-Culture or Race-Suicide._ (1906.) By R. R. Rentoul.

This is a second and enlarged edition of a remarkable pamphlet published by Dr. Rentoul in 1903 under the title _Proposed Sterilisation of Certain Mental and Physical Degenerates. An Appeal to Asylum Managers and Others._ Dr. Rentoul's own description of this pamphlet is as follows:--“In it I called attention to the large and increasing number of the insane in the United Kingdom; to our disgraceful system of child-marriages; to the growing suicide rate; to our disgusting system of inducing certain mentally and physically diseased persons to marry; and to a slight operation which I was the first to propose as a means of checking the increase in the number of the insane, and in preventing innocent offspring from being cursed by some parental blemish.”

_Education._ (Originally published in 1861. New edition, with the author's latest corrections, 1906.) By Herbert Spencer.

This is the classic which marks an epoch in the personal development of every one who reads it, and which made an epoch in the history of education: the book was probably of more service to woman, owing to its liberation of girlhood, than any other of its century.

_The Study of Sociology._ (International Scientific Series. Originally published in 1873. Twentieth edition, 1903.) By Herbert Spencer.

This is, of course, _the_ introduction to sociology, written for that purpose by a master, and in every respect a masterpiece. It contains many eugenic references and arguments. As far as the eugenic education of the adult is concerned, this is rightly the preliminary work.

Besides _The Evolution of Sex_ and Mrs. Parson's book on _The Family_, there are many others relevant to the question of woman and eugenics, of which one or two may be noted here.

_Sex and Society, Studies in the Social Psychology of Sex._ (1907.) By W. I. Thomas.

This is a very readable and recent work, and for the general reader much the most suitable of any that I know.

_Man and Woman._ (Contemporary Science Series.) By Havelock Ellis.

A very clear and readable book.

_Youth--its Education, Regimen and Hygiene._ (1907.) By Stanley Hall.

This is a new and abbreviated version of Professor Stanley Hall's two well-known volumes on _Adolescence_, published in 1904. For the general reader this much smaller work is very suitable, and especial attention may be directed to Chapter XI., “The Education of Girls.”

It would have been presumptuous and absurd to attempt, in the course of a merely introductory volume, to deal, by anything more than allusion to its existence, with the great question of human parenthood in relation to race. Most urgently this question, of course, concerns the negro problem in America. The student who has to trust entirely to second-hand knowledge had best be silent. Lest, however, the reader should imagine that the older doctrines of race can be accepted without reserve, he will do well to study very carefully the latter part of Dr. Archdall Reid's book, already referred to, and, with extreme caution, the following:--

_Race Prejudice._ (1906.) By Jean Finot.

This book most of us must believe to be extreme, but it should be read: it bears on what may be called international eugenics, and the whole question of inter-racial marriage.

* * * * *

On matters of transmissible disease and racial poisons there is much literature. Only one or two books can be referred to here.

_The Diseases of Society: The Vice and Crime Problem._ (1904.) By G. F. Lydston.

This, of course, is not a pleasant book, and it is open to much criticism in many respects, but it is well worth reading, especially in association with Dr. Rentoul's work.

_Malaria--A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome._ (1907.) By W. H. S. Jones, with an introduction by Ronald Ross.

This is a recent historical study and may be a very substantial contribution to the study of decadence.

_Alcoholism._ (1906.) By W. C. Sullivan.

This little book of Dr. Sullivan's contains a useful and scrupulously moderate chapter on the relation of alcohol to human degeneration.

_The Drink Problem._ (1907.) By Fourteen Medical Authorities.

_The Children of the Nation._ (1906.) By Sir John Gorst.

_Infant Mortality._ (1906.) By George Newman.

_The Hygiene of Mind._ (1906.) By T. S. Clouston.

_Diseases of Occupation._ (1908.) By Sir T. Oliver.

_The Prevention of Tuberculosis._ (1908.) By A. Newsholme.

These volumes all deal in part with questions of racial poisoning and racial hygiene.

_Alcoholism--A Study in Heredity._ (1901.) By Archdall Reid.

_Alcohol and the Human Body._ (1907.) By Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge.

_Hygiene of Nerves and Mind._ (The Progressive Science Series. 1907.) By August Forel.

_Inebriety--Its Causation and Control._ (The second Norman Kerr Memorial Lecture, published in the _British Journal of Inebriety_, January, 1908.) By R. Welsh Branthwaite.

_Reports of the Inspector under the Inebriates Acts._ Especially those for the years 1904, 1905, 1906.

_The Cry of the Children: The Black Stain._ (1907.) By G. R. Sims.

The above are especially recommended to politicians. Sooner or later, as never yet, knowledge will have to be applied to the drink question as it bears upon the quality of the race. The knowledge exists, and is not difficult to acquire or understand. The references given are quite sufficient to enable any one of mediocre intelligence to frame a bill dealing with alcohol which would be worth all its predecessors put together, and would arouse far less opposition than any one of them.

_Reports of the National Conference on Infantile Mortality_ 1906 and 1908 (P. S. King & Co.). In the 1906 Report note especially Dr. Ballantyne's paper on the unborn infant, and in the 1908 Report, Miss Alice Ravenhill's paper on the education of girls.

It must be repeated that the foregoing names are merely noted as including, perhaps, the greater number of the books with which the serious beginner would do well to make a start. That is all. It would be both unfair and unwise, however, to omit any mention of at least three wonderful little books of John Ruskin's: _Unto this Last_, _Munera Pulveris_ and _Time and Tide_, which add to their great qualities of soul and style some of the most forcible and wisest things that have ever been written on race-culture and its absolutely fundamental relation to morality, patriotism and true economics.

If the reader desires the name of only one book, that is certainly _The Sexual Question_ (1908), by Professor August Forel. This has no rival anywhere, and cannot be overpraised.

Footnotes:

[1] A tribute is due to the anonymous pioneer of sane and provident philanthropy who lately gave £20,000 to the London Hospital for research. Such a thing is a commonplace in New York, it is unprecedented in London.

[2] The word is used in the ordinary loose sense, to which there is no objection provided that there be no misunderstanding of its exact scientific meaning, as in Spencer's phrase “survival of the fittest”--_i.e._ not the best, but the best adapted. See p. 43.

[3] “Degeneration,” I think, is the best word for the racial, “deterioration” for the individual, change.

[4] That is in the ordinary sense of the words, not in the more exact sense--as I think--in which a good environment would be defined as that which selects the good for parenthood.

[5] Italics mine.

[6] We have seen that Huxley's assertion of the fundamental opposition between moral and cosmic evolution is unwarrantable. We do recognise, however, that in our present practice this opposition exists. Our ancestors were cruel to the insane, but at least they prevented them from multiplying. We are blindly kind to them, and therefore in the long run cruel. But the dilemma, kind to be cruel, or cruel to be kind, is not necessary. It is quite possible, as we have asserted, to be at once kind to the individual and protective of the future. On the other hand, it is also possible to be cruel to both. The London County Council offers us, at the time of writing, a demonstration of this. Sending wretched inebriates on the round of police-court, prison and street, with intermittent gestations, rather than expend a shilling a day, per individual, in decently detaining them, it serves at least the philosophic purpose of demonstrating that it is possible to combine the maximum of brutality to the individual and the present with the maximum of injury to the race and the future.

[7] Reprinted in _The Kingdom of Man_ (Constable).

[8] _Sociological Papers_, 1905, p. 59.

[9] Whilst allowing due weight to Mr. Wells' opinion, we may also note that of Charles Darwin who, referring to his own phrase, natural selection, says, “But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate.” (_Origin of Species_, popular edition, p. 76.)

[10] _Collected Essays_, vol. i. p. 493. A valuable controversy but poor sport. Thinker _versus_ politician is scarcely a match.

[11] This is discussed at length in the writer's paper, “The Obstacles to Eugenics,” read before the Sociological Society, March 8, 1909.

[12] Spencer introduced the non-moral word evolution in 1857, _in order to_ avoid the moral connotation of the word progress, which he had formerly employed.

[13] In his recent work, _The Origin of Vertebrates_, Dr. W. H. Gaskell, F.R.S., has adduced much evidence in support of this thesis. He says, “The law of progress is this: The race is not to the swift nor to the strong, but to the wise.” And again; “As for the individual, so for the nation; as for the nation, so for the race; the law of evolution teaches that in all cases brain-power wins. Throughout, from the dawn of animal life up to the present day, the evidence given in this book suggests that the same law has always held. In all cases, upward progress is associated with the development of the central nervous system. The law for the whole animal kingdom is the same as for the individual. ‘Success in this world depends upon brains.’”

[14] We may recall the words of Lear:--

“Is man no more than this? Consider him well: Thou owest the worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume:.... Thou art the thing itself: unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor, bare, forked animal as thou art.”

[15] Says Darwin, “So little is this subject understood, that I have heard surprise repeatedly expressed at such great monsters as the Mastodon ... having become extinct; as if mere bodily strength gave victory in the battle of life. Mere size, on the contrary, would in some cases determine ... quicker extermination from the greater amount of requisite food.” In the Russo-Japanese War, one of the effective factors was the greater area of the Russian soldier as a target, and the disparity between the food requirements of the little victors and the big losers.

[16] Quoted from a Paper read by Mr. Galton before the Eugenics Education Society, October 14, 1908, and published in _Nature_, October 22, 1908.

[17] See the author's paper, “The Psychology of Parenthood,” _Eugenics Review_, April, 1909.

[18] An authoritative statement on this point has already been quoted from Sir E. Ray Lankester's Romanes Lecture of 1905, p. 42.

[19] The exception of one or two large animals, like the elephant, is not important. In proportion to body weight man's birth-rate is lower than theirs. And it is to be noted that the “infant” mortality is very low in this case, where the birth-rate is so low. Says Darwin, of the young elephant. “None are destroyed by beasts of prey; for even the tiger in India most rarely dares to attack a young elephant protected by its dam.” The dam has no factory to go to, and no beast of prey to sell her alcohol.

[20] “The fulmar petrel lays but one egg, yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world.” (_Origin of Species_, popular edition, p. 81).

[21] _The Wheat Problem_, by Sir Wm. Crookes, F.R.S., 2nd edition, 1905. The _Chemical News_ Office, 15, Newcastle St., Farringdon St., E.C.

[22] See Chap. iii. of the _Origin of Species_.

[23] Including even such an exceptional student as Dr. George Newman, who, in his book on _Infant Mortality_, regards a falling birth-rate as an essential evil, and actually declares without qualification that the factors “which lower the birth-rate tend to raise the infant death-rate.”

[24] It is not necessary to point out again the exception of the elephant, nor to explain it.

[25] Mr. Galton believes their number has been exaggerated.

[26] Quoted from the author's lectures on _Individualism and Collectivism_ (Williams and Norgate, 1906).

[27] As is usually the case, except when the mother or the father is alcoholic or syphilitic.

[28] If we make a diagram of society, with the social strata labelled, and then proceed to make a eugenic comment upon it, certainly the line dividing the sheep from the goats, _as for parenthood_, would not be horizontal, at any level. Nor would it be vertical--as if the proportions of worth and unworth were the same in all classes. Some would draw it diagonally, counting most of the aristocracy good and most of the lowest strata bad: others would slope it the other way. I should not venture to draw it at all: there are individuals good and bad in all classes and races, and their relative proportions are unknown, at least to me.

[29] “For words are wise men's counters, they do but reckon by them; but they are the money of fools” (Hobbes, _Leviathan_, Pt. I. chap iv.).

[30] It might be supposed that the words “inherent” and “inherited” were allied etymologically. This is not so. “Inherit” is derived from “heir,” and this from a verb meaning “to take.” In natural inheritance the heir inherits what is inherent in the germ-cells which make him. Says Professor Thomson: “The organisation of the fertilised ovum is the inheritance”--_and the heir_, we may add.

[31] Unless indeed it be an organism so lowly as only to consist of one cell throughout.

[32] The reader will remember the chapter, “A Berry to the Rescue.” “Says Lucy demurely: ‘Now you know why I read history, and that sort of books.... I only read sensible books and talk of serious things ... because I have heard say ... dear Mrs. Berry! don't you understand now?’”

[33] Contrast Mr. Galton, the propounder of the now accepted view:--

“As a general rule, with scarcely any exception that cannot be ascribed to other influences, such as bad nutrition or transmitted microbes, the injuries or habits of the parents are found to have no effect on the natural form or faculties of the child.” (_Hereditary Genius_, Prefatory Chapter to the Edition of 1892, p. xv.)

[34] In the later edition Mr. Galton discusses the question of the title, and says that if it could now be altered, it should appear as _Hereditary Ability_. We may note that, as the author says himself, “The reader will find a studious abstinence throughout the work from speaking of genius as a special quality.”

[35] The reader may note “A Eugenic Investigation: Index to Achievements of Near Kinsfolk of some of the Fellows of the Royal Society,” _Sociological Papers_, 1904, pp. 85-99 (Macmillan); also _Noteworthy Families_ (John Murray, 1906).

[36] These researches have not yet been published.

[37] In the later chapters of a former book, “Health, Strength, and Happiness” (Grant Richards, London; Mitchell Kennerley, New York, 1908), I have discussed various aspects of heredity from the eugenic point of view more fully than has been possible here.

[38] See the last sentence of the quotation from Forel on p. 130.

[39] For definition of these terms see Chap. xi.

[40] By some such means we may hope that man too may some day become domesticated without losing his fertility!

[41] 1 Corinthians xii. 22, 23, 24.

[42] Quoted from the Author's _Evolution the Master Key_.

[43] Mr. G. K. Chesterton, one of the most amusing of contemporary phenomena, has lately said: “The most serious sociologists, the most stately professors of eugenics, calmly propose that, ‘for the good of the race,’ people should be forcibly married to each other by the police.” Readers unacquainted with Mr. Chesterton's standard of accuracy and methods of criticism might be misled by this gay invention.

[44] _The Family_, p. 20.

[45] _Encyclopædia Medica_, vol. ii., Article “Deaf-Mutism.”

[46] In a lecture, “The Obstacles to Eugenics,” delivered before the Sociological Society, March 8, 1909.

[47] Since these words were written there has been passed the “Prevention of Crimes Act,” which is the first attempt in this country to apply the elementary truths of the subject in legislation. As an essentially eugenic proposal it is to be heartily welcomed.

[48] Dr. Bulstrode's Lecture to the Royal Institution, May 15, 1908.

[49] This suggestion, first made by the present writer in March, 1908, and in the paper referred to on p. 205, is, I believe, to be the subject of an official enquiry.

[50] _Sociological Papers_ (Macmillan, 1905), p. 3.

[51] “In any scheme of eugenics, energy is the most important quality to favour; it is, as we have seen, the basis of every action, and it is eminently transmissible by descent.”--Galton.

[52] _Fortnightly Review_, January, 1908.

[53] “As the German philosopher Schopenhauer remarks, the final aim of all love intrigues, be they comic or tragic, is really of more importance than all other ends in human life. What it all turns upon is nothing less than the composition of the next generation.... It is not the weal or woe of any one individual, but that of the human race to come, which is at stake.”--Darwin, _Descent of Man_, p. 893.

[54] _Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iv. (F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1905).

[55] Part of the matter of this chapter was included in papers entitled “Racial Hygiene or Negative Eugenics, with special reference to the Extirpation of Alcoholism,” read before the Congress of the Royal Institute of Public Health, at Buxton, 1908, and “Alcoholism and Eugenics,” read before the Society for the Study of Inebriety, April, 1909.

[56] Italics mine.

[57] To-day many of the children who make our destiny are born drunk, owing to maternal intoxication during labour: I have myself attended the birth of such children, both in Edinburgh and in York.

[58] This was written in 1892, before the accumulation of the modern evidence on the subject.

[59] “Alcohol taken into the stomach can be demonstrated in the testicle or ovary within a few minutes, and, like any other poison, may injure the sperm or the germ element therein contained. As a result of this intoxication of the primary elements, children may be conceived and born who become idiots, epileptics, or feeble-minded. Therefore it comes about that even before conception a fault may be present.”--McAdam Eccles, F.R.C.S., in the _British Journal of Inebriety_, April, 1908.

[60] See p. 111.

[61] London: James Nisbet and Co., 1906.

[62] Will our modern extremists be good enough to remember that Mr. Galton is the prime author of the doctrine that functionally-produced modifications are not inherited?

[63] The use of this word thus is unusual, to say the least of it. Dr. Claye Shaw simply means _causal relation_.

[64] The subject of alcoholism and race-culture really demands a large volume. There is no space here to detail the fashion in which the drunken mother poisons her child after birth, when she nurses it, since, as has been chemically proved, alcohol is excreted in her milk. Says a most distinguished authority, Mrs. Scharlieb, “the child, then, absolutely receives alcohol as part of his diet, with the worst effect upon his organs, for alcohol has a greater effect upon cells in proportion to their immaturity” (“The Drink Problem,” in the New Library of Medicine), and Dr. Sullivan refers to “numerous cases on record of convulsions and other disorders occurring in infants when the nurse has taken liquor, and ceasing when she has been put on a non-alcoholic diet.” The reader may be referred to my brief paper, “Alcohol and Infancy,” published in the form of a tract by the Church of England Temperance Society.

[65] This is printed in the _British Journal of Inebriety_, January, 1908, under the title “Inebriety, its Causation and Control”--with comments by numerous authorities.

[66] The author says “inherent defect.” I have omitted the adjective, as it is obviously misused. _Antecedent_ would have been the better word, surely.

[67] Italics mine.

[68] Italics mine. A thousand pounds for cure--which does not cure--and twopence for prevention is, of course, the rule with a half-educated nation always.

[69] She died in a lunatic asylum. I have not heard that society ever offered her a public apology for its brutality to her.

[70] See _Times_ report, February 28, 1908.

[71] Report of the Inspector under the Inebriates Acts for the year 1906.

[72] This drinking by women, which means drinking by mothers present, expectant or possible, is rapidly increasing in Great Britain, though almost unknown in our Colonies. It is at the heart that Empires rot.

[73] Cd. 4438. Price 4½d. Volume of evidence Cd. 4439. Price 2s.

[74] A careful and detailed enquiry by the present writer, published in the _Westminster Gazette_ (Nov. 21, 1908), _Daily Chronicle_, and _Manchester Guardian_, and hitherto unchallenged, showed that, on the most moderate reckoning, alcohol makes 124 widows and orphans in England and Wales every day, or more than 45,000 per annum.

[75] _Diseases of Occupation_, by Sir Thomas Oliver. (The New Library of Medicine, 1908.)

[76] This chapter contains the substance of the author's Friday evening discourse, entitled “Biology and History,” delivered before the Royal Institution of Great Britain and Ireland, February 14, 1908. The substance of two lectures to the Royal Institution, entitled “Biology and Progress,” and delivered in February, 1907, is also included in the present volume.

[77] “It is thus everywhere that foolish Rumour babbles not of what was done, but of what was misdone or undone; and foolish History (ever, more or less, the written epitomised synopsis of Rumour) knows so little that were not as well unknown. Attila invasions, Walter-the-Penniless Crusades, Sicilian Vespers, Thirty-Years' Wars: mere sin and misery; not work, but hindrance of work! For the Earth, all this while, was yearly green and yellow with her kind harvests; the hand of the craftsman, the mind of the thinker rested not: and so, after all, and in spite of all, we have this so glorious high-domed blossoming World; concerning which, poor History may well ask, with wonder, Whence _it_ came? She knows so little of it, knows so much of what obstructed it, what would have rendered it impossible. Such, nevertheless, by necessity or foolish choice, is her rule and practice; whereby that paradox, ‘Happy the people whose annals are vacant,’ is not without its true side.”--Carlyle, _French Revolution_.

“In a little while it would come to be felt that the true history of a nation was indeed not of its wars but of its households.”--Ruskin, _Time and Tide_.

[78] “Literature, taken in all its bearings, forms the grand line of demarcation between the human and the animal kingdoms.”--William Godwin.

[79] See the Author's paper, “The Essential Factor of Progress,” published in the _Monthly Review_, April, 1906.

[80] Gibbon does not enlighten us much on such vital matters: but my attention has been called to the following passage, not irrelevant here. It is from the _Attic Nights_ of Aulus Gellius, Book xii., chap. i., written about A.D. 150--Gibbon's critical epoch. I use the free translation of Mr. Quintin Waddington:--

“Once when I was with the philosopher Favorinus, word was brought to him that the wife of one of his disciples had just given birth to a son.

“‘Let us go,’ said he, ‘to enquire after the mother, and to congratulate the father.’ The latter was a noble of Senatorial rank.

“All of us who were present accompanied him to the house and went in with him. Meeting the father in the hall, he embraced and congratulated him, and, sitting down, enquired how his wife had come through the ordeal. And when he heard that the young mother, overcome with fatigue, was now sleeping, he began to speak more freely.

“‘Of course,’ said he, ‘she will suckle the child herself.’ And when the girl's mother said that her daughter must be spared, and nurses obtained in order that the heavy strain of nursing the child should not be added to what she had already gone through, ‘I beg of you, dear lady,’ said he, ‘to allow her to be a whole mother to her child. Is it not against nature, and being only half a mother, to give birth to a child, and then at once to send him away? To have nourished with her own blood and in her own body a something that she had never seen, and then to refuse it her own milk, now that she sees it living, a human being, demanding a mother's care? Or are you one of those who think that nature gave a woman breasts, not that she might feed her children, but as pretty little hillocks to give her bust a pleasing contour? Many indeed of our present-day ladies--whom you are far from resembling--do try to dry up and repress that sacred fount of the body, the nourisher of the human race, even at the risk they run from turning back and corrupting their milk, lest it should take off from the charm of their beauty. In doing this they act with the same folly as those, who, by the use of drugs and so forth, endeavour to destroy the very embryo in their bodies, lest a furrow should mar the smoothness of their skin, and they should spoil their figures in becoming mothers. If the destruction of a human being in its first inception, whilst it is being formed, whilst it is yet coming to life, and is still in the hands of its artificer, Nature, be deserving of public detestation and horror, is it not nearly as bad to deprive the child of his proper and congenial nutriment to which he is accustomed, now that he is perfected, is born into the world, is a child?

“But it makes no difference--for as they say--so long as the child is nourished and lives, with whose milk it is done.

“Why does he who says this, since he is so dull in understanding nature, think it also of no consequence in whose womb and from whose blood the child is formed and fashioned? For is there not now in the breasts the same blood--whitened, it is true, by agration and heat--which was before in the womb? And is not the wisdom of Nature to be seen in this, that as soon as the blood has done its work of forming the body down below, and the time of birth has come, it betakes itself to the upper parts of the body, and is ready to cherish the spark of life and light by furnishing to the new-born babe his known and accustomed food? And so it is not an idle belief, that, just as the strength and character of the seed have their influence in determining the likeness of the body and mind, so do the nature and properties of the milk do their part in effecting the same results. And this has been noticed, not in man alone, but in cattle as well. For if kids are brought up on the milk of ewes, or lambs on that of goats, it is agreed that the latter have stiffer wool, the former softer hair. In the case of timber and fruit trees, too, the qualities of the water and soil from which they draw their nourishment have more influence in stunting or augmenting their growth than those of the seed which is sewn, and often you may see a vigorous and healthy tree when transplanted into another place perish owing to the poverty of the soil.

“Is it then a reasonable thing to corrupt the fine qualities of the new-born man, well endowed as to both body and mind so far as parentage is concerned, with the unsuitable nourishment of degenerate and foreign milk? Especially is this the case, if she whom you get to supply the milk is a slave or of servile estate, and--as is very often the case--of a foreign and barbarous race, if she is dishonest, ugly, unchaste, or _addicted to drink_. For generally any woman who happens to have milk is called in, without further enquiry as to her suitability in other respects. Shall we allow this babe of ours to be tainted by pernicious contagion, and to draw life into his body and mind from a body and mind debased?

"This is the reason why we are so often surprised that the children of chaste mothers resemble their parents neither in body nor character.

“... And besides these considerations, who can afford to ignore or belittle the fact that those who desert their offspring and send them away from themselves, and make them over to others to nurse, cut, or at least loosen and weaken that chain and connection of mind and affection by which Nature attaches children to their parents. For when the child, sent elsewhere, is away from sight, the vigour of maternal solicitude little by little dies away, and the call of motherly instinct grows silent, and forgetfulness of a child sent away to nurse is not much less complete than that of one lost by death.

“A child's thoughts and the love he is ever ready to give, are occupied, moreover, with her alone from whom he derives his food, and soon he has neither feeling nor affection for the mother who bore him. The foundations of the filial feelings with which we are born being thus sapped and undermined, whatever affection children thus brought up may seem to have for father and mother, for the most part is not natural love, but the result of social convention.’”

[81] Cf. the similar dicta of Darwin and Pearson (p. 279).

[82] _National Life from the Standpoint of Science_, p. 99.

[83] “Decadence,” Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture, by the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.P., delivered at Newnham College, January 25, 1908. (Cambridge University Press.)

[84] “Restless activity proves the man,” as Goethe says.

[85] _Munera Pulveris_, par. 6.

[86] _The Data of Ethics_, par. 97.

[87] _Hereditary Genius_, Prefatory Chapter to Edition of 1902, pp. x. and xxvii.

[88] “The Survival-Value of Religion,” _Fortnightly Review_, April, 1906.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Ability, inheritance of, 114

“Acquired characters,” defined, 111

Acquired characters, Lamarckian theory of the transmission of, 283

---- progress, 262

---- ----, dangers of, 265

---- ---- _versus_ natural selection, 266

Acquirements, transmission of, by the art of writing, 261

---- _versus_ inborn characters, 101

Acromegaly, 67

“Adam Bede”, 298

“Adolescence,” by Prof. Stanley Hall, 318

Alcohol, a racial poison, 211, 259

----, an agent of selection, 206

---- and eugenics, 206

----, and heredity, 206

---- and human degeneration, 242

---- and parenthood, 241

----, effects of, on the racial organs, 208, 209 (_note_)

----, elimination by, 206

----, the friends of, 243

---- trade, the, and widows and orphans, 245

“Alcohol and Infancy,” by Dr. Saleeby, 214

“Alcohol and the Human Body,” by Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge, 319

Alcoholic Imperialism, 244

Alcoholism and the London County Council, 206

----, both a cause and a symptom of degeneracy, 217

----, parental, its influence on the offspring, 211

“Alcoholism, a Chapter in Social Pathology,” by Dr. W. C. Sullivan, 211, 242, 319

“Alcoholism, a Study in Heredity,” by G. Archdall Reid, 319

Ancestral inheritance, the law of, xiv

Ancestry of men of genius, 152

----, paternal and maternal, of equal importance, 152

Animal life and monogamy, 163

---- marriage, 162

Animals and promiscuity, 163

----, the higher, and monogamy, 163

Army, inferior intelligence of the, to that of the Navy, 98

“Atavism,” defined, 111

“Attic Nights, The,” of Aulus Gellius, 271 (_note_)

Australia, control of drunkards in, 242

“Autobiography” of Herbert Spencer, 58, 152

“Avariés, Les,” by Brieux, 252

Bacteria, domination of, 93

----, rate of increase of, 160

Bibliography of eugenics, 305

---- of racial poisons, 318

---- of transmissible diseases, 318

Biography, as a guide to heredity, 152

----, neglect of ancestral data in, 152

“Biology and History,” by Dr. Saleeby, 254 (_note_)

“Biology, The Principles of,” by Herbert Spencer, 312

Biometrics, the study of, xiii

Birth-rate, falling, eugenic aspect of the, 10

---- in China, 78

---- in Japan, 78

---- of man, 72

----, statistics of, 74

Births, ratio of, of the sexes, 294

“Black Stain, The,” by G. R. Sims, 237, 319

Body, the necessity of the, 53

----, relation of the, to the mind, 52

Brains, breeding for, 54

Breeding for brains, 54

---- for energy, 66

---- for intelligence, 147, 150, 153

---- for motherhood, 145, 146

Celibacy, non-eugenic results of, 116

Census, the uselessness of the, 6, 94

“Century Dictionary, The,” on eugenics, 314

Characters, inborn, _versus_ acquirements, 101

Child-birth, superstition about, 106

Children, eugenics and cruelty to, 295

----, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to, 295

“Children of the Nation, The,” by Sir John Gorst, 319

China, the birth-rate in, 78

----, racial state of, 274

Church, non-eugenic action of the, 116

Civic worth, 68

Civilisation, ideal, 117

Civilisations, the decay of, 255

Cocaine, the racial influence of, 250

“Collectivism, Individualism and,” by Dr. Saleeby, 101 (_note_)

Colour-blindness, _see_ Daltonism

Conception, attitude of eugenics before and after, 30

“Congenital” defined, 105, 112

“Conscientiousness”, 117

Crime, eugenics and, 177

----, theories of, 177

----, treatment of, 178

Criminality and civic worth, 68

“Cry of the Children, The,” by G. R. Sims, 237, 319

Daltonism and heredity, 179

“Dark ages,” caused by the celibacy of the fittest, 116

“Darwinism To-day,” by Vernon L. Kellogg, 312

“Data of Ethics, The,” by Spencer, 302 (_note_)

Deaf-mutism and heredity, 173

Death-rate, a low, the cause of the multiplication of man, 73

----, influence of density of population on the, 75

----, limitation of the, 78

----, statistics of the, 74

Decadence, National, 279

“Decadence,” by A. J. Balfour, 279

“Degeneration,” defined, 25 (_note_)

Degeneration, human, and alcohol, 217, 242

----, racial, 49

“Descent of Man, The,” by Charles Darwin, 171, 191, 197, 279, 311

“Deterioration,” defined, 25 (_note_)

Diminution of offspring, the eugenic value of, 162

Disease, latency of, 108

Diseases, transmissible, bibliography of, 318

“Diseases of Occupation,” by Sir Thomas Oliver, 247 (_note_), 319

“Diseases of Society: The Vice and Crime Problem,” by G. K. Lydston, 318

Domestics, the politics of the future, 33, 285

“Drink Problem, The,” by Fourteen Medical Authorities, 319

“Drink Problem, The,” by Mrs. Scharlieb, 214

Drunkard, influence of the, on the race, 241

----, marriage and parentage of the, 220, 235

----, the habitual, control of, in various countries, 242

----, ----, treatment of, by the London County Council, 39 (_note_), 220-238

Drunkenness, habitual, imprisonment as a treatment for, 218

----, increase of, 218

Early Notification of Births Act, 33

“Economic Classics”, 312

Education, age at which to begin, 125

---- and heredity, 128

---- and inequality, 131

---- and race culture, 120

----, eugenic, 139

---- for parenthood, xii, 138

----, higher, of woman, non-eugenic effects of, xiii, 89

---- in the principle of selection, 137

----, modern, the destruction of mind, 120

----, sexual, of children, 139

----, ----, of girls, 318

----, the limits of, 123

----, the provision of an environment, 12, 125

----, the real functions of, 136

“Education,” by Herbert Spencer, 317

Elephant, birth-rate of the, 72 (_note_)

Emigration, the eugenic evils of, xi

----, a remedy for over-population, 84

Energetic cost of reproduction, the, 87

Energy, breeding for, 66

----, eugenic value of, 291

Environment, education the provision of, 12, 125

----, effects of, 103

----, good, defined, 275

---- and heredity, 126

----, of motherhood, the, 270

Epilepsy, eugenics and, 176

Erect attitude, the, 55

“Essential Factor of Progress, The,” by Dr. Saleeby, 262

Eugenic sense, the creation of a, 144

Eugenics and alcohol, 206

----, bibliography of, 305

---- and conception, 30

---- and crime, 177

---- and cruelty to children, 295

---- and Daltonism, 179

---- and hæmophilia, 179

---- and insanity, 175

----, defined, viii, 315

----, epilepsy and, 176

----, feeble-minded, the, and, 174

----, higher education of woman, and, 89

---- in Germany, 154

----, infant mortality, and, 20

----, international, xi

----, Nietzscheanism and, 28

----, politics and, 118

----, positive and negative, 172

----, present influence of, on marriage, 187

----, religion and, 303

----, the aims of, summarized, 276, 309

----, the classes of society and, 119

----, the length of marriage engagements and, 198

----, the morality of, 303

----, tuberculosis and, 178

----, unemployment and, 293

----, woman and, 294

Eugenics Education Society, the, 222, 229, 230, 299

---- ---- ----, the history and objects of, 139

---- ---- ----, the Inebriates Committee and, 240

---- ---- ----, the reform of drunkards and, 241

“Eugenics as a Factor in Religion,” by F. Galton, 315

“Eugenics, Its Definition, Scope, and Aims,” by F. Galton, 314

“Eugenics, National, Studies in,” by F. Galton, 315

“Eugenics, National, The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of,” by Karl Pearson, 315

“Eugenics, Probability the Foundation of,” by F. Galton, 315

“Eugenics, The Obstacles to,” by Dr. Saleeby, 175 (_note_)

Evolution and progress, 48

----, introduction of the term, 48 (_note_)

“Evolution of Marriage, The,” by Prof. Letourneau, 312

“Evolution of Sex, The,” by Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson, 312

“Evolution, the Master Key,” by Dr. Saleeby, 147

“Evolution Theory, The,” by August Weismann, 311

Examinations, mental emetics, 121

“Family, The,” by Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons, 161, 314

Fatherhood, eugenic, importance of, 154

----, individual, 156

Feeble-minded, eugenics and the, 174

----, the London County Council and the, 229

----, the Royal Commission on the, 215, 242

“Fittest,” defined, 43

France, effect of Napoleonic wars on, 284

----, increase of population in, 76

Francis Galton Eugenics Laboratory, the, 315

“French Revolution, The,” by Carlyle, 254 (_note_)

Fulmar petrel, the multiplication of the, 73 (_note_)

Generation, the independence of every, 3

Genesis, individuation and, 87

“Genetics, the Methods and Scope of,” by Prof. W. Bateson, 306

Genius, infertility of, 287, 92

----, the production of, 289

----, the transmission of, 289

----, the value of, to the world, 291

“Genius, British, A Study of,” by Havelock Ellis, 308

“Genius, Hereditary,” by F. Galton, _see_ Hereditary Genius

Germany, eugenics in, 158

----, increase of population in, 76, 77

“Germinal,” defined, 110

Germ-plasm, immortality of the, 256

“Germ-plasm, A Theory of Heredity, The,” by August Weismann, 208, 311

Girls, the sexual education of, 318

Great Britain, increase of population in, 76

Greece, the fall of, 260

Gymnasium _versus_ playing fields, 63

Hæmophilia and heredity, 179

Hampstead, birth-rate of, the lowest in London, 78

“Health, Strength and Happiness,” by Dr. Saleeby, 119 (_note_)

“Hereditary Genius,” by F. Galton, 107, 114, 289, 302 (_note_), 307, 308

Heredity, alcohol and, 206

----, biography a guide to, 152

----, Daltonism and, 179

----, deaf-mutism and, 173

----, education and, 128

----, environment and, 126, 269

----, hæmophilia and, 179

----, obscured by acquired characters, 99

----, race culture and, 99

----, tuberculosis and, 179

“Heredity,” by Prof. J. A. Thomson, 99, 305

“Heredity and Environic Forces,” Dr. T. D. MacDougal on, 212

“Heredity and Selection in Sociology,” by George Chatterton-Hill, 311

“Heredity, Alcoholism, A Study in,” by G. Archdall Reid, 319

“Heredity, The Germ-Plasm, A Theory of,” by August Weismann, 311

“Heredity, The Principles of,” by G. Archdall Reid, 311

“History,” defined, 254

“History of Human Marriage, The,” by E., Westermarck, 312

“History of Matrimonial Institutions, A,” by G. E. Howard, 312

“Human Breed, The Possible Improvement of the, etc.,” by F. Galton, 314

“Human Faculty, Inquiries into,” by F. Galton, 308

Humanitarianism, indiscriminate, 27

Hygiene, individual and racial, 253

----, school, 65

“Hygiene of Mind, The,” by T. S. Clouston, 319

“Hygiene of Nerves and Mind,” by August Forel, 242, 319

Imperialism, alcoholic, 244

----, the old and the new, 33, 34

India as a wheat-producing country, 80

Individual _versus_ race, 256

“Individualism and Collectivism,” by Dr. Saleeby, 101 (_note_)

Individuation and genesis, 87

Inebriates, _see_ Drunkards

---- Act, the, 222, 224, 225, 230

---- ----, reports of the inspector under, 319

---- Committee, the Report of the, 239

Inebriety, _see_ Drunkenness

“Inebriety, Its Causation and Control,” by R. Welsh Branthwaite, 319

Infancy, helplessness of, 3, 147, 148

----, the mind of, 124

----, the, of slum children, 102

“Infancy, Alcohol and,” by Dr. Saleeby, 214

Infant mortality, 19, 97, 104, 150, 207, 257, 294

---- ---- among the Jews, 274

---- ----, eugenics and, 20, 29, 31

---- ----, first public mention of, 33

---- ---- in the east, 76

---- ----, polygamy and, 166

---- ----, reports of the 1908 conference on, 320

---- ----, the war against, 21

“Infant Mortality,” by Dr. George Newman, 86, 319

“Inherent,” defined, 109

Inheritance, pecuniary, non-eugenic influence of, 101

----, _see_ Heredity

“Inquiries into Human Faculty,” by F. Galton, 92, 128, 290, 308

Inquisition, anti-eugenic effects of the, 267

Insanity, “breach of promise” and, 202

----, eugenics and, 175

----, increase of, 176

Instinct, plasticity of, 148, 149

Intelligence, breeding for, 147, 150, 153

----, the creation of, 149

----, nature and, 40

“Intensity of life,” the, 91

“Janus in Modern Life,” by Prof. Flinders Petrie, 22

Japan, birth-rate in, 78

----, the racial development of, 268

Jews, the, alcohol and, 275

---- motherhood and, 274

----, the survival of, 272

“Kingdom of Man, The,” by Sir E. Ray Lankester, 41 (_note_)

Lamarckian theory of heredity, the, 134, 135, 208, 283

---- ---- of racial degeneration, 258, 261

Lead, a racial poison, 247

“Leviathan,” by Hobbes, 106 (_note_)

Licensing Bill of 1908, the, 223, 232-237

Life, the continuity of, 2

London County Council, alcoholism and, 206

---- ---- ----, feeble-minded children and, 229

---- ---- ----, the treatment of inebriates by, 39 (_note_), 220-238

---- Hospital, gift to, 11 (_note_)

Longevity, marriage and, 191

Love, eugenic value of, 70

----, motherhood and, 152

----, survival value of, 51

----, the two stages of, 186

“Making of Character, The,” by Prof. MacCunn, 124

Malaria, a racial poison, 260

“Malaria, A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome,” by W. H. S. Jones, 260, 282, 319

Man, the denudation and defencelessness of, 58

----, the foundation of Empire, 262

----, the future of, 299

----, the latest product of evolution, 55

----, the multiplication of, 71

“Man and Woman,” by Havelock Ellis, 318

Marriage, animal, 162

----, average age at, 90

----, breach of promise of, and race culture, 201

----, ---- ----, the law of, 202

----, childless, 168

----, contemporary, eugenic value of, 198

----, control of, 184, 186

----, defined, 170

----, engagement of, eugenics and the length of, 198

----, eugenic, 309

----, ----, preparation for, 144

----, ----, utility of, 162, 163, 168

----, happiness in, extent of, 195

----, human, 164

----, inter-racial, xi

----, longevity and, 191

----, “mixed” games and, 196, 197

---- of cousins, xii, 168

---- of the deaf and dumb, 173

----, present influence of, on eugenics, 187

----, procreation, the paramount function of, 158

----, selection for, 189

----, ----, by woman, 194

----, socialism and, 198

----, survival-value of, 164

---- systems, English and French, 199

----, the ball-room and, 196, 197

----, the field of choice in, 195

----, the Income Tax and, 174

----, the, of inebriates, 235

----, the sanctity of, 313

----, unselfish, 144

“Marriage, Human, The History of,” by E., Westermarck, 312

“Marriage, Restrictions in,” by F. Galton, 185, 204, 315

“Marriage, The Evolution of,” by Prof. Letourneau, 312

Married women's labour, 270

“Mass _versus_ mind”, 95

Maternal care, development of, 150

---- impressions, 111

Maternalism, the principle of, 169

Maternity, _see_ Motherhood

“Matrimonial Institutions, A History of,” by G. E. Howard, 312

“Memories of my Life,” by F. Galton, vii, 308

Mendelism, 108, 118, 293

“Methods and Scope of Genetics, The,” by Prof. W. Bateson, 306

Mind, selection of, 52

----, the ascent of, 300

----, the determinator of leadership, 59

----, the master in war, 97

----, the relation of, to the body, 52

---- _versus_ mass, 95

---- ---- muscle, 65

“Mind, The Hygiene of,” by T. S. Clouston, 319

“Mind, Hygiene of Nerves and,” by August Forel, 319

Monogamy, eugenic value of, 165, 170

----, survival-value of, 166

---- the ideal condition, 150

---- the rule among higher animals, 163

Morality, survival-value of, 51

Morphinomania, parental, its influence on the offspring, 212

Motherhood, 169

---- and love, 152

----, breeding for, 145, 146

---- carried on by unskilled labour, 151

---- during the decline of Rome, 270, 271 (_note_)

----, education for, 151

----, history and, 269

----, Jewish, 274

----, psychical, 151, 153

----, the elevation of, 32

----, the environment provided by, 269

----, the evolution of, 149

----, the safeguarding of, 170

----, the subsidisation of, 151

Mothers, school for, 151

Multiplication of man, a low death-rate the cause of, 73

---- ----, the laws of, 86

---- ----, the rate of, 90

---- of the unfit, 189, 279

“Munera Pulveris,” by John Ruskin, 302 (_note_), 320

Muscle, right training of, 62

----, the cult of, 60

---- _versus_ Mind, 65

Muscles, useless, 61

Narcotics, irritant and non-irritant, 251

----, possible racial influence of, 250

“National Life from the Standpoint of Science,” by Karl Pearson, 279, 315

“Natural Inheritance,” by F. Galton, 308

Natural selection, 35 _et seq._

---- ---- and racial degeneration, 260

---- ---- _versus_ acquired progress, 266

Nature, the cruelty of, 38

“Nature,” defined, 110

“Nature of Man, The,” by Metchinkoff, 90

Navy, superior intelligence of the, to that of the Army, 98

“Nemesis of Nations, The,” by W. R. Paterson, 281

New Zealand, control of drunkards in, 242

Nicotine, racial influence of, 251

Nietzscheanism, eugenics and, 28

Nitrogen, the fixation of, 81

“Noteworthy Families”, 114 (_note_)

“Nurture,” defined, 110

“Obstacles to Eugenics, The,” by Dr. Saleeby, 175 (_note_)

Opinion, individual, power of, 138

----, public, the education of, 14, 15

----, the creation of, 138

Opium, possible racial influence of, 251

“Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The,” by George Meredith, 112 (_note_)

“Origin of Species, The,” by Charles Darwin, vii, 73 (_note_), 311

“Origin of Vertebrates, The,” by Dr. W. H. Gaskell, 50 (_note_)

Overcrowding, 20

---- and tuberculosis, 181

---- and unemployment, 293

Parenthood, alcohol and, 241

----, classification of society for, 104 (_note_)

----, education for, xii, 138

----, eugenic power of, 199

---- of inebriates, 220

----, selection for, vii, viii

----, the elevation of, 293, 294

----, the link of life, 3

----, the most desirable, 91

----, the rise of, 161

----, the sanctity of, 138

Parents, selection of, 4

----, proportion of, to population, 4

Paris, hospitals in, 247

Physique, eugenic, importance of, 69

Playing fields _versus_ gymnasia, 63

Politics, defined, 286

----, domestics the future, 33, 285

----, eugenics and, 118

“Politics,” Aristotle's, 167

Polygamy and infant mortality, 166

----, significance of, 165

Population, density of, influence of the, on the death rate, 75

----, increase of, and the food supply, 79

----, ----, emigration a remedy for, 84

----, ----, safe extent of, 93

----, ----, statistics of, 75, 76

----, quantity _versus_ quality of, 93

----, starvation a controller of, 84

----, statistics of, as data for prophecy, 93

----, survival-value of, 90, 91

----, the test of, 95

“Population and Progress,” by Montague Crackanthorpe, 315

“Population, The Principles of,” by T. R. Malthus, 83, 85, 312

“Possible Improvement of the Human Breed, etc.,” by F. Galton, 314

Posterity, our duty to, 10

“Poverty and Hereditary Genius,” by Constable, 308

Prevention of Crimes Act, The, 179 (_note_)

“Prevention of Tuberculosis, The,” by Dr. A. Newsholme, 319

“Principles of Biology, The,” by Herbert Spencer, 86, 312

“Principles of Heredity, The,” by G. Archdall Reid, 311

“Principles of Population, The,” by T. R. Malthus, _see_ “Population, The Principles of”

“Probability, the Foundation of Eugenics,” by F. Galton, 315

Progress, acquired, _see_ Acquired progress

---- defined, 50, 303

----, evolution and, 48

---- of achievement, and of the race, 4

----, racial and acquired, 262

“Progress, Population and,” by Montague Crackanthorpe, 315

Promiscuity among animals, 163

Public opinion, education of, 14, 15

Quality _versus_ quantity, 293

Race, immortality of, 256

---- _versus_ individual, 256

Race-culture and human variety, 297

----, education and, 120

----, socialism and, 133

----, the promise of, 287

“Race-Culture or Race Suicide,” by R. R. Rentoul, 316

“Race Prejudice,” by Jean Finot, 318

Racial degeneration and natural selection, 260

---- ----, cause of, 263

---- ----, the Lamarckian theory of, 258, 263

---- instinct, education of the, xii

---- poisons, the, x, 246

---- ---- and decadence, 259

---- ----, bibliography of, 318

“Racial poisons,” introduction of the term, 205

“Racial Hygiene or Negative Eugenics,” by Dr. Saleeby, 205

Racial senility, the fallacy of, 256

“Reformatory,” the word, 238

Regression towards mediocrity, the law of, 288

Religion, eugenics and, 303

----, the survival-value of, 303

“Religion, Eugenics as a Factor in,” by F. Galton, 315

Religious persecution, non-eugenic results of, 116, 264

Reproduction, the cost of, in energy, 87

“Republic, The,” of Plato, 166, 313

“Restrictions in Marriage,” by F. Galton, 185, 204, 315

Reversed selection, 265

---- ----, the final cause of racial decay, 264, 266

---- ----, war a cause of, 284

“Reversion,” defined, 111

Rome, the decline of, 281

----, motherhood during the decline of, 270

Russia, increase of population in, 76

---- as a wheat-producing country, 80, 81

“School hygiene”, 65

“Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics, The,” by Karl Pearson, 315

Selection, alcohol an agent in, 206

---- and racial change, 260

---- by marriage, 189

---- for parentage, vii, viii

----, natural, _see_ Natural Selection

---- of mind, 52

---- of woman, for marriage, 189

----, reversed, _see_ Reversed Selection

----, sexual, 67, 190, 197, 202

----, the principle of, education in, 137

“Sex and Society,” by W. I. Thomas, 317

“Sex, The Evolution of,” by Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson, 312

“Sexual Choice”, 314

Sexual education of children, 139

---- ---- of girls, 318

---- selection, 67, 190, 197, 202

“Sexual Selection in Man,” by Havelock Ellis, 202

“Sexuel Frage, Die” (The Sexual Question), by August Forel, 130, 242, 253, 320

Siegfried, the story of, 304

“Social Psychology,” by Dr. McDougall, 117

Socialism and education, 129, 130, 132

---- and marriage, 198

---- and race-culture, 133

---- and selection for marriage, 194

Society, the classification of, and eugenics, 119

----, classification of, for parenthood, 104 (_note_)

“Society, The Diseases of,” by G. F. Lydston, 318

“Society, Sex and,” by W. I. Thomas, 317

“Sociological Papers”, 41, 114 (_note_), 185 (_note_), 279, 289, 314, 315

Sociological Society, the, 275

“Sociology, Heredity and Selection in,” by G. Chatterton-Hill, 311

“Sociology, The Study of,” by Herbert Spencer, 317

Soldiers, mistaken muscular training of, 63

Spain, the racial condition of, 267, 268

“Spontaneous,” defined, 215

Starvation as a controller of population, 84

----, extent of, in England, 82

Stepney, birth-rate of, the highest in London, 78

Sterilization of mental and physical degenerates, 316

Strength _versus_ skill, 62

“Struggle for existence,” the, 42, 83, 280

“Studies in National Eugenics,” by F. Galton, 315

“Studies in the Psychology of Sex”, 202

“Study of British Genius, A,” by Havelock Ellis, 308

“Study of Sociology, The,” by Herbert Spencer, 192, 317

“Survival of the fittest,” the, 43, 49

Survival-value, 46

---- of love, 51

---- of monogamy, 51

---- of population, 90, 91

---- of religion, the, 303

---- of the tape-worm, 47

----, physical _versus_ psychical, 50

“Survival-Value of Religion, The,” by Dr. Saleeby, 303

Syphilis, a racial poison, 252

“Syphilology and Venereal Diseases,” by Dr. C. F. Marshall, 253

Talent, the production of, 290

Tape-worm, survival value of the, 47

Tasmanians, racial disappearance of the, 257

Taubach, the Driftmen of, 59

Temperance legislation, the failure of, 236

“Time and Tide,” by John Ruskin, 96, 131, 254 (_note_), 296, 320

Tobacco and the race, 257

----, influence of, on pregnancy, 252

Tuberculosis, eugenics and, 179

----, heredity and, 180

----, overcrowding and, 181

----, racial extermination by, 260

“Tuberculosis, The Prevention of,” by A. Newsholme, 319

Unemployment, eugenics and, 293

----, overcrowding and, 293

United States, control of drunkards in the, 242

---- ----, higher education of woman in the, 89

---- ----, increase of population in the, 76

---- ----, the, a wheat-producing country, 80, 81

“Unto this Last,” by John Ruskin, 320

Variation, 297

“Variation, Heredity and Evolution,” by R. H. Lock, 311

“Variations in Animals and Plants,” by H. M. Vernon, 311

Vertebrates, evolution of the, 55

Vital economy, the principle of, 17, 19

War, a cause of reversed selection, 284

----, mind the master in, 97

Wealth, Ruskin's definition of, 17

“Westminster Gazette, The,” on the population and the food supply, 79

Wheat, improvement in, 82

---- problem, the, 79

“Wheat Problem, The,” by Sir William Crookes, 80

Wheat, Prof. Biffen's, 109

Whiskey, defined, 232

“Widows and Orphans,” and the alcohol trade, 245

Woman and eugenics, 193, 294

----, employment of, 294

----, the higher education of, non-eugenic effects of, 89

Women, married, and labour, 270

----, secret drinking by, 232

----, selection for marriage by, 194

Work, the eugenic necessity of, 264

Writing, the art of, as a means of transmission, 261

“Yellow Peril,” the, 78, 269

“Youth, its Education, Regimen and Hygiene,” by Stanley Hall, 318

INDEX OF NAMES

Aristotle, 262

---- on motherhood, 167

---- on racial decay, 256, 257

----, “Politics,” by, 167

Arnold, Matthew, 289

----, Thomas, 289

Asquith, H. H., 234

Bach, 300

---- family, the, 289

Bacon on the command of Nature, 13, 26, 41

Balfour, A. J., 228

----, ----, on decadence, 234, 279, 280

----, ----, on intemperance, 235

----, ----, on legislation, 233

----, ----, on Licensing Bill of 1908, 233

----, ----, on politics, 286

Ballantyne, Dr., on the unborn infant, 320

Barker, Ernest, on the destruction of marriage, 167

Bateson, Prof. W., “Methods and Scope of Genetics,” by, 306

Bateson, Prof. W., on education, 120

----, ----, on Mendelism, 306

Beethoven, 127, 146, 289, 292

Bertillon, M., on marital longevity, 192

Biffen, Prof., and his experiments on wheat, 109

Booth, the Rt. Hon. Charles, on the extent of starvation, 82

Bouchacourt on the care of motherhood, 145

Bourneville, on lead poisoning, 247

Branthwaite, Dr. R. Welsh, 228, 238

----, ----, “Inebriety, Its Causation and Control,” by, 217 (_note_), 319

----, ----, on alcoholism as a symptom of degeneracy, 217

Brieux, “Les Avariés”, 252

Brooks, Graham, on the Negro race, xi

Brouardel, parental morphinomania, 212

Browning, Robert, 135

Buckle, 267

Buddha, 146

Bulstrode, Dr., on tuberculosis, 181 (_note_)

Burchell, 52

Burns, the Rt. Hon. John, on motherhood, 32

Byron on the decay of nations, 255

Cakebread, Jane, the case of, 222, 225, 228, 238

Carlyle, Thomas, 309

----, ----, on history, 254 (_note_)

----, ----, “The French Revolution,” by, 254 (_note_)

Chatterton-Hill, George, “Heredity and Selection in Sociology,” by, 311

Chesterton, G. K., on eugenics, 158 (_note_)

Clouston, T. S., “The Hygiene of Mind,” by, 319

Cobden, Richard, 17

Cohn on the multiplication of bacteria, 160

Coleridge, 262

Combemale, experiments of, in alcoholism, 211

Constable, “Poverty and Hereditary Genius,” by, 308

Copernicus, 180

Cottrell, Mr., on the population of London, 76

Crackanthorpe, Mr. Montague, on the birth rate, 95

----, ----, “Population and Progress,” by, 315

Crichton-Browne, Sir James, on education, 125

Crookes, Sir William, 85

----, ----, on the wheat supply, 80

----, ----, “The Wheat Problem,” by, 80

Darwin, Charles, 42, 236, 296, 301, 307, 313

----, ----, and the effect of music on plants, 127

----, ----, centenary of the birth of, vii

----, ----, his talented ancestry and kindred, 289

----, ----, on degeneration, 171

----, ----, on national rise and decline, 275 (_note_)

----, ----, on natural selection, 83, 137, 260, 261

----, ----, on sexual selection, 67, 190, 197

----, ----, on the elephant, 72 (_note_)

----, ----, on the future, 293

----, ----, on the multiplication of the unfit, 227, 279

----, ----, on the queen bee, 44

----, ----, on vitality and muscularity, 67 (_note_)

----, ----, Ruskin on, 95

----, ----, “The Descent of Man,” by, 171, 191, 197, 279, 311

----, ----, “The Origin of Species,” by, 43, 73 (_note_), 311

Darwin, Erasmus, the grandfather of Charles Darwin, 289, 290

----, Francis, 290

----, Sir George, 290

Demme and parental alcoholism, 212

Disraeli on circumstances, 149

Down, Dr. Langdon, on drunkenness and the feeble-minded, 219

Dunlop, Dr. A. R., on habitual drunkenness, 219

Eccles, McAdam, on alcohol and the racial organs, 209

----, ----, on drunkenness, 221

Ellis, Havelock, “A Study of British Genius,” by, 308

----, ----, “Man and Woman,” by, 318

----, ----, on drunkenness, 219

----, ----, on sexual selection, 202, 204

----, ----, on socialism and education, 132

----, ----, “Sexual Selection in Man,” by, 202

Emerson on mass _versus_ mind, 96

---- on the morality of the universe, 37

Empedocles on survival value, 46

Epictetus on fools, 130

Etienne on opinion as ruler, 234

Féré on alcohol, 207

Ferrier, Prof. David, on habitual drunkenness, 219

Finot, Jean, on the Negro race, xi

----, ----, “Race Prejudice,” by, 318

Fleck, Dr., on drunkenness and the feeble-minded, 219

Forel, Prof. August, 17, 137

----, ----, “Die Sexuel Frage,” by 130, 242, 253, 320

----, ----, “Hygiene of Nerves and Mind,” by, 242, 319

----, ----, on alcohol as a racial poison, 244

----, ----, on alcoholism and heredity, 242

----, ----, on education, 129, 130

----, ----, on our duty to posterity, 35

----, ----, on the future of the race, 171

----, ----, on the nervous system, 53

----, ----, on the sexual education of children, 139

Galton, Francis, vii, 110, 206, 293, 307

----, ----, and acquired characters, the non-transmission of, 114 (_note_), 216, 259

----, ----, and biometrics, xiii

----, ----, and eugenics, positive and negative, 172

----, ----, and G. B. Shaw, 155

----, ----, and the law of regression towards mediocrity, 289

----, ----, “Eugenics as a Factor in Religion,” by, 315

----, ----, “Eugenics, its Definition, Scope, and Aims,” by, 314

----, ----, “Hereditary Genius,” by 107, 114, 289, 302 (_note_), 307, 308

----, ----, his kinship to Darwin, 289

----, ----, “Inquiries into Human Faculty,” by, 92, 128, 290, 308

----, ----, “Memories of my Life,” by, vii, 308

----, ----, “Natural Inheritance,” by, 308

----, ----, on ancestry, a rational pride in, 144

----, ----, on breeding for ability, 153

----, ----, ---- energy, 67, 153

----, ----, ---- health, 145, 153

----, ----, on civic worth, 68

----, ----, on civilisation, 117

----, ----, on energy, 193 (_note_), 290

----, ----, on eugenics, the meaning and the aims of, 157, 298, 315

----, ----, on functionally produced modifications, the non-inheritance of, 211

----, ----, on genius, hereditary, 107, 114

----, ----, ----, the quality of, 114 (_note_)

----, ----, on human intelligence, 41

----, ----, on human variety, 298

----, ----, on marriage, eugenic, 168

----, ----, ----, late, 92

----, ----, ----, the subsidisation of, 200

----, ----, on motherhood, the subsidisation of, 157

----, ----, on national eugenics, 115

----, ----, on national rise and decline, 279

----, ----, on public opinion, the formation of, 15

----, ----, on society, the eugenic value of the various classes of, 104

----, ----, on sociology, the duties of, 275

----, ----, on the desirable qualities, 299

----, ----, on the future of man, 302

----, ----, on the production of genius, 288

----, ----, on the production of talent, 292

----, ----, “Probability the Foundation of Eugenics,” by, 315

----, ----, “Restrictions in Marriage,” by, 185, 204, 315

----, ----, “Studies in National Eugenics,” by, 315

----, ----, “The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed, under existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment,” by, 314

Gaskell, Dr. W. H., “The Origin of Vertebrates,” by, 50 (_note_)

Geddes, Prof. Patrick, on Government, 122

----, ----, “The Evolution of Sex,” by, and Prof. J. A. Thomson, 312

Gibbon, 271 (_note_)

---- on history, 254

---- on the necessity for advance or retrogression, 266

Gladstone, Herbert, and the treatment of chronic inebriates by the London County Council, 222, 223

Godwin, William, on literature, 262 (_note_)

Goethe on activity, 291 (_note_)

---- on fate and chance, 12

---- on ignorance, 223

---- on marriage, 168

---- on the education of race, 136

Gorst, Sir John, “The Children of the Nation,” by, 319

Hall, Prof. Stanley, “Adolescence,” by, 318

----, ----, “Youth, its Education, Regimen and Hygiene,” by, 318

Helvetius on the influence of education, 128

Hobbes, Thomas, on “Words”, 106

----, ----, “Leviathan,” by, 106 (_note_)

Holmes, Mr. Thomas, on habitual drunkenness, 220

Horsley, Sir Victor, and Mary D. Sturge, “Alcohol and the Human Body,” by, 319

Howard, G. E., “A History of Matrimonial Institutions,” by, 312

Huxley, 29, 40, 58, 280, 281

----, “Evolution and Ethics,” by, 26

---- on cosmic nature, 26, 36, 39 (_note_)

---- on Pasteur, 94

---- on public opinion, 135

---- on the multiplication of the unfit, 227

Im Thurn, Mr., on marriage customs of Guiana, 184

Jones, Dr. Robert, on the case of Jane Cakebread, 328

Jones, W. H. S., “Malaria: a Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome,” by, 319

Joubert, 18

Kant, 4, 87

---- on the influence of education, 128

Keats, 46, 50

Kellogg, Vernon L., “Darwinism To-day,” by, 312

Kelvin, Lord, his services to life, 95

Kipling, Rudyard, and imperialism, 244, 245

----, ----, on breeds in the making, 245

----, ----, on emigration, 9

Kirby, Miss, on the feeble-minded, 220

Kirkup, Thomas, on Malthusianism, 84

Koch and tuberculosis, 180

Lamarck, 36

---- on inheritance of acquired characters, 134, 258, 259, 261

---- _versus_ Weismann, 206, 207, 208

Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on man, the controller of nature, 41

----, ----, on the multiplication of man, 9, 71, 72

----, ----, on the struggle for existence, 42, 280

----, ----, “The Kingdom of Man,” by, 41 (_note_)

Legrain on alcoholism and heredity, 220

Leonardo da Vinci, 264

Letourneau, Prof., “The Evolution of Marriage,” by, 312

Lewin on lead poisoning, 248

Lister, Lord, his services to life, 95

Livingstone, Dr., on African marriage customs, 184

Lock, R. H., “Variation, Heredity and Evolution,” by, 311

Lombroso, criminological work of, 177

London, Bishop of, on the falling birth-rate, 96

Love, Dr., on deaf-mutism, 174

Lowell, J. R., on human suffering, 130

Lucretius, 12, 260

Lydston, G. F., “The Diseases of Society: the Vice and Crime Problem,” by, 318

MacCunn, Prof., on the infant mind, 124

----, ----, “The Making of Character,” by, 124

MacDougal, Dr. T. D., on “Heredity and Environic Forces”, 210

McDougall, Dr. W., on infant mortality, 23

----, ----, on transmissible characters, 117

----, ----, “Social Psychology,” by, 117

Magee, Archbishop, 243

Malthus, T. R., 17, 313

----, ----, his theory, 80, 83

----, ----, ignorance as to his essay, 85

----, ----, importance of his doctrine to-day, 85

----, ----, “The Principles of Population,” by, 83, 85, 312

Marcus Aurelius, 298

Marshall, Dr. C. F., on alcohol and syphilis, 253

----, ----, “Syphilology” by, 253

Maudsley, Dr., on eugenics, 187

Mendel, the theory of, 108, 307

Meredith, George, 37, 231, 287

----, ----, “The Ordeal of Richard Feverel,” by, 112 (_note_)

Metchnikoff, on age at marriage, 90

----, “The Nature of Man,” by, 90

Mill, James, 289

----, John Stuart, 182, 289

----, ----, on nature, 38

Milton, 292

Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, “Survival Value”, 46

Mott, Dr. F. W., on habitual drunkenness, 219

Mozart, 126

Napoleon, the wars of, cause of reversed selection in France, 284

Newman, Dr. George, on the falling birth-rate, 86 (_note_)

----, ----, “Infant Mortality,” by, 86, 319

Newsholme, Dr. A., on tuberculosis, 182

----, ----, “The Prevention of Tuberculosis,” by, 319

Newton, Sir Isaac, 6, 146, 288, 300, 301

----, saved by motherhood, 150

Nietzsche and the Darwinian theory, 51

---- and the super-man theory, 25

---- and “transvaluation,” 101

---- on organic evolution, 158

Oliver, Sir Thomas, on lead poisoning, 247, 248, 249

----, ----, “Diseases of Occupation,” by, 247 (_note_), 319

Palestrina, 127

Palmerston, Lord, 131

Parsons, Dr. Elsie Clews, on diminution of offspring, 162

----, ----, on parentage, 161, 162

----, ----, “The Family,” by, 314

Pascal, 52

Pasteur and tuberculosis, 180

----, his value to the French nation, 94

---- on the abolition of disease, 72

Paterson, W. R., on slavery, the cause of the fall of empires, 281

----, ----, “The Nemesis of Nations,” by, 281

Pearson, Prof. Karl, 314

----, ----, and biometrics, xiii

----, ----, “National Life from the Standpoint of Science,” by, 279, 315

----, ----, on national rise and decline, 275 (_note_), 279

----, ----, on the multiplication of the yellow races, 78

----, ----, “The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics,” by, 315

Pericles, 292

Petrie, Prof. Flinders, “Janus in Modern Life,” by, 22

----, ----, on infantile mortality, 22

Plato and motherhood, 166

---- and the destruction of the family, 169, 313

---- on the duty of Governments, 276

---- on racial decay, 256, 257

---- on the sanctity of marriage, 313

---- on the State as mother, 313

----, “The Republic,” of, 166, 313, 314

Pope, on genius and insanity, 176

Potts, Dr. W. A., on “The Relation of Alcohol to Feeble-mindedness”, 214, 216

Ranke, Prof., on the mind of man, 59

Ravenhill, Miss Alice, on “Education for Motherhood”, 32

----, ----, on the education of girls, 320

Reid, Dr. Archdall, on alcohol, 206, 211

----, ----, on humanitarianism and deterioration, 24, 25

----, ----, on the marriage of drunkards, 235

----, ----, on the resistance of the germ-plasm, 250

----, ----, “Alcoholism, A Study in Heredity,” by, 319

----, ----, “The Principles of Heredity,” by, 311

Rembrandt, 4

Rennert on lead poisoning, 247, 248

Rentoul, Dr. R. R., on the sterilisation of mental and physical degenerates, 316

----, ----, “Race Culture or Race Suicide,” by, 316

Reynolds, Sir Alfred, on the treatment of inebriates, 226, 230

Roche, Sir Boyle, on posterity, 11

Roques on lead poisoning, 247

Ross, Prof. Ronald, “Malaria, A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome,” introduced by, 319

----, ----, on malaria as a cause of national decay, 260, 282

Rowntree, B. Seebohm, on the extent of starvation, 82

Ruskin, John, “Munera Pulveris,” by, 302 (_note_), 320

----, “Time and Tide,” by, 96, 131, 254 (_note_), 296, 320

----, “Unto this Last,” by, 320

---- on Darwin, 95

---- on education and inequality, 131

---- on life the only wealth, 17, 133, 269

---- on marriage, 296

---- on mass _versus_ mind, 96

---- on posterity, 287

---- on the duty of Governments, 18, 276

---- on the future of man, 302

---- on the manufacture of souls, 270

---- on the neglect of children, 145

---- on the neglect of woman, 145

---- on true history, 254 (_note_)

---- on work, 264

St. Francis, 301

Saleeby, Dr., “Alcohol and Infancy,” by, 214

----, ----, and G. B. Shaw, his controversy on marriage with, 157

----, ----, “Evolution, the Master Key,” by, 147

----, ----, “Health, Strength and Happiness,” by, 119 (_note_)

----, ----, “Individualism and Collectivism,” by, 101 (_note_)

----, ----, “Obstacles to Eugenics,” by, 175 (_note_)

----, ----, on biology and history, 254 (_note_)

----, ----, on London's inebriates, the case of, 226

----, ----, on progress, 262

----, ----, on the survival-value of religion, 303

----, ----, on widows and orphans made by alcohol, 245

----, ----, “The Essential Factor of Progress,” by, 262

Salisbury, Lord, his attack on evolution, 45

----, ----, on Spain a dying nation, 268

Sandow, 135

---- and the development of physique, 64

Scharlieb, Mrs., on maternal alcoholism, 214 (_note_)

----, ----, “The Drink Problem,” by, 214 (_note_)

Schopenhauer on love intrigue, 197 (_note_)

Schubert, 46, 50

Seton, Ernest Thompson, on animal marriage, 163

Shakespeare, 6, 126, 146, 245, 255, 287, 293, 301

----, ancestry of, 107-109

----, quoted, xii, 58 (_note_), 97, 231, 278

Shaw, Dr. Claye, on maternal alcoholism, 213

----, George Bernard, 85, 169

----, ----, on eugenics, 155, 156

----, ----, on heredity, 102

----, ----, on marriage, his controversy with Dr. Saleeby, 157

----, ----, on motherhood, 166

Shaw, Dr. Claye, on the State as mother, 156

Shelley, 131

Simpson, Sir James, on the inheritance of acquired characters, 136

Sims, G. R., on children, the protection of, 237

----, ----, on habitual drunkards, the treatment of, 222

----, ----, “on the cry of the children”, 295

----, ----, “The Black Stain,” by, 237, 319

----, ----, “The Cry of the Children,” by, 237, 319

Smith, Adam, 17

Socrates, 313, 314

Sombart, Dr., on the population of Germany, 77

Sophocles, quoted, 52

Spencer, Herbert, 4, 9, 85, 296, 300

----, absence of early education of, 120

---- and evolution, 43, 48

---- and functionally produced modifications, 111

---- and his reply to Lord Salisbury's attack on evolution, 45

---- and Huxley, 26

---- and “social organisms”, 256

---- on the cosmic process, 25

---- on the defencelessness of man, 58

---- on education, 131

---- on education for parenthood, 140

---- on human fertility, 89, 90, 91, 92

---- on individuation and genesis, 288

---- on marital longevity, 191, 192

---- on marriage, 164

---- on natural selection, 35

---- on parenthood, 88

---- on the future of man, 301, 302

---- on the laws of multiplication, 86, 87, 266

---- on woman and selection for marriage, 193

----, the ancestry of, 152

----, the “Autobiography” of, 35, 58, 65, 152

----, “The Data of Ethics,” by, 302 (_note_)

----, “the survival of the fittest”, 23 (_note_), 43, 44, 84, 260

----, “Education,” by, 317

----, “The Principles of Biology,” by, 86, 312

----, “The Study of Sociology,” by, 192, 317

Spinoza, 46, 50

Stark, Dr., on marital longevity, 192

Sturge, Mary D., and Sir Victor Horsley, “Alcohol and the Human Body,” by, 319

Sullivan, Dr. W. C., “Alcoholism,” by, 211, 242, 319

----, ----, on alcohol and alcoholism, 207, 211-213, 220

Sutherland on parental care, 162

Theognis on pecuniary inheritance, 101

---- on the duty of Governments, 276

Thomas, W. I., “Sex and Society,” by, 317

Thompson, Francis, 128

Thomson, Prof. J. A., “Heredity,” by, 99, 305

----, ----, on “inheritance”, 110 (_note_)

----, ----, on race culture, 99

----, ----, on reversion, 111

----, ----, “The Evolution of Sex,” by, and Patrick Geddes, 312

----, ----, translator of Weismann, 311

----, M. R., translator of Weismann, 311

Thoreau, quoted, 173

Tille on man the wealth of nations, 17

Tintoretto, 288

Turner, Sir William, on the human foot, 61

Urquhart, Dr. A. R., on habitual drunkenness, 219

Vernon, H. M., “Variations in Animals and Plants,” by, 311

Villemin and tuberculosis, 180

Waddington, Mr. Quintin, his translation of Aulus Gellius, 271 (_note_)

Wagner, “Siegfried”, 303

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 314

----, ----, on matrimonial choice by women, 194

----, ----, on natural selection, 83

Watson, William, the patriotism of, x

Watts, G. F., 4

Wedgwood, Josiah, maternal grandfather of Charles Darwin, 289

Weismann, August, 206, 211, 216, 248, 280

----, his controversy with Lamarck, 208

----, on parental alcoholism, 208-210

----, “The Germ-Plasm: a Theory in Heredity,” by, 208, 311

----, “The Evolution Theory,” by, 311

Wellington, Duke of, 128

Wells, H. G., on the multiplication of the unfit, 14

---- on Spencer's terminology, 43, 44, 49

Westermarck, Dr. E., on marriage, 158, 165

----, ----, on the control of marriage, 184

----, ----, “The History of Human Marriage,” by, 312

Wordsworth, 4, 244, 301, 302

----, absence of early education of, 120

---- on the decay of nations, 284

----, quoted, 35, 277, 300

Printed by The East of England Printing Works, London and Norwich

* * * * *

Transcriber's notes:

This text was produced using page images of the book available from the Internet Archive ( http://archive.org/details/parenthoodracec00sale ). Every effort has been made to convey accurately the original work.

Three typographical corrections have been made: in “millenium”, “symptons”, and “be becomes guided by”.

Quotation marks have been added to balance quotes when missing, and when supported by other sources; similarly with other cases of obviously missing punctuation.

Inconsistent hyphenation has been retained (e.g. “overcrowding” vs. “over-crowding”).

Italic text is surrounded by _underscores_.

Bold text is surrounded by =equal signs=.

Text in small capitals, such as quote attributions and the table of contents detail, has been rendered in regular case.

Index entries that use Roman numerals (referring to the Preface) have each had two pages added due to obvious errors in the original.

Footnotes have been numbered and collected at the end of the text but before the indices.