Part 6, devoted to the art department, in John Cotton Dana's "Modern

American library economy," is a very useful guide, not only in its record of accomplishment at Newark, but also in its hints as to sources, its list of addresses. Miss Ethelred Abbot's "List of photograph dealers" (Massachusetts Library Club, 1907) is properly emphasized for its usefulness, as is also the "Bibliotheca pædagogica."

For permanent exhibits the reproductions of certain examples in architecture, painting and sculpture which have become classical, are of obvious value. And here, too, the reason for inclusion may well be emphasized to the student, not only by proper labels but also by reference at the proper time in the classroom and lecture hall. Such classics in art will not infrequently be found reproduced better in black-and-white than in color. Should the library decide to procure color work by modern artists, such as the Teubner prints referred to, or the similar ones issued by Voigtländer or by the Künstlerbund of Karlsruhe, care must be taken to select such as are of general, and not merely local, interest. Say for example, the well known "Field of grain" by Volkmann. Such modern work also has the advantage of emphasizing the fact that there is work worth while being done today. It likewise shows the healthy tendency to enlarge acquaintance with home production, home scenery, home customs. We find that, for instance, in Germany, in Sweden, to a certain extent in England, and elsewhere. Much of the foreign endeavor in this direction has found its use in schools, but it involves some big principles in point of view which make a certain amount of its results of use in the college as well. But we should similarly pay attention to the best American work. Noteworthy attempts by American artists to interpret American life and the beauties of our scenery deserve support. One notes with interest the attempt made by the American Federation of Arts' Committee on Art in the Public Schools to call attention to American examples in the fine arts by calling for an expression of opinion as to the best works produced by our artists. T. W. Stevens reported that the Chicago Institution, furthering the utilization of students' work in the decoration of public school walls, "encouraged the adoption of subject pictures for decoration; especially subjects in American history."

The help of the art department, where the college has one, may well be enlisted. (Parenthetically let me state that E. Baldwin Smith in his recent report on "The study of the history of art in the colleges and universities of the United States," Princeton, 1911, summarizes his statistics in the statement that of 1,000,000 students, 163,000 have any art courses at all offered them.) Not only have we such rich collections as those of the Avery Architectural library at Columbia, the Fogg Museum at Harvard, or Yale University, but collections of casts, photographs and books will be found at the disposal of the art departments of a number of other colleges. Such resources might be drawn upon so that some modicum, at least, of art influence may be extended to the rest of the institution. If the direct co-operation of the art department is secured it must necessarily be adapted to the needs of the case with a clear understanding of the fact that general students, and not art students, are to be served. The statement of Dr. Leigh H. Hunt, associate professor of art at the College of the City of New York is of interest here. His 6,000 boys, says he, would like to begin with the human face. They do not necessarily lean to the saccharine, but perceive human interest shown without the aid of the direct anecdote. They stand Memling and Ghirlandajo. "The boys love color," he continues, "and are easily led to love refined color. They admire the early English water colorists--Cox, DeWint; also, Japanese prints." After becoming interested in such refined color, they get a liking for monochromes--delft blue landscapes, sanguines and sepia drawings.

Efforts such as those I have indicated seem particularly called for where the college is away from art influences. But they should not be put aside even where the college is located in a larger center with an art life. Rather should the resources near at hand be turned to advantage. I have seen the statement that over 30 per cent of our museums are connected with educational institutions. Also, in a large city, there are numerous art exhibitions, most varied in character. But the very extent of all these opportunities may serve to keep away the student who has so many other duties and attractions. And, as Prof. Hunt points out, boys living at one end of a large city not only whirl past all such possibilities on their way to college, but in New York, using the subway, they pass under it and not through it. What is wanted is the direct, unavoidable presentation of art to those who are not yet sufficiently interested to seek art for themselves.

In the whole matter the ever-necessary exercise of common sense is commendable. Enthusiasm for the cause must be moderated and adapted to the point of view of the student. The didactic element should be unobtrusive. The student should be interested rather than admonished. Above all he should be led to see that a certain love and appreciation of art is not a "highbrow" affair but a proper, necessary and pleasure-giving part of the equipment of the cultured man. As proper and a matter of course as the avoidance of a necktie of shrieking colors, or as the use of the table knife for cutting only. Farther discussion of this subject, as well as decision as to the practicability of the ideas advanced, must be left to those who have a more intimate acquaintance with the problems, conditions and difficulties involved than can be had by one who has to deal with the readers in a large public library.

Mr. Goodrich called attention to the library of the University of Michigan as one place where ideas like those of the paper had been carried out, made a plea for color prints as against the everlasting black and brown, and suggested the possibilities of pottery and textiles in the way of giving life and cheer to the delivery hall. He referred by way of example to the beautiful drapery curtains in the John Hay library reading room--a vast relief from the ordinary roller shade and just as effectual.

At the end of the session, the nominating committee brought in the name of Mr. W. N. C. Carlton, librarian of the Newberry library, to succeed Mr. Keogh on the committee on arrangements; Mr. Carlton was unanimously elected. His term will be three years; the other members of the committee, Miss Askew and Mr. Goodrich, remain the same as this year. The session then adjourned until Friday night.

COLLEGE LIBRARIANS' ROUND TABLE

The round table for college librarians was held on Friday evening, June 27th. F. C. Hicks, of Columbia university, presiding.

Miss JOSEPHINE A. RATHBONE, of the Pratt Institute school of library science gave a talk on

WHAT COLLEGE LIBRARIANS CAN DO FOR LIBRARY SCHOOLS

In a recent lecture on administrative problems of the college library given to the students of the Pratt Institute library school the lecturer pictured the ideal college library of the future, with a staff consisting of specialists, each with a knowledge of his subject equal to that of instructors or professors plus a library school training, whose recompense should be on the same scale as that for the teaching of those subjects. I remarked afterward that before that vision could come to pass the college librarians should have to act as feeders for the library schools, turning toward librarianship promising material from which the library schools could make the college library specialist of tomorrow. Hence this paper.

There has been a good deal of discussion in the Professional Training section about specialization in library schools--the desirability of having special courses to prepare librarians for technical libraries, for professional libraries, for legislative reference libraries, etc., etc., but I am convinced--and my conviction deepens with my increasing experience--that the time for specialization is before the library school course and not during it. Theoretically it does not seem possible that the same library course should be able to fit students for such different lines as children's work, municipal reference work, cataloging, branch library work, the scientific department of a university library, a botanical garden library, and the librarianship of a town library, but actually that is just what happens; recent graduates of our school are filling just such positions and each one found that her library training plus her previous education, experience and temperament enabled her to fill the special position satisfactorily.

Now what the college librarian can do for the library school and hence for the library profession, is, it seems to me, to make it known among college students that there are opportunities for the specialist in library work--to disabuse the mind of the man or woman who wants to pursue economics or sociology or some branch of science of the idea--almost a fixed idea it would seem--that a specialist in order to continue in his specialty must necessarily teach it, that teaching offers the only pied a terre, the only means of support for the student. Students of sociology and government are beginning to find their way into organized welfare work, it is true, but library work should be presented to them as a means of social service, of at least equal importance with settlement work or organized charity. That it could be so presented I am confident, and by whom if not by or through the agency of the college librarian?

Schools and colleges are devoting an increasing amount of attention to vocational guidance. Will not college librarians make a point of seeing that the possibilities and diversified opportunities of librarianship are presented to the students each year? If they do not care to do this themselves, librarians or members of library school faculties might be found in the vicinity who would be glad to do it.

Once the subject of librarianship is presented to the student and the desirability of entering upon the work through the gateway of library school training is pointed out (I assume that no time need be spent arguing this point--but if I am wrong I shall be glad to discuss the matter with any dissenters later), the college librarian can further the cause by being prepared to advise students as to their choice of a library school. The college librarian should supply himself with the circulars of the several schools and should inform himself concerning the reputation, advantages, requirements, and specialties of the different schools. We all agree that there is no one best library school (except our own), but that each of them offer special opportunities that make them adapted to the particular needs of different students. To direct the inquirer to that school that will best fit him for the particular kind of work he inclines toward would be to serve the profession, the schools, the colleges, and the individual student. Will not the college librarian take this function upon himself and enrich the profession not only with the quiet bookish student who will develop into the old-fashioned librarian for whom there is still room, but with the specialist, the executive, the vigorous and enthusiastic altruist who wants to serve the world by positive, constructive, social work?

The following paper, prepared by Mr. ROBERT S. FLETCHER, librarian of Amherst College, was read by Mr. N. L. Goodrich, of Dartmouth:

THE COLLEGE LIBRARY AND RESEARCH WORK

There was published in 1912 a "Union List of Collections on European History in American Libraries, compiled for the Committee on Bibliography of the American Historical Association by E. C. Richardson, Chairman."

In the preface to this exceedingly valuable work occurs the following extract from the Report of the Committee, December, 1911:

"It is clear from this situation that no library is self-sufficient--even Harvard lacking 930 sets, and all but 12 lacking on the average of 2,153 out of 2,197 works. Even as good colleges as Amherst and Williams, having but 26 and 17 respectively, lack 2,171 and 2,180 respectively out of 2,197, while probably 700 of the 786 institutions doing work of college grade in the United States are worse off than these."

I need hardly say that this is merely a statement of fact and in no sense a criticism or arraignment of any library mentioned or implied. Furthermore, it is undoubtedly true that analysis and reflection will render this statement much less startling than it appears at first glance. Whether we can explain and account for it to our entire satisfaction is a question which seems to me rather doubtful. Let me quote a little more from this same source:

"The most significant fact of the statistics of last year remains, however, substantially unchanged--the fact that only ten or a dozen libraries have as many as 10 per cent of the collections, and that out of 786 institutions which profess to do work of college grade, only about fifty libraries have as much as 1 per cent. The actual situation is even much worse than appears from the figures, since two or three inexpensive volumes of illustrative source books for classroom use are in the list through inadvertence, and undoubtedly swell the record of the minor institutions. It is safe to say that a majority even of the institutions included in the Babcock list have less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of these sets, and yet these are titles which have been gathered from actual references and are the books which are liable to meet any men engaged in historical research at every turn."

If we assume that research work belongs only to the university--that it has no place in the college--we may dismiss these figures as possessing no significance for us, save as they throw some light on the inferior quality of the collections built up by most of our American libraries. If on the other hand we believe that the smaller institution should encourage its teachers to do research work, and should, so far as its resources allow, provide the facilities for such work, then I believe that a study of the conditions responsible for the situation set forth in the Committee's report cannot fail to be of some value. And while I hold no brief for the research worker I am strongly of the opinion that the college which does encourage original research can not but gain a higher quality of teaching, and at the same time acquire a collection of books which, if not notable, shall be at least thoroughly good.

It may be claimed, and in that case must be granted, that such a question as this is practically an academic one, and so pretty largely outside of the librarian's province. That is true, however, only so long as you leave the question unanswered--or answer it in the negative. An affirmative answer would bring the matter home directly to every college librarian in the country. The college which believes in research and encourages its faculty to do it, must have a librarian not only in sympathy with the movement, but one skillful in finding ways and means to make it a success, since in most cases the funds at our disposal for the purchase of books would seem to preclude the possibility of such a thing.

Before going further into the discussion of this phase of the question, let me return for a moment to the report from which I quoted. One or two conclusions may justly be drawn from the figures therein presented. In the first place I think we may safely infer that the situation as regards History, so strikingly set forth, is repeated, and probably in an even worse form, in all the other departments of knowledge. Certainly we should not expect a library which was so weak in the research material of History, to be any stronger in Philology or the Sciences, or in Philosophy and Economics.

The second conclusion follows naturally from this, that the average college library--for it is with the college library that this paper concerns itself--has built up its collection with practically no emphasis on the acquisition of such material.

To say that this general condition exists solely because of the lack of funds is to my mind neither a real explanation, nor a real excuse. It exists primarily because there has never been any pressure from members of the faculty to bring about a different condition.

If we seek a reason for it we shall find it in the fact that research work has by tacit consent been left almost entirely to the university. Its place there--its vital importance in the university scheme of work--has never been questioned. Making all allowance for the difference in conditions I still cannot see why a thing that is confessedly of so much benefit to the university should not also be of help to the college. At the risk of getting a little off the track, and for the sake of making what I mean as plain as possible, it seems necessary to devote some space to a definition of the term research work. I am writing, of course, from the standpoint of an outsider, who expresses a purely personal opinion on a subject which interests him. There can be no hard and fast definition of such a term as this--at least not from a librarian.

I shall suppose then, that research work is of two kinds, both important, but one of them much more important than the other. The first and most common kind is that ordinarily done by the graduate student in the university. It is the gathering of material--the collection of information on some particular phase of some particular subject--and is not only of value in itself, but when taken together with the work done by other students along related lines becomes part of the structure on which scholarship is built. We may call it analytical research work. The other kind is that done by the man of clear vision and wide outlook, mature enough to see that the analytical work is merely material for a bigger thing--call it what you will--the man who can take the information others have collected and impart it in the form of culture. This is synthetic research work. Now the university has much of the former, some of the latter. The college has need only of the synthetic. If its place in the educational world is to be permanent, its contribution to education must be cultural. The type of teacher it needs, and I believe must have, is the man who has done, or is capable of doing, synthetic research work. In his hands teaching takes on a vitality, a spontaneity, a genuineness that no one else can give it. That the book collection of the average college would be sufficient for the needs of men like this is out of the question. There would inevitably arise a demand for the purchase of works of an entirely different kind--a demand that would have to be at least partially met. This demand would be for research material, by which I mean the results of research work, and the problem of such a college library would become a problem in discrimination--the decision as to what of this material it should try to obtain.

It ought not to be difficult to draw a clear distinction between analytical and synthetic research material. Illustrations of the first will readily occur to you, one as good as any being the usual thesis submitted for the doctor's degree. All "source" material is necessarily analytical--is the result of a careful, painstaking, often laborious search for information: information that may illuminate some dark corner of the field of knowledge. But it is never itself illumined by the spark of genius, nor wrought by the loving hand of the artist. It is merely the wood and the stone out of which a complete structure may some day arise.

Now how does the synthetic conception of research apply to History? A modern German writer has compressed the whole significance of it into a sentence: "The writing of History," he says, "is just as truly a =will toward a picture= as it is a knowledge of sources." In other words synthesis of the kind referred to is always the work of the artist, and in the nature of things becomes thereby a contribution to culture. Gibbon's "Decline and fall of the Roman empire," Lamprecht's "History of Germany," Rhodes' "History of the United States"--these are all synthetic: each one existed first as a picture in the mind of the artist, not merely as an array of sources from which the facts of history might be drawn.

"But," you say, "all libraries buy these books and others like them as a matter of course." Yes, we do, but I think the trouble is that we do not make books of this sort our standard, if indeed we have any standard beyond a favorable review or a request from a patron. It is no more true that the result of all synthetic research is cultural than that the result of all artistic endeavor is beautiful. Results here are just as uneven as anywhere else, with much that is good and perhaps even more that is bad, and it is when we come to discriminate that we are apt to go astray. Now a teacher such as I have in mind would keep abreast through the better periodicals of all that was being done in his particular line, and if facilities were furnished, would buy what he knew he needed--monographs, bibliographies, biographies, and some larger works--things that would not only give his teaching a vitality and freshness otherwise lacking, but would help to hasten the day when his own contribution to the world's culture should see the light.

Assuming, then, that a college accepts this view, and proposes to encourage its faculty to do research work, what are the practical ways in which the library can not only co-operate, but further such an undertaking? For I believe there are several. A preliminary statement as to the functions of the college library would seem to be essential. These have often been set forth for us in detail, and I shall only enumerate them here. The first and most important function is, of course, to meet the needs of the students and teachers as they arise in the regular college work. Along with this is the supplying of books for general reading, outside of the curriculum. Most of these books are bought for members of the faculty, who are thereby enabled to keep in touch with the latest developments in their own and other fields, and to avoid the possibility of mental stagnation from too close association with a particular subject. I believe much more might--and should--be done in the way of developing a taste for general reading on the part of the students, but that is another story.

Apart from these what are the functions of the college library? To be, so far as it can the centre of culture for the community in which it is located: to aid the local public library in its work with woman's clubs, and high school pupils: to lend books freely to other libraries. And in our own case there is the added opportunity of being of some assistance to another institution in the same town.

Now these things are all important, and the librarian who does not realize it, who fails to utilize to the utmost the possibilities they contain for intellectual and social betterment, is not worthy of his hire. But the point of view I take in this article compels me to consider them as secondary. The college library exists first of all to supply the book needs of its own students and faculty, and for nothing else. The expenditure of its funds, always insufficient, must be limited to this chief function. It is probable that all these other things I have enumerated can be done without any financial loss to the library, but where any of them means a diversion of library funds it becomes unjustifiable.

I said above that there are several practical ways in which a library--more properly, perhaps, a librarian--can not only co-operate, but further a movement to encourage research work on the part of members of the faculty. My remarks are of necessity limited to my observation of conditions in the institution with which I am connected, and are not to be considered general in their application. At the same time, I am inclined to think that these conditions are reproduced, at least to a certain extent, in most college libraries.

The assistance which the library can render must, of course, be very largely financial. Only by releasing funds from present uses, or by increasing these funds, can we hope to buy material of the kind referred to.

I am convinced, in the first place, that we can save money in the purchase of books, and this not through better discounts, or any choice of agents, but through more care in the selection of the books themselves. In other words, submit all lists of proposed purchases to a more rigid scrutiny. Make all titles answer such questions as "Is this book going to be of real value to this library?" "Is its usefulness to be more or less permanent, or merely temporary?" "Could not our need for it be met by borrowing from another library?"

In our own case, at least, I fear a number of books are recommended by professors or others, and bought by the library, which could not survive any such test. This naturally applies not so much to department books as to those of a general nature, for in the last analysis the teacher must be the judge of what he needs to help him in his work.

Secondly, we ought to save money--I think a considerable sum--on our periodicals. And here the saving effected by dropping some from the list is a double one; not only the subscription price, but the cost of binding. I realize that I am treading on dangerous ground in this matter, and that most professors would say to drop all the books if necessary, but none of the periodicals. And I could wish for enough space to elaborate my side of the question at some length, instead of touching on it only briefly. For I believe it to be of real importance--a thing that every college library must face and decide at some time or other. Here at Amherst we spent last year over 40 per cent of the income from our book funds on periodicals and their binding--a proportion which I cannot believe to be justified. Is there not such a thing as a "periodical" habit, into which all of us, librarians and professors alike, are apt to fall? We keep periodicals on our lists because they have always been there--were there before we came--although on reflection we are sure that no one ever uses them--not even the professor at whose instance they were ordered. In the first place, of course, he =expects= to use them, sometime if not now. Or he is sure that he =ought= to--that they would give him just the impetus he needs in his work. Or perhaps (and I should whisper this) he likes to have it known that the department is taking these things "couldn't get along without them." Now the periodical that cannot prove its right--in terms of usefulness--to be on the shelves of a college library has no place there. And the significance of this for us is the fact that in being there it is keeping something else out! What we spend for it, and for others like it, would enable us to make at least a beginning on the acquisition of our synthetic research material.

These are two of the ways in which it seems to me a librarian in sympathy with this movement could further it. Another, possibly worth mentioning, is to refrain from binding miscellaneous pamphlets and other unbound material, mostly presented to the library, and which we are apt to think may some day serve a purpose. Part of it may--most of it can well be thrown away and the binding money saved.

"But," you say, "even in the aggregate these things do not mean very much; perhaps one or two hundred dollars at the outside--one or two or three research collections a year for your library." No, they do not mean very much, by themselves, or in the purchasing power of money they are instrumental in saving. But they stand for something definite and logical; they are indicative of a determination on the part of an institution to get men of a certain type for its faculty, and to provide them with facilities for doing the broadest and biggest work possible. I may be mistaken, but I am inclined to think such an institution could find more money as it needed more. And the librarian skillful in discovering ways and means would not be contented with his yearly appropriations, but would succeed in interesting trustees and friends of the college to a point where interest would be translated into deeds.

Now there is, of course, another side to all this, and we should be short-sighted indeed not to recognize it. The college library which spent any considerable share of its funds for research material which really belongs only in the university library would have no means whatever of justifying itself--would be worse off than an institution which had no research material whatever. How may we guard against this danger? I must take it for granted that the sort of teacher I have been considering would choose his research material wisely and with the right perspective. In case he failed to do this I should expect the librarian to tell him so. And back of the librarian should be a real library committee; so constituted as to represent the different departments as fairly as possible; having charge of the allotment of book funds; advising and helping the librarian in the shaping of the library's policy; the court of last resort when an expensive and somewhat doubtful set was being considered--I can conceive of such a committee as being one of the greatest factors in the success of this whole undertaking. Let at least two types of teachers be selected for it. The one a man whose chief interest centers in the personal and human side of his students; who puts them first to the extent that his work is with them rather than with books or scholarly endeavor. The other the man I have defined as the synthetic research worker, broad in his sympathies toward his students, but a man who realizes both the need of the age for culture, and his own ability to contribute to it something worth while. By a fusion of such types as these the rights of all would be conserved--the needs of all met so far as possible.

Just a word more by way of summary and I shall be through.

I believe the book collection of the average college library is much below what it might be in point of quality. A possible way of changing this situation for the better is to encourage members of the faculty to do research work. This would also result in a higher standard of teaching--or so at least all the teachers with whom I have talked assure me. It is not necessary to assume that research is essential to scholarship, but merely that it adds something to a man's efficiency and power that can be gotten in no other way. The college librarian, if he cares to, can play an important part in bringing these things about.

You will doubtless find this scheme--represented here only in outline--rather idealistic, but so, I take it, are all educational schemes. I can only hope that you will find also some soundness in its theory--some small addition to the constructive criticism of a condition which I believe to be fundamentally wrong.

Miss MINNIE E. SEARS, head cataloger of the University of Minnesota library, presented a paper on

CATALOGING FOR DEPARTMENT LIBRARIES

Before beginning the discussion of cataloging for department libraries, let me say that as it is a subject which is still in the experimental stage and not yet capable of generalization, the statements made in this paper are based, partly upon information collected from certain university libraries in which this problem is now being worked out, and partly on my own experience in organizing the department catalogs of the University of Minnesota. The other libraries quoted are those of the University of Chicago, Columbia, Illinois, Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Missouri and Wisconsin.

In considering the problem of cataloging for department libraries, we may start with a definition and an assumption. For the purpose of this discussion it may be said that a department library is not a mere handful of reference books on a subject, but a more or less comprehensive collection of books on the subject shelved and used separately from the collections of the main library; and it may be assumed that the necessity for a separate catalog of such a collection is admitted by all.

Assuming this, the first question that presents itself is that of the form of the department catalog. Shall it be an author, a classed or a dictionary catalog, or, since in most cases the department library is a small open-shelf collection, will it suffice to have a shelf-list only, serving also as a classed catalog? The shelf-list would offer the simplest and cheapest solution of the difficulty, but the day when it was accepted as a solution of the entire problem has passed. Not one of the libraries consulted suggests the shelf-list alone as a possible arrangement. An author catalog, at least, is needed in addition, and the majority of these libraries report dictionary catalogs in some of the department libraries, if not in all. Chicago University is to provide for the department libraries outside of Harper building an author catalog and a shelf-list, where printed cards are available, and an author catalog only for the department libraries within Harper building. Columbia, Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota have dictionary catalogs for all department libraries. Missouri has dictionary catalogs in 3, and Wisconsin in 2 department libraries, while Johns Hopkins is to have dictionary catalogs in all department libraries which are outside its main building.

A more difficult question is that of the scope of the catalog. How exhaustive is it possible, or even desirable, to make it? It must, of course, include all books in the department library itself, but shall it also record all books dealing with the same subject to be found elsewhere in the university? Such completeness of record would be the ideal arrangement, and would, undoubtedly, meet with the hearty approval of the university departments. But will not the cost be prohibitive to many libraries, even in this day of printed cards and multigraph? To be of value, such elaborate cataloging should be done thoroughly and systematically and above all, once undertaken, should never be allowed to lapse, or confusion will be the result. The fuller information about related materials in other parts of the library can always be obtained from the main library catalog, if that record is a union catalog of department libraries as well; and if the department librarian is in telephone communication with the reference librarian at the main library, the information can be obtained almost as quickly as if it were included in the department catalog. We may, therefore, conclude that the department catalog complete for its own library but not including related material in other libraries, is the most practicable form under present conditions, although the ideal form is the more complete catalog which expense at present generally prohibits.

The third point which our problem raises is that of variations in cataloging from the rules followed in the general library catalog. The first important variation which suggests itself as possible is in the treatment of analytics. Shall analytics be included in the department catalog, and if so, shall they be the same as those in the general catalog? On this point the practice of our eight libraries varies somewhat. Chicago University is not planning to include any analytics in its department catalogs, and Johns Hopkins includes only a few. Illinois, Michigan and Minnesota, in the main, duplicate for their department catalogs the analytics made for their main catalogs and, as a rule, include no additional analytics. The Columbia practice is more ambitious, as that library includes in its department catalog analytics (mainly articles in periodicals) which are not included in its general catalog. An article in the =Columbia University Quarterly= for March, 1911, states that the department catalogs have analytics for all important serials that bear upon the work of the departments whether shelved there or in the general library, that is, the department library catalog attempts to serve both as catalog and index. These cards are intended for temporary use only, to be removed when the demand for them ceases.

In most university libraries it would be impossible to keep up systematically such elaborate catalogs, and it is not clear that such indexing--for it is indexing rather than cataloging--would be desirable in all places. A catalog can never be made to take the place of a reference librarian, or of an intelligent use of the important annual and other subject indexes to the literature of a subject, such as =Psychological Index=, the various =Jahresberichte=, etc. Moreover, every reference or department librarian naturally does more or less in the way of keeping up card indexes or bibliographies, which are frequently revised and the old material discarded as new and better material takes its place. Such reference indexes are simpler and more practical than serial analytics in a department catalog, since they do not call for expert revision and absolute uniformity of subject headings. On the whole, the tendency of present opinion and practice seems to be that important analytics which are useful in the general catalog are useful in the department catalog also, but that beyond that it is better to encourage the use of the printed indexes and the keeping of an informal reference index for material not yet included in the printed aids.

A more important possibility of variation, where the department catalog is dictionary in form, is found in subject headings. Will the same headings that are found satisfactory in the main library catalog serve equally well in the department catalog as used by specialists? Too much emphasis can not be laid upon the fact that any variation of this kind greatly increases the cost of the cataloging, as the assigning and revision of two sets of subject headings, one for the general and one for the department catalog, will mean that that part of the work is greatly increased, though not doubled. The correct assignment of subject headings presents enough difficulties under any circumstances, and the catalog supervisor should hesitate to multiply these unless there is strong reason for doing so. In libraries which have adopted the Library of Congress subject headings, those headings, with minor variations, will, for most subjects, be found satisfactory in the department as well as in the general catalog. Law will at once occur to all as a subject for which it may be desirable to run two sets of headings. We have done this at the University of Minnesota, using the special Library of Congress law headings in the department catalog, and the regular Library of Congress headings in the general catalog. A point to be carefully considered in adopting more than one set of subject headings, moreover, is the possible confusion of mind that may be produced in the student, the exigencies of whose work require him to use more than one of the library catalogs. Such records are certainly much easier to use when there is uniformity of subject entries, and the adoption of several different sets of subject headings will certainly cause confusion, even to members of the library staff, much more to students.

After the questions of form, scope, and contents of the department catalog, comes the practical question of how best to get the work done. It can be done in either of two ways, by the regular cataloging force of the university or by the department librarians. In most university libraries the cataloging staff is small in comparison with the amount always to be done, and the work of keeping the general catalog up to date taxes all its powers, and leaves no time for extra records such as department catalogs. On the other hand, does not the department librarian have more or less time which, when properly arranged, could be given to cataloging under the direction of the head cataloger? We have found this to be the case at the University of Minnesota. Until three years ago our department libraries were all under the supervision of the various departments, and hence in a more or less chaotic state. Some of these have not yet emerged from chaos. In these three years, however, we have evolved a system by which this work is done by the department librarians, or, in one case, by an assistant in the department library. It has so far proved a perfectly workable system for our given conditions. All the department librarians so far appointed have been either library school graduates or people with equivalent library training, and in addition to that, in some cases, with special knowledge of the subjects of the departments. One of the first duties of the department librarian, on taking charge of his library, has been to organize it, classifying and cataloging it under the supervision of the head of the catalog department, but doing the work in the department library. The question has been raised as to how the department librarian could do the reference work and other work of his library, and at the same time catalog the department books for both the department and general catalog. Of course the cataloging will be intermittent and more or less interrupted, as our rule is that the work for the public must be done first. Until, however, the books of a department library are in order and properly listed, no satisfactory reference work can be done with them. Our own experience has certainly been that the reference work of our department librarians has been strengthened by their work of cataloging. The general library gains also from this work of the department librarian, as the latter does the cataloging of his books for the general catalog at the same time as that for the department catalog, and so the growth of the general library catalog is greatly promoted, without a corresponding tax upon the resources of the catalog department. In as far as possible the work is revised by the head cataloger or a reviser, in the department library, but in some cases of difficult revision it has been found necessary to transfer the books to the catalog department for revision there. At present, whenever printed cards can not be obtained, all cards are actually made by the department librarian, but as soon as we are able to adopt the multigraph, rough copy only will be supplied by that assistant.

After the department library has been thoroughly organized and cataloged, the department librarian goes on with the lighter task of cataloging the current accessions of his library for both the department and the general catalog.

Some of the advantages of thus having the work done by the trained department librarians are:

1. It adds several workers to the cataloging force of the library, and thus makes it possible to do much more in the way of providing needed departmental catalogs. This fact has been of great importance with us at the University of Minnesota, where, with the present cataloging force alone, it would have been impossible to provide these catalogs. Besides, there is the advantage to the general library of getting the cataloging of these same books done for the general catalog.

2. The department librarian should have, and generally does have, special knowledge of his subject, which is of assistance in cataloging, especially in classification and the assignment of subject headings.

3. As the work is done in the department it is easy for the department librarian to consult the professors whenever necessary or desirable.

4. There is a real advantage to the department librarian in the added familiarity with the department books which he has gained in cataloging them. This is particularly true in the case of the librarian who, in the beginning, is not a specialist in his subject, but even the specialist may gain some knowledge from this handling of the material which will help him in the service of his readers. Moreover, if he has actually made the catalog, he can use it more intelligently himself and instruct his students better in the use of it.

Our scheme has certain disadvantages as well as advantages. Some of these are:

1. There is danger that not enough cataloging research work will be done when the cataloging is done in the department library, because many of the important catalog and bibliographical aids are not accessible outside the catalog department--for example, the depository or union catalog of printed cards.

2. There is danger that the existing records will not be consulted enough, because the general catalog is not easily accessible and can only be consulted on special trips to the main library.

3. When the work is thus decentralized, there is much greater difficulty in obtaining from the various assistants work which is even fairly uniform. No one who has had experience in trying to manage such work will minimize this difficulty. For this reason, the revision is more difficult, and must be done with the greatest care, especially in the matter of subject headings.

4. It is sometimes more difficult to get good cataloging from those whose first interest does not lie in this branch of the work, and who are not closely associated with the regular catalogers, and familiar with the many traditions of a catalog department. For this reason we have found at Minnesota, that it is an advantage to have a newly appointed department librarian work in the catalog department for a time before taking up the work in his library.

We have found, however, that with us the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, particularly the one great advantage that it has been a practical way of accomplishing work which could not have been done by our present cataloging department.

Summary

A tabulated summary of the replies received from the libraries circularized has been prepared, but as it is too detailed for reading here, I will omit it, and present, instead, a few conclusions which may fairly be drawn from this summary. While practice is not uniform on any one point of department cataloging, certain tendencies toward uniformity are clearly evident.

1. In the matter of department librarians there is clearly a tendency towards the appointment of trained workers having, whenever possible, some special knowledge of the subject of their departments as well. This, of course, is important, if the cataloging is to be done in the department libraries. All these libraries feel, also, the need for some kind of department catalogs, although the number of such catalogs already established varies from three at the University of Wisconsin to twenty-three at Columbia.

2. There is a pretty general agreement that the dictionary catalog is the most desirable for department libraries. Columbia, Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota report dictionary catalogs in all organized department libraries, and Johns Hopkins in all department libraries outside the main building. Wisconsin and Missouri report dictionary catalogs in certain department libraries, and Chicago reports author catalogs and shelf-lists. All the libraries using dictionary catalogs report the use, in the main, of the same kind of subject headings in department as in general catalogs, except for certain special subjects, such as law, or for certain highly specialized collections, such as the Avery Architectural library at Columbia.

3. There is a somewhat greater variation in the scope of material to be included. So far, only two libraries, Columbia and Michigan, report any department catalogs covering more than the material in the department libraries, but Missouri and Minnesota report that they intend, eventually, to have their department catalogs include all books on the subject in the university. In the matter of analytics the majority practice is to include the same analytics in both general and department catalogs, although Chicago uses no analytics at all in department catalogs, while Columbia, at the other extreme, includes more analytics in department catalogs than in the general catalog.

4. Present opinion seems to be pretty evenly divided on the subject of whether the actual work of cataloging should be done by the department librarians or by the regular cataloging force, although there is perhaps a tendency to have this work done by the department librarians wherever there are trained workers in charge of the department libraries. Universities in which the work for department catalogs is done by the department librarians, report that the department librarians catalog these same books for the general catalog as well.

In conclusion, let me repeat that if the cataloging is done by the department librarians, too much emphasis can not be laid upon the fact that it is absolutely essential to have all this work done under the supervision of the head cataloger, with the most careful revision. Otherwise there will be as many varieties of cataloging as there are department librarians.

In behalf of Dr. W. Dawson Johnston, of Columbia, Miss Isadore G. Mudge read the following

PROPOSAL FOR A CATALOG OF UNIVERSITY SERIAL PUBLICATIONS

One of the desiderata of our exchange departments, as well as of our reference departments, is a catalog of American university serial publications. This should give in addition to the general title, a full table of contents, and an index of the same. It may be prepared by one library, or cooperatively by the library of each institution issuing such series, and published by a central institution, as the bibliography of American historical societies was published by the Smithsonian Institution, or published as the trade list annual is, each institution printing its own catalog and forwarding it to a publisher to be indexed, bound with the catalogs of publications of other institutions, and so published.

The desirability of such a catalog as a record of American university publications was presented to the Executive Committee of the Association of American Universities at its last meeting. The Committee voted to recommend to the Association the passage of the following resolution:

"Resolved, That the Association of American Universities recommends to each of its constituent universities the preparation of a catalog of its serial publications and the printing of the catalog in a form which will permit the publication of the several catalogs as a collected work, so arranged and indexed as to make it a useful work of reference."

If the members of the College Section are similarly interested in such a catalog, similar action on the part of the section may be desirable. I present this suggestion with some diffidence because although the catalog will save librarians much labor in the long run the preparation of it would involve a large amount of extra labor in the immediate future. In spite of this, however, I hope that it will receive your favorable consideration.

After some discussion it was voted that the proposal be referred to the executive committee of the College and Reference Section for consideration.

The meeting then adjourned.

REFERENCE LIBRARIANS' ROUND TABLE

The meeting of the Public Library Division of the College and Reference Section was held on the evening of June 27. It was called to order by Edwin H. Anderson, who turned it over to Miss Sarah B. Askew of the New Jersey public library commission, who acted as chairman for the evening. The first speaker was Miss MARILLA WAITE FREEMAN, librarian of the Goodwyn Institute library of Memphis, who spoke on

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, AND THE REFERENCE DEPARTMENT AS A BUREAU OF INFORMATION

What we call "reference work" has been a little in disrepute of late, and there has been some discussion as to the amount of time which may legitimately be spent in helping the curious inquirer to learn how many of the Louis's died a natural death, or whether Helen of Troy wore locks of Titian red. But it is only in the large library that there can be any limitation of what we call the reference department to the handling of such academic quibbles. It is true that in the large library the technical department, the business branch, the art department may limit and thin the quality of work left to the reference librarian, till she (or he) may feel that only the dry bones of the day's research are hers (or his). But in the small library there is no such limitation, and the reference librarian, who may also be the head librarian and the chief cataloger, may come in touch each day with every sort of human interest, from the eager desire of the office clerk to get back to the soil by the road of raising rice in Arkansas or apples in Idaho, to the yearning for economic independence and artistic expression in the soul of the girl who comes to pore over books on design.

To one who is fully awake to the human side of things, there can never be any dull monotony in the life of the reference librarian. I have often wished I had time--and genius--to write the Romance of a Reference Library. It would cover as many pages, and be almost as thrilling as the Thousand-and-One-Nights. I wish I had time to tell you, the Molly-Make-Believe Episode of Goodwyn Institute library, or the Tale of the Telegram from the Nicaragua Revolution.

Now in the small library where one reference assistant must be so many things to so many people in the course of one day, there is special need of scientific management of time, labor, methods, resources. Fortunately, the reference assistant has few =statistics= to trouble with. The only record that seems essential is that of questions asked and topics looked up. A pad of paper, dated, kept at one's elbow, and questions jotted down almost as they are being asked--this gives an interesting basis for monthly and yearly reports, and makes something to show for the day's work much more interesting than mere figures, and does furnish certain figures, especially if we add, after each topic, approximate number of books, pamphlets and magazines used in getting information or material desired.

From these daily sheets interesting deductions can be made, classifications of different kinds and sources of questions asked, what classes of people are users and which are non-users of the library, on what lines the library needs to build up its resources, in what directions it needs to advertise better. Red pencil checks may be placed against more significant topics, for quick summarization at the end of the month. If the question is for school or club work, or likely to recur again, take a pencil and small pad, write Panama canal tolls or labor laws affecting women, or whatever the subject may be, at the top of the pad, and make rapid note of magazine articles, books, etc., looked up. Much time is lost in looking up the same things over and over again, sometimes by one assistant, and sometimes by another. Lists jotted roughly down while material is being looked up, or directly after, may be copied by typewriter on catalog cards and filed alphabetically in a special tray of the catalog case, where they will be quickly available for the next call. For debates, the material listed on cards should be grouped roughly under "general," "affirmative" and "negative." It saves time, also, in collecting books on the reserve shelf for a debate, to mark the places by clipping to the page a slip labelled "affirmative" or "negative." Of course, for debate work the first aid to scientific management is the use, so far as possible, of the work done by others in such invaluable little manuals as the Debaters' Hand-Book series, and the debate pamphlets of the Universities of Wisconsin, Texas, Iowa and others, supplemented by the latest magazine articles in the Readers' Guide.[11]

[11] A brief list, entitled "Debaters' Aids," was distributed in connection with this paper.

The same economic principle applies, of course, to every other class of subjects looked up. Make use of work done by others, whether in the form of bibliographies, indexes, reports and publications of special organizations, or what not. Two small indexes which save much time in the small library are the Pittsburgh Library Debate Index and their Contemporary Biography. Though the latter is now ten years old it is still extremely useful to those libraries which are so fortunate as to own copies.

Another economy of time and money is the using of book-lists printed by other libraries or organizations, checking on them the titles in one's own library, putting the library stamp upon them, and distributing them to the class of users interested. Goodwyn Institute library has recently done this with the booklet entitled: "What to read on business efficiency," issued by the Business Book Bureau of New York.

An important psychological point is always to get one good piece of material before each =researcher= promptly, then other material may be gathered more deliberately. If several people are waiting at once, give each one reference to start on rather than serve one in detail while all others wait their turn. Perhaps this is a small and obvious trifle to dwell upon, but it is a bromidium that trifles make success, in reference work as in anything else.

Returning to the wisdom of using others' work, I must emphasize the importance of collecting the material put out by all sorts of special organizations. We know that every subject now has its literature, from "votes for women" to the extermination of the house fly or the loan shark. And much of this matter, often in pamphlet or leaflet form, is obtainable free or at small cost. Frequently such literature is the latest and most authoritative word upon any subject.

In our scheme of scientific management, therefore, the small library, perhaps even more than the large, can not afford to do without collecting such literature. The pamphlet collection is indispensable. It means work, but in the end by its live usefulness it saves time. By scientific management and intensive use a small library with a good pamphlet collection can get better results than one three times as large whose resources are not up-to-date and thoroughly made use of.

First, a word as to the filing of such material; second, as to sources for securing it. I cannot attempt to offer any new solution to the vexed problem of pamphlet disposal. I will merely state briefly how Goodwyn Institute library handles its pamphlets. We have found the system of filing in pamphlet boxes most convenient and practicable. A box is lettered with D. C. number or inclusive numbers, and with subject or subjects included, as 334.6 Agricultural credit. Pamphlets are counted as received, but not accessioned. If important, catalog card is made under subject, or author, rarely under both. If of slight or only temporary value, they are merely marked with class number, and placed in box without cataloging. Sometimes merely a general catalog card is made to show that the library receives all the publications of an organization, as with the National American Woman Suffrage Association, or with the American National Child Labor Committee. In these cases there would be both author and subject card. Any specially important publication of the association would be brought out by separate card. A check on the pamphlet would indicate whether or not it had been cataloged.

For the small library which has not time to catalog individual pamphlets, it would be sufficient to make one general card for each group, giving class number and subject heading, as: "325 Immigration; for material (or for additional material) on this subject, see pamphlet collection," or merely, "See also pamphlets."

Goodwyn Institute clips also the local newspapers and a few others for matters of local or special interest, mounts the more valuable clippings on manila sheets, 8x10 in size, numbers them, occasionally catalogs an important one, and files them with pamphlets on the same subjects. To keep the collection from becoming obsolete, or occupying too much space, it should be gone over once a year, and old pamphlets and clippings and their cards withdrawn and destroyed. With many constantly changing subjects in agriculture, engineering, current problems, etc., it becomes instinctive with the reference assistant to bring forth first to the would-be investigator the pamphlet box or boxes on that subject, then the more recent magazine articles, and only last the books.

In Goodwyn Institute library the pamphlet collection is supplemented by a vertical file, arranged alphabetically under the same headings as the pamphlets. In this file are placed letters, circulars, typewritten lists, and the like, not advisable to be placed in the pamphlet boxes. A practical plan for indexing this material is a general card on each subject included, to be filed at end of regular cards in cataloging: e. g. "Levees; for additional material, see vertical file." For the very small library the vertical file is perhaps the most convenient arrangement for disposing of pamphlets and =all= unbound material in one place.

Some of the larger libraries bind in inexpensive form all pamphlets which are considered worthy of preservation, but for the small library this seems necessary only in the case of pamphlets of unusual value or size.

Now as to some of the sources of the pamphlet and ephemeral literature which is so valuable. I can not do better than to remind you again of two lists with which you are probably already familiar. The first is "Social questions of today, selected sources of information, compiled by the Free Public Library, Newark, N. J.," 1911. It may be obtained from the Editor of Special Libraries, State Library, Indianapolis, for ten cents. It includes the names and addresses of organizations interested in social questions, such as the American Civic Association, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Vocation Bureau of Boston, and an index of subjects covered by the publications of these organizations, such as the cost of living, prison reform, sex hygiene, vacation schools.

The second list is entitled "The library and social movements; a list of material obtainable free or at small expense." It may be had from the A. L. A. Publishing Board for five cents. This list includes material on all sorts of sociological questions, from co-operative stores to workingmen's compensation. From these two lists a good working collection of up-to-date, inexpensive pamphlet material on social problems may be obtained. Among recent organizations, born since these lists were published in 1911, are the Drama League of America, the American Commission on Agricultural Co-operation, the Southern Sociological Congress. All these put out valuable and inexpensive reports and publications. It would be a boon to small, and even large libraries, if the A. L. A. Publishing Board would father a new list including and enlarging the material of the two 1911 lists, and adding the most important new organizations and publications which have since come into being.

The recently published index to Special Libraries, Vol. 1-3, makes available, in that indispensable little journal much valuable material on current questions, and sources of information.

For all subjects, technical, scientific, historical, sociological, covered by the U. S. Government publications, and these subjects are innumerable, a convenient guide to selection is offered by the brief classified price-lists furnished by the Superintendent of Documents. The suggestions in the little weekly Government Publications, published by M. E. Greathouse at 510 12th St., N. W., Washington, at fifty cents a year, are also helpful, as are the notes in the A. L. A. Booklist, which now lists many government documents. The "Interesting Things in Print" column in Public Libraries should be carefully scanned, as should the "Periodical and other literature" department of the Library Journal.

To get upon the regular mailing list of as many organizations as possible saves much time spent in writing for individual publications. And even where there is a membership fee, as of $2.00 per year to the Drama League of America, for example, it will bring far more valuable returns in twelve months than the same amount expended in books.

The first labor of writing for and handling a collection of pamphlet literature seems considerable, but when properly organized its daily up-keep is not difficult and its presence in a library goes far to make possible the scientific management of the queries and problems which come each day to the reference desk.

May I rather say the information desk. We librarians are so at home with our own terminology, have talked so long and familiarly of reference desks, reference work, the reference library, that I doubt if we ever realize the foreignness of our language to the shy visitor within our gates. "Ask in the reference room" means worse than nothing to him, but the simple legend "Information desk" will draw him like the kindly and familiar face of a friend.

The idea that a modern library is, or should be, a central Bureau of Information for its town or city is one that we first have to get thoroughly into our own heads, and then impress upon our public. In the effort to find the simplest and most effective way to present this idea to our Memphis public, we tried running the following card in the street cars:

What do =You= want to Know?

You have 12,000 Books, Trade Journals, Magazines on all subjects, and an Information Bureau for =Your= use absolutely =Free= in Goodwyn Institute Library.

We were able to make specially advantageous terms with the street car advertising company, whose representative had himself made use of the resources of the library, and we have been running this card, or similarly worded ones, for over a year. The results, sometimes direct, sometimes indirect, have been very interesting. The card has brought us many business men, and other street car users, who, seeing our invitation daily, recall it from the depths of their subconsciousness when they do want to know. The card is often taken quite literally, as in the case of the young Russian from Odessa, later from St. Louis, who read the sign in the street car which brought him from the railway station. He came straight to the library and to the information desk, told his story briefly and succinctly, and asked how he could find a position as house boy, for which he was qualified. The Jewish Rabbi happened to be in the library at the moment. He called up the head of the Jewish Charities, who on hearing that the lad was from Odessa, said: "Why, that is my native place! Send him along and I will surely find him something." And he did.

Another bright-eyed youth, who worked with a moving-picture corporation in the daytime, but had his evenings free, came in to ask if we had d'Espuy's "Architecture antique." He was overjoyed when he saw it and other folios on the subject, said he was wanting to go on with the study of architecture at night, and had seen our street car card. "That card's a fine stunt," he added. Then there was the case of the two young men who had come down the river by boat from Iowa, looking for work as extra Christmas clerks. They were sent up to us by a policeman, from whom they asked information. We sent them to the Y. M. C. A. Department of Employment, and one of them afterward came back to tell us they had both gotten a job. We do not at all mind being teased a bit about our "Employment Bureau," so glad are we that the policeman and the man-on-the-street should instantly think of Goodwyn Institute library when asked for any information which he cannot give. We desire to be regarded as a sort of central clearing house for general information, even when the question is of so primitive and vital a nature as how a man shall earn his next meal, and to this end we take as our motto "Nothing human is alien to us."

We think it is within our legitimate field to tell the man not that he has come to the wrong place, but to tell him the address of the right place, and sometimes even to give him a note or do a moment's telephoning that will connect him with the right place, and will make him feel that the library's "What do =you= want to know?" means him.

The point I wish to emphasize is: Never let a man go away without either the information for which he has come, or the knowledge as to where he may find it. This does not mean that we must spend precious time in looking up irrelevant questions, or in attempting to handle matters which some other library or organization could deal with more efficiently. It does mean that it is our business as a Bureau of Information to know just where that question can be most effectively handled, and then to direct the inquirer there.

Thus if a man desires a certain address in Los Angeles, we send him to the Cotton Exchange, one block away, which has a full line of directories, open to the public; if a certain government monograph which we do not possess, we refer him to the Cossitt library, which as a government depository has a full collection of public documents; if other than a very simple legal reference, we refer him to the law library, mentioning its hours and restrictions.

If the information desired may be secured by letter, we often give a reader the necessary address and let him write himself. We ought, of course, to save the library's time in this way whenever possible. Yet frequently the information or material to be secured would have a future value to the library itself, or to the city, and whenever this is the case, this advantage, together with the reader's grateful appreciation of the library for getting him what he wants when he wants it, surely justifies us in writing the letter ourselves. Thus, Goodwyn Institute library has recently secured much information and literature on smoke abatement experience of other cities, for engineers suddenly forced to apply modern methods by a stringent city ordinance. Assistance has been given in the same way to the Mississippi Valley Levee Association; to a committee appointed to present a county insanity commission bill to the state legislature; to the city engineer, on the practice of different cities as to grade-crossings and railroad track elevation; again to an individual reader who wished to learn what diseases are native to South Carolina in distinction from those supposed to be cured by residence there; to a local manufacturer on the process of making paper from cotton stalks; to a student on the death rate and prevalence of tuberculosis among negroes; to another on the best methods of alfalfa raising in West Tennessee.

The use of the telephone is encouraged for information needed quickly. If a busy business man wishes to know the name and address of the U. S. Consul in Peru, the 1910 population of Guthrie, Oklahoma, the meaning of a troublesome phrase in a Spanish letter, he appreciates knowing that he can get a prompt reply by calling up the library. The St. Joseph library makes this feature of its information service effectively known by attractive blotters and leaflets sent to business men.

We are all familiar with the insistent demands of club members and of school children, set sometimes, the former by the club system, and the latter by the school system, to subjects beyond their grasp. Of the vexed problem of distributing our crowded hours judiciously among all these demands, Miss Bacon has written most lucidly in her delightful paper on "What the public wants," in the May (1913) Library Journal.

Certainly we do have to learn to discriminate as to the time and attention we give to each demand upon us. Yet each is important to the man, woman or child, who makes it, and however briefly and expeditiously we may dispose of it, let us make the questioner feel that he did well to come to us, that we are for the moment concentrating upon his problem, and that we are giving him the best assistance in our power, even if it be only an address, or a telephone number, or the name of the book in which his question will be answered.

Let me repeat that it is all largely a matter of making our library a clearing house of information, of connecting the man with the answer to his question, rather than of necessarily answering it ourselves. And to this end, and by these means, may the small library be as useful as the large.

The next speaker was Miss SARAH B. BALL, librarian of the business branch of the Newark free public library, who spoke on

WHAT ANY LIBRARY CAN DO FOR THE BUSINESS INTERESTS OF THE TOWN

Have you ever felt discouraged over the purely potential value of your reference books, because they seem to remain forever potential? Have you ever turned the pages of the World Almanac and sighed over perfectly good answers which you could give to questions that nobody asks you? Every reference librarian present knows what I mean. When is wheat harvested in Burmah? Who is the secretary of sanitation in Cuba? How long does it take a letter to go from New York to Melbourne, via Vancouver? Are grapes more nutritious than plums? What are the dues in the Knickerbocker Club? What three nations have dominions on which the sun never sets? How many shipwrecks last year on the U. S. coasts?

These questions are being asked by somebody and being answered in a fashion by somebody. Very often that "somebody" is the editor of the query column in the newspaper. The newspapers of the country have educated the people to turn to them with their questions. How many of those questions could be answered just as well or better by the public library? How often the newspaper itself turns to the public library for the answers? Here is truly an unnecessary duplication of work and a loss of time. Here is also a high-road to popularity and an opportunity for usefulness to a community clearly seen by newspapers and worth cultivating by public libraries.

While we are making laws, librarians might conspire to put through a city ordinance to compel all questioning people to call on the public library as the =first= source of information. As that is manifestly impossible, something must be done to attract the business and trade interests of a town to the public library as a bureau of information. Why? Because the citizens pay taxes to support an institution--the public library--that they may be, by that institution, helped to become not simply better, but also wiser; not simply wiser, but also better informed; not simply better informed in general, but also better informed in city affairs; not simply in city affairs, but also in the affairs of each industrial unit. In a word, the city supports a library that the library may help it to become more harmonious, better governed and more productive.

As the institution is supported for specific purposes, it should not only be prepared to fulfill these purposes; it should also let it be known to all that it is thus prepared.

It should let those who support it know that it can not only help one who seeks general culture; but can also help one who seeks knowledge of city management in any of its countless aspects, or knowledge of methods of productive or distributive processes in any of their countless forms.

Possibly the first thing to do in thus letting its practical powers be known is to introduce into its vocabulary the phrase "business department" or "information department." A wider range of questions comes to a library that uses the words "information" or "business department" instead of "reference department." The words "public library" do not convey to the mind of the average person a suggestion of a tenth of the resources for information that are locked up in the collections of printed things which our cities now maintain.

An inquiring Newarker once said to me "Why should a public library advertise itself? Surely everyone knows where it is and that it contains books."

"Yes," said I, "but, do you yourself know what those books contain? Would you go to the library to learn the elevation above sea level of the street corner on which you live, or for the width of the street? Would you go there to plan your next business trip by using the maps of the cities you will visit, so that time will not be lost in going from one factory to another? If you are trying to sell a patented ticket punch, do you go to the library for the names of purchasing agents of railroads? If you have lost the address of a business correspondent do you telephone to the library or do you set the whole office force on edge hunting for the lost letter? Would you turn to the library for the date of Wilson's Chicago address, or the launching of a new battleship?"

He went away wiser; and left me quite pleased with myself.

Many public libraries have undertaken the task of collecting manufacturers' catalogs from all parts of the United States. Our experience indicates that this is a heavy expense with comparatively slight return. Would it not be better to spend the same amount of time and money compiling information about the industries of one's own town? It is a hopeless task to represent adequately the manufacturers of the United States. It is not a hopeless task to compile information about local manufacturers that will prove of great value. No business directory gives the specific information that is a daily need among the business men of a community. The directory gives, for example, a list of paper-box manufacturers, but does not indicate those who make egg boxes, hat boxes, jewelry boxes, etc. It lists the jewelry manufacturers, but is useless if you want the names of those who make 22-karat wedding rings. Many manufacturers and dealers are sending to distant cities, through habit, for articles made equally well and at the same cost within their own city, for no other reason than that they lack detailed information of the products of their own city. In some places the Board of Trade is the natural clearing house for this information. This is as it should be.

But what about the towns that are without Boards of Trade or whose Boards of Trade are not equipped to give this information? It is safe to say that there are not ten cities in the United States where one can find on file for the use of the public complete and specific information about the industries of that city. To secure this information is not an easy task. It requires circular letters, follow-up letters and possibly personal calls; but the value of thus creating an interest in the public library among those citizens who are paying the heaviest taxes, coupled with the real importance of the information itself, makes it an undertaking of peculiar value to a tax-supported public library. Fortunately the smaller the city the fewer the manufacturers and the easier the task, so that here indeed is a piece of work that may well be undertaken by libraries of many towns and cities.

We have grown in Newark, from being the conventional and rather academic library, to one that has quite large sources of civic and manufacturing and commercial and financial information. The question now is, how shall we get the people to realize the change? We are somewhat in the position of a dry goods store which has transformed itself into a department store, but is visited largely by those who seek only dry goods. We need to advertise our groceries, hardware, furniture and china.

If library architecture would only permit of show windows, as do all our Newark branches, the task would be greatly simplified. What a show window has meant to the business branch can be seen any day. A passerby is first attracted by the bright color of a map showing the London subway system. He pauses to read the old familiar words: "Trafalgar Square," "Tottenham Court Road" and "Ludgate Circus." Beside it is a new directory of the clothing trade, or a book on insurance, a pamphlet on civil service, or a new trolley guide. Finally, his curiosity aroused over the kind of a business house that can have such diversified interests, he looks up at the gold-lettered sign on the window and reads with puzzled expression, "Business Branch and Reading Room of the Free Public Library." Often he peers curiously in to see what kind of people are inside, and, seeing a room full of men, comes boldly in and asks for--a directory of Spuyten Duyvil, or some other obscure place. The window display has broadened his idea of the resources of the public library, which he had hitherto thought of as having nothing to interest him.

Where a library can afford it there are many advantages in establishing a business department. It keeps together closely related subjects, it is very helpful to business men, and it helps in advertising. If a permanent business department is impossible, there is much to be gained by a temporary showing of all that can be gathered relating to business.

All libraries have more of this material than we perhaps realize, surely more than the public realize. By bringing it together and displaying well-printed signs concerning it we are following sound advertising principles. The man who sees a sign in the library, "Our business is answering questions," will not be so absurdly apologetic over "bothering you" with his wants, and will use the resources of the library to better advantage than the man who thinks it is only for lending books.

Other signs that may be used with good effect are these:

"Have you an idea? Patent it. The library will tell you how."

"You support this library. Do you use it?"

"Why guess about things? Your Public Library can give you the facts. Telephone or write."

"A valuable export trade is yours if you follow the consular reports in the Public Library."

"Follow the work of the Legislature. The bills are on file at the Public Library."

Framed signs of the library as Bureau of Information, placed in public places, are good permanent advertisements. Personal visits to the places where questions are being asked--the post office, the railroad, telegraph, newspaper and express offices, and the suggestion that those in charge send to the public library all inquiries they do not wish to be troubled with or can not satisfy, will turn many people toward the library.

If it is the item of expense that stands in the way of business work in your library, have you considered possible economies in other lines? Why not discontinue a certain fashion magazine and add a financial one? Turn down an order for a history of the court of Queen Anne and buy a good history of Wall Street. Get along without that valuable but expensive book on the ancient civilization of the Egyptians and buy a directory of the manufacturers of the world. Deny your worthy scholars the latest commentary on Plato and get your business men the latest book on accountancy. Sacrifice an historical or classical atlas and secure the best maps of your own locality. Decide against the Portuguese dictionary and buy a cable code. Cancel the order for so-and-so's travels in British Guiana and subscribe for the Official Railway Guide.

Here are suggestions for a few resources to be used in meeting business inquiries of a general order, such as come to a library that advertises itself as a Bureau of Information, and some things we have found useful in business work:

1. The latest edition of the city directory, directories of local towns, of the capitol of the state, and of the largest cities of the United States. An exchange of directories one year old with other public libraries has proved quite satisfactory. It increases your resources, and the fact that you ask for year-old directories from local business houses for the purpose of exchange is a good advertisement of the library's business side. The cost of sending a 5-lb. directory to any part of the United States by book-rate express is about fifty cents.

If you cannot afford directories, get telephone books from the American Telephone and Telegraph Co., New York City, at prices ranging from 35 to 50 cents. Many of these contain classified sections. A classified telephone directory of New York may be obtained free by writing to Mr. Reuben J. Donnelly, 37 Fulton Street, New York City.

2. The very best local maps. To spend $30 on a real estate atlas may seem extravagant; but such atlases are usually issued at intervals of 6 to 10 years, and will prove one of the most useful sources of local information.

3. The Official Railway Guide. If the library cannot afford to pay $8.00 a year for it, get a month-old copy from the local railway office. It contains the most complete list of U. S. towns in print and is of value as a gazetteer and in many other ways.

4. The Western Union A. B. C. and Lieber Cable Codes are the only general codes in use. They cost about $32.00.

5. A table for displaying catalogs of business book publishers. This will increase the use of business books and lead to many good recommendations by visitors.

6. A monthly magazine, "Business News," of the Business Book Bureau of New York. It indexes articles in the principal business magazines and lists the important new business books.

7. A typewriter for the free use of visitors. The local office of a typewriter company may place one in the library as an advertisement.

8. Reports of transactions on the New York stock exchange or of transactions in local securities. Local brokers' offices will consider it a good advertisement to place these on file.

9. Trolley guides. Fifty cents spent on these each year will fortify the library against all attacks in that line.

10. Thomas's Register of American Manufacturers, price $15.00. With this in hand you can say that, "The Public Library can give you names of pill-box manufacturers in all parts of the U. S., the name of the man who makes office furniture in Marietta, Ohio, or the place where Rubberset products are manufactured."

11. Kelly's Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of the World. Price 30s. This enables you to say, "The Public Library can give you the name of German manufacturers of mirrors, the dealers in lacquered ware in Tokio, the name of a bank in Warsaw, a forwarding agent in Sydney or the express facilities of Coburg."

With a simple and inexpensive equipment, somewhat like that included in these eleven items, backed by wide advertising in the local press, a public library can attract the business men of a town to use the institution they support, an institution which should be turned to by everyone in the municipality as the very first source of information.

Miss EDITH KAMMERLING, head of the Civics Room of the Chicago public library, presented most ably the work which could be done by any library in the civics line, under the title

A CIVICS ROOM IN A MEDIUM-SIZED TOWN

Perhaps the best method of indicating the scope and material of a civics room in a medium-sized library is to describe what are the essentials of a civics room in a large city, permitting the adaptation of such features of the latter to the former as the locality and conditions may suggest.

A year ago last month a room was opened in the Chicago public library which is known as the civics room. The legend on the door announces "Sociology, Municipal Affairs, Business, Economics, Political Science, and Education." At first people were very curious to see what the civics room was like, and many there were of the idle curious who came to see what we had, but as the subjects dealt with were not what are generally considered as sources of amusement and entertainment, this patronage gradually ceased until now we have only the earnest, studious class.

The work required in assembling and taking care of the material is such as to demand the most concentrated efforts and the most specialized training upon the part of the librarian. She must be familiar with the great issues of the day and must be able to look ahead and assemble material where she sees that a topic is engaging the attention of public-spirited men.

The material which is stored in the civics room, therefore, is less in the form of books than in the way of pamphlets, magazine articles, and newspaper clippings--that which is usually regarded as ephemera. The latest material is not to be found in books, for by the time a subject has been before the public, has been talked about, assimilated, and finally published in book form it is practically an old subject.

One of the first considerations for the librarian is where to obtain this material. Our civics room has a card index of institutions and societies that are interested in the subjects that we cover in our work, and since we are on the mailing list of most of the associations we are pretty well supplied with their publications. The National Municipal Review, published quarterly by the National Municipal League, has a section devoted to new pamphlet material and is a great help in learning of new publications. Other journals of particular value are: The Survey, with its Information Desk, The Municipal Engineer, The American City, and The American Political Science Review.

For magazine articles, of course we have the Readers' Guide, but most of our magazine material is in the form of separates. The branches of our library return innumerable magazines to the main library and these are immediately dismembered and the articles of value and interest to us are taken out and treated as if they were pamphlets. Our newspaper clippings are obtained from 150 foreign and domestic newspapers which our reading room receives daily. Representative material is obtained in this way from all sections of the country. The pamphlets, magazine separates, and newspaper clippings, together with a small, well-selected collection of books and a goodly supply of current magazines upon economic and sociological subjects constitute the material of the room.

If you were to visit our civics room you would see one entire side of the room lined with pamphlet boxes. Each box represents a subject. Collected in one box are pamphlets, magazine separates, and newspaper clippings. The patron is not compelled to read antiquated books in studying his subject, nor is he compelled to go through the Readers' Guide and wait for his magazines to be brought to him. Here, all gathered together, is the latest material to be had. Each pamphlet is classified; each magazine separate is made into permanent form by being stapled in a manila folder with source, title, date, and class number on the cover; each newspaper clipping is classified with source and date and placed in a large manila envelope. We use the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau's expansion of the 300's of the Dewey Classification for classifying our material. Selections from the contents of a typical box will show what kind of material is to be had. The subject is The recall:

Address of Pres. Taft at the banquet of the Swedish-American Republican League. 62d Cong. 2d. sess. Sen. doc. 542. Mar. 9, 1912.

Address on the recall of judges and the recall of judicial decisions at the session of the annual meeting of the Ill. State Bar Assoc. Apr. 26, 1912.

Election and recall of federal judges; speech of Hon. Robt. L. Owen. 62d Cong. 1st Sess. Sen. doc. 99. July 31, 1911.

Federal recall and referendum. Springfield Republican. Dec. 5, 1912.

How the "recall of decisions" would protect the weak from injustice. Chicago Tribune. Apr. 7, 1912.

If recall ever comes, judges will cause it. Dallas News. June 8, 1912.

Importance of an independent judiciary. Ind. Apr. 4, 1912.

Judicial decisions and public feeling; address by Elihu Root. 62d Cong. 2d sess. Sen. doc. 271. Jan. 19, 1912.

A judicial oligarchy. Century mag. Oct., 1911.

The judicial recall. Century mag. May, 1912.

The judicial recall a fallacy of constitutional government; speech by Rome G. Brown. 62d Cong. 2d sess. Sen. doc. 892. Aug. 3, 1912.

Judicial recall is turned down. Baltimore American. July 4, 1912.

Judicial tyranny and the remedy; speech by Isaac R. Sherwood. May 2, 1912.

Life terms and the judicial recall. Chicago American. July 16, 1912.

Nullifying the law by judicial interpretation. Atlantic. Apr., 1911.

Oakland defeated recall nearly 2 to 1. San Francisco Chronicle. Apr. 6, 1912.

Recall for all but judges urged. New York Sun. Jan. 6, 1913.

Recall in Oregon. Washington Post. Sept. 2, 1912.

Recall in Seattle. McClure's. Oct., 1911.

Recall of judges. Ind. Aug. 17, 1911.

Recall of judges. Editorial Rev. Nov., 1911.

Recall of judges; address by James Manahan. July 19, 1911.

Recall of judges; arguments in opposition by Mr. Rome G. Brown. July 19, 1911.

Recall of judges a rash experiment. Century. August, 1911.

Recall of judges and judicial decisions; speech by Hon. Augustus Gardner. Apr. 4, 1912.

Recall of public servants; speech by Hon. Jonathan Bourne. Aug. 5, 1911.

Restricting the judiciary. Chicago Daily News. June 16, 1913.

Right of the people to rule; address of Theodore Roosevelt. Mar. 20, 1912.

Seeks substitute for judicial recall. Indianapolis Star. Aug. 30, 1912.

Study on the recall of presidents. Chicago Tribune. Sept. 23, 1912.

Where the recall is justified. International. Dec., 1912.

Wisconsin Assembly Bill; the interpellation or recall of commissions and other state officers. Jan. 29, 1913.

Wilson explains recall. Springfield Republican. Sept. 26, 1912.

We keep the public informed of what is taking place in the Illinois legislature by having a complete file of the house and senate bills and joint resolutions. These are carefully indexed so that if a patron asks for the bills relating to non-partisan elections, by turning to our index and looking under Municipalities--Non-partisan elections, the bills are easily found. Likewise the ordinances that are passed by the city council are treated in the same way.

We have found from our experience covering a year's work that the subjects that have been most used are as follows:

Initiative and referendum Recall Woman suffrage Immigration Direct election of U. S. senators Minimum wages Child labor Woman and labor Employers' liability Housing Unemployment Labor unions Syndicalism Central banking system Rural credit Socialism Single tax Income tax High cost of living International arbitration Public morals Moving pictures Civil service Commission form of government Smoke nuisance Playgrounds and parks City planning Garden cities Six-year term for president Child welfare Juvenile courts Industrial education Parcel post Business Industrial efficiency Advertising Public utilities Noise Billboards Non-partisan elections

Some of the questions selected at random, show the demands made upon the room. A committee of the City Council is appointed to investigate the question of public service corporation commissions, and the library receives a call for material upon the question "Whether it is better to have public utilities regulated by state public service commissions, or to have them regulated by the City Council." When the investigation of the telephone rates is to be made the history of the telephone investigations carried on by previous councils is looked up. Upon investigating the advisability of electrifying the railway terminals, statistics are demanded showing the amount of damage that is done by the smoke of the railroads in the city limits. Only the live, up-to-date material can be of any value to these city officials, and a knowledge of what other cities have done relative to these questions is necessary.

Newspaper men who are doing such excellent work in keeping the people informed about what improvements are being made to better the conditions in the city, demand a great deal of a civics room. For example: A newspaper man writing a series of articles upon how to improve Chicago, wishing to write an article on housing, sends in a call for information regarding Schmidlapp houses, and it is our business to get him the material. Again he wishes to show how to reduce the cost of living, and sends in a request for information concerning the conveyance of produce from the farmer to the consumer by means of the interurban cars. Or again he wishes to inspire the public with the desire to beautify the city with window boxes and flowers and he wishes to know what European cities are doing along this line.

Civic associations and women's clubs are constantly making demands upon our resources. Such questions as:

What material have you from the budget exhibits of other cities?

Statistics showing the death rate in garden cities as compared with the death rate in cities where the population is congested.

The provision of giving the wages of prisoners to the support of the family.

Public comfort stations.

City planning and garden cities.

The question of working women's wages in its relation to the social evil was studied, during the recent investigation of the Illinois Vice Commission, by students and women's clubs.

Students find our room a boon. They are able to get material there which they are not able to find anywhere else. This spring students at the University of Chicago were working upon a debate on Panama Canal tolls, and they were so eager to use our material that they would stay all day, leaving in relays to eat while a few were left behind to guard the material.

A civics room in a medium-sized town may be made one of the most important assets of the library if it can be arranged that the person in charge does not have to divide her attention with the main work of the other departments of the library. If the staff is limited it would be better to have the civics room situated in a centralized locality, such as the state library, with easy communication with the smaller libraries. These could have an index of what the state library has, and when the need would arise the librarian could communicate her wants to the state librarian and the material could be sent as a package library upon short notice.

And so we find that we can be of assistance to the members of the City Council, women's clubs, civic organizations, newspaper men and students. The future of the work is very bright; new lines of work open up; new opportunities for service present themselves. It is in this work that one can be alive; he can feel that he is a part of the great movement toward the betterment of his city and its people.

Dr. William H. Allen, director of the Bureau of Municipal Research, of New York, made the closing talk of the evening, taking as his subject, "What a city should expect and receive from a library." He made a plea that librarians as individuals should stand for something in the community, should take their place as persons in the affairs of the day as well as see to it that their institutions performed the work to be expected of a library. He also laid emphasis on the fact that the general public did not know of the work being done by libraries and the possibilities of further service and urged that discussions of such work should be given place in the general magazines and newspapers as well as library magazines. He strongly advocated individual thinking, the doing of that which the individual librarian felt to be the best for a given community whether it be in line with general library thought or not, claiming that individuality of action and thought made for a stronger and better administration even if such individuality led to criticism upon occasion.

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING SECTION

The meeting was called to order Wednesday evening, June 25, by the chairman, Mr. Frank K. Walter.

The first paper was presented by Miss MARY W. PLUMMER on

SPECIALIZATION AND GRADING IN LIBRARY SCHOOLS

Although it is twenty-five years since library schools began, one may say that in a sense they are still in the experimental stage. And to say this is really praise, for when schools cease to experiment they are running along safely in ruts and have lost much of their vitality. The same period has been one of great expansion in library affairs,--not only has the country been covered with library buildings where before, to use a Western expression, "there was nothing but sagebrush," but forms of library work and extension have sprung up that were undreamed of twenty-five years ago, new methods have had to be found to meet emergencies and new conditions, social, industrial, and educational, and the library or library commission without several new ideas and aspirations per month is not thought to be doing its full duty. Add to all this progress the reactions that are going on, in library practice, in library architecture, etc., each a faithful reflection of some new light or of some old light looked at a second time, and the scene is one of activity paralleled, so far as the present writer knows, in no other field of endeavor, unless it be that of general education.

Several of the schools carry on an exercise called "survey of the field," merely to keep their classes in sight of this movement, and once a fortnight is not too often for such a class to meet--there is always fresh material for discussion.

A school, however, must experiment within reason and along its own lines. Because some small libraries and new branches are taking down their partitions or building without them is not sufficient cause for the advocacy of the practice in the schools; the much mooted question of the use of the accessions-book must remain for some time a mooted question in the schools--as long, in fact, as the conservative and radical libraries so evenly balance each other on the subject. It is not for the schools to practice or to teach library innovations--their business is to watch innovations and their results and report to their students.

It is open to the school, however, not only to watch but to forecast, to some extent. By dint of observing and listening, one who is not in the actual game often sees what is really happening or going to happen before some, at least, of the participants are entirely aware of it. An instance lies at hand in the subject of cataloging. Up to the present, this has been one of the backbone courses in every school-schedule, though the schools report regularly to their students the progress making in co-operative cataloging and the use of printed cards. As this use extends, it becomes more and more evident that cataloging is to be concentrated in a few expert hands and that most librarians are not going to have to be catalogers any more than the head of a commercial concern has to know by heart the price of every article in his stock, or than a manufacturer has to be able to do at a moment's notice what his expert subordinates are doing.

For the present, libraries still exist which make their own cards, and they still call on the schools regularly for librarians who can catalog, and hope rather than expect to get them. For, in spite of the fact that the schools still teach every student to catalog, as far as the student material will admit, students of their own volition seldom choose to be catalogers. Whether they too have sensed the fact that a change is coming and that the librarianship of the future will have more to do with the inside of the book and its application to the individual, with the handling rather than the making of tools, or whether they simply do not like what seems to them the probable monotony of cataloging, I do not know; but I think the schools will bear me out in the statement that cataloging as a specialty is not the first choice of many students. In view of these facts, I am ready to hazard the prediction that within ten years cataloging will be given in the schools as an elective; and that instead of making catalogs the majority of students will be led to consider the few main principles of cataloging and then taught better how to use and how to criticise catalogs.

Every instructor in cataloging knows that there are students whom it is a waste of time and vitality to try to make into catalogers, and every year good people go out from the schools who should never be engaged as catalogers and whom the schools recommend only for their qualifications for other work. Suppose we concentrated our teaching ability in this line on the students who _would_ make good catalogers and who would elect the study--we should be working with the grain and not across it, the cataloging of the whole country would be uniformly well done instead of open to well-founded criticism in places, as it is now, and the time and strength of the instructor would be saved as well as those of the student whose forte lies in another direction. Another result would probably follow very quickly--more men would go into the library schools. I am told that the detail of cataloging seems to a man too much like making tatting, and one can easily understand that a person competent and eager to handle large matters or to fill an active administrative post would fret over anything involving as much minutiæ as the making of catalog cards.

However, while libraries in general are making their own cards, and while the smaller libraries have to have librarians who can turn their hands to anything, cataloging as well as the rest, it is unsafe for the schools to send out students without this part of the training. It is only as library conditions point overwhelmingly toward cataloging as a specializing study that the schools can change.

Librarians can help very greatly in the matter of specialization by encouraging it and employing specialists for special work wherever possible. Without depreciating in the least the value of an attractive face and an agreeable manner and of taste in dress, in library work as elsewhere, I may perhaps be allowed to put forward the opinion that the librarian who is choosing a cataloger should not be unduly swayed by these to the exclusion of the other requirements. Accuracy, legibility, knowledge of books, ability in research and a taste for it, all go to the making of a good cataloger, and it is discouraging for a school to see the graduate who possesses these qualifications passed over in favor of one who may have a pleasanter address but who can not do the work half so well. And women librarians are swayed by these considerations almost as much as men. The school can hardly be said to blame in such cases--it can only sorrowfully shake its head, knowing that if there is any discredit to be cast upon any one later, a great part of it will probably fall upon the school.

Setting aside cataloging as a specialty in the days to come, to what shall we devote the large place it has occupied in all the general curricula?

It is easy to see that with printed cards and expert service, catalog cards can be fuller in information, can be critically annotated, perhaps, can be made more often for analyticals, subject and author, and that the use of the catalog by the library assistant can be much more constant and more discriminating. Some time can be given in the curriculum to selecting from the catalog, securing from the shelves, examining and comparing the books on a given subject, with the result that the student can get a more thorough knowledge of its literature, greater facility in the use of a valuable tool, and may become more generally intelligent for the purpose of the selection and buying of books, and for recommending or the contrary.

Classification and the study of subject-headings are in themselves so broadening, furnish so good an exercise of the reasoning powers, and afford such fine views of the inter-relations of fields of knowledge, that I doubt if they can ever or ought ever to be set aside as special studies. The study of works of reference, however, offers so large and comprehensive a field that it seems to need division; and this brings me to the other subject of my title, that of grading in the schools.

Probably no one thing has made teaching more difficult, than the wide range of age and experience among the students. In the same class may occur and do occur continually the girl of twenty without much reading beyond high school and college requirements and the summer novel (unless she has fortunately grown up in a cultivated family with the habit of good reading and of discussing books), and the man or woman of from thirty to forty with a knowledge of books, an experience of life and society, and of thoughtful mind, who may have been successful in teaching or in some other profession; and in between range students of all degrees of cultivation, varieties of experience, and types of education. The training fitted for the first class wastes much of the time of the student at the other extreme, and if it be adapted to that extreme may be too strong or too complicated a mixture for the youngest student.

Grading would be expensive, for it would mean more teachers or more specialized teachers. In some of the schools the classes are not large enough to admit of so costly a proceeding; yet without grading, under the conditions described, the school belongs where the ungraded school belongs in the scheme of general education--it is delivering a scattering fire that may or may not hit its object. The entrance examination has been the device employed for unifying student-material in some schools, and it is much better than any other means, it seems to me; but though it may show what is the greatest common divisor of the candidates in the way of education and offer a definite point of departure for instruction, those who examine the papers see such differences, quite apart from the mere answers to the questions, as warn them that they are about to deal with a very varied assortment of intellects, a wide range of cultivation, and with necessities ranging from those of the steady, plodding follower who will never go further than an average assistantship to those of the born administrator or scholar. There is, to be sure, in such a class great benefit for the younger and less experienced students from contact with the others, from discussions that are a little over their heads, but, all the same, teaching addressed to the maturer intellect leaves the other with gaps unfilled, while teaching brought down to the level required by youth and inexperience gets the older student nowhere for the time being. The process is a sort of hitching along that should not be necessary in professional or vocational schools.

Suppose that grading be practicable so far as money and teachers are concerned. Where should lines be drawn? Often the younger person has the more flexible as well as more open mind and the older student may be a little set and may have ceased to take in readily new ideas. How to distinguish the students who can receive and assimilate readily the best and most that can be given? I should say that perhaps a month might have to be spent in making the division by actual testing of the students in class together. With this secured, two curricula might be offered, one prepared for the needs of each class with appropriate methods of teaching, and offering varied proportions of the same subjects. And here I revert to the teaching of reference work. For the higher grade it would be more inclusive, more difficult, dealing more with books in foreign languages, with books on unusual and recondite subjects, such as would be found in large reference or college libraries, while the lower grade might be adapted to the more elementary work to be done in small libraries or in branches.

The "moral" of this plan lies largely in the application of it. If the large reference or college library could be deflected from its main object, the securing of a competent reference assistant, by a sunny smile on the part of a lower grade student, the school's work in preparing the better student would go for naught so far as that library was concerned, and if this happened several times it would result in a confusion of values in the minds of the students. A + a sunny smile - a knowledge of the books would seem to be more than equal to B + a thorough reference equipment - a sunny smile. We may paraphrase here a well-known saying by asserting that, taking all things together, a librarian who can make his own choice of assistants gets the assistants he deserves, with the further assertion that the word personality, as often used now, does not get its full meaning; we forget that it consists not only of what one looks like and sounds like and apparently feels like but of all that one has made one's own out of the realm of knowledge, and all that one has assimilated and made profitable from one's experience.

The charge that the one year's general course is too full would probably become less true if or when grading was adopted. Only those subjects would need be given to a grade and those amounts of a subject which the students were capable of profiting by and the time saved could be used in more effective ways.

There is a very general desire to study administration among both older and younger students. So far as this means covering the whole routine of a library, with lectures on library relationships, management, etc., a course can easily be given; the difficulty arises when students wish to go out as administrators on the strength of such preparation alone; and when library boards send to the schools for students to fill administrative positions and expect the training to ensure administrative ability which, under the circumstances, can not be guaranteed. No matter how friendly may be the attitude of the library connected with a school, it is hardly willing to turn over any of its administrative work to students, nor could it be expected to do so. The ideal thing, of course, would be for the school itself to own a small library as a laboratory in which students could be tested for administrative ability under supervision. But this, too, would take money. When one sees the splendid endowment of a School of Journalism, a School of Technology, etc., one cannot help hoping that some day a School of Librarianship may be endowed which may employ the best of teachers and plenty of them, have its own ample collections, adapted to its needs, and establish its own library as a laboratory in which it may try experiments.

I have not yet touched upon the kind of specialization of which we have heard most in late years--the kind to fit students to be librarians of special libraries. I do not believe that the most energetic critic of the library schools would require them to teach engineering, commercial methods, law and medicine. A demand there certainly is from business houses and manufactories for librarians, but that is not enough for the schools. There must be a corresponding demand from persons wishing to be trained for such places. This, so far as I can learn, has not made itself felt. When applicants begin to come to the schools saying, "I intend to go into an applied science library" (or "an insurance library") "and I want to be trained for that work and that only," then the schools will have to provide such training or declare definitely that that is not a part of their field. Until such a demand arises from would-be students, it would be foolish for a school which has plenty of demand for general training and certain well-defined extensions of it to go outside this province.

A committee of the Special Libraries Association, I learn, is investigating the matter of preparation for special library positions, and it is to be hoped that there may be a very thorough inquiry, and that the committee will state definitely just what the association wants and what it believes to be proper training for such positions. Then the existing schools can decide whether or not they can give such preparation.

Meantime, a suggestion that institutes of technology might take up this special technical work and commercial schools the business library courses, etc., may be worth considering.

It has been suggested that the schools specialize among themselves, and to some extent that has come about naturally; for the school with especially good resources and unusual facilities for teaching a given subject, such as legislative reference or work with children, if it makes known its advantages, is very likely to attract the student who wishes to follow that line of work. Other reasons, however, often weigh more heavily--the location of a school, the personnel of the faculty, a smaller tuition fee, the general reputation and advancement of its graduates, etc.; so that any school may be called upon to give some special work of which perhaps it is not the best exponent. It cannot send the student elsewhere willy-nilly, and it does its best to give him what is wanted. As schools increase in number, a classification of them according to curricula is likely to follow, and this difficulty may be lessened. Even so, there is always the danger to be guarded against that students trained along one line may, through force of circumstances, take positions requiring a kind of training which they have not had. It would be impossible for a mining engineer to do the work of a mechanical engineer and vice versa, but in the work of an average library the cataloger and reference assistant and children's librarian must often change places, and any one of them, rather than be without a position, would as a rule try to do the work of the others. If all have had general training, this would not matter so much, but without that there would be considerable loss of efficiency.

In bringing this heterogeneous paper to an end--a paper which claims to be nothing more than a sort of thinking aloud on some of the problems confronting the schools, I wish to state some conclusions that I feel myself coming to: 1. That we need more good schools. 2. That they need to send out a larger number of trained people. 3. That we need longer, more thorough, and more systematic courses. 4. That with the larger schools some effort at grading is desirable. 5. That the schools would do well to get together and make a comparative study of their curricula, and their resources and facilities for special subjects, and map out tentatively a division of the field. This, while not binding upon any school, might serve for guidance, but no school should monopolize any one subject unless it is the only school having proper facilities for giving it.

Miss CORINNE BACON read a paper entitled

CO-OPERATION OF LIBRARIES WITH LIBRARY SCHOOLS

Before beginning to talk of the ways in which libraries might co-operate to better advantage with library schools, it is but fair to acknowledge gratefully that many libraries are already co-operating with us in a way that often must tax severely their time and patience. In behalf of the Drexel Institute library school, I thank most heartily those libraries that, regardless of the inconvenience to themselves, allow our students to go to them for the practice work that is so valuable to half-fledged librarians. And in voicing the gratitude of Drexel, I feel that I am giving utterance to the feelings of every other school that sends out its students in the same way.

We can give our students but two weeks practice work outside of Philadelphia, because our school year is so short. Perhaps it would be well to lengthen the year by two weeks, in order that the term of work might be lengthened.

There are three things that it seems to me the schools may properly ask of the libraries: advance practice work; direct criticism; a living wage for assistants.

(1) Advance practice work--I mean by this work done in libraries prior to any study of library science. As a rule, the student with a little practical experience gets far more from a library course than one not so equipped. Directors of schools often advise work in advance, but, as far as I know, few schools require it. Pratt Institute begins with practical work in the Pratt library. The difficulties in the way of requiring this work are many. It would bear heavily upon the libraries; it would be an added expense to students living at a distance from good libraries; it would not necessarily prove the applicant's fitness or unfitness for library work, as she might fail at the kind of work she was set to do, and yet be capable of success on some other line.

Yet, on the whole, this would be a better test of fitness than all the questions we directors hurl at kindly and well-meaning friends or former instructors of our would-be students. Don't we ask too many questions as to personality from those whose answers often carry little weight? Why should we not accept all who measure up to a certain physical and mental standard, without troubling our heads so much as to whether they are ideally fit for library work? It would bring us more in line with the professional schools. Moreover, there are almost as many kinds of library work as there are of people!

The chance to work in a real library before beginning the course of study would often clarify the student's ideas about library work, even more than it would clarify the director's ideas about the would-be student. We would have, perhaps, fewer applicants who are not very strong but who "=love= books."

Sometimes I have wondered whether it would not be well to abandon entrance examinations and require instead a health certificate from a physician, a certificate that six months' satisfactory work had been done in his library from a librarian, and a statement that the applicant had read the English Bible through at least three times (this last for its influence on English prose style!).

(2) Direct criticism.

"Indirect criticism" was perhaps the toughest thing in the advanced cataloging course in my honored Alma Mater, and indirect criticism is one of the most trying things that we teachers of library science have to undergo. Librarians can help us by giving us their criticism of our methods and of our students at first-hand.

We have had more or less direct criticism--we would like more.

We have been told (a) That our graduates are not so valuable to certain libraries as their own apprentices. Of course they are not, at first, but they should be more valuable later. (b) That they are wedded to library school methods. I believe there is less justice in this criticism than there was some years ago. (c) That our schools are not "laid out and conducted in accordance with recommendations from experts in pedagogy." We plead guilty. (d) That the schools "almost inevitably tend to exalt technique and routine." I do not think that we mean to do this. We know that culture and gumption are more important than any amount of knowledge of technique and routine, but we expect our students to finish their cultural studies (so far as such studies =can= be finished) before coming to us, and we can not teach gumption. It is heaven-born. We exist largely for the purpose of teaching technique and routine but never for one moment do we mean to exalt them over the weightier matters of the law.

I have gone a little out of the way to answer these few direct criticisms. Some of us have profited by them. Give us more.

We would like direct rather than indirect criticism of our graduates. Unfavorable comments on training in general, or on the training of a particular school, do not take the place of direct criticism of individuals. Librarians would be doing a kindness by writing to the school from which they had a trained assistant who was lacking in ways that reflected on her training and stating plainly what the defects were, so that the school might profit by the knowledge.

Then, too, librarians would often save themselves trouble by co-operating with the schools to the extent of writing for the record of a graduate whom they think of engaging. Many do this, but not all. A librarian or trustee may select an assistant at a conference on account of her good looks and pleasant manners, and when he finds out (it is usually a "he" who makes this error of judgment) that she is not all his fancy painted her, he blames the school that trained her. The school could have told him perhaps, if asked, wherein she was lacking.

(3) A living wage. This is the most important of the three points in which we wish for co-operation. It is getting to be a serious question as to whether women of ability can afford to go into library work. We do not expect luxuries, but to do good work we must keep fit. We need rooms that admit plenty of fresh air and we need nourishing food. We are obliged to dress fairly well. We ought to go to library meetings, and trustees do not usually pay the way of the assistants with the smaller salaries. Recreation is a necessity if we are to keep sane. But how can we afford to travel, or even to see a play or to buy a book, on the salaries many of us get?

I was asked a few weeks ago to supply a college library with a cataloger who must be a library school graduate knowing French and German and the salary offered was $40 a month. If a woman ate poor food, she might be able to save enough out of $40 to pay for her washing--only she couldn't afford to buy any clothes to be washed. She could never see a play, hear an orchestra, or buy a book.

A good cook, on the other hand, would have no difficulty in getting $30 or $35 a month =and maintenance=, which would be equivalent to a salary of at least $50 or $55 a month. Moreover, the cook would not be expected to dress as well as the cataloger (though, as a matter of fact, her Sunday clothes would probably be more costly) or to attend conventions.

The case I have mentioned is by no means an isolated one. A good-looking girl with pleasant manners, who could understand French, German, Spanish and Italian over the telephone, was asked for by a large city library that proposed to pay about $45 a month. Another college library recently wanted a college and library school graduate with experience and various other qualifications for $720 a year. Now if an =experienced= woman with such an education can't get more than $720 a year in library work, the sooner she leaves it for something else the better. A special library belonging to a leading institution in a large city was looking for a woman to reclassify and catalog its collection, but seemed unwilling to pay even $50 a month.

This is not intended as a diatribe against the librarian employer. The trustees and the taxpayers need education along the line of library salaries. Libraries need larger appropriations for salaries. We have passed through a period where method was exalted, we seem to be passing through a period where a fine building is the prime necessity. But after all, a library means primarily plenty of books that are worth while and assistants that know enough to get them into the hands of the right people. And we can not cultivate efficient assistants on less than a living wage.

Do not misunderstand me. I do not mean to imply that a green library school graduate should leap at once into a high-salaried position. Yet the comparison sometimes made with the doctor or lawyer, who are so long in gaining a foot-hold, seems to me unfair. Lawyers and doctors who are good for much, make big money after a while. It is the exceptional librarian who ever gets a large salary. Therefore it is not fair to expect her to spend so many years earning little or nothing as does the doctor or lawyer.

I have spoken particularly of salaries for women. Salaries for men in library work are usually too low, but I have dwelt on the women's salaries because women are discriminated against, not alone in libraries, but in most kinds of work done by women.

The working-woman of today asks no favor because she is a woman. She does ask equal pay with men for equally good work.

I do not mean to over-emphasize the money side of library work, even though I think the "missionary" side of it has been over-emphasized. Why is a shelf-lister any more of a missionary than a bookkeeper in John Wanamaker's store? Why is any librarian any more of a missionary than the editor of a great daily, or than a busy surgeon, or many other folks that might be mentioned? We librarians serve those who know more than we, who are better than we--we are "just folks" like all the rest, equally worthy, if we give good measure in our work, of a living wage.

We of the schools ask of the libraries we try to serve that they send us criticisms of our graduates, that they try them out, and that they pay them, if found efficient, that living wage without which the best work is impossible.

Discussion of both papers followed, after which was read the

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON METHODS OF PUBLICITY FOR LIBRARY SCHOOLS

The Committee on Methods of Publicity respectfully reports to the Professional Training Section as follows:

At the time of the mid-winter meeting at Chicago the members of this Committee met and after consultation with the Secretary of the A. L. A. determined upon a procedure which was carried out as follows:

It was deemed wise to make an effort to reach the students in the colleges and universities through the publication of an article in each of the periodicals published in the various colleges. One form of letter was framed for co-educational institutions, one form for use at men's colleges and one form for use at women's colleges. These were mimeographed and Mr. Utley, who had already prepared a list of college publications, mailed the letter to over 180 publications.

The letter was in no sense an advertisement of library schools; it was rather an attempt to set forth facts relative to the opportunities within the library profession. It called attention to the existence of the various library schools and referred the interested student to the college librarian or to the Secretary of the A. L. A.

Although the Committee flattered itself it had produced a helpful and interesting letter, it cannot learn that it was reprinted to any considerable extent nor that it resulted in interesting many students in the profession.

The Committee is informed that in many, if not in most, of the educational institutions of the country there are groups of persons interested in vocational training. It is therefore recommended that this publicity work be continued, but that the approach for the publication of the article and for the local use of it be made through the persons or groups in each institution which are particularly interested in vocational training. In most cases these persons have an established channel of publicity and can reach the students and the publications better than they can be reached through the direct attack heretofore employed.

Respectfully submitted,

CARL H. MILAM, M. S. DUDGEON, JOSEPHINE A. RATHBONE, Committee on Methods of Publicity.

June 25, 1913.

The following "Account of the work of the library school round table for 1912 and 1913," by Mr. P. L. WINDSOR, was read by Miss Frances Simpson.

ACCOUNT OF THE WINTER MEETINGS OF LIBRARY SCHOOL INSTRUCTORS

In January, 1911, 1912 and 1913, there were held in Chicago, meetings of library school directors and instructors for the discussion of topics connected with library school work. While at first thought it might seem that such discussions should form a part of the programs of this, the Professional Training Section, nevertheless, the meetings have evidently justified themselves and are likely to continue.

Members of the faculties of only the generally recognized library schools have attended these meetings; that is, the plans of the meetings do not contemplate the attendance of instructors in summer library schools or instructors in training classes conducted by public libraries. This limitation on the number of people taking part in these meetings was desired, first, because we who arranged the meetings wished to discuss problems belonging primarily to our own special work and not to attempt the larger field which properly belongs to the Professional Training Section; and second, because we wished the meetings to be sufficiently small in numbers and the participants to be sufficiently specialized in interest to insure informal and frank discussion.

Minutes of these meetings of library school faculties have included copies of reports presented and in some cases have included abstracts of discussions. Copies have been sent to each school.

Some of the topics discussed would be of no general interest to even the Professional Training Section, as they pertain so closely to school work. Others are of such a nature that we ourselves would not, with any freedom, discuss them before as large a meeting as a section meeting. Our frank, informal discussions have been characteristic.

Among the questions proposed for discussion and sent to the various faculties in advance of the meeting, are such as these:

1. Is it desirable, and if desirable, is it practicable to make the work of the first year of the two-year schools and the work of the one-year schools more nearly alike? Many junior students in a two-year school enter library work without taking the senior year's work; if the courses in one-year schools are better preparation for library work than the first year's work of the two-year schools, then these juniors are at a disadvantage as compared with students from a one-year school. Some students in the one-year schools may wish to go to a two-year school and take a second year of training; as the courses are at present arranged, this second year's work is almost impossible, because it does not fit on to the work that the student has had.

2. Do we use the most approved pedagogical methods in our class room work? Do we lecture too much, and give too few quizzes, conferences and reviews? Do we depend too much on the student's taking full notes, when the proper use of printed outlines, or carefully selected required readings supplemented by a few notes would yield better results? Shall the course in cataloging be put at the beginning of the course, or later? How much do we use the stereopticon?

3. Would it be practicable for several schools to secure a lecturer on some special subject in library economy who should give the regular work in that subject in each of these schools? An example of a beginning in this direction is Edna Lyman Scott's work in several schools.

4. Would it be possible for the several schools to combine in securing a lecturer each year to give a short series of lectures on some one subject, these lectures to be seriously worked up, and to be published after being delivered? The final publication of the lectures, and the combined remuneration from several schools, might be a sufficient incentive to capable persons to do their best work.

5. Are the subjects now in our curricula properly balanced? Is too much time given to learning cataloging and other routine, and consequently too little to a consideration of methods of extending the use of the library by the public?

6. Is it as easy to secure transfer of credit from one school to another as it should be?

Information on the following subjects connected with library school work has been collected, reported on and discussed in our meetings.

1. The cost of library schools and a rough analysis of their expenditures.

2. Specialization among library schools.

3. Book selection as a course in library schools.

4. The method of revising students' work.

5. Efficiency of administration in library schools.

6. Non-essentials in our library school courses.

7. Certain pedagogical problems connected with our library school instruction.

The following officers were elected for the coming year: Chairman, Corinne Bacon; Secretary, Julia A. Hopkins; Program committee, Mary W. Plummer, Alice S. Tyler, Frank K. Walter.

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE

The government documents round table was called together at 8:15 p. m., June 26th, by George S. Godard, state librarian of Connecticut, chairman of the committee on public documents. Mr. F. W. Schenk, law librarian of the University of Chicago, was asked to serve as secretary.

The chairman, after brief introductory remarks relating to the progress which had been made in the matter of printing, binding, labeling and distributing public documents, both national and state, introduced Miss Mary A. Hartwell, assistant chief cataloger in the office of the superintendent of documents, Washington, who read a paper prepared by Superintendent of Documents Frank C. Wallace, stating his position upon the many questions and resolutions suggested at previous conferences of the American Library Association relative to the distribution, indexing, assignment of volume numbers, and publication of daily bulletins by the document office.

Mr. Wallace's paper follows:

PAPER BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

I regret the necessity of being compelled to adopt this means of addressing your Association, as I feel a better understanding could be had of what we are trying to do for the libraries if it were possible for this office to be represented at your conference. I have read with much interest the proceedings of your last conference, and a part of my paper will endeavor to explain some of the questions which were discussed and made the subject of resolutions.

=Distribution of Bills and Other Publications Now Withheld From Distribution to the Libraries.=

There is no doubt but that some libraries, even under the present liberal distribution of government publications, fail to receive everything they should, and I am thoroughly in accord with the opinion expressed during your discussion that means should be provided to enable the libraries to receive those publications of a public character that are now withheld from distribution. It is gratifying to note that in Senator Smoot's printing bill, which has been reintroduced in the present Congress, there are provisions intended to supply remedies for certain existing conditions.

Section 65, paragraph 1, to which I refer, provides that a sufficient number of copies of those publications of Congress which do not bear a congressional number, including the committee publications now withheld from distribution to depositories and those printed elsewhere than at the government printing office, shall be supplied to the libraries. It is also worded so as to prevent the departments from withholding some of their publications from the depositories.

The printing committee no doubt had in mind when this provision was framed that, under the provisions of the existing law, too much discretion is given the departments, with the result that, contrary to the spirit of the printing law, libraries are being deprived of certain classes of publications that are really of a public character.

The question as to the best method to be employed in the distribution of bills is not so easy of solution. It would not be practicable for this office to attempt to carry even a limited supply, as the work involved in storing them in an accessible manner would involve an expenditure that I do not believe could be justified by the results.

During the 62d Congress there were introduced 28,870 House bills and 8,589 Senate bills, and you can readily see that to handle an adequate stock of all those bills would be considerable of an undertaking. At the present time the only distributing agencies for copies of bills are the House and Senate document rooms at the capitol, but, although they sometimes furnish bills on request, the copies they receive are not intended for general public distribution. It seems to me that the solution supplied in your suggestion, that the text of all public bills upon which committee reports are made should be printed with the reports, is the most logical one that has ever been presented, but it would not be practicable to include also the testimony taken at hearings held by the committees, for in many cases the testimony would fill several large volumes. Besides, section 65, already referred to, provides that the libraries shall receive such hearings. Of course this section is not yet law, but we are permitted to hope that it may become so.

This is desirable from more than one point of view. It is often the case that committee reports refer to sections of the bill under consideration by number without quoting the language. In such cases the report may be unintelligible to any reader who has not a copy of the bill before him. In fact, nearly all committee reports not accompanied by the bills to which they relate may properly be classed as incomplete and imperfect publications.

The question of cost involved in printing the text of bills as appendixes to the committee reports upon them is not serious. While the number of bills introduced in Congress and receiving a first print is prodigious, and the cost of printing them in 14-point type with as many white lines as type lines is tremendous, it must be remembered that only a very small percentage of the bills introduced ever get so far as a committee report, and of these a considerable number are already printed with the reports by order of the committees, and the cost of printing the remainder in solid 8-point is so very much less than the cost of printing them in the extended bill form that it is almost negligible.

I do not think it is too late for the Association to submit to the joint committee on printing an amendment providing for the printing of the text of bills and resolutions as appendixes to the committee reports upon them. The pending bill may not pass, or may be extensively amended before passage, or may not be acted upon at the present special session, but I consider it probable that a general printing law of some kind will be enacted at a comparatively early day, and that the American Library Association may, by proper effort, secure the incorporation in it of the desired provision for the printing of the text of bills with the committee reports.

=Reasons Why Catalogs and Indexes Cannot Be Issued More Promptly=

The need for the prompt issue of the catalogs is thoroughly appreciated, as we understand they are the only means of information the general public have for knowing what the United States government is publishing.

The Monthly Catalog is required to show what documents have been published during a month. Evidently, therefore, its compilation cannot be completed until after the close of the month. The compilation, however, is always completed within three or four days after the month closes. Sometimes the printing does not follow as quickly as one would like. This may seem strange to libraries, to whom the Monthly Catalog is perhaps the most important of all the public documents. If, however, they were in Washington they would soon realize that there are several other government concerns, some of them larger and more exacting than the public documents office. There is one known as the Congress of the United States, which calls for thousands of pages of printing where the documents office calls for one, and which, when it calls for the right of way in the government printing office (or anywhere else), is able to get it. The printing of the document office receives every consideration in the government printing office which it is possible to give, but it cannot command the right of way over Congress, the White House, or the cabinet.

It has been a long time since the Monthly Catalog has failed to be mailed during the month following its date, often by the middle of the month. It is to be noted, also, that its information is quite different from that of "press notices." It enters only documents that have been actually received, and its descriptions are minute and accurate. In its preliminary pages it gives such advance information of forthcoming documents as can be officially secured and vouched for. There is a habit in some government offices of giving the newspaper reporters information of proposed publications before the copy is ready for the printer, and sometimes before pen has been put to paper. Plans thus prematurely announced are subject to change and the advance notice may thus mislead the reader. Readers of the Monthly Catalog are not thus misled.

The superintendent of documents is confident that those librarians who keep well informed recognize his purpose to do everything for the great library interests of the country that the limitations of the law and the executive pressure upon his and other administrative offices for economy make possible.

The main cause for delay in the preparation of the copy for the document catalogs and indexes is that publications are ordered printed as documents that do not materialize until long after the close of the Congress to which they have been assigned, thus making it necessary to delay publication of the catalog and indexes until sufficient information can be obtained for making the entry.

It is hardly necessary to explain why the document catalog is being issued in one volume to cover the entire Congress instead of at the close of each regular session, as provided by law, because a very complete and detailed explanation has been given in several of the annual reports. It is evident our explanation has been considered satisfactory by the printing committee, as the new printing bill provides for the document catalog to cover a whole Congress.

I will also refrain from a long discourse as to why the work on the catalogs has been behind, as I know the librarians are only interested as to the promptness in the printing of these bibliographical aids in the future. The copy for the 61st Congress catalog will be ready for the printer sometime during the coming summer and that for the 62d Congress before the adjournment of the 63d Congress, which will be as near as it will be possible to issue this catalog after the period covered.

This leaves it to the Monthly Catalog and the Document Index to bridge the gap and supply the current information from one Document Catalog to another, which, although not as complete and as comprehensive as the Document Catalog, serve as excellent substitutes during the interim.

=Assignment of Volume Numbers to the Congressional Series=

There is probably no question concerning public documents to which this office has given more consideration than the devising of a plan by which it would be possible to assign the volume numbers to the congressional series as soon as the documents are printed.

There are two very material advantages to be gained, were it possible to solve this question; one that of eliminating the necessity for the public printer to supply storage room for these documents and reports prior to the preparation of the schedule; and the other that the work of the librarians in cataloging these documents and reports would be greatly facilitated by having all of the necessary information at the time the publication was cataloged. The greatest handicap to a solution of this problem is the lack of information concerning the publications which have not been printed and to which document numbers have been assigned. Even now, after the session is closed, we are compelled to hold up the schedule for weeks and sometimes months to learn the title, paging, and other necessary information regarding certain publications to which numbers have been assigned, but which are not printed.

At the present time in preparing the schedule, we endeavor to maintain a numerical arrangement in binding the Senate and House Reports after having classified them as public or private in accordance with the provisions of the printing law. The Senate documents are brought together first by subject and then by number, but, with the House documents, on account of the introduction in this series of all the annual and serial publications, an effort is made to preserve, as far as possible, a departmental and subject arrangement.

It might be well to explain at this point that, although the only volumes distributed to the libraries now as numbered congressional publications are those of which Congress is the author, and of these there are consequently no other editions, the schedules and index must of necessity, on account of the wording of the law at the present time, be made to cover a complete numbered set still provided for the exclusive use of Congress.

There is about only one way to accomplish the numbering of the volumes as soon as printed under the present law, and that is by disregarding entirely any sort of an arrangement and assigning the next open volume number as the documents and reports appear. Of course, the index would furnish the key to these miscellaneous volumes. Such a plan is now being considered by us, and it is hoped that before July 1 some plan can be devised which will permit of a more prompt shipment of the documents and reports to the libraries.

=Publication of a Daily Bulletin=

The resolution of the Association passed at Pasadena, May, 1911, favoring the publication of a daily or weekly bulletin of the document issues by the superintendent of documents, has not been forgotten or overlooked, but up to the present time the project appears no more feasible than it did at the beginning.

The documents office has not the authority of initiative except to a very limited extent. Its activities are all prescribed and defined by law. It is from the law that the superintendent of documents derives his authority to compile and publish the Monthly Catalog, the Document Index, the Document Catalog, and the series of price lists. It would hardly be proper or prudent for him to begin the issue of another periodical without first asking the permissive or directory action of Congress. Asking does not always mean getting. Legislation concerning the document service has been found heretofore somewhat slow and difficult in the securing. I do not feel that I could predict with any confidence that legislation authorizing a daily or weekly bulletin could be secured at all.

If it could, an appropriation to make it operative would be needed, because it is not practicable for the members of the present cataloging force to undertake any new work. They are working under high pressure to bring the Document Catalog up to date and to keep the Document Index and the Monthly Catalog there.

The embarrassment caused librarians by calls for documents which have been noticed in the newspapers but not yet announced in the Monthly Catalog is not so much due to delay of the Monthly Catalog as to premature announcement in the newspapers. It is the practice of various government bureaus to pass along to the newspaper men information of new publications as soon as they are sent to press or even sooner. Of course readers of the newspapers assume that the documents noticed are already available for sale or distribution, whereas the fact is that various causes may tie up the documents in press for months or even years. The most prolific cause of such delays is changes--changes in "copy," changes in "proof," changes even to the substitution of entirely new matter after a first draft has been put in type. The number and extent of such changes in printing the public documents are almost unbelievable, and they are of course highly embarrassing to the libraries and to the public when premature announcement of the forthcoming issue of the delayed document has been made.

If the publishing bureaus could be induced to withhold information of new documents until such documents had been actually printed, bound, and delivered, the embarrassment experienced by librarians would be obviated. It is hardly practicable, however, for the superintendent of documents to make any suggestion in the matter to the publishing offices. Some of them at least would be likely to resent such a suggestion from him as being meddlesome and out of his sphere. As to whether such suggestion from the American Library Association would be welcomed or heeded, I do not venture to express an opinion.

Premature announcements are not always accurate. The announced publications are often changed in the making, and sometimes are not published at all.

Of course, the Monthly Catalog, being an official document and an accurate one, cannot take any chances on premature announcements. All of its entries stand for documents actually received, carefully examined, and their origin fully inquired into. This is not work to be hastily done. Sometimes a surprising amount of time and trouble are expended in finding out whether a document belongs in some series, whether it is the beginning or ending of that series; if the latter, then whether the same subject or subjects are to be pursued in some other series, and the variety of similar details which libraries and collectors should have, and for which they look to the documents office, because in too many cases such particulars cannot be ascertained by examination of the document itself.

A month is the shortest time in which such matters can be sifted out and brought into orderly catalog form. Lists issued at any shorter intervals must necessarily be memoranda rather than catalogs, and the work done on them must be performed again in a more orderly manner for the official monthly, annual, and biennial catalogs.

=Explanation of Section 8 of the Legislative Appropriation Act Centralizing the Distribution in the Office of the Superintendent of Documents=

The long cherished hope for a central distributing office has been realized nominally, but the provisions of law creating it, I am sorry to say, correct only the evils that existed from a mechanical standpoint, in that they prevent the double hauling and wrapping that were necessary prior to the change. There remain as many distributing agencies as before, as the authority to distribute the publications consigned to this office continues with the issuing office. The libraries have been afforded no relief, because now, as before, if a dozen selected pamphlets are wanted, it may mean the writing to about as many different places. This is a rather difficult proceeding, as most persons are unfamiliar with the machinery of the government and are frequently in doubt whom to address to secure the desired publications. The departments have always been rather reluctant to relinquish control of the distribution of their documents, and the new printing bill, should it be enacted as it now reads, would give back to them even the mailing of the daily miscellaneous requests.

Instead of providing for such a step backward, it is the opinion of this office that a provision should be inserted that would discontinue entirely the free distribution by the departments (except to collaborators and sufficient copies for official use), and would permit the superintendent of documents to supply free copies to public libraries and sell copies to the public at a nominal cost.

At the present time the departments have only a limited supply, which results in a few applicants obtaining free what others have to pay for.

There is probably not a librarian who hasn't experienced the inconvenience of the present arrangement, as it is a daily occurrence for us to have to refer their requests to the issuing office or quote the prices.

=Need for Co-Operation on the Part of the Librarians to Improve the Publication and Distribution Methods of Government Publications=

The most striking example of the need for co-operation is that we are today fighting for certain reforms in the methods of publication that were asked for sixteen years ago.

The first superintendent of documents had hardly entered upon the duties of the office before he recognized the faulty methods of publication and distribution which he well knew served only to prevent the public document from occupying the position its general standard of efficiency warranted.

It is hard to understand why the untiring efforts of those interested in promoting the use of the public document have been practically ignored when you stop to think of the annual cost in compilation, printing, and distribution.

We all know that every conceivable subject is treated in the public documents, and when we think of their value to the historian, student, and public in general, it is hard to understand why any obstacles should be put in the way of making them readily accessible and encouraging the librarians to give them the proper place on their shelves.

Now, as to the faulty methods which obtain in the publication of the public documents, very little has been accomplished in the way of reform. That the present methods cause needless expense in mechanical production and needless difficulties in their use, there is no question. Chief of these faulty methods is that of reprinting the same book several times under different numbers and titles. I do not mention this as a new discovery, because every superintendent of documents has endeavored to have the law changed to eliminate from the congressional series those publications of which a departmental edition is printed.

One edition for one book is the only logical manner of issuing government publications, and the Smoot bill which has again been introduced goes a long way towards correcting the present evil.

Section 45 provides that all publications of which there is a department edition printed, except the annual reports of the executive departments, shall not be numbered in the congressional series, and section 65 provides that all copies additional to the original order of the department should be identical with those ordered by the department.

We are seriously opposed to the exception of the annual reports, and with the hopes of eliminating any exceptions we have just written the Senate committee on printing as follows:

"No reason is known to this office why the annual reports of the executive departments and independent offices should be excepted from the operation of the salutary provision that departmental publications shall not be printed a second time with changes to indicate (erroneously) that they are documents emanating from Congress.

"The reasons which have induced the prohibition of second and varying prints of department publications generally, apply with at least equal force to the annual reports, which are the most distinctively and obviously departmental of all departmental issues. They are so distinctive that it is safe to say they are always known and called for by their departmental designations, never by their congressional numbers. Everybody knows at once what is meant by War Department Report, 1912, but nobody knows offhand what is meant by House Document 929, 62d Congress, 3d session. There is nothing whatever to indicate that these two designations mean the same publication, which is really not a House document at all, but a publication of the executive and not of the legislative branch of the government. And, of course, the same is true of the annual reports of all the executive officials.

"The addition of congressional document numbers to executive reports adds nothing to their value or to their accessibility. The second set of designations is merely confusing and troublesome. To spend money on such a second print is to spend it only to buy harm instead of good.

"The numerous and conclusive considerations which have been sufficient to place in the bill the prohibition of the second and superfluous editions of other departmental publications apply with at least equal if not even greater force to annual reports, and to except them from the general prohibition seems therefore illogical and contradictory and a long step toward defeating the proposed reform and the economies which it is intended to promote.

"If it is not desirable to protect the annual reports from the waste and confusion of double editions, then it is hard to see why any publications should be so protected. The annual reports, so numerous, so important, so certain to be continuously issued for all time to come, are 'the very head and front of the offending' in the double printing abuse, and with them the reform should begin.

"To except the annual reports seems to amount to discrediting if not to virtually abandoning the whole reform--the most vital of all reforms in connection with the public printing, that of permitting but one edition for each publication, by which it may always be known and identified and kept free from confusion with others."

There is no question that the librarians are in sympathy with what we are trying to do, so now is the time to join forces and make every effort to have this bill embody the necessary provisions to correct all existing evils.

The librarians must give the movement impetus, and we believe if sufficient organized effort is directed in the proper channels good results will be bound to follow.

Mr. Wallace's paper was received with enthusiasm because it showed his close and intimate knowledge of matters pertaining to the publication and distribution of documents. A spirited discussion followed the reading of the paper, all through which expressions of appreciation were made concerning the service which had been rendered by the document office in recent years towards prompt and efficient distribution of publications delivered to that office.

Miss Hartwell, informally representing the superintendent of documents, answered many questions relative to the serial numbers on government documents and urged if consistent with the policy of the American Library Association that action be taken suggesting to Congress that annual reports now listed in the congressional set of documents be omitted inasmuch as they are not now in the depository set and such omission would facilitate the publication of the Documentary Index.

The discussion also brought out the consensus of opinion that the libraries would be more satisfactorily served if all publications were sent out under the direction of the superintendent of documents.

Henry J. Carr, librarian of the Scranton public library; Miss Edith E. Clarke of Syracuse University, and Herbert O. Brigham, state librarian of Rhode Island, were appointed a special committee to prepare a suitable resolution of thanks to Mr. Wallace for his excellent paper and to draft suitable resolutions to be submitted to the Council for its approval, urging that the recommendations in Mr. Wallace's paper relative to publication and distribution of documents be approved by the American Library Association, this committee to report at an adjourned meeting of the session to be held at 12:15 p. m. on Friday.

The second paper of the evening, prepared by Mr. FRANCIS A. CRANDALL of Washington, D. C., on certain phases of the public document question, in his absence was read by Charles F. D. Belden, state librarian of Massachusetts.

Mr. Crandall's paper (in part) here follows:

PROPOSING AN EXECUTIVE GAZETTE

The committee on department methods, known to the public as the Keep commission, was the agency through which, about seven years ago, President Roosevelt hoped to reorganize and energize the government service in Washington.

The Keep commission organized for helpers twelve so-called assistant committees, their total membership being about seventy, all supposed to be experts in the several branches of inquiry assigned to them.

On one of these assistant committees, the one on "The organization of editorial work and an official gazette," the writer had the honor to serve.

We held more than one hundred meetings, and examined as witnesses almost if not quite every man and woman who had any official relation with the work of preparing manuscripts for printing. We learned after a while that the President wanted an official gazette, and expected us to devise the means of creating it. I think that nearly all the members from the start deemed the scheme impracticable and chimerical. It became clear that it would be a costly enterprise, and we could not find any department that had the money for it.

Soon after this Mr. Keep left Washington, and the Keep commission, though nominally still living, dwindled rapidly, and brought forth little if any more fruit.

The members of the assistant committees were left stranded, with desks full of unprinted manuscripts as the only results of their prolonged labors. From one of these desks I have withdrawn the report of a subcommittee of the assistant committee on the organization of editorial work and an official gazette. Though it was written half a dozen years ago, it seems that an element of interest yet remains in its proposal for the publication, as an alternative to the impracticable official gazette, of an executive gazette. This proposal has not had any exploitation whatever.

In the hope that it may in this way be brought to the general notice of persons interested in the methods of publication and preservation of the historical records of the government it is now offered for the consideration of the American Library Association.

The London Gazette, which is the model most generally thought of when the term official gazette is used, was begun in 1665, and may be looked upon as a survival of the pre-newspaper age, for though there were newspapers before the Gazette, they bore little resemblance to what we now know by that name, and the daily press--the significant part of the press of our day--was not born till a generation later. We may assume that when the Gazette was begun its semi-weekly issues were sufficient to carry all the official information that the government of that day wished to offer to its subjects. But this long since ceased to be true. The English government now has a host of publications which do not appear in either of the three Gazettes--London, Edinburgh, and Dublin--of the United Kingdom, nor in any of the multitude of gazettes which are issued in the various British dependencies, from Canada and Australia to Borneo and the Andaman Islands. The country has outgrown the London Gazette, and by its growth has been forced into that specialization and subdivision of its official publications which we see even more notably in our own country. No doubt for the Andaman Islands a monthly gazette covers the whole ground, everything being printed in it and no occasion being found for any other official publication whatever. This may be true of many small countries, but it is not conceivable for a great and growing country like ours.

The specialization of official publications seems to be an inevitable result of the growth of public interests and the public service. By recent methods documents are printed relating to special branches of the public service and sent only to those employed in such branches. Economy of both time and labor as well as economy in printing are thus promoted. This subdivision is carried out with much minuteness. The Daily Bulletin of the Railway Mail Service, relating solely to the affairs which its title indicates, is printed in Washington in an edition of 1,500 copies and supplied to all offices in the department and sent out to the different division superintendents throughout the country. These superintendents extract from it the matters which affect their divisions and redistribute these parts to their subordinates in general orders. Thus everybody in the postal service gets that information and those orders which he needs and he does not get and consequently does not waste any time upon that information and those orders which he does not need. The hydrographic office's weekly, Notice to Mariners, containing only the latest information as to aids and hindrances to navigation, would seem to be a sufficiently specialized publication to be supplied to sailors without further ado. Part of the edition is issued in the complete form, but economy and efficiency are further promoted by additional subdivision. The weekly publication, not a large one to begin with, is split into many parts, often a dozen or a score, and one of these leaflets is supplied to the mariner who needs information as to those waters only into which his own voyage will carry him. The Yearbook of Agriculture, the Annual Reports of the Smithsonian Institution, the National Museum, the American Historical Association, the Chief of Engineers, the Chief of Ordnance, the Bureau of Education, and other publications which are made up of distinct papers or chapters that permit of separate publication, are split up and each chapter or paper printed in a pamphlet by itself, so that the authors and others who ask for copies of special papers may have these alone and the cost of supplying them with whole volumes thus be saved. Even pamphlets of moderate size, like the bulletins of the Department of Agriculture which report the proceedings of the conventions of official agricultural chemists, economic entomologists, and other bodies of government specialists, are split into fascicules with which the popular demand for information on special parts of the work of these scientific bodies may be met at least cost.

Any publication, by whatever name or in whatever form, which undertook to include all of these and the other and almost innumerable specialized publications of the government, and to have itself supplied to all who now receive the existing publications, would of necessity be of enormous bulk and be printed in an enormous edition, and it seems to your committee that it must break down of its own weight. We think it absolutely essential to the success of an official gazette that all of these specialized class publications should be most rigorously excluded from its pages. Specialization seems to be a natural and proper development of the public printing, and it would hardly be practicable, or wise if practicable, to arrest it.

For these reasons, your committee, in casting about for material which might properly and usefully be carried in an official gazette, should one be issued, has endeavored to choose that only which is of interest to all classes and not alone to any one class, whether in or out of the public service. The list which represents the judgment of the committee in this respect is still very long. We have not suggested the discontinuance of any publication on account of its inclusion in a gazette, because in all the letters we have received from public officials, and all the questions we have asked them, we have not yet found one who is of opinion that any publication now existing can be superseded by publication in a gazette without injury to the public service.

Opinion among officials as to a gazette is radically divided, the number for and against appearing to be about equal, though the adverse argument appears to be the stronger. Opinion in the committee is also widely divided, and we are unable to make a unanimous recommendation on the desirability or feasibility of issuing a gazette on the model of the London Gazette or of any other official gazette known to us.

Your committee, however, thinks it a duty to submit for consideration an alternative plan, based on a suggestion offered in one of the official letters received in reply to its inquiries. This alternative is an executive gazette, to contain all of the official papers and messages of the President and such other occasional matters of special and immediate importance as the President may think it advisable to have officially published. Such matter might perhaps at times be drawn from the diplomatic correspondence with other governments or from reports made by American ambassadors, ministers, or consuls, or from the findings or rulings of commissions or other official bodies or other sources for which no special method of official publication is now provided.

The weight of this suggestion lies in the fact that every word officially put forth by the chief executive is of universal interest and of historical import, and no official vehicle for its complete and authentic publication is now provided. It is printed in the Congressional Record, in the newspapers, on separate sheets, in the collected volumes of statutes, and sometimes not at all. These publications are so scattered and each different kind so incomplete that the most industrious librarian or other collector can never be sure that he has all. When the congressional compilation of the messages and papers of the Presidents from Washington to McKinley was made the originals were gathered from all sorts of public documents and old newspaper files and miscellaneous sources. When it chanced that some of the old papers were preserved in public offices the compilers--especially at first--did not know where to look for them. That compilation as finally made is commendable, but nobody can say that it is complete. It served, however, to demonstrate--what indeed all students knew before--that there is no place where all the official utterances of the head of the government may certainly be found. If they were all to be printed in one publication--if the faith of all Presidents were pledged that all official papers should be given publicity in one known publication, and if that publication were so published by volume and number that any historical student or collector might know to a certainty when he had secured all of these publications, then it seems to your committee that something of real moment would have been accomplished.

It is true that the publication of presidential messages in an executive gazette would contradict the unanimous opinion of the committee that any sort of an official gazette should be wholly colorless from a partisan point of view. Still, it seems of high state importance that all of the official utterances of the chief executive, without exception, should be collected and published in some known and accessible place. Whether this consideration is of more or less importance than that of keeping a gazette free from partisanship the committee does not undertake to decide. It submits the suggestion without expression of opinion on its own part.

The adjourned session of the government documents round table was called to order by Chairman Godard at 12:15 p. m. on Friday, June 27th. Mr. Carr, reporting for the special committee, reported certain resolutions, which were unanimously adopted and referred to the Council with the request that they be officially adopted by the Association and copies of the same be transmitted in official form to the joint committee on printing, the public printer, and the superintendent of documents.[12]

[12] For text of these resolutions see minutes of the Council, page 256.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW LIBRARIES

FIRST SESSION

(June 24, 1913, at 8:30 p. m., at the Hotel Kaaterskill.)

The meeting was called to order by President Poole, twenty-eight members being present.

The address of welcome, which was to have been delivered by Mr. Frank B. Gilbert, of the Department of Education of New York State, was given in the form of a telegram from him, as he was unavoidably prevented from attending.

President Poole addressed the association as follows:

This is the eighth annual meeting of this Association. We had hoped to have with us Mr. Frank B. Gilbert, who is one of the charter members, formerly of the New York State Law library, but this morning I received the following telegram:

"Unable to be present tomorrow night. Unexpected official business requires attention tomorrow afternoon. Hope your meeting will be successful."

I think we will have to take the welcome from the last six words.

The next item on the program is the President's address. I am not going to make any address because you would not be edified.

I would call your attention, however, to a few things which have appealed to me during the past year, and which, with suggestions which will come from the members present, will make perhaps a basis for our work during the coming year.

In my library, and I have no doubt in a good many of the libraries represented here, there have been calls for practice and form books, and perhaps for other local books of states outside of one's own state, and you have all probably experienced difficulty in getting proper information regarding such material. This need is coincident with the possibility of developing our Law Library Journal. It occurs to me that we might organize a committee to publish in our Law Library Journal, once a year, a list of local practice and form books, giving the title, author, number of the edition, date of publication, cost and publisher--the idea being to include in the list, not all the books, but the best books, and to place the choosing of that list in the hands of parties familiar with such books. If a list could be published every year it would be of considerable advantage.

Another suggestion has come to me--I think from Mr. Hewitt--that we put in the Law Library Journal, in some such way as described above, references to the court rules of the highest courts of the several states and any important local courts that are represented in the published reports. I do not refer to the text of the rules and the many amendments, but where they can be found, date of adoption, etc.

There is another matter which will come up at one of the sessions, viz., the movement for uniformity in the publication of session laws. You will hear more about that later, but it is worth our consideration. You all know the rather baffling way in which session laws are published; hardly any two states are alike, and the states change their methods from year to

year, causing a great deal of confusion and difficulty in finding material.

You are perfectly familiar with the chief work which this Association has accomplished, viz., the publication of the Index to Legal Periodicals and Law Library Journal. We can congratulate ourselves, I think, on a fairly successful year. The editorial work has been done very well, and the promptness of publication has shown some improvement. Mechanically, we have it on a better basis than ever before, and there is no reason why the publication should not continue and become actually self-supporting. Now, as you know, it only partially pays for itself. The Association pays a certain amount of the costs. We hope to increase the subscriptions among practicing lawyers, and plans have already been made for doing this.

We should, I think, take more pains with the Law Journal portion. We have not done with that all that is possible. Personally I think that the editor, working as he does at present--I mean by that, under his present contract and with the time at his disposal--can hardly be expected to do very much more; but we can make a good deal more out of the publication if we improve the Law Journal--make it more readable, so that people will subscribe for the Journal alone. I do not think you can say that anyone would pay $5 a year for what is in the Law Journal now. I wish that matter could be taken up later and discussed, and that steps might be taken to bring about an improvement in that respect.

The report of the Treasurer was read by Mr. Redstone of the Social Law library in Boston.

Under the head of the Report of the Executive Committee, the letter from Chairman C. W. Andrews, of the special committee on the relations between the American Library Association and affiliated societies, was considered.

Reports of the special committees were made by Mr. A. J. Small, of the Iowa State Law library, chairman of the committee on legal bibliography; by Dr. G. E. Wire, of the Worcester County (Mass.) law library, chairman of the committee on reprinting session laws; by Mr. O. J. Field, of the Department of Justice, chairman of the committee on Latin-American laws.

The first Round Table was held on Wednesday, June 25, 1913, at 9:30 a. m.

The report of the committee to confer with the Library of Congress on subject headings was given by Mr. Hewitt of Philadelphia, and a discussion ensued. This was followed by a symposium on architectural plans and furnishings for law libraries, participated in by Mr. Frederick D. Colson, of the New York State law library, Mr. Godard, Mr. Poole, Mr. Hicks, Mr. Schenk and Mr. Hewitt.

At the second session, Wednesday, June 25th, at 2:30 p. m., Mr. Colson gave an account of the destruction and rebuilding of the New York State library. Mr. Frederick C. Hicks, of the Columbia University library, read a paper on "Law libraries and the public," which was followed by a statement by Dr. Wire on the Massachusetts system of county law libraries.

A paper on the work in the University of Minnesota law library, by Mr. Arthur C. Pulling, librarian, will be printed in a future issue of the Journal, Mr. Pulling being unable to attend.

The nominating and auditing committees were appointed by President Poole, as follows:

Nominating Committee: George S. Godard, chairman; Mrs. M. C. Klingelsmith, E. J. Lien.

Auditing Committee: O. J. Field, chairman; William R. Reinick, Mary V. Fisk.

The vouchers, etc., sent by Mr. Whitney, not having arrived owing to the delay of the express company, the auditing committee were instructed to report to the executive committee as soon as the material could be examined.

The committee on resolutions, consisting of Mr. A. J. Small, Mrs. Klingelsmith and Mrs. Hoover, reported the following resolution on the death of Charles J. Babbitt, which was ordered spread upon the minutes:

"WHEREAS, after a long and untiring service in his life work our friend and fellow member Charles J. Babbitt has this year completed his work and become a graduate member of our fellowship, and through his death this Association has lost an active member, a kind friend and valued associate, who has left behind him an enduring memorial in the good work which while living he accomplished:

"BE IT RESOLVED, that this Association has met with an irreparable loss, and that we extend our sympathy to the bereaved family, and that this resolution shall become a part of the record."

Then followed the report of the committee on shelf classification of law textbooks, consisting of Miss Gertrude E. Woodard, George N. Cheney, E. A. Feazel.

Remarks on cataloging and classifying law textbooks in the Library of Congress were made by Mr. Martel of the Library of Congress.

Messrs. Schenk and Butler spoke on the matter of increasing the efficiency of the Index to Legal Periodicals and Law Library Journal. Additional features of the Journal were considered, and Mr. Schenk was authorized to include in the Journal during the coming year:

List of Reports as currently issued.

List of textbooks dealing with local forms, practice, etc.

References showing where to find the court rules of the local courts, the decisions of which appear in the published Reports.

The following officers were elected for the year 1913-14:

President--Franklin O. Poole, Association of the Bar of the City of New York; First Vice-President--Frederick W. Schenk, Law Library, University of Chicago; Second Vice-President--O. J. Field, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C.; Secretary--Miss Gertrude E. Woodard, Law Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Treasurer--E. Lee Whitney, Vermont State Library, Montpelier; Executive Committee--President, ex-officio, First Vice-President, ex-officio, Second Vice-President, ex-officio, Secretary, ex-officio, Treasurer, ex-officio, E. O. S. Scholefield, British Columbia Legislative Library, Victoria; A. J. Small, State Law Library, Des Moines, Iowa; C. Will Schaffer, Washington State Law Library.

The meeting adjourned with a resolution by Mr. A. J. Small thanking each officer and member of the association who had contributed to its work; and with a final word from Mr. Butler urging all to work for the success of the Index during the coming year.

LEAGUE OF LIBRARY COMMISSIONS

Tenth annual meeting at Kaaterskill, N. Y., June 25-27, 1913

FIRST SESSION

(Wednesday, June 25, 2:30 p. m.)

Round Table on Organizing Small Libraries

The meeting was called to order by the President, Mr. Milam. A roll-call by states showed that sixteen were represented: Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont and Wisconsin. The President then introduced the leader of the discussion, Miss Zaidee Brown, of Massachusetts. The outline of the discussion, as printed on the program, was as follows:

1. Methods suggested by the state organizer for Accessioning Classification Shelf-listing Cataloging Should it be attempted? Should L. C. cards be used? Loan system Mechanical preparation of books

2. Average time required for above processes, and average cost per 1,000 volumes

3. Help from local sources Volunteers, paid workers, trustees Help from neighboring librarians

4. Kinds of supplies and cost

5. How the organizer may interest the people of the town in the library

6. Board meeting: Budget and other administrative problems

It was stated that for this discussion "small library" meant any library with less than 5,000 volumes.

* * * * *

As to the accession book, the general opinion seemed to be that there was more reason for keeping it in a library without trained service than in a larger one, and that the trustees usually liked to have it kept. A very simple entry was recommended. Miss Brown suggested that where, in reorganizing, it was necessary to accession the books already in the library, the quickest way was to number them when the first, or shelf-list, card was written. These cards might be kept in numerical order, and the accession book written from them, thus saving one handling of the books. She said one reason for keeping an accession book in a small library is that the accession number may be used for charging; this led to a discussion of the use of Cutter numbers in a small library; Miss Wright, of Vermont, uses them and has found no trouble. Miss Brown thinks they add considerably to the labor and expense of reorganizing, and she has found them likely to fall into confusion with untrained librarians. No conclusion was reached.

As to classification, the preference was for a simplified form of the D. C., using only three figures in most cases, and combining some classes.

The leader then asked how many organizers favored a dictionary catalog, with an untrained librarian. Miss Hazeltine, of Wisconsin, said that in that state they start only a shelf-list, to be used as a classed catalog, until the librarian can attend summer school, and then a dictionary catalog is made. Miss Askew stated that in New Jersey a dictionary catalog is made even for a small library, if the librarian and trustees wish it. In Vermont, also, the organizer starts a dictionary catalog.

Miss Frances Hobart, librarian at Vergennes, Vt., reported that when she classified she placed a slip in the book giving the class and book number, and the subject headings to be used, for the guidance of the cataloger. These slips are kept, to form a rough shelf-list, and serve the purpose in assigning Cutter numbers. A number of those present said that they thought it not necessary to make a shelf-list simply for taking an inventory, as many libraries do not take inventory, and it is not worth the labor of the shelf-list. Mr. Olin Davis, librarian at Laconia, N. H., described a method of taking inventory from the accession book, thus making a shelf-list for that purpose unnecessary. The discussion showed that in some states the custom of the state organizer is to start a dictionary catalog, and to make a shelf-list only if Cutter numbers are used, or if the additional labor can be easily afforded. Miss Brown, of Massachusetts, said that she preferred, with an untrained librarian, to make an author and title catalog, and to use the shelf-list for a subject catalog. She makes an alphabetic index to the shelf-list, which also serves as a guide for classification, and includes in this index analyticals and secondary subject cards. She feels that this method reduces to a minimum the difficulty of assigning subject headings, and the danger of scattering material through doing this poorly. The objection to her method was made that such a catalog is not so easy for the public to use; she admitted this, but said that in a small library the catalog is mainly a tool for the librarian. Mrs. Budlong, of North Dakota, recommended using the order card for the shelf-list.

The discussion showed that in New Jersey and Vermont the organizer usually starts a dictionary catalog; and in Minnesota, Indiana, Wisconsin and Massachusetts the shelf-list is used as a subject catalog unless the librarian has at least summer school training.

As to the use of Library of Congress cards, the general testimony seemed to be that the labor of ordering them, and adding numbers and headings, is about equal to that of making simple cards, with a typewriter. Miss Brown stated that the added expense for cards per 1,000 volumes is about $35, if the order is by author and title. Miss Farr, of Maryland, said that she could catalog about 1,000 volumes a month, making a dictionary catalog, if she made her own cards, and about 1,100 if she used Library of Congress cards--showing that the labor is nearly the same.

It was not possible to give definite estimates of the cost of reorganization or the time required, as conditions vary so greatly; but some general averages were obtained. Mr. Milam, of Indiana, stated that the cost of supplies and labor, including the time and expenses of the state organizer, was about $50 to $60 per 1,000 volumes. One organizer said that a cataloger should average 40 volumes a day, assigning Cutter numbers and making a dictionary catalog. Miss Askew, of New Jersey, thought this number too small, and said she expected one person to make a dictionary catalog for 1,000 volumes in two weeks. Miss Brown, of Massachusetts, said that the number of volumes done in a week varied from 500 to 1,000 volumes, according to the amount of local help received. She finds it possible to get volunteer workers for a good deal of the work, including writing the cards, and doing the mechanical work involved by a new charging system. This estimate is not for a dictionary catalog, but for an author and title list, and a shelf-list for non-fiction with subject index--no imprint being given on most of the cards. To show the cost of reorganization where there was practically no volunteer labor, Miss Brown gave the figures for a library at West Bridgewater, Mass., which contained about 6,500 volumes. The state library commission gave about a week of Miss Brown's time, which is not included in the estimate, a cataloger was engaged at $75 a month, and an assistant at $50. Local workers were paid about twelve cents an hour. The books were accessioned, classified, an author and title catalog made, and a shelf-list for non-fiction with subject index. Book-pockets and book-cards were placed in the books. Copy for a printed catalog was made. This catalog was later printed, at a cost of about $125. The entire cost of the work, including printing the catalog, was between $600 and $700, or about ten cents per volume. The time required was about seven weeks.

As to the question of how the organizer might interest the people of the town, there was a discussion on whether the organizer did better work if she stayed at the hotel, or was entertained in a private family. She can, of course, become better acquainted if in a family, but Mr. Milam said that he thought the hotel preferable because there would be no drain on her vitality outside library hours. It developed during the discussion that in several states the commission pays the living expenses of the organizer in the town. In Massachusetts, the library is expected to meet this expense, but the state sometimes helps buy the supplies.

As to the meeting of the Board, Mr. Milam said that he thought the organizer should always meet the Board, and if possible leave with them a suggested budget for a library of that size. Miss Brown said that she carried with her sample copies of a number of selected lists and library aids, and showed them to the Board of Trustees.

A number of organizers spoke of addressing clubs, schools, and other bodies in connection with the work.

After the Round Table, Mr. Milam appointed the following nominating committee: Miss Clara Baldwin, chairman; Mrs. Percival Sneed, Miss Zaidee Brown. The meeting then adjourned.

SECOND SESSION

(Wednesday, June 25th, 8:30 p. m.)

The topic of the second session was libraries in state institutions and in federal prisons. Mr. Milam, the president, called the meeting to order. Miss Julia A. Robinson, supervising librarian of the state institutions of Iowa, opened the discussion. Mr. Jenkins, of New York, who was announced on the program, was unable to be present. Miss Robinson spoke first of the need of providing good reading matter in state institutions; and pointed out that such libraries have the advantage of those in the outside world, in that they need not compete with so many conflicting interests in their patrons. Of the two possible kinds of supervision; by an outside authority, such as a state library commission, or by an official of the board controlling the state institutions, the latter is preferable if the appointment of such an official is not dominated by politics. An official appointed by the Board of Control has greater authority, can maintain a closer supervision of the books admitted, and can obtain more help from the inmates of the institutions. As to methods employed, the book selection should be carefully made to suit the various classes in the different institutions; and the organization should be as simple as possible. In Iowa, they use an accession book, the decimal classification, and a simple form of shelf-list. In all the institutions, reading rooms for the use of the inmates under proper supervision add to the usefulness of the libraries. The librarian is usually an officer or employee of the institution, but should possess a knowledge of the books in her own library, and a sympathetic acquaintance with the inmates which will enable her to assist them in selecting the books which will be most helpful to them. She should also have sufficient time to give proper attention to the library. Inmates often make good assistants, but should work under close supervision and should not be allowed to select the books. In the prisons, where the readers do not have access to the shelves, printed finding lists are necessary.

Miss Florence R. Curtis, of the University of Illinois Library School, next spoke on libraries in prisons. She called attention to the fact that nearly eighty per cent of those in prisons will be out of prison in from one to ten years. They should be regarded as citizens in the making, to be helped in every way possible. Of those who enter, about ninety per cent are literate; and over seventy-five per cent have attended school beyond the sixth grade. About fifty per cent of those sent to prison are so-called "accidental criminals," that is, they have yielded to an impulse, but are not habitually criminal. Before they leave prison, however, they have received an education of a sort in crime. They know the criminal class, its leading men, etc., they know the methods of crime, and they have learned to regard the law as more favorable to the rich than to the poor, and how best to evade it. Besides this, they have become acquainted with unclean literature, circulated secretly; and with vice and dissipation. Guards in the prison often peddle drink and drugs to the prisoners. As to what they have learned that is good, she enumerated the following: The prisoner may have learned a trade, but the trades taught often do not help in earning a living outside. The prisoner may have attended a school. Usually the school is held for four months, is taught by a volunteer prisoner, and aims only to teach the elementary subjects. The prisoner has attended the church service. Last, the prisoner may have had the use of the prison library. Miss Curtis examined the catalogs of thirty prisons. Perhaps three-fourths of the books might be regarded as deadwood. Often the libraries contain vicious books, which give wrong ideas of the relations of men and women, and of the family; create a false idea of life; and make dissipation attractive. The works of Chambers, Elinor Glyn, Phillips, Mrs. Southworth, and others of similar grade, are found in large numbers in the prison libraries. The prisoner has so much time to think over what he reads, that especial care should be taken that his reading should be wholesome. Books dealing with shady business methods, religious unrest, race prejudice, the detection of crime, etc., are all bad. All fiction added to the library should first be read by a person of good judgment, with respect to its effect on the prisoners. The selection of suitable books does not represent the whole duty toward the prisoner. Personal guidance in the choice of books is most desirable. The chaplain is not always the best person to give such guidance as he may not be familiar with modern fiction and he has other duties. The superintendent is not always interested in the reading of the prisoners. The superintendent of a reform school stated flatly that the physical care of the girls was the main duty and interest of the institution. A librarian appointed by the Board of Control will make the most careful selection of the books. The librarian should also visit the institutions and give as much personal guidance to the reading as possible. It should be noted, however, that this is not a place for an immature person, nor a sentimental one.

Miss Curtis said that the duty of the state library commission, as to prison libraries, was to try to rouse the superintendents, and bring about a better condition.

Miss Stearns, of Wisconsin, asked about the use of magazines in prisons. She had visited a prison, with the chaplain acting as librarian, where they took dozens of magazines, and had given up buying books because the magazines were so popular. Among those especially in demand were World's Work, Current Events, and Cosmopolitan. Miss Robinson, of Iowa, said that they took magazines for the prisons, but in no case were magazines bought to the exclusion of all books. Where it is regarded as necessary, the magazines are expurgated by clipping out certain articles. Miss Curtis said that in Illinois prisons many magazines are taken, and are very popular. The men are allowed to form magazine clubs, and to take any magazine not positively disreputable; and many of the cheaper lower-grade magazines are taken.

Miss Clarke, librarian of the public library at Auburn, N. Y., where there is a state prison, said that she had investigated prison libraries in New York state, especially in Auburn, in connection with the work of a committee of the New York State Library Association. She regards conditions in New York state as discouraging. In Auburn, the selection is not so bad, but the men are allowed little if any selection. A convict assistant chooses fifty volumes for fifty cells. These are passed out, and each one is kept a week. It is then passed on to the next cell. An educated ex-convict in a letter printed by Richard Harding Davis in the New York Sun, stated that he was unable for a year to get a book he wanted, though nobody else wanted it. They have no printed catalogs or lists. In the women's prison, in Auburn, the prisoners are allowed to select books, and one of the teachers had done some work with reading clubs. Miss Clarke stated that in New York state prisons, the teacher of the prison school is not a convict. The prison school is allowed $50 worth of books a year. The hope for improvement in New York state, in library conditions in the prisons, is through the appointment of a librarian in each prison, or a library supervisor of all state penal institutions.

Mr. Wellman, of Springfield, Mass., asked how to rouse interest in prison libraries in a state where there is no interest. Miss Curtis said that one should avoid rousing general public criticism, as this would antagonize the prison authorities; that it was better to use the slow method of getting the heads of the institutions and the board controlling the prisons interested. The state library commission should do this. A general article in the press on the value of good prison libraries might be desirable, but one should by all means avoid anything approaching a sensational story about special cases. As an example of how to rouse interest, Mr. Wynkoop spoke of the number of New York Libraries, published in February, 1913, which was devoted largely to libraries in state institutions. Copies of this were sent to all trustees of state institutions in New York state, to members of legislative committees dealing with charitable and reformatory institutions, to members of sociological societies, to mayors and sheriffs, to most of the leading newspapers of the state, and to others of influence. About 700 copies were sent out in this way. There have been some evident results. In Syracuse, Rochester, Bath, Jamestown, and some other places, the papers have had notices about the need of better libraries in prisons and jails, and the authorities have in some cases taken steps to improve conditions. In answer to questions, Mr. Wynkoop said that he did not make direct criticism of the present library conditions in prisons, but spoke of the poor economy of spending so little on them. The maximum amount spent on the library of any institution in New York state is $500, though expenditures for other purposes may run into the millions.

It was suggested that public libraries should supply local jails with reading matter. Miss Clarke stated that in the state prison at Auburn, magazines are taken for the officials, but are not loaned to the prisoners. An offer of discarded but usable books from the public library to the jail was refused, because the prisoners would cut out the pictures and put them on the wall.

Miss Charlotte Templeton, secretary of the Nebraska public library commission, next spoke on libraries in reformatories. This is a somewhat more hopeful group than the prisons. The inmates are often below the average physically, somewhat bitter, and frightened, and sobered by their first contact with the law. The reformatory must build them up; physically, mentally, and in the power of self-support. In this the library is a valuable adjunct. It should contain simple books on civics, books to help the foreigner learn English, and books on the technical subjects taught in the prison. There is also a use for books as a means of recreation. These may put the inmate in a better attitude toward life, and may be the entering wedge for more serious reading. They should, therefore, be the first line of attack. Again, a prisoner may accept moral training from a book that he would not from a person. The books on conduct are much read. Jordan's "Self-control," Grenfell's "Men's helpers," and some of the new thought books are much read. One prisoner said, "If I had had that book three years ago I should not be here now." Magazines are generally taken, but as a supplement to the collection of books. They include many on current events and on technical work, and some that are taken mainly for their pictures. Country Life and Baseball are very popular. In conclusion, Miss Templeton said that the reformatory library is much like a public library, and should be administered in a similar way. In this way, the inmates would become familiar with the use of such a library, would form the "library habit," and be more likely to feel at home in the public library on their release.

Miss EDITH KATHLEEN JONES, librarian at McLean Hospital, Waverley, Mass., then read the following paper:

SOME PROBLEMS OF THE INSTITUTION LIBRARY ORGANIZER IN THE STATE HOSPITALS

Last year I had the pleasure of telling you something of library work in one of the large private hospitals for the insane; this year I want to speak of some of the problems the institution organizer will meet when she undertakes to set in order the libraries of the state hospitals.

In the first place, unless she is fortunate enough to be appointed by the State Board of Control or State Board of Insanity or their equivalent, she may at times feel that she is looked upon a little bit as an outsider by the hospital staff, as one who does not understand hospital conditions and who belongs to an entirely different order of things. She may even meet what seems to her indifference or actual antagonism on the part of a few superintendents.

The fact is, the library to librarians is of supreme importance, but the library to the average hospital superintendent is merely one method of providing entertainment or employment for his patients. He is much more interested in the new social service movement and the study of eugenics and heredity than he is in the general library, which, to his mind, is simply a part of the therapeutic system and even as such ranks far below useful employment and arts and crafts work.

This indifference or antagonism does not arise from any personal feeling nor is it confined to the library. It is the natural outcome of the peculiar organization demanded in a hospital for the insane, a general distrust of any outside interference in any department, and a thorough conviction that each hospital is entirely competent to manage its own affairs. In one state the state board refused the offer of the state library committee to organize its institution libraries for these very reasons. In another state, where the possibility of the state board appointing an institution librarian of its own is under discussion, one superintendent remarked that he "could only say this; if it must come he was thankful it was coming from the =inside=, through the board and from one who knew hospital conditions."

Another reason for this seeming indifference on the part of the superintendents is that, in the East at any rate, a state hospital is =always= poor. It is poor and it is crowded, and its superintendent is harrassed with having his requests for better accommodations for his patients, a new power house, larger kitchens and laundries, or quarters for his married men nurses turned down; with trying to get larger appropriations from the state legislature; with endeavoring to feed and clothe and house 1,200 patients on an appropriation and in quarters designed for 1,000 at the most. He probably has cut down his expenses in every conceivable direction, and he can not see the use of spending money for books which the majority of his patients will not read. And there is this to be said for his point of view, that while there are many educated and cultivated persons in all the state hospitals, the majority of them are foreigners and illiterates from the mill and factory-hand classes and from the slums of the cities. In New York state alone, in 1906, forty-six per cent of the whole number of patients admitted to the New York hospitals were of foreign birth. And I might add, to show the menace of the class of people we are letting into our country, that forty-six per cent of the insane were aliens, while only twenty-six per cent of the whole population of the state were of foreign birth. Add to these the outcasts from the slums and you have a good idea of the make-up of the state hospitals and asylums, and you will not wonder that many superintendents shake their heads when libraries are mentioned.

It would, therefore, seem to be one of the duties of the organizer to prove to the superintendent that even if three-fifths of his patients are illiterate, reading should be provided for the educated two-fifths; that she, from her knowledge of books and editions, can provide a thoroughly readable library which will meet the requirements of all classes, from college professors to the dregs of humanity, for a much less sum than he can do it, and from her experience she can interest the patients in books. For after you have the library, you still have a set of people to deal with who lack initiative and must be aroused to interest in anything. She must also impress upon him that shelf-and-book or even accession numbers mean nothing, and that when, as in one library I know, all the books are covered and there is no hint of author or title on the back, the library is converted into a sort of literary grab-bag which is funny to the librarian but exasperating to the patient. She must convince him that an unclassified library represents a tremendous waste, especially when it is not supplemented by a subject catalog. She must be able to prove to him from the experience of other hospitals that the old-fashioned method of letting a library run itself is not conducive to growth and that there must be some one whose chief duties are to the library. She can assure him from figures that he is not getting out of his library what he should, if out of 1,000 patients only 60 use the library during the year and 50 books a week is a large circulation. She can tell him of one hospital of 220 patients which has from 75 to 100 regular readers, not counting nurses and employees, and averages 25 books a day, or 8,900 a year; of another of about the same size which often gives out 50 books a day; of a third, which, with a population of 2,000 gave out last year 15,862 volumes to 344 persons. She can guarantee him that if he will let her weed out obsolete stuff and fill in with the sort of books the patients want and train some patient, nurse or stenographer to act as librarian in her absence at other hospitals, his library circulation will be doubled or trebled the first year.

Having convinced the superintendent of the utility of the organized, central library, the institution librarian is now free to turn her attention to the patients, getting acquainted with them, learning their tastes in books, interesting them in reading and in pictures. And just here I would say that in the state hospitals the doctors are always glad to have anything new suggested in the way of employment, and that if the organizer can manage it so that the patients can help her in the care of the charging-system, mending and cataloging, her efforts will be much appreciated by all concerned.

The institution organizer will soon find that each hospital differs from every other in construction, management, and especially in the character of illness. The asylums for the chronic insane present the most hopeless feature, yet even here there are enough who read to make it worth while to furnish libraries. Moreover, in the asylums, the nurses have to be taken into account. Their work is so hopeless and uninteresting compared with that in hospitals for acute and recoverable cases that more must be done for them in order to get and keep even ordinarily good attendants. And where, as in many cases, the chronic insane are being transferred to farm colonies way out in the country, far from any city or even large town, the library can, if it will, help very decidedly by offering means of study and education to the nurses and staff as well as diversion to the patients. Therefore, one can venture to buy for an asylum a much better selection of books from the point of view of general culture than for the ordinary hospital.

I have said so often that a hospital library must be formed for entertainment, not for education, that it must be simple in organization and carried along on unconventional lines, that I speak of these points again only to emphasize them. If one looks upon institutional work from the point of view of educative influence it is discouraging work; but if one thinks of it as an adjunct to the therapeutic service of the hospital, as a means of bringing some pleasure or at least forgetfulness of self for a time to an afflicted class and employment for hours which otherwise would be passed in complete idleness and utter dejection, it is inspiring work. But in the selection of books this point of view must be kept always in mind.

Yet this is just what those unaccustomed to hospital conditions fail to grasp. Not three months ago a hospital in a far-off western city sent a representative to see our library and get all the information he could in regard to the sort of books they should put into their beautiful and expensive new buildings. I showed him a list of some 1,200 of our most popular books selected as a basis for the little catalog Miss Carey, Miss Robinson, Miss Waugh and I have made out and annotated, and which is now being printed by the A. L. A. Publishing Board. The first thing he noticed was the omissions. "Why," said he, looking at Science, "you have nothing by Spencer, or Darwin or Huxley on this list. Aren't they the standard thing? Oughtn't I to get them for our library?" "Not if you want a library which will be read," was my prompt reply, and I showed him the records of our sets of these scientists, taken out at the most three or four times in the history of the library.

A year or so ago I attempted to find out from our cards just what was the most popular sort of fiction in our library. Of course the book of the moment is the one read at the moment, so it would be manifestly unfair to include these and I took only those books published prior to 1901. It may interest you to know in their order the 25 most read books, that is, of the old favorites. The date unfortunately excludes Mr. Pratt, the Virginian, Kim, Rex Beach and Oppenheim. They are, The Choir Invisible, Janice Meredith, Saracinesca, Sant' Ilario, Don Orsino, Vanity Fair, The Lilac Sunbonnet, Old Chester Tales, Dr. Lavender's People, When Knighthood was in Flower, The Sowers--taken out 20 times in the last three years; The Seats of the Mighty, The Battle of the Strong, Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, Treasure Island, Cape Cod Folks and The Right of Way, 22 times; A Little Moorland Princess, Dorothy Vernon, Kidnapped and The Cardinal's Snuff Box 25 times; Richard Carvel 29 times; The Old Ma'amselle's Secret 40 times and The Second Wife by Miss Marlitt 43 times. This shows pretty conclusively that even our people, all of whom belong to the cultivated and educated class, want light, interesting stories of romance and adventure, and the average state hospital reader wants something even lighter than these.

I have been asked again and again if the right reading really cures. One dare not affirm this; its influence is negative rather than positive. But I =can= say this: I have known of many cases outside as well as in the hospital where persons have been positively harmed by morbid or hysterically sentimental books. Our people are inclined to be pretty emotional anyway, and whatever appeals to that side is to be deplored.

To sum up the qualities which determine the suitability of books for a hospital library, I can do no better than quote from the "Foreword" of the catalog mentioned above:

In making this list the editors have endeavored to keep in mind the following points:

1. Books in a hospital are for recreation, not for instruction, and therefore should consist principally of fiction, picture books, travel, biography, light and popular science and outdoor books.

2. They must be wholesome--not morbid, or gruesome, or depressing. Good detective stories and tales of adventure, however thrilling, if not horrible, and if they do not make vice attractive, are to be recommended, as they, more than almost anything else, hold the attention.

3. Illustrated books and books of pictures are invaluable, as a patient often will look at pictures when he is too ill to read.

4. The newest fiction is called for and read, yet the old favorites remain much in demand. With so much ephemeral stuff among the "best sellers," it is a delicate task to select the really good novels which will last, and there is a great temptation to fall back on the old and tried books to the exclusion of the more modern. The editors have tried to combine the two in just proportion, and also to give a few titles of the better class of the "second rate" which have proved popular.

5. It is not enough to provide books for those who wish to read. There are always many patients who are unable to take any initiative towards selecting any form of entertainment or employment for themselves, and for these should be provided light and simple stories which will not tax the brain or require any concentration of attention, but which will serve to stimulate their interest in things outside themselves. These are not necessarily children's books, but often the simple language and quiet wholesomeness of certain books for young people will bridge a patient over this period of mental inadequacy and pave the way towards a real enjoyment of maturer reading.

In addition to these five simple rules for selecting the reading for a hospital library, the editors would emphasize another very important point: Many of the readers will be elderly persons with failing eyesight, who demand large, clear type. This is hard to procure in cheap editions of standard authors and old favorites, but it is suggested that it is well worth while to take a little pains in selection and even to pay a higher price, in order to get an edition of convenient size, shape and weight, in serviceable binding, with large, clear type. Such an edition will last longer and will invite, not repel the reader.

Complete sets of the works of standard authors, with the exception of Shakespeare, Scott, Dickens, and possibly George Eliot, are not recommended for hospitals. Only a few of the more popular stories of each will be read.

I want to say just a word in regard to the housing of hospital libraries. Of course the ideal arrangement is a separate building which is open all the time, but I know of only three or four such in the country. In most state hospitals the library was an afterthought and the books are crowded into one or two more or less inaccessible rooms to which the patients can come only once or twice a week and which can not possibly be made attractive. Often there is absolutely no other room to be had in the hospital and the librarian must make the most of it and do her utmost to beautify it with rugs and baskets made by the patients and flowers from the hospital greenhouses. But sometimes a little ingenuity will solve the problem in some such unique way as in the State Infirmary at Tewksbury, Mass., where the superintendent conceived the idea of moving their very good little library (classified and cataloged too) from its one small dark, inaccessible room in the administration house to the large, light chapel which hitherto stood idle six days in the week. Here low shelves have been built in between the windows on the wide side aisles and stacks fitted into the alcove rooms each side the chancel. Long narrow tables with plenty of books and magazines have been placed in these aisles and the library is now open practically all the time.

The Hospital for Epileptics at Monson, Mass., has met its problem somewhat differently. The superintendent here is having two large sunny rooms fitted up with bookshelves, one for the men where they can smoke and one for the women where they can sew. These shelves will be kept filled with books from the central library (in an office in the administration house which it shares with the medical library) administered by the stenographer-librarian, but under the direct supervision of a patient for each room. The patients themselves are very enthusiastic over the proposed change and have made out lists of books they want.

In Massachusetts, the ideal so far as use of the library goes, is found at the Foxborough Hospital for Inebriates, where only men patients are admitted. Here they have a separate building containing one large room with low bookcases all around it and two tables covered with periodicals and newspapers in the center. Here the men can come when their day's work is over or at the noon hour and read and smoke.

I wish I had time to speak of the importance of interesting the nurses in the library and getting their co-operation, and of the possibility of holding classes on books and reading for them. I know of no hospital where they have time for such classes at present, but there is a movement on foot towards requiring better education as a condition for entering the training schools for the general hospitals, and some day some hospital will inaugurate classes in literature.

Miss Jones agreed with Miss Robinson's statement that the libraries in state institutions should be administered by an official appointed by the Board of Control.

Miss Flexner, of the Louisville free public library, then spoke of an experience in placing books in a county jail. Within the last six months, the public library offered to place a deposit in the county jail, and found that the jailer was willing. Permission was also obtained from the Fiscal Court. In November, about 100 volumes, all fiction, were sent, to be retained four months. On their return, it was found that over 1,800 issues had been made--a heavy circulation. In the next lot, was placed about 15 per cent of non-fiction, carefully selected. On their return, it was found that books by Marden and Grenfell had been popular. Mrs. Sangster's "Sweetest story ever told," a life of Christ, had been well used, while Mrs. Wharton's "House of mirth" had been read but twice. "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm," "Kim," and Mrs. Whitney's "Ascutney street" were each read 26 times in 6 weeks. Books on useful arts were so much in demand that they were renewed. The books are charged by the chaplain. When a suspicious looking gathering of the men was investigated by the jailor, it was found that one who could read was reading aloud to those who could not.

In the discussion, it was stated that a list of books for use in insane hospitals is to be published soon and that copies are to be on sale by the A. L. A. Publishing Board. Several speakers mentioned a union catalog for prison libraries, with annotations to guide the prisoners in the selection of books.

The committee on libraries in federal prisons made a report, in which they stated that an earnest attempt had been made to secure an appropriation of at least $2,500 for the establishment of a library in the penitentiary at Atlanta and a like amount for Leavenworth, and $500 for books for McNeil Island, but that the effort had been unsuccessful. The attempt will be renewed this coming year. The committee was continued.

THIRD SESSION

(Friday, June 27, 1913; 8:30 p. m.)

A third adjourned session of the League was held for the transaction of remaining business. The meeting was called to order by the President.

Miss Martha Wilson, supervisor of school libraries in Minnesota, spoke on co-operation between library commissions and state boards of education. Miss Mendenhall then gave a summary of the work done by the library committee of the N. E. A. on library instruction in normal schools. She stated that a questionnaire was sent to 200 normal schools, and the results show that most of the normal school libraries need reorganization. In the 200, about 50 have trained librarians. These are mainly in the far West. The Committee makes the following recommendations: 1, that library organizations try to have the subject of library training in normal schools presented at educational meetings; 2, that trained librarians be appointed in all normal schools, with the faculty and salary rank of heads of departments; 3, the publication of a manual for normal school librarians by the U. S. Bureau of Education; 4, the publication in educational periodicals of articles on the greater use of libraries by schools, and on related topics. It was suggested that the library commissions might help in carrying out the last recommendation. Miss Mendenhall was asked whether she favored putting the school libraries under the state library commissions, or under the state boards of education. She said that she believed the function of the school library to be distinct from that of the public library; that the two should co-operate but not combine. Miss Stearns of Wisconsin said that the question of the relation of the state library commission to the state board of education should be discussed and more clearly defined; that there is a decided tendency to place the library commission under the state board of education, or to merge it with it, as has already been done in one state. There was not time for adequate discussion of this subject, and the suggestion was made that it be taken up at a future League meeting.

Mrs. Minnie Clarke Budlong, director of the North Dakota public library commission, read the following report of the committee on the establishment of new commissions:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW COMMISSIONS

This committee has been requested to report on two topics--"a plan for the League to follow in giving aid in the organization of commissions in states now without them," and also a draft of "tentative provisions for a model library law to be used with the model commission law."

An A. L. A. committee of which Dr. Arthur E. Bostwick is chairman, has made a valuable report on points to be covered by a model law relating library to municipality, printed in the 1912 proceedings. The same committee has under consideration the drafting of the points covered into a model charter, and the League committee decided that action on its own part was unnecessary at present.

The other topic assigned this committee cannot be disposed of in so brief a manner. It is a question of theory and of insight, of sympathetic understanding and action.

There are eleven states without library commissions: West Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Montana and Wyoming. These states contain one-eighth of the population of the country, and have only one-twentieth of the libraries.

The first step toward aid is to learn how library commissions have been established in other states. Letters sent to 36 states elicited 22 replies. Perhaps a distinction should be made between library commissions and state libraries, or boards of education, such as New York, California and Oregon. But there have been included in this report all states doing extension work, regardless of name or title of organization.

The questions asked were:

1. How did the demand for a commission arise?

The answers received are practically unanimous. There was a need felt and provided for by a few far-sighted library workers. Eight give the credit of the initiative to library workers or associations. Seven give it to women's clubs or the state federation. Five say librarians and women's clubs were co-partners in the work, and three, Maryland, Wisconsin and Nebraska, include teachers in this partnership.

2. Who drew the law?

The law has usually been drawn by or under the supervision of a few interested workers, such as president of state library association, superintendent of public instruction, president of university, or legislative committee of state federation. In Kentucky use was made of the model commission law.

3. What was done to secure its passage?

One would expect a wider range in replies than this question elicited. "A friendly legislator took it in charge" sums up the story in most states. Personal letters and interviews of library workers and club women with members of the legislature, and particularly with members of committees, seem the usual methods. In some states the measure was defeated one or more times before influence enough was brought to bear to secure its passage. In Nebraska, the measure failed twice until pushed by the federation and teachers. Even if no general demand is formulated, there must be a desire expressed by organizations strong enough to impress legislators.

4. What literature was used?

At first, there was no literature available and the majority report "none used" or "nothing special." Idaho, Minnesota and Kentucky mention the Wisconsin publications particularly, also some from Iowa. Five speak of special leaflets prepared or statistics used from traveling library reports or from the League Handbook.

5. How long did it take?

The time required varies from "a few weeks" to fourteen years. Nine secured the desired legislation in one session. Six used two to four years. Nebraska required five years; Minnesota, six years; Tennessee, eight years, and Illinois, fourteen.

6. When was your law passed?

Massachusetts passed the first library commission law in 1890. Since then similar laws have been enacted in 36 states, concluding with South Dakota and Arkansas in 1913.

7. Has it been amended--if so, when and how?

It is interesting to note how few amendments except increase in appropriation have been made in library laws. This emphasizes the importance of careful framing of the law in the beginning. A study of the chief points of the law in other states with such changes as will adapt them to the conditions in the new state should always be made.

Five states report no amendment. Two report increase in membership of commission. Ten report increase in appropriation, or minor changes. Missouri and North Dakota have had their annual appropriation repealed on the theory that it is not constitutional to bind succeeding legislatures. Oregon has made the most radical amendment, changing this year from library commission to state library.

The conclusion of the matter seems to be that the initiative is with a few interested people, working through library associations, women's clubs and teachers, on the legislators, and that it may often be accomplished in one session after public opinion is sufficiently formed to bring the necessary pressure to bear.

These summaries lead to the following suggestions for aid:

1. A collection of material should be made which would include all pamphlets and articles on the practical establishment of library commissions. Effort should be made to include the special leaflets prepared in each state during its campaign. Some states, notably Kentucky, have prepared maps for circulation to arouse interest. A collection of all such special material kept for loan would be found suggestive and helpful in other states.

2. If possible some one should be sent by the League as an organizer to assist for a short time in the establishment of new commissions. This organizer should understand conditions in that section of the country, and should be able to advise wisely, talk with legislators persuasively, and address library meetings and state federations enthusiastically. Something may be accomplished by correspondence and by leaflets, but much more is possible to the trained observer on the field. Conditions even in neighboring states differ widely, and require study on the field for helpful understanding.

3. Special training for library commission workers. There is need of electives in the lines in which commission work differs from public library work.

4. Discussion of practical questions at League meetings. This is already being done and should be continued so long as there is need of a place where workers may discuss their individual problems.

5. It is suggested a committee be appointed to look after the needs of new commissions after their organization, as well as before the law is passed. There are many problems arising at home and abroad in which new workers would be glad of assistance, were there some particular committee to which they could apply.

Respectfully submitted,

MINNIE C. BUDLONG, Chairman, ELIZABETH B. WALES, ASA WYNKOOP, WILLIAM FREDERICK YUST.

June 23, 1913.

The report was accepted and the committee continued.

Miss Elizabeth B. Wales, secretary of the Missouri library commission, read the following report of the committee on charter provisions:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHARTER PROVISIONS

Since the meeting at Ottawa your committee has somewhat awaited the action of the council committee, which had been working on the library law of the state from the standpoint of its relation to the free will and initiative of the municipality. It was thought that the work of these committees might duplicate each other. As the report of this committee covering statute law does not seem to meet the point at issue, namely, safeguarding the interests of the library under the adoption of a new form of municipal government, your committee would make two suggestions concerning such safeguard:

1st. That it may be done by interesting the legislation of the charter bill in a definite provision establishing the public library as a city department.

2nd. That it may be done by inserting phrases in such bill, practically accepting the existing state law.

In the first case the essential points to be covered are: the provision of a proper fund, the appointment of a competent board. If all the duties of said board are settled and all its powers defined, the section will be a long and involved one. Your committee therefore recommends safeguarding the state library law as the better plan.

To do this, care must be taken to insert the proper phrases under sections which (a) define the general duties of commissioners wherever inclusive terms are used. For instance, "and have power to administer and control all other departments or activities of said city," the clause "except such as are already provided for in the statutes" would guard the library law existing; (b) under the rulings on civil service, the same clause would be effective in protecting library service, "except officers whose appointment is already otherwise provided for in the statutes"; (c) under the section concerning establishment and care of public institutions and buildings the exception must be more definite, e. g., "except that nothing in this law shall be construed to affect the existing state library law."

The chairman of your committee was not successful in securing these amendments to the commission government bill in Missouri, but found the fathers of the bill willing to consider them, and entirely ignorant of any possible disturbance of the existing library law under the new charter provisions. Moreover, good lawyers claim that a partially excepting phrase under the general definition of powers in this case makes it probable that no such disturbance need result. This opinion can not be confirmed, however, until a test case gives us a Supreme Court decision.

Briefly, then, your committee recommends protection on the charter law of existing statutory provisions for libraries, rather than a special charter provision.

Respectfully submitted,

ELIZABETH B. WALES, Chairman, A. L. BAILEY, A. E. BOSTWICK, Committee on charter provisions.

June 27, 1913.

In the absence of the Chairman, the Secretary read the following

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LIBRARY POST

The committee appointed by the League to assist in obtaining favorable postal rates for library books reports as follows:

As the members of the League are aware, the provisions of the general parcel post law were so changed immediately before its enactment that printed matter was excluded from the privileges of the parcel post rates. Consequently the long-distance lobbying which the committee and the profession indulged in, favoring the parcel post law, went for naught.

Since that time the committee has been in correspondence with a number of members of Congress favorable to the admission of library books to parcel post rates. During the winter the committee communicated with all of the library commissions and with many state and city libraries asking their co-operation in interesting their representatives in so changing the law as to admit books. While reports indicate that this co-operation was furnished, and several Congressmen stand ready to favor a change, the results have been nil. This failure to get any results whatsoever is partly due to the fact that special legislation had entirely engaged the attention of Congress.

The committee desires to call the attention of the League to the fact that it is not at all certain that to be included in this original parcel post law would be a great assistance to the libraries in circulating books. For practical library use the changed rates would be of little or no advantage, except for points within the fifty mile zone. Take, for example, a book weighing a trifle over one pound (and this is a very ordinary-sized book). It can be sent anywhere within the postal union for nine cents under the present third class rates. By parcel post rate it would cost six cents to send this book to a point in the city or along any rural route centering in the city. It will cost eight cents to send this book anywhere within the fifty mile zone. Above the fifty mile zone the parcel post rate will exceed the third class rate as indicated below.

150 mile zone--ten cents--1 cent excess over existing 3rd class. 300 mile zone--twelve cents--3 cents excess over existing 3rd class. 600 mile zone--fourteen cents--5 cents excess over existing 3rd class. 1,000 mile zone--sixteen cents--7 cents excess over existing 3rd class.

and so on, until it will cost twenty-four cents to send the book more than 1,800 miles by parcel post as against the nine cents under existing third class rates--an excess of 15 cents.

These facts are the occasion for, and justify the opposition which some publishing houses and other commercial houses sending out books or catalogs exhibited to including printed matter within the parcel post law. In some ways it would be unfortunate at this time to admit books to the parcel post rates, since accepting these unsatisfactory rates might prevent further re-adjustments for some time to come. It might be wiser to make an effort to get better rates.

It is the committee's judgment that there is much in common between the library authorities and some of the commercial forces which opposed admitting printed matter to the parcel post, that we have all much in common.

It is therefore recommended that the committee be directed to use every effort to get into communication with the forces which have opposed the admission of printed matter to the parcel post rates in order that these forces may be united with library authorities in an effort so to adjust rates as to be more advantageous to all than the present parcel post rates would be.

In conclusion, the committee reports that it seems unlikely that any further legislation will be immediately enacted.

Respectfully submitted,

M. S. DUDGEON, Chairman, ZAIDEE BROWN, MARY E. DOWNEY.

June 25, 1913.

The report was accepted, and the committee continued and directed to carry out the recommendation contained in the report.

The following reports of the publication committee and the committee on study outlines were read:

REPORT OF PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

The publication committee of the League respectfully reports:

That they have had under consideration during the past year two publications, neither of which the committee has found necessary to publish, but both of which are to be published elsewhere.

Application was made to the committee for a new edition of Mrs. McDonald-Jones' "Magazines for the small library." At about the time this request was received it was learned that Mr. F. K. Walter had prepared a manuscript for publication which was substantially such a revision. The committee held a meeting at the mid-winter meeting of the Western Section of the League and recommended to the A. L. A. Publishing Board that this be published. We are informed that the Publishing Board has issued this and that it is now obtainable.

The committee has also had under consideration during the year the publication of a "Reading list for the insane" prepared with great care by Miss Miriam E. Carey of the Minnesota public library commission. The committee hesitated to recommend the publication of this since it seemed that the demand for it would be so limited that it would be difficult to obtain returns for the money expended. The committee is informed, however, that the list will be printed by the A. L. A. Publishing Board and that suitable arrangements for its distribution to libraries will be made.

The committee reports that the committee on study outlines, which was originally a subcommittee of the publication committee, has, as shown by their report submitted herewith, arrived at a satisfactory form of study-club outline.

It is therefore recommended that immediate steps be taken to secure the preparation of study outlines to be printed at once. If no other procedure can be found the committee suggests that after a list of the most desirable subjects to be covered is made up, a limited number of subjects be assigned to each active commission, with agreement on their part to prepare at as early a date as possible suitable outlines on these subjects, conforming each as nearly as may be to the form adopted by the League; that all these outlines be submitted to some one person to be edited in order to secure substantial uniformity of form and to insure that the outline will be useful in other states and that the committee be authorized to secure the immediate printing of these if this can be done on a basis which is financially sound.

Informal discussion of this plan with several of the commissions indicates that the work can be done in this way. It is strongly urged that this work should be inaugurated at once.

Respectfully submitted,

MATTHEW S. DUDGEON, Chairman, FANNIE RAWSON, CAROLINE WEBSTER, CARL H. MILAM.

June 25, 1913.

REPORT OF THE STUDY OUTLINE COMMITTEE

Those who were in attendance at the meeting of the League of Library Commissions in Chicago in January, 1911, will recall the general discussion of the need of study outlines to be used in traveling library work in connection with study clubs, and that the publication committee was asked to investigate and report as to the feasibility of the League's undertaking the preparation of such outlines, to be utilized by the various traveling libraries. Mr. M. S. Dudgeon, as Chairman, reported progress at the Pasadena meeting in May, 1911, and submitted suggestions toward a uniform plan. Later Miss Margaret W. Brown of Iowa, who had been active in club work in her own state, as Chairman of the Literature and Library Extension Committee of the State Federation of Women's Clubs, was made Chairman of the special committee on study outlines.

In view of the possibility of the various library commissions contributing one or more study outlines for League use, it seemed important that a general scheme for preparing these should be agreed upon, and Miss Brown presented such a scheme for discussion at the Chicago mid-winter League meeting in January, 1912, relating to the basis and form for preparing these outlines, based on a single text with a small group of collateral references. This was worked out very carefully, and tested by preparing a few outlines according to the proposed scheme, which had proved very acceptable; and it was suggested that the various commissions use the plan in preparing outlines, with the thought of securing uniformity in preparation and printing. The Chairman conferred with such thorough students of literature as Mrs. Francis Squire Potter and Mrs. H. A. Davidson, both having practical experience in study club work, the former being Chairman of the Literature and Library Extension Committee of the General Federation of Woman's Clubs, and the latter well known as the editor of the Study Guide series.

At the annual meeting of the League at Ottawa in June, 1912, definite recommendations were made to the League conforming to the plan presented at the Chicago meeting the January preceding, and the League voted to authorize an expenditure not exceeding $100 for the preparation and printing of a few outlines. The scheme commended itself to certain publishers to such an extent that the League was assured that there would be no financial risk in having these printed, as it seemed reasonably sure there would be a demand for them not only on the part of traveling library systems, but public libraries generally, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs and the various state federations.

These plans would doubtless have been consummated before this, had not the Chairman, Miss Brown, found it necessary to give up her work on account of the condition of her health, thus making it impossible to pursue the matter further, involving as it did many details and careful editorial supervision of the material to be put in print. Your present Acting Chairman consented to carry on the work until the time of this annual meeting, hoping to carry out Miss Brown's plans as to printing a few outlines, as a visible result of the long period of investigation by the committee; she regrets that many things have conspired to make this impossible. Hence, this report is made chiefly with the desire of "keeping history straight" up to this point, and transmitting to your next committee a statement of progress up to this time.

This report is made with the firm belief that no more important project is under consideration by the League than this, and that if it is kept clearly in mind that these outlines are to meet a real need of a large class of intelligent, ambitious women of this country who have not college preparation, but are eager students, the outlines will be utilized in a very resultful way.

Before the Chicago meeting in January, 1913, a request was made by this committee for a list of subjects for which study outlines were most in demand by the various state traveling libraries, and a summary of the answers received showed an increasing demand for aids in the study of public questions rather than literary or cultural subjects. Definite statements were made by several library commissions as to the need of outlines on civic improvement for small towns, civics, conservation, household economics, municipal housekeeping, etc.

The plan submitted by Miss Brown as Chairman of this committee as a part of her report at the Ottawa meeting is attached hereto.

Respectfully submitted,

ALICE S. TYLER, Acting Chairman, M. S. DUDGEON, CARL H. MILAM.

Plan for Preparation of Study Outlines

_Basis_

A. One book selected as foundation for Outline.

If a single book suitable for text can not be found, outline to be based on fewest number of books necessary for the purpose.

Text selected to be authoritative, reasonable in price, readable and stimulating.

B. Five to ten books as collateral reference.

Selected to cover subject matter in study outline and amplify the text.

Publisher and price given for all books included, for use in purchase.

=Note=: A more extended list of books can easily be prepared by any library where additional material is available.

Lessons Should Be Outlined By:

C. Question method.

Five to ten definite questions on each lesson.

D. Or, Topical method.

Topics assigned under each lesson should be those which present special phases of the general subject.

The two methods may sometimes be satisfactorily combined.

Written papers, if included under either question or topical form of study outline, should be assigned only for subjects which require some degree of original thought; all information to be derived from textbooks and encyclopedias should be covered by the regular lesson for oral discussion.

=Note=:--Number of meetings of study clubs vary. Probably not less than sixteen or more than twenty-six lessons. Many average two meetings per month, October to May.

Explanatory Notes on the Plan of Preparation of Study Outlines

A. The use of a few designated books (or a single book) as a basis for common study of the same subject, or closely related topics, provides the means by which the unity and co-ordination is secured, which is essential for effective and satisfactory results.

Each member may, if she so desires, provide herself at nominal cost, with the source references necessary to cover the essential points contained in the outline.

B. The books for collateral reading should be carefully evaluated and selection based upon their real value in supplementing text, from the standpoint of reliability, readableness and stimulative quality, also that the price shall not be prohibitive of purchase by clubs, local public libraries and duplication by traveling libraries of large number of copies for use in supplying many different clubs.

Any local or traveling library may easily provide additional books for collateral reading whenever the collection permits. It is not, however, deemed advisable to have such extended lists incorporated in the outlines; as a demand would thus be created which could not be supplied by the small library, and therefore would become a handicap and embarrassment.

C. In outlining lessons by the Question method the questions should be so formulated as to stimulate discussion, not simply to be answered in the affirmative or negative.

The Question method permits a free expression of individual opinions based on personal reading. Such "discussion awakens the keenest interest through the activity of different minds upon the same fact or idea," as each member is expected to prepare herself to answer all questions.

The Question method is indorsed by many educational experts as a desirable method for the conduct of study classes, and has been found to be practical and satisfactory by many study clubs.

D. In outlining lessons by Topical method, care should be taken to include no more topics than can be thoroughly discussed, and such phases of the subject assigned as topics as will amplify the general subject which has been studied in common by all members from text upon which the outline is based.

The reports were accepted, and it was voted that the publication committee be instructed to secure the preparation of study outlines, as suggested in their report.

The Secretary then read her report on the year's work, noting the publication of the 1912 Yearbook of the League, and the preparation by the President of an exhibit for the meeting of the N. E. A.

Following is the financial statement for the year.

Balance on hand, Aug. 1, 1912 $180.08 Received from dues 115.00 Received from sale of Handbook and Yearbook 28.50 ------- Total $323.58 Expenditures. Printing Yearbook and programs $175.25 Stationery and postage 36.43 Clerical help and multigraphs 26.55

N. E. A. exhibit, supplies and clerical help 31.00 Miscellaneous 5.26 ------- Total $274.49 Balance on hand, June 30, 1913 $49.09

Miss Baldwin of Minnesota, suggested that the League send to Miss Tyler, of Iowa, a telegram expressing regret for her withdrawal from active commission work, and appreciation of her services to the League. It was voted that Miss Baldwin be directed to send such a telegram. The following telegram was sent:

"Congratulations and best wishes from the League of library commissions, with sincere regret that you were absent from this meeting, and the hope that you will consider yourself a life member of the League, to which you have rendered such valuable service."

The meeting then adjourned.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION

FIRST SESSION

The first session of the Fifth annual conference of the Special Libraries Association was opened in the parlor of the Hotel Kaaterskill, on Tuesday afternoon, June 25, 1913, with the president in the chair.

Mrs. A. W. Von Hohoff of New York, opened the meeting with a paper entitled, "Municipal reference work in New York City." She spoke of the necessity out of which this collection had grown and the lack of ease with which information of this character had been previously obtained. In the short space of time during which this new library has been established over 1,000 people have consulted it, mostly employees of the city. It is serving especially those employees who are studying for civil service examination leading to advancement in the city's work; newspaper men, lawyers and real estate dealers have also found it of value. A short resume of the kind of literature on its shelves was given. This library aims to keep New York City in close touch with the activities and movements of other cities.[13]

[13] For full paper see "Special Libraries," 1913.

The second paper on the program was by Mr. N. C. Kingsbury, Vice-President of the American Tel. & Tel. Company, upon "The library--A necessity of modern business."[14]

[14] For full paper see Library Journal, Aug., 1913.

Few people realize, who have had any connection with the library movement, that specialization has come to mean what it has. Almost no one would have supposed that even a large public service corporation was maintaining five distinct library collections, two at least of which are in charge of trained librarians. This paper, suggestive as it was of the increased activity along library lines in the business world, led to interesting questions.

It was followed by a paper by Mr. Andrew L. Bostwick, municipal reference librarian of St. Louis, entitled "Relations between the municipal library and legislators." He emphasized the necessity for bridging the gap between the average librarian and the average city assemblyman, also the potency of personality which should bring about a close and cordial relationship between the library and its readers. He spoke of the light manner in which municipal libraries were often created and the subsequent selection of the librarian. The different kind of legislators as existing in the average city were aptly held before the audience in no unmistakable terms; and finally, the choice of a proper librarian with his necessary qualifications was presented, together with the manner in which the data accumulated

within the library should be put into the hands of the legislator.

Dr. W. Dawson Johnston, librarian of Columbia University, presented the next paper entitled, "The relation between special and general libraries."[15] "The rise of the special library is undoubtedly due to the limitations of the general library. These have been limitations of location as well as limitations of service. A general library can not in the nature of things be everywhere and even when it is located so as to serve excellently the needs of a special institution, it can not render the service of a collection selected for a specific purpose. There must then be special libraries for special institutions, societies, clubs, and offices.

[15] For full report see "Special Libraries," 1913.

"The special library, however, has its limitations also. It is in danger of having the disadvantages of a private library without the advantages of a public library. This is so true as to remind one of Charles Lamb's description of pamphlets as books which are no books. In similar manner we are sometimes compelled to look upon special libraries as libraries which are no libraries at all, especially where they are so small and so little used as not to require the services of a librarian.

"There are too many special libraries which are not to be distinguished from general libraries except by their location, too many that are simply inferior general libraries, too many that may simply be described as general libraries gone wrong."

He discussed the policy in the elimination of books in each type of library, the matter of the conditions of transfer from a special library to a general one, the relations between the two in respect to bibliographic service, and in conclusion said: "The special library forms an important auxiliary to the general library and especially to the university library, and more important as subjects of research become more practical in character. The general library, because of its comprehensiveness and size must in the nature of things be more useful and must in the aggregate be more used. But if a special library is well selected, that is, if only the best and latest books are admitted to its shelves, it must be proportionately more used than the general library and with better results. Some time may be wasted in finding a special library and in gaining admission to it, but little is wasted in it, while in the general library the time wasted in getting books and in reading books which were better left unread is simply appalling."

Following this very interesting discourse, a paper entitled, "The library of the School of Architecture at Harvard University--The treatment of collections relating to landscape architecture, including city planning," by Miss Theodora Kimball, librarian of this library, was read by title in the absence of the author.[16]

[16] A reprint can be obtained from the Secretary of the "Spec. Lib. Assn."

(1) See forthcoming issue of "Special Libraries."

Miss Helen R. Hosmer, of the General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y., presented the last paper of the afternoon, entitled "The library of the research laboratory, General Electric Company."

"Research expects rebuffs, expects to accept a small advance instead of a revolution, expects to make mistakes, and frequently to fail, but intends to let no lesson go unheeded, and to learn from every stumble.

"Inasmuch as every special library comes into very close contact with those it serves, it is not strange the research library partakes of the same nature that pervades the research laboratory. It too is, in this case particularly, a field for experiment.

"The object in view is of course to render as readily available as possible all the information contained in the library on subjects of present or possible future interest to the laboratory staff.

"The main sources of this information are two: first, the scientific and technical literature, consisting of books, periodicals, pamphlets and special publications, clippings, and abstracts from the technical literature, compiled by the publication department of the company, and second the reports from the various laboratories of the company."

The handling of the different classes of material in this library is minutely described and covers several unique features, both in the kinds of material handled and in the methods used. In concluding, she said: "We are attempting to build up a system requiring the minimum amount of work for maintenance, sufficiently simple to appeal to the most hurried research mind, flexible enough to admit of continued improvement without demolishment, and yet adequate to the varied needs of practical scientific investigation."

Mr. R. R. Bowker, of the Library Journal, added some very interesting thoughts along the general trend of the meeting drawn from his many years of experience in library and commercial fields, which were much appreciated by all those present.

SECOND SESSION

The second session of the Association was called to order in the Ladies' Parlor at 3 p. m., June 26th, by the president.

A few general introductory remarks were made by the president regarding the purpose of this session which hinged chiefly about the question of handling clippings.

Honorable Robert Luce in a very carefully prepared address then discussed, under the title, "The clipping bureau and the library," the internal working of the clipping bureau which bears his name. Probably few librarians have realized the enormous volume of detail handled by the large clipping bureau in the course of a day's work. Mr. Luce in his paper has carefully brought home that fact and urged that many users of material from clipping bureaus, and among them librarians, had never learned how to correctly judge results of clipping-bureau service. This judgment should be used upon the mass result rather than upon detail. An interesting description of the method of caring for a collection of 20,000 or more articles of his own proved an important part of the paper. A discussion of the "scrap book" and its function in the library was also handled. An earnest plea was made for co-operation on the part of the librarians ordering material from the clipping bureau. The employment of the clipping bureau is a step in the line of efficiency. "No man accustomed to business methods can fail to be struck with the waste therein due to the employment of high-grade minds on low-grade work. When some part of the working time of a public servant possessing intellectual acumen is put into manual labor that can be as well performed by a youth without special training, there is economic loss. When your subordinates handle the scissors and the paste-brush, you are paying them for work that can more quickly and much more cheaply be done in our cutting rooms."

A significant question by Mr. Bowker brought out the following facts: "After the reader marks the newspaper it goes to the cutter. There is very seldom any loss there. Occasionally an item is slashed or overlooked, and when the clippings have been cut and pasted they go to the sorter, whose duty it is to sort them by groups. We have the clippings divided into 128 classifications. We allow each customer one of those classifications." Mr. Luce answered many other questions raised by different speakers.[17]

[17] See full discussion in "Special Libraries."

Following Mr. Luce's paper, Mr. Jesse Cunningham, librarian of the School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri, reported as the Chairman of the clipping committee his investigation of the use and methods of handling and filing newspaper clippings. A very careful digest of a questionnaire sent to over thirty selected libraries, discussed the matters of obtaining clippings by these various libraries, the arrangement of the material for clipping, the service rendered by the clipping bureaus, classification and methods of filing, as well as the indexing and eliminating of dead material, closing the report with a discussion of the use and value of clippings, their disadvantages, the purchasing of clippings on special subjects and the several conclusions arrived at by the committee. A most excellent report was rendered. The committee was continued and requested to extend its inquiries along the lines indicated.

In the absence of Dr. J. Franklin Crowell of the Wall Street Journal, his paper upon the "Clipping methods of the Wall Street Journal library" was read by title.

Mr. H. W. Wilson of Minneapolis, followed with a paper entitled, "Problems of printed indexes in special fields."

"The need for printed indexes in special fields has been made manifest by the thousands of fugitive scraps of indexes that libraries here and there spend their time and energy in producing for temporary use.

"First steps toward printed indexes are both fragmentary and inadequate. It seems to be time to take the next step in the development of index-making, a step which involves concentration of scattered ideas--a step which should be successful because it means comprehensiveness, thoroughness, uniformity, economy and efficiency.

"The special fields of literature in which printed indexes are most likely to succeed are thought to be as follows, in about the order mentioned: Industrial arts, agriculture, education, social problems.

"It will scarcely be necessary to defend here the alphabetical index as opposed to the classified arrangement. While a classified list of articles has its value in informing specialists what has been published in their respective fields in one particular month, or year, it is almost useless as a book of ready reference in a library--useless even to the technically trained, exasperating to the layman.

"In a classed list the responsibility for finding an article rests with the searcher."

The great difficulty caused by unsatisfactory nomenclature especially in rapid-growing new technical fields, was dwelt upon at some length. In conclusion, he said, "At least one new field should be opened up each year."

In the general discussion which followed, the questions of paper for clipping mounts, adhesives, and preservatives, were touched upon.

THIRD SESSION

The third session of the Association was held on Thursday evening, June 27, 1913, opening with the president in the chair and about thirty persons present.

Mr. Samuel H. Ranck of Grand Rapids, reported as Chairman of the municipal yearbook committee.[18]

[18] Report on file with Sec'y of S. L. A.

In the absence of Mr. H. H. B. Meyer, his paper entitled, "The division of bibliography of the Library of Congress as a clearing house for bibliographical information," was read by Mr. Bruncken of the same library.

"I am planning, in the interval before the next meetings of the state legislature, to prepare a list of the subjects which have been investigated by the several state libraries or state legislative reference bureaus." This will enable the division of bibliography to inform an inquiring librarian what states have taken up any question his own state legislature might be interested in. Several fixed forms of cards for doing this work in order to eliminate extensive correspondence are shown.[19]

[19] For paper in full see forthcoming "Special Libraries."

Miss Marie F. Lindholm presented a paper entitled "A review of the chief sources of special library collections."[20]

[20] For special reprint address Public Service Commission Library of New York, or the Secretary's office.

While the author has been for some time connected with a prominent public service commission, the very careful and painstaking enumeration of sources of material can but prove of unusual value to almost any special library in the country. Under thirteen main headings the paper treated of a general reference foundation, reference sources of particular value to public service commission or corporation libraries, chief reference sources for a financial library,

those for a municipal reference library, current books and special reports, periodicals, government and state reports, society publications, company and trade publications, legislation, legal decisions and briefs, manuscripts, original records, blueprints, maps, etc., and finally co-operation in special library work. Should one about to form a library of almost any character have before him this paper he would without serious effort gather about himself, without other help, a splendid foundation upon which to build his immediate specialty. Much complementary discussion followed.

Following this the report of the Secretary-Treasurer discussed the widening aspects of the Association, the growth of its membership, both in numbers and in distribution, the financial condition of the society, the large number of inquiries which had been received by the secretary's office, indicating the spread of the special library idea, the methods for advertising the Association and its activities which are of interest to the members, the results obtained in the past year through the Responsibility Districts established at the beginning of Mr. Handy's administration, the value and possibilities of the employment exchange operated through the secretary's office, and the contemplated brochure advocated by the Executive Board for placing before interested parties the important facts, such as the Association's growth, scope, purpose, constitution, membership, committees, printed literature available, etc.

After receiving the report of the Executive Board and accepting the same in toto and transacting such other business matters as remained, electing new officers, etc., the meeting adjourned sine die.

GUY E. MARION, Secretary.

POST-CONFERENCE TRIP

Saturday noon, June 28, the post conference party left Hotel Kaaterskill with feelings of mingled pleasure and regret. The conference week with its happy reunion of old friends was past, and the prospect of a week of travel with its unknown possibilities of sight seeing and impromptu library conferences banished the depression that follows the breaking up of a happy party. Vexing details, as paying unusually large hotel bills, arguing with the drivers about double payment of bus fares and exorbitant tipping of porters to insure prompt delivery of trunks at the station, were soon forgotten. For a week we were to be care-free, shifting all responsibility and planning to our genial conductors, Mr. F. W. Faxon and Mr. C. H. Brown. Even trunks were forgotten, not only by the party, but by the railroad people until the casual inquiry of one of the party brought them to light and started them again on their journey.

The rapid descent by the Otis Elevating Railway with the accompanying ringing sensations in the ears made us realize the great height at which we had lived the past week. We soon found ourselves in the heavier, warmer air of the sea level speeding towards Albany through the fertile farms of the Hudson Valley. We caught occasional glimpses of the Hudson, bearing on its sluggish tide the graceful, white-sailed, pleasure crafts and the clumsy, but vitally freighted, canal barges.

Comfortable quarters in Albany were found at the Hotel Ten Eyck, and the party spent the evening at the new Education Building visiting the new State library and library school. The building is considered one of the most beautiful in the world. It is certainly very beautiful when considered alone, but it is a pity that it could not have had a larger site and more advantageous setting. The general plan of the building with its magnificent distances gives a corridor appearance to all the library rooms except the reference room, which is superb in its general effect and equipment. The lighting scheme of this room, which is both direct and indirect, is very effective. The absence of mural decoration is a marked feature, and the room in all its appointments is obviously set apart for serious study and work. The individual desks, which were planned by the librarian, attract immediate attention, as they are admirably arranged to give good light, convenience, and privacy to the student.

The new library school with its splendid outfit was of great interest to former students in the party who remembered the cramped and migratory quarters in the old school. Every feature that experience had suggested and foresight could devise seemed to be there to aid and inspire the student. The older students noticed with pleasure the portraits of Mr. Dewey and Mrs. Fairchild which adorned the walls of the main class room. Miss Woodworth had prepared a temporary exhibition of class photographs which aroused pleasing memories. The interest was divided between gratification at the growth in strength of character and success of the earlier classes and mirth at their costumes. A permanent exhibition which is the special pride of Miss Woodworth is the collection of work by the school alumni. This contains library reports, bulletins, and lists prepared in whole or in part by former students. There are also many books along historical and literary lines, photographs of libraries planned or remodeled by library school graduates, and photographs of the former students. This collection was most interesting in its tangible evidence of the success of the students. Miss Woodworth wants to make this collection as nearly complete as possible and a credit to the school. All former students are urged to send her a set of all their work, either printed or typewritten, and photographs of their libraries and of themselves, both when they were students and as they are now. All material sent to the school before the fire was burned.

On the next day, Sunday, all departments of the library were open to the visiting librarians and all went a second time to see by daylight the splendid rooms, so admirably equipped and planned to give quick and efficient service to the reader. All left the library with a feeling of admiration for the knowledge, skill, and executive ability of those who had created from nothing in less than two years one of the great world libraries.

On Monday morning at an early hour we were hurried to the train to secure seats in the dining-car. Our English friend was aghast at this American custom of "first come, first served" so early in the morning, and we had to admit that in this case a previous booking of seats would have been more comfortable. We had the unexpected comfort, however, in this case, of early breakfast in a stationary dining-car. Our route that morning was through the Mohawk Valley along the Erie Canal with its placid mode of travel. Glimpses of the foothills of the Adirondacks broke up the monotony of the journey through this level country and gave us hints of the mountain scenery to come. The name "Adirondacks" suggested the rough, mountain wilderness and we were eager to reach it. At Utica we turned north and soon began to climb. The country became wilder and occasional log houses suggested pioneering. At Fulton Chain station we left the main line of the Adirondack division of the New York Central and in a short time our special car, which was now rather hot and dusty, was deserted at Old Forge for the little steamer on the First Lake of the Fulton Chain. We were in the wilderness at last and enjoyed to the utmost the few hours' ride through this chain of beautiful lakes. Hills and mountains were on all sides clothed with the forests in all their glory of early summer greenery. There were few signs of civilization and we felt as remote from our daily tasks of doing good to others as the most reprobate could desire.

Early in the afternoon we reached Eagle Bay Hotel at the head of Fourth Lake, our headquarters for several days. Our long delayed dinner was most welcome, as glorious air and scenery somehow fail to satisfy all physical needs. That afternoon, while exploring the shore of the lake, we made our acquaintance with the Adirondack open camp, or "lean-to", lined with balsam boughs on which to sit or lie in the evening and spin yarns while the campfire blazes in front. We all wanted to try the game and those who had cameras took appropriate pictures. We must have come at the wrong time of the year, however, for, alas for the romance of an Adirondack lodge, no one seemed to care to brave the attacks of the mosquitos and flies which filled the woods about sundown. All sought the refuge of the hotel piazza enveloped in a stifling smudge from burning green hay or retired early to well screened bedrooms to catch up on the lost sleep question.

Tuesday morning we started for Blue Mountain Lake over the Raquette Lake Railroad. Until within a few years this country was an almost unbroken wilderness and the road even now runs through the heavy woods in a clearing so narrow that the trees shade the train and the full effect of the forest can be enjoyed. The trip through Raquette Lake, the "queen of the Adirondacks" which owes it name to its very irregular outline, gave many opportunities for those with cameras to get fine pictures. From Raquette Lake there was a short trip along Marion River winding through a stretch of forest famed for deer hunting. Then came a portage to Utowana Lake of about a mile by a primitive train of discarded Brooklyn open horse-cars drawn by a diminutive locomotive over a creaking railroad.

Our English friend was much interested in the fauna of the Adirondacks and we hoped at this point we could show him at least one bear. Perhaps the Adirondack bears like those in the Yellowstone are shy early in the summer visitor season, for we did not get a glimpse of one of them. The only fauna we saw aside from the birds were chipmunks, red squirrels, one woodchuck, and two rabbits. In Eagle Lake we passed the famous old eagle's nest and some of the ladies were in raptures over the herons which they thought were eagles. We passed beavers' houses, which we admired on faith, since no one had ever seen beavers working on them. On Blue Mountain Lake even the most self-contained became enthusiastic over its beauties. From its charm of outline, its wooded and rocky islands, its purity and loveliness, it well deserves its claim as the pearl of all the wilderness waters. It claims with Lake Placid to be the loveliest lake in the eastern states. Across the lake is Blue Mountain with its blue dome rising to a height of 4,000 feet. Its forest clad side slopes directly to the water's edge inviting the mountain climbers to try their mettle. We left the steamer here and were carried by automobile about a mile up one of the hills to the Blue Mountain House where we had a glorious view of the lake. It seemed a pity to waste time on dinner, but we did and found it most delectable. Although the thermometer stood in the nineties, four of the men, our English friend among them, climbed Blue Mountain. The less strenuous rested and enjoyed the view and the beauties of a wonderful garden nearby in the woods. The return trip to Eagle Bay made in the cool of afternoon and evening was enjoyed perhaps even more than the morning trip.

We were beguiled on this excursion as on others by frequent comparisons between English and American customs and scenery. This added much to our enjoyment and knowledge because we could look at things from two points of view. One observation which struck us as novel was that the English mountains were better than the American because they were usually treeless. Aside from the economic axiom according to which this is a fault, we considered this position untenable, as we thought the barren, dead, English mountains we had seen would be much more beautiful if clothed with living green. However, when we were told that it was more enjoyable climbing English mountains because there were no underbrush and trees to impede one and shut out the view and the breeze, we agreed it all depended on the point of view and the weather.

The next morning, Wednesday, after a swim in the lake, some climbed Eagle Mountain just back of the hotel. This was an easy climb and from the "shelter" at the top there was a fine view of the lake. This beautiful lake region is still wild and primitive, there are few pretentious camps or hotels and it is not generally known. More should visit this country to enjoy its beauty before it becomes the resort of wealth and fashion. At noon we left this beautiful spot and, with many regrets, parted with Mr. Brown, our efficient guide to this region. We went on by train by way of Carter and Saranac Inn Station to the Lake Placid Club, our headquarters for the next four days. A delay in train connections at Saranac gave us a chance to ride about this famous resort where Stevenson once spent a winter in search of health. One of the interesting sights was an imitation Alaskan camp with log huts and Esquimaux dogs for the use of a moving picture making company, when showing scenes in the wild northwest. The imitation of the northwest was so good that it took considerable mental effort to realize we were still in the Empire State with civilized life all about us.

So many good things had been planned for us at Lake Placid, that we were often at a loss what to choose. We usually tried to do everything. The first evening Mr. Dewey welcomed us and the other librarians, who had gone directly to the Lake Placid Club from the Catskills, with a good supper in a special dining room where we could all eat together. He then outlined the plan of entertainment during our stay, delegating his son, Godfrey, to carry out details and attend to our comfort and well-being. To these three, Mr. Melvil Dewey, Miss Katharine L. Sharp, and Mr. Godfrey Dewey, the party is most grateful for the welcome they received and the good time they enjoyed. The Lake Placid holiday will be long remembered with delight by those fortunate enough to enjoy it.

The entertainment included automobile tours on several days to the famous places in the Adirondacks, covering a territory that would take several weeks to explore in the ordinary way. When we left Lake Placid we felt we ought to suffer from a case of Adirondack travel indigestion.

Thursday morning two parties were ready to start at 6:30 in the Stanley steamers driven by Mr. Godfrey Dewey and Mr. Hubert Stevens for an all day trip of about 110 miles. It was a glorious day and the early morning ride in the cool, bracing air made us forget every care and worry. We followed the West Branch of the Ausable River, with the road crossing it many times and often winding beside it on narrow ledges with the mountains towering above us where we could get the proper thrills of danger. We all felt confidence in our chauffeurs and enjoyed equally the swift runs on the level state roads, the racing up the steep mountain roads and the swift plunges into the valleys. We stopped for a moment at the beautiful Wilmington High Falls and then sped on to Ausable Chasm. We explored the Chasm and made the trip by boat through the gorge. This seemed a bit perilous and, although assured there had never been an accident, we took our places in the boat with an uneasy feeling. The ride on the swift, deep river in this wonderful cleft in the mountain was, however, all too short. We would have lingered to enjoy the wonders and beauty of the gorge festooned with vines and banked with ferns which found a congenial home in its limestone walls, but there was a long journey ahead. We climbed the walls of the Chasm to our waiting automobiles and were soon speeding south, with Lake Champlain on our left and the Bouquet River for company along our road. Occasional stops were made to take on water, sometimes from the hose at a friendly hotel, sometimes from a brook, and once from the stock drinking-trough at a farm house where the agitated farmer's wife was fearful that our great machine was going to pump the trough dry. At Westport Inn we joined the other party, and had a rest on the cool piazza and a good dinner. In the afternoon we ran west through Elizabethtown to the mountains again, stopping for a moment to cheer our friends in the other car who had punctured a tire. Our turn to stop for repairs came soon, when our friends extended their advice and sympathetic aid and passed on. In a few miles more we began to climb a narrow mountain road which seemed impassable in places, and were enjoying the wild scenery when another tire puncture held us up in a lonely place, remote from the telephone. A family touring party in another automobile stopped to offer aid, but they could not help us. The women in that party inquired if there were wild animals thereabouts and, when assured that there were lynxes, bears and other fearsome beasts in the woods, they besought their men folks to hasten on before the dark should overtake them. For a number of miles we crept along in a crippled condition to St. Hubert's Inn, where we waited several hours till a new tire could be sent from home. The rest of the trip was largely after dark over rough, narrow, precipitous roads along the Cascade Lakes where we had our fill of the spice of danger of mountain night travel. We reached home too late to attend the council fire at Iroquois Lodge.

Friday, July Fourth, was celebrated by the absence of fire-crackers and fireworks and other nerve racking and dangerous devices. Instead, a competitive prize fire drill by the Club fire department was held. Guests could thus see how secure against harm from fire life and property are at the Club. Under Miss Sharp's guidance, a tour of the Club property was made in the afternoon, and we saw how the comfort and well-being of the guests were cared for in the various departments, such as the laundry and the kitchens. Informal tea was served at Miss Sharp's cottage, The Larches, where Mrs. Frederick M. Crunden assisted Miss Sharp in dispensing good cheer. That evening the party enjoyed an informal banquet, with Mr. Dewey, Miss Sharp, and other resident members of the A. L. A. present. Just as the dinner closed, the bonfire on the lake was started and the beautiful and unusual spectacle was enjoyed of viewing the fire through a curtain of water from one of the powerful fire hydrants.

On Saturday several short automobile rides were taken in the morning, including one to the home and grave of John Brown, of Ossawatomie, now the property of the State. In the afternoon the party was taken by launch to Moose Island in Lake Placid and had a picnic lunch before a camp fire in a typical Adirondack shelter fragrant with fir balsam boughs. On the ride home mist and rain lent mystery to the beauties of the lake, and just before the trip ended double rainbows proclaimed the end of the storm and a fair day for the morrow. That night a delightful dinner was given the party at Iroquois Lodge which was graced by the presence of Mrs. Dewey. A charming feature of the dinner was the arrangement of lighting wholly by candles in rustic candlesticks of white birch, some of which were used to light our way home through the woods, and treasured afterwards as souvenirs. After dinner the company assembled in the council chamber and listened to a graphic story by Mr. Dewey of the origin and growth of the Lake Placid Club. Originally planned to afford an inexpensive, sane, healthful vacation for educational and literary workers, including librarians, it had surpassed all expectations in its success and growth. Before the party broke up the thanks and appreciation of all for the good time enjoyed at Lake Placid as Mr. Dewey's guests were voiced by Mr. Hill, Mr. Thwaites, and Miss Ahern. Mr. Jast brought a message of appreciation from over seas where, he said, Dewey is a household word in the library world. All spoke in a reminiscent vein and expressed the hope that Mr. Dewey might again take active part in library work.

A small party climbed Whiteface that day and had a rather rough experience, particularly on the descent owing to the heavy rain.

On Sunday automobiles carried the party through Saranac to beautiful Loon Lake, one of the famous, old-time Adirondack resorts, where we stopped for a few minutes, and then went on to Paul Smith's on lower St. Regis Lake, perhaps the oldest and best known Adirondack hotel. Here, as at the Westport Inn, we were guests of the proprietor at a fine dinner. The hotel also arranged a boat trip for us through the Lower St. Regis, Spitfire, and Upper St. Regis Lakes where we saw some of the finest of the Adirondack camps. On our way home we visited two famous sanitariums for the cure of tuberculosis, the state institution at Ray Brook and Trudeau's Sanitarium, a private, endowed hospital. On this trip no breakdowns marred the pleasure, and, aside from a little delay in starting owing to the agitation of a timid lady from Chicago who found herself alone on a rear seat with two mild men, all events came off as scheduled. It might be noted in passing that on all the automobile trips there were at least two and sometimes three men in each car, a marked advance as compared with the famous White Mountain coaching trip with one man to a coach.

This day, which was perfect in its sunshine and cool, bracing air, was the climax of the trip. With keen regret we gathered to bid good-bye to our hosts at Mrs. Dewey's afternoon tea. This Post Conference will long be remembered as one of the best of them all.

The party broke up that night. A few stayed on for a rest at Lake Placid and the others took their ways homeward. Some journeyed down Lake Champlain and Lake George, and one stopped at Saratoga to be lost in wonder at the huge hotels where all the A. L. A. might easily be housed in comfort and elegance should that body ever meet there.

JOHN G. MOULTON.

ATTENDANCE SUMMARIES

By Position and Sex

Men Women Total Trustees 4 4 8 Library Commissions representatives and organizers 8 15 23 Chief librarians 109 160 269 Assistants 65 310 375 Library schools instructors 2 21 23 Editors 3 4 7 Commercial Agents 27 1 28 Others 25 134 159 --- --- --- Total 243 649 892

By Geographical Sections

6 of the 6 New England States sent 150 5 " 5 North Atlantic States and District of Columbia sent 462 5 " 6 South-eastern States 14 7 " 8 North Central States 208 3 " 6 South Central States 14 9 " 14 Western States 17 3 " 3 Pacific States 13 Canadian Provinces 11 England 1 Germany 1 Norway 1 --- Total 892

By States

Alabama 1 Arizona 1 California 4 Colorado 1 Connecticut 33 Delaware 1 Dist. of Columbia 26 Florida 1 Georgia 10 Idaho 1 Illinois 67 Indiana 11 Iowa 13 Kansas 1 Kentucky 12 Maine 4 Maryland 10 Massachusetts 82 Michigan 31 Minnesota 11 Missouri 18 Nebraska 3 New Hampshire 7 New Jersey 47 New York 316 North Carolina 1 North Dakota 1 Ohio 41 Oklahoma 2 Oregon 2 Pennsylvania 59 Rhode Island 13 South Dakota 1 Tennessee 1 Texas 6 Vermont 11 Virginia 2 Washington 7 Wisconsin 16

Foreign Countries

Canada 14 England 1 Germany 1 Norway 1 --- Total 892

By Libraries

Libraries having five or more representatives:

Brooklyn Public L. 27 Chicago Public L. 26 Cincinnati Public L. 5 Cleveland Public L. 13 Detroit Public L. 5 Grand Rapids Public L. 7 Library of Congress 9 Louisville Free Public L. 8 New York Public L. 49 New York State L. 19 New York State L. School 25 Newark Free Public L. 7 Queens Borough Public L. 5 Philadelphia Free L. 10 Pittsburgh Carnegie L. 5 St. Louis Public L. 5 Yale University L. 8

=Note=: Those who participated in post-conference trip only are not counted in above statistics.

ATTENDANCE REGISTER

*Prefixed to a name indicates participation in post-conference trip in the Adirondacks.

**Prefixed to a name indicates that the person went directly from the Catskills to Lake Placid.

+Indicates went as far as Eagle Bay only.

Abbreviations: F., Free; P., Public; L., Library; ln., Librarian; asst., Assistant; trus., Trustee; ref., Reference; catlgr., Cataloger; Br., Branch; sch., School.

Abbott, Alvaretta P., ln. P. L., Atlantic City, N. J.

Abbott, Mabel L., asst. Wellesley Coll. L., Wellesley, Mass.

Acker, Margaret, ln. P. L., Ossining, N. Y.

Ackerly, Belle, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Adams, Benjamin, chief circ. dept. P. L., N. Y. City.

Adams, Leta E., head catlgr. P. L., Rochester, N. Y.

**Ahern, Mary E., editor "Public Libraries," Chicago, Ill.

Allen, Dr. Wm. H., director Bureau Municipal Research, New York City.

Allin, Eugenia, organizer Ill. L. Ext. Com., Decatur, Ill.

Anderson, Adah M., asst. ln. Humboldt Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Anderson, E. H., director P. L., New York City.

Anderson, Mrs. E. H., N. Y. City.

Anderson, John R., bookseller, New York City.

Andrew, Mrs. Kate D., ln. Steele Memorial L., Elmira, N. Y.

*Andrews, C. W., ln. The John Crerar L., Chicago, Ill.

Andrus, Gertrude E., supt. child. dept. P. L., Seattle, Wash.

Annis, Mrs. Newton, Detroit, Mich.

Appleton, Helena D., secretary P. L., East Orange, N. J.

Armstrong, Mary E., asst. catlgr. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Arnold, Lillian B., ln. Carnegie Stout P. L., Dubuque, Ia.

Askew, Sarah B., organizer N. J. P. L. Com., Trenton, N. J.

Avery, John M., ref. ln. State L., Montpelier, Vt.

Ayer, T. P., supervisor of binding Columbia Univ. L., New York City.

Babbitt, Grace E., ref. ln. P. L., Washington, D. C.

Bacon, Corinne, ln. Drexel Inst. L., and dir. L. Sch., Philadelphia, Pa.

Baer, Harriet I., br. ln. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Bailey, A. L., ln. Wilmington Inst. F. L., Wilmington, Del.

Bailey, C. H., Buffalo, N. Y.

Bailey, L. J., ln. P. L., Gary, Ind.

Bailey, T. D., Library Bureau, N. Y. City.

Bailey, Mrs. T. D., N. Y. City.

Baker, Julia A., ln. Austin Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Baldwin, Bessie L., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Baldwin, Clara F., sec'y Minn. P. L. Com., St. Paul, Minn.

Baldwin, E. L., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Baldwin, Emma V., sec'y to ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Ball, Fanny D., ln. Central High Sch. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Ball, Sarah B., ln. Business Br., F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

Banks, Mary, ln. P. Service L. of N. J., Newark, N. J.

Barber, Clara V., asst. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Barickman, Mrs. Rena M., ln. P. L., Joliet, Ill.

Barker, E. Elizabeth, ln. Y. M. A. L., Albany, N. Y.

Barker, Tommie D., head ref. dept. Carnegie L., Atlanta, Ga.

Bartlett, S. R., ln. Lockwood, Green & Co., Boston, Mass.

**Bascom, Elva L., Wis. F. L. Com., Madison, Wis.

Bastin, Dorothy, asst. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Bates, Helen C., chief order dept. P. L., Detroit, Mich.

Bayer, Bertha, 2558 Fulton St., Toledo, O.

Becker, Emily F., ln. P. L., Catskill, N. Y.

Belden, C. F. D., ln. State L., Boston, Mass.

Belding, Mrs. Ellinor F., child. ln. Adriance Mem. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Bell, Bernice, head child. dept. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Bell, Madelene M., senior asst. child. dept. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass.

Bell, Mary B., Louisville, Ky.

Benham, Mrs. Margaret E., asst. ln. P. L., Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Bennett, C. W., Bigelow Binder Co., N. Y. City.

Bennett, Mrs. M. M., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Betteridge, Grace L., head Trav. L. Sect. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Bigelow, F. B., ln. N. Y. Society L., N. Y. City.

Bishop, W. W., supt. of Reading Room, L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Blackford, Benjamin, supt. of supplies P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Blackwelder, Paul, asst. ln. P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Blair, Mellicent F., asst. catlgr. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Blake, Mrs. Elveretta S., Lagrange, Me.

Blakely, Bertha E., ln. Mt. Holyoke Coll. L., So. Hadley, Mass.

Blanchard, Alice, Montpelier, Vt.

Bliss, H. E., ln. Coll. of City of New York, N. Y. City.

Bliss, L. E., Jr. stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Blumberg, Theresa, br. ln. Tremont Br. P. L., N. Y. City.

*Blunt, Florence T., asst. P. L., Haverhill, Mass.

Bogle, Sarah C. N., director Training Sch. for Child. Lns., Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Booth, Mary J., ln. Eastern Ill. State Normal Sch., Charleston, Ill.

Borden, Fanny, ref. ln. Vassar Coll. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Bostwick, A. E., ln. P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Bostwick, A. L., municipal ref. ln. P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Bowen, Mrs. Enrica H., stud. N. Y. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

Bowerman, George F., ln. P. L., Washington, D. C.

Bowker, R. R., editor "Library Journal," N. Y. City.

Bowker, Mrs. R. R., Glendale, Stockbridge, Mass.

Bowman, Ethel M., Plainfield, N. J.

Bowman, Florence M., ln. P. L., Plainfield, N. J.

Bowne, Carolyn A., asst. ln. P. L., Perth Amboy, N. J.

Brainerd, Jessie F., ln. P. L., New Rochelle, N. Y.

Bredin, Edith, asst. ln. Hiram Kelly Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Brett, Clara A., asst. ln. P. L., Brockton, Mass.

Brewitt, Mrs. Theodora R., ln. State Normal Sch. L., Lewiston, Idaho.

Brigham, Gwendolyn, asst. A. L. A. Headquarters Office, Chicago, Ill.

Brigham, Herbert O., ln. R. I. State L., Providence, R. I.

Brigham, Johnson, ln. State L., Des Moines, Ia.

Brigham, Mrs. Johnson, Des Moines, Ia.

Brigham, Miss, Des Moines, Ia.

Britton, Jasmine, child. ln. P. L., Spokane, Wash.

**Brooks, Maud D., ln. P. L., Olean, N. Y.

+Brown, Charles H., asst. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Brown, Mrs. C. H., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Brown, D. C., ln. State L., Indianapolis, Ind.

Brown, Gwendolen, br. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Brown, Helen Dawes, 48 Elm St., Montclair, N. J.

Brown, Walter L., ln. P. L., Buffalo, N. Y.

Brown, Zaidee M., agent F. P. L. Com., Boston, Mass.

Browning, Eliza G., ln. P. L., Indianapolis, Ind.

Bruncken, Ernest, asst. reg. of copyrights L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Brundage, Nellie M., child. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Bucher, Mrs. Paul (Ethel A. Sherwood), order asst. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Bucknam, Edith P., chief cat. dept. P. L., Jamaica, L. I.

Budlong, Mrs. Minnie C., sec'y N. D. P. L. Com., Bismarck, N. D.

Burnett, Marguerite, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Burnham, Adele, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Burnite, Caroline, director child. work P. L., Cleveland, O.

Burns, Anna, ln. in charge central circulation P. L., N. Y. City.

Burritt, E. I., N. Y. City.

Burwell, Ethel I., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Butler, H. L., American Law L., N. Y. City.

Butler, Mrs. H. L., 7 Glenada Pl., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Cady, Lora, Sag Harbor, L. I.

Camp, David N., pres. and chairman L. Com., New Britain Inst., New Britain, Conn.

Campbell, Mrs. Jennie, asst. Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Cargill, J. V., asst. ln. P. L., Milwaukee, Wis.

Cargill, Mrs. J. V., Milwaukee, Wis.

Carlton, W. N. C., ln. Newberry L., Chicago, Ill.

Carr, Henry J., ln. P. L., Scranton, Pa.

Carr, Mrs. Henry J., Scranton, Pa.

Carroll, May I., asst. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Carson, W. O., ln. P. L., London, Ont.

Carter, Julia, ln. child. br. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Carter, S. J., ref. ln. P. L., Milwaukee, Wis.

Caswell, Edward A., N. Y. City.

Chamberlain, C. A., Edison Electric Co. L., Boston, Mass.

Chamberlayne, Ellen F., asst. P. L., Binghamton, N. Y.

Chamberlin, Edith J., Bradford, Vt.

Chase, Jessie C., supt. Br. Libs. P. L., Detroit, Mich.

Chase, Kate B., br. ln. Cornell Square Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Chase, Mrs. Mildred H., br. ln. F. L., Newton, Mass.

Cheney, Lucy, ln. F. L., Rutland, Vt.

Chivers, Cedric, bookbinder, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Christiansen, Bolette, Kongsvinger, Norway.

Christman, Jennie L., catlgr. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Christopher, Katharine M., stud. N. Y. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

Clark, Elizabeth V., ln. Carnegie F. L., Connellsville, Pa.

Clark, Mrs. George E., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Clark, Mabel, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Clark, S. M., asst. Richards L., Warrensburg, N. Y.

Clarke, Edith E., instr. Syracuse Univ. L. Sch., Syracuse, N. Y.

Clarke, Elizabeth P., ln. Seymour L., Auburn, N. Y.

Clatworthy, Linda M., ln. P. L. and Museum, Dayton, O.

Clement, Edith M., asst. Trav. L., N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Cloud, Josephine P., supt. of circ. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn.

Coe, Mrs. Frances R., reviser of catalog, P. L., Somerville, Mass.

Colcord, Mabel, ln. Bureau of Entomology, Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Colcord, Maude B., ln. Loring Reading Room, Plymouth, Mass.

Colson, F. D., law ln. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Congdon, Mrs. William M. (Anne W.), L. visitor and director of Trav. Libs., Providence, R. I.

Cook, O. S., trus. F. P. L., New Bedford, Mass.

Cooper, Isabella M., instr. Simmons Coll. L. Sch., Boston, Mass.

Copeland, Lora A., asst. P. L., Brockton, Mass.

Corliss, Mary, asst. Adriance Mem. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Cornew, Elsie M., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Cornew, Mrs. H. K., Trenton, N. J.

Coughlin, Joseph D., Hampton, Va.

Cowley, Amy, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Cowper, Virginia S., L. Dept. John Wanamaker, N. Y. City.

Crain, Lucy B., supt. of child. work P. L., Somerville, Mass.

Crandle, Inez, ln. Dimmick Mem. L., Mauch Chunk, Pa.

Craver, H. W., ln. Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Craver, Mrs. H. W., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Crissey, Jane H., asst. P. L., Troy, N. Y.

Crosby, Caroline R., Milford, N. H.

Cunningham, Jesse, ln. Mo. Sch. of Mines, Rolla, Mo.

Curtis, Florence R., instr. Univ. of Ill. L. Sch., Urbana, Ill.

Custer, Florence B., Philadelphia, Pa.

Cutter, William P., ln. Engineering Societies L., N. Y. City.

Cutter, Mrs. William P., N. Y. City.

Dame, Katharine, catlgr. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Daniells, W. N., stud., Madison, Wis.

Darby, M. Claire, ln. Accountancy Ref. L., Ernst & Ernst, Cleveland, O.

Darrow, Helen W., asst. ln. Skidmore Sch., Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

Dauchy, C. A., asst. ln. Adriance Mem. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Davis, Georgia S., statistician P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Davis, Mary G., child. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Davis, Mary L., ln. P. L., Troy, N. Y.

Davis, O. S., ln. P. L., Laconia, N. H.

Davis, Mrs. O. S., Laconia, N. H.

Dayton, Hazel I., asst. Osterhout F. L., Wilkes-Barré, Pa.

Dean, Florence M., asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Dean, Mathew, 1180 Dean St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Dean, Mrs. Mathew, 1180 Dean St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Decker, Cora M., asst. ln. P. L., Scranton, Pa.

Decker, C. V. A., Kingston, N. Y.

Dice, J. H., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Dick, Margaret S., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Dickerson, L. L., ln. Grinnell Coll. L., Grinnell, Ia.

*Dickey, Helene L., ln. Chicago Teachers' Coll. L., Chicago, Ill.

Dickinson, Asa Don, editorial dept. Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y.

Dickinson, Mrs. A. D., Garden City, N. Y.

Diephuis, Albert, P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Dilks, A. Irene, Bureau of Municipal Research, Dayton, O.

Dingman, Annie P., Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Dixon, Vera M., ln. Applied Science L., Columbia Univ., N. Y. City.

Donnelly, June R., teacher L. Economy Washington Irving High Sch., N. Y. City.

Doren, Electra C, R. F. D. 13, Dayton, O.

Dougan, Alice M., asst. catalog dept. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

*Dougherty, Anna R., chief art dept. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

*Dougherty, H. T., ln. Sayles P. L., Pawtucket, R. I.

*Dougherty, Mrs. H. T., Pawtucket, R. I.

Drake, Jeannette M., ln. P. L., Sioux City, Ia.

Drake, Ruth B., asst. catlgr. P. L., Cincinnati, O.

Draper, Anne E., ln. Bureau of Chemistry, Washington, D. C.

Draper, Miriam S., ln. Child. Museum L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Du Bois, Isabel, br. ln. P. L., Fort Wayne, Ind.

Du Bois, Mrs. Lanetta E., New Paltz, N. Y.

**Dudgeon, M. S., sec'y Wis. F. L. Com., Madison, Wis.

Duff, Ida J., child. ln. Bushwick Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Duncan, Anne S., Port Huron, Mich.

Dutcher, Marion F., catlgr. Adriance Mem. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Dwyer, Winifred G., asst. F. P. L., Bayonne, N. J.

Earhart, Frances E., ln. P. L., Duluth, Minn.

Eastman, Edith L., asst. ln. Wesleyan Univ. L., Middletown, Conn.

Eastman, Linda A., vice-ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Eastman, William R., Albany, N. Y.

Eastwood, Mary E., asst. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Eaton, Alice L., ln. Norman Williams P. L., Woodstock, Vt.

Ehle, Mary E., ln. Potter Br. P. L., Utica, N. Y.

Elder, Vera, asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Elliot, Mrs. Portia W., Albany, N. Y.

Ellis, Ruth M., catlgr. Hamilton Coll. L., Clinton, N. Y.

Elston, Catharine, ln. Univ. of Pittsburgh L., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Engle, Emma R., chief child. dept. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Entler, Marguerite H., asst. L. Assn., Portland, Ore.

Evans, Adelaide F., head catlgr. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Evans, Alice G., ln. F. P. L., Decatur, Ill.

Evans, G. H., ln. P. L., Woburn, Mass.

Evans, Margaret H., child. ln. P. L., Buffalo, N. Y.

Everhart, Ethel, child. ln. P. L. Br., N. Y. City.

Ewing, Ariel M., Philadelphia, Pa.

Fairbanks, Ellen A., Woodstock, Vt.

Farquhar, Alice M., br. ln. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Farr, Mary P., L. organizer, Philadelphia, Pa.

Farrell, Winnifred, ln. Merrick P. L., Brookfield, Mass.

Farrington, Chas. E., br. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Fauteux, Aegidius, ln. Bibliotheque St. Sulpice, Montreal, Canada.

*Faxon, F. W., mgr. L. dept. Boston Book Co., Boston, Mass.

*Faxon, Mrs. F. W., Boston, Mass.

*Faxon, Mrs. Marcus, 86 Huntington Ave., Boston, Mass.

Feazel, E. A., ln. Law L. Assn., Cleveland, O.

Feipel, L. N., catlgr. U. S. Naval Academy L., Annapolis, Md.

Feipel, Mrs. L. N., Annapolis, Md.

Field, O. J., chief clk. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C.

Field, Pearl I., supervisor of special deposits P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Finney, Byron A., ref. ln. Univ. of Mich. L., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Finney, Mrs. B. A., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Fisher, Mary C., Ossining, N. Y.

Fisk, Mary V., ln. Toledo Law Assn., Toledo, O.

Fison, H. W., ln. P. L., Malden, Mass.

Flagg, C. A., ln. P. L., Bangor, Me.

Fletcher, Fanny B., trus. Fletcher Mem. L. of Ludlow, Proctorsville, Vt.

Flexner, Jennie M., head of circulation dept. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Foote, Elizabeth L., br. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Ford, Eva M., asst. sec'y A. L. A., Chicago, Ill.

Fossler, Anna, supervisor serial dept. Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City.

Foye, Charlotte H., senior asst. John Crerar L., Chicago, Ill.

Francis, Gertrude, East Orange, N. J.

Franke, Helena C, ln. F. P. L., Bound Brook, N. J.

Freeman, Abigail A., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Freeman, Alice M., Boston, Mass.

Freeman, Marilla W., ln. Goodwyn Inst. L., Memphis, Tenn.

Freidus, Abraham S., chief Jewish division P. L., N. Y. City.

Frost, Elizabeth R., ref. ln. Silas Bronson L., Waterbury, Conn.

Frost, Sarah L., ln. Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.

Fuller, G. W., ln. P. L., Spokane, Wash.

Fuller, H. de W., asst. editor N. Y. "Nation," N. Y. City.

Fuller, Mrs. H. D., N. Y. City.

Fullerton, Caroline Q., ref. ln. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Fulton, Edith, br. ln. F. P. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Gamble, William Burt, chief. Tech. Div. N. Y. P. L., N. Y. City.

Gardner, Anna M. D., Troy, N. Y.

Gardner, Mrs. I. J., N. Troy, N. Y.

Garland, Caroline H., ln. P. L., Dover, N. H.

Garvin, Ethel, custodian special libs., P. L., Providence, R. I.

Gaston, Ethelwyn, Newark, N. J.

Gates, Edith M.. senior asst. F. P. L.. Worcester, Mass.

Gates, Marguerite L., F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

Gault, Bertha H., catlgr. Mt. Holyoke Coll. L., South Hadley, Mass.

Gaylord, H. J., bookseller, Syracuse. N. Y.

Gaylord, Mrs. H. J., Syracuse, N. Y.

Geddes, Helen C, head catlgr. Bryn Mawr Coll. L., Bryn Mawr, Pa.

George, C. A., ln. F. P. L., Elizabeth, N. J.

George, Mrs. C. A., Elizabeth, N. J.

George, Miss, Elizabeth, N. J.

Gerber, May M., child. asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Gerould, J. T., ln. Univ. of Minn. L., Minneapolis, Minn.

Gibbs, Charlotte M., Wareham, Mass.

Gibbs, Laura R., catalog reviser Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City.

Gilkey, Malina A., asst. catalog div. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Glenn, M. R., ln. American Bankers' Assn., N. Y. City.

Godard, G. S., ln. Conn. State L., Hartford, Conn.

Goddard, W. D., ln. Naval War Coll. L., Newport, R. I.

Goding, Sarah E., 1st asst. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Goeks, H. M., ln. Mott Haven Br. P. L., N. Y. City.

Goeppinger, Eva C, asst. P. L., So. Norwalk, Conn.

Goldberg, Bessie, head catlgr. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Gooch, Harriet B., instructor Pratt Inst., Sch. of L. Science, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Goodell, Frederick, asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Goodrich, N. L., ln. Dartmouth Coll. L., Hanover, N. H.

Goodwin, J. E., ln. Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.

Gould, C. H., ln. McGill Univ. L., Montreal, Canada.

Goulding, P. S., catalog ln. Univ. of Ill. L., Urbana, Ill.

Goulding, Mrs. P. S., Urbana, Ill.

Grabau, Mrs. Mary Antin, Scarsdale, N. Y.

Graf, W. H., N. Y. City.

Grant, Agnes M., asst. P. L., Detroit, Mich.

Grasty, Katharine G., ln. Eastern High Sch. L., Baltimore, Md.

Graves, Eva W., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Gray, Elizabeth P., Washington, D. C.

Gray, Florence B., asst. leg. ref. dept. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Green, C. R., ln. Mass. Agricultural Coll. L.. Amherst, Mass.

Green, Janet M., br. ln. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Green, Lola M. B., catlgr. legal dept. Am. Tel. & Tel. Accounting L., N. Y. City.

Greene, L. E., Haines Falls, N. Y.

Gunter, Lillian, ln. P. L., Gainesville, Tex.

Guntermann, Bertha, 1st asst. order and accession dept. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Gwyn, Julia R., br. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hackett, Ann, asst. Carnegie-Stout L., Dubuque, Ia.

Hackett, Irene A., ln. F. P. L., Englewood, N. J.

Hadley, Anna, ln. Gilbert Sch. L., Winsted, Conn.

Hafner, Alfred, bookseller, N. Y. City.

Hagey, E. Joanna, ln. P. L., Cedar Rapids, Ia.

Hagey, Mrs. E. M., Cedar Rapids, Ia.

Haines, Mabel R., ln. F. P. L., Summit, N. J.

Hall, Drew B., ln. P. L., Somerville, Mass.

Hall, Mrs. D. B., Somerville, Mass.

Hall, Mary E., ln. Girls' High Sch., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Halliday, Sara L., N. Y. City.

Halpert, Freda, asst. Carnegie L., Duquesne, Pa.

Halsey, Francis W., N. Y. City.

Halsey, Levantia, Umadilla, N. Y.

Hammond, Marie A., catlgr. Miami Univ. L., Oxford, O.

Handy, D. N., ln. Insurance L. Assn. of Boston, Boston, Mass.

Handy, Mrs. D. N., Boston, Mass.

Hardy, A. Marie, N. Y. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

Hardy, Mary T., asst. ref. dept. P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Hardy, Sue, N. Y. City.

Haring, Freda, Richland L. Co., Quakertown, Pa.

Harris, Miss F. S., Roxborough L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Harrison, J. L., ln. Forbes L., Northampton, Mass.

Harron, Mrs. Julia S., P. L., Cleveland, O.

Harrsen, Meta P., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Hartwell, Mary A., catlgr. Pub. Doc. Office, Washington, D. C.

Hastings, C. H., chief of card section L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Hatfield, Addie E., prin. and ln. State Normal Sch., Oneonta, N. Y.

Haupt, Lura P., br. ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Hawkins, Eleanor E., head catlgr. P. L., Kansas City, Mo.

Hawkins, Enid M., ln. Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, N. J.

Hawkins, Jean, instructor N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Hawkins, Mrs. W. M., Buffalo, N. Y.

Hawks, Emma B., asst. ln. Dept. of Agriculture L., Washington, D. C.

Hawley, Josephine, asst. ln. P. L., Scranton, Pa.

Hayes, Edith P., P. L., Somerville, Mass.

Hayes, Ethel M., acting ln. Tufts Coll. L., Tufts College, Mass.

Haynes, Emily M., ln. Worcester Polytechnic Inst., Worcester, Mass.

*Haynes, Frances E., asst. ln. Mt. Holyoke Coll. L., So. Hadley, Mass.

Haynes, Susan L., ln. Joshua Hyde P. L., Sturbridge, Mass.

Hazeltine, Mary E., preceptor Univ. of L. Sch., Madison, Wis.

Hedrick, Ellen A., catalog reviser Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Heitkamp, Aline A., br. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hemans, Ida M., ln. N. Y. State Normal Sch. L., Geneseo, N. Y.

Hendrick, Ellen A., New Haven, Conn.

Hennessy, Edith M., Hotel Belmont, N. Y. City.

Herber, Elizabeth R., chief child. and bindery depts. F. P. L., Bayonne, N. J.

Herman, Mary L., sec'y Town Room, Boston, Mass.

Hewitt, L. E., ln. Law Assn. of Philadelphia, Pa.

Hicks, F. C., asst. ln. Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City.

Hicks, Mary L., asst. ln. P. L., Evansville, Ind.

Hiersemann, A., bookseller and publisher, Königstr. 29, Leipzig, Germany.

Higgins, Alice G., child. ln. P. L., Utica, N. Y.

**Hill, Frank P., ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hill, Galen W., ln. Millicent L., Fairhaven, Mass.

Hill, Helen, ln. William Penn High Sch. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Hinsdale, Louise G., ln. F. P. L., East Orange, N. J.

Hiss, Sophie K., head catlgr. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Hitchler, Theresa, supt. catalog dept. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hobart, Frances, ln. Bixby Mem. F. L., Vergennes, Vt.

Hodges, N. D. C., ln. P. L., Cincinnati, O.

Hoff, Mary C., Stamford, Conn.

Hoff, Susan H., Stamford, Conn.

Holliday, Sara L., Lederle Laboratories, 39 W. 38th St., N. Y. City.

Holmes, Dagmar O., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Holmes, W. C., asst. tech. ln. Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Hopkins, Jessica, ln. P. L., Paducah, Ky.

Hopkins, Julia A., instructor Pratt Inst., Sch. of L. Science, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hopkins, Ruth G., child. ln. P. L. Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hopper, F. F., ln. P. L., Tacoma, Wash.

Horne, Lulu, ln. City L., Lincoln, Neb.

**Horton, Mabel P., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hosmer, Helen R., ln. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.

Hough, R. B., author and publisher, Lowville, N. Y.

*Howe, Harriet E., head catlgr. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn.

Hubbard, Mrs. Georgia M., head Hist. R. and Binding, Grand Rapids, Mich.

Hubbell, Jane P., ln. P. L., Rockford, Ill.

Hughes, H. L., ln. F. P. L., Trenton, N. J.

Hulburd, Anna A., asst. Univ. of Ill. L., Urbana, Ill.

Hull, Fanny, br. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hunt, Clara W., supt. child. dept. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hunt, Marietta L., asst. ln. L. Assn., Portland, Ore.

Huntting, H. R., bookseller, Springfield, Mass.

Huston, Caroline B., director of Haines Falls F. L., Haines Falls, N. Y.

Hutchenrider, Rose, 1st asst. Waco P. L., Waco, Tex.

Hutchinson, Mary D., br. ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Hutchinson, Susan A., ln. Museum L., Brooklyn Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hyde, Sara G., reviser Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Ibbotson, J. D., Jr., ln. Hamilton Coll. L., Clinton, N. Y.

Imhoff, Ono M., ln. National Progressive League, N. Y. City.

Ingalls, Florence L., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Jameson, Mary E., stud. N. Y. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

*Jast, L. Stanley, honorary sec'y L. Assn. of Great Britain and ln. Croydon P. Libs., London, Eng.

Jeffers, LeRoy, asst. ln. and chief book order dept. P. L., N. Y. City.

Jennings, J. T., ln. P. L., Seattle, Wash.

Jessup, Maud M., P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Joeckel, Carleton B., supt. circulation dept. Cal. Univ. L., Berkeley, Cal.

Johnson, Florence A., ln. Town Room, Boston, Mass.

Johnson, Josephine M., asst. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Johnson, Sally W., Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa.

Johnston, R. H., ln. Bureau of Railway Economics L., Washington, D. C.

Johnston, W. Dawson, ln. Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City.

Johnstone, Ursula K., asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Jones, E. Kathleen, ln. McLean Hospital, Waverley, Mass.

Jones, Gardner M., ln. P. L., Salem, Mass.

Jones, Marion E., asst. Harlem Br. P. L., N. Y. City.

Jones, Mary L., ln. Bryn Mawr Coll. L., Bryn Mawr, Pa.

Jones, Mildred K., asst. Utica P. L., Utica, N. Y.

Jordan, Alice M., custodian child. dept. P. L., Boston, Mass.

Josephson, A. G. S., catlgr. John Crerar L., Chicago, Ill.

Josselyn, L. W., ln. P. L., Jacksonville, Fla.

Kammerling, Edith, asst. in charge civics dept. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Keator, Alfred D., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Kelley, Grace, asst. John Crerar L., Chicago, Ill.

Kellogg, Mrs. R. C., trus. Richards L., Warrensburg, N. Y.

Kelso, Tessa L., Baker & Taylor Co., N. Y. City.

Kendall, Alice G., "Library Journal," N. Y. City.

Keogh, Andrew, ref. ln. Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Kerr, W. H., ln. State Normal Sch. L., Emporia, Kan.

Kessel, Martha C., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Kiennicutt, Mrs., Worcester, Mass.

Kikelhan, R., Haines Falls, N. Y.

Kilbourne, F. W., editor of Publications, P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Kilbourne, Mrs. F. W., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Kimball, Florence B., catlgr. Sayles P. L., Pawtucket, R. I.

Kimball, W. C., chairman N. J. P. L. Com. and trus. P. L., Passaic, N. J.

Kimball, Mrs. W. C., Passaic, N. J.

King, Elizabeth McB., catlgr. legal dept. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., N. Y. City.

King, Ellen, br. ln. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Kingsbury, N. C., vice-pres. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., N. Y. City.

Kinney, Grace E., card section L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Klingelsmith, Mrs. Margaret C., ln. Biddle Law L., Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa.

Knodel, Emma, ln. Guiteau P. L., Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.

Knowles, Leah M., P. L., Trenton, N. J.

Koehl, Stephen, Tablet and Ticket Co., Woodhaven, L. I.

Kostomlatsky, Zulema, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Krause, Louise B., ln. H. M. Byllesby & Co., Chicago, Ill.

Krouse, Edna L., ln. F. P. L., Scottdale, Pa.

Lange, Alma G., child. ln. Withers P. L., Bloomington, Ill.

Lansing, Pauline D., order clerk P. L., Buffalo, N. Y.

Lapp, J. A., director Ind. Legislative Bu., Indianapolis, Ind.

Laskey, Julia, Washington, D. C.

Latham, Calhoun, ln. and supt. P. L. Bridgeport, Conn.

Latimer, Louise P., supervisor of work with Schs., P. L., Washington, D. C.

La Tourette, Alexandrine, ln. Carnegie P. L., Iron Mountain, Mich.

Lauder, E. Louise, asst. catlgr. P. L., Binghamton, N. Y.

Leach, Howard S., asst. to ln. Princeton Univ. L., Princeton, N. J.

Lease, Evelyn S., ln. Kellogg-Hubbard L., Montpelier, Vt.

Leavitt, Miss M. V., charge ref. gifts P. L., N. Y. City.

Lee, G. W., ln. Stone & Webster, Boston, Mass.

Leeper, Rosa M., ln. P. L., Dallas, Tex.

Legler, Henry E., ln. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Legler, Mrs. Henry E., Chicago, Ill.

Lemcke, Ernst, pub. and bookseller, N. Y. City.

Leonard, Grace F., ln. Providence Athenaeum, Providence, R. I.

Leonard, Mary, br. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Leonard, Miriam L., 1st. asst. catlgr. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn.

Lesch, R., Detroit Pub. Co., 15 W. 38th St., N. Y. City.

Lester, C. B., leg. ref. ln. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Lewinson, Leah, br. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Lewis, Cecilia, child. ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Lewis, W. P., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Libby, Marie C., Summit, N. J.

Lichtenstein, Walter, ln. Northwestern Univ. L., Evanston, Ill.

Lien, E. J., ln. State L., St. Paul, Minn.

Light, Matilda M., Dayton, O.

Lindgren, Elin, Pratt Inst. F. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Lindholm, Marie F., asst. ln. P. Ser. Com. L., N. Y. City.

Linton, Gussie W., asst. ln., Johnstown, Pa.

Little, George T., ln. Bowdoin Coll. L., Brunswick, Me.

Lockwood, M. E., Haines Falls, N. Y.

Loring, Nano G., asst. ln. Coburn F. L., Owego, N. Y.

Lowenstein, Nina H., asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

McAneny, George, pres. Borough of Manhattan, N. Y. City.

McAlarney, Kathrine H., asst. child. dept. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

McCambridge, Maria M., br. ln., Youngstown, O.

McCarty, Harriet D., ln. P. L., Sewickley, Pa.

McClelland, A. F., Passaic, N. J.

McClelland, Maude, ln. Girls' High Sch., Passaic, N. J.

McCombs, Charles F., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

McCormick, Ada M., indus. and civics dept. P. L., Fort Wayne, Ind.

McDonagh, M. P., trus. P. L., London, Ont.

MacDonell, Mrs. A. F., ln. P. L., Bay City, Mich.

McDonell, Mrs., Bay City, Mich.

McGuiness, C. L., N. Y. City.

McKibben, Mrs. Florence, ln. P. L., Mt. Pleasant, Ia.

McKnight, Elizabeth B., ln. Barringer High Sch. Br. F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

McNeil, Laila A., catlgr. P. L., Brookline, Mass.

McVety, Margaret A., chief of Lending Dept. F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

Madden, J. H., ln. American Brass Co., Waterbury, Conn.

Malone, Marcella, br. ln. Queens Borough P. L., N. Y. City.

Maltby, Mrs. Adelaide B., br. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

*Mann, B. Pickman, bibliographer, Washington, D. C.

*Mann, Mrs. B. P., Washington, D. C.

Mann, Laura, ln. Central High Sch. L., Washington, D. C.

Marion, G. E., ln. Arthur D. Little, Inc., L., Boston, Mass.

Markowitz, Augusta, br. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Martel, Charles, chief catalog div. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Martin, Lena, ln. P. L., Gadsden, Ala.

Martwick, Mr., mgr. Tablet & Ticket Co., N. Y. City.

Marx, H. F., ln. P. L., Easton, Pa.

Massee, May, editor A. L. A. Booklist, Chicago, Ill.

Massey, Orpha Z., ln. Retail Credit Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Masters, Lydia W., asst. F. P. L., Watertown, Mass.

Masterson, F. Adele, ln. L. and Hist. Soc., Goshen, N. Y.

Matthews, Etta L., ln. Jacob Tome Inst. L., Port Deposit, Md.

Matthews, Harriet L., ln. P. L., Lynn, Mass.

Matthews, Nan, ward principal, Chestertown, Md.

Maurice, Nathalie A., ln. Madison Square Church House L., N. Y. City.

Mayo, Lillian L., 1st asst. South Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Medlicott, Mary, ref. ln. City L., Springfield, Mass.

Mendlowitch, Pauline, filer P. L., N. Y. City.

Merrill, Julia W., chief br. ln. P. L., Cincinnati, O.

Mettee, A. H., ln. L. Co. of Baltimore Bar, Baltimore, Md.

Milam, C. H., sec'y and state organizer P. L. Com. of Ind., Indianapolis, Ind.

Miller, Clara, ln. McClymonds P. L., Massillon, O.

Miller, Louise V., ln. F. L., Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

Miller, Ruth T., child ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Miller, Mrs. Warwick, br. ln. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Mix, Faith, asst. Br. Dept. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Monrad, Anna M., reviser Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Montgomery, Thomas L., ln. State L., Harrisburg, Pa.

Montgomery, Mrs. T. L., Harrisburg, Pa.

Moore, Annie C., supervisor Child. Rooms, P. L., N. Y. City.

Morgan, Margaret, br. ln. P. L., Providence, R. I.

Morley, Linda H., br. ln. F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

**Morris, Louise R., F. P. L., Summit, N. J.

Morrison, Bird, br. ln. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Morrow, J. F., Chicago, Ill.

Morse, Anna L., ln. Reuben McMillan F. L., Youngstown, O.

Morton, F. N., ln. United Gas Improvement Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Morton, Mary E., catlgr. P. L., London, Ont.

*Moulton, J. G., ln. P. L., Haverhill, Mass.

Mudge, Isadore G., ref. ln. Columbia Univ. L., N. Y. City.

Mueser, Emilie, N. Y. City.

Mulford, Anna, trus. John Jermain L., Sag Harbor, N. Y.

*Munroe, E., Cambridge, Mass.

Murray, Margaret E., ln. Filene Ref. L., Boston, Mass.

Muzzy, A. Florence, asst. N. Y. P. L., N. Y. City.

Myers, Frances E., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Nason, Sabra L., acting ln. P. L., Waterloo, Ia.

Nelson, Peter, asst. archivist, State L., Albany, N. Y.

Newberry, Marie A., ref. asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Newhard, Mabel, ln. P. L., Virginia, Minn.

Newman, Frances, stud. Carnegie L. Training Sch., Atlanta, Ga.

Newman, Magdalen R., catlgr. Nat'l Museum L., Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C.

Nissley, Mabel H., Leg. Ref. Bu., Harrisburg, Pa.

Nodek, Mathilda S., ln. Hebrew Inst. Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Nolan, Dr. E. J., ln. Academy of Nat. Sci. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Norman, Carl, mgr. Albert Bonnier's Pub. House, N. Y. City.

Norris, Loraine, br. ln. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Norton, Dorothea G., child ln. P. L., Yonkers, N. Y.

Noyes, Charlotte G., ln. General Electric Co. L., Schenectady, N. Y.

Nunns, Annie A., sec'y to supt. State Hist. Soc., Madison, Wis.

O'Connor, Alice K., stud. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

*Ogden, E. Jane, asst. Art Dept. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Oko, A. S., ln. Hebrew Union Coll. L., Cincinnati, O.

Olcott, A. V. S., 38 W. 39th St., N. Y. City.

Oliphant, C. J., Longmans Green & Co., N. Y. City.

*Osborn, L. P., ln. Peabody Inst. L., Peabody, Mass.

*Osborn, Mrs. L. P., ln. Peabody Hist. Soc., Peabody, Mass.

Otter, Alice, Wayne, Pa.

Overton, Clara S., asst. child. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Overton, Florence, ln. Yorkville Br. P. L., N. Y. City.

Overton, Miss J. M., child. ln. N. Y. P. L., N. Y. City.

Page, Benjamin, Meriden, Conn.

Palmer, Mary B., ln. Carnegie L., Charlotte, N. C.

Palmer, Maud, Wareham, Mass.

Paltsits, V. H., chrm. P. Archives Com. of Am. Hist. Assn., N. Y. City.

Parker, Glen, Baker & Taylor Co., N. Y. City.

Parker, John, ln. Peabody Inst., Baltimore, Md.

Parsons, Mary P., N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Partch, Isa L., br. ln. P. L., Detroit, Mich.

Patterson, Edith, ln. P. L., Bloomsburg, Pa.

Peacock, J. L., ln. Memorial & P. L., Westerly, R. I.

Pearson, Edmund L., "The Librarian," Boston Transcript, Newburyport, Mass.

Pearson, Mary K., child. ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Pendry, Eliza R., child. ln. Hiram Kelly Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Peoples, W. T., ln. Mercantile L., N. Y. City.

Peoples, Mrs. W. T., N. Y. City.

Perry, Everett R., ln. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal.

Perry, Mrs. E. R., Los Angeles, Cal.

**Peters, Mary G., ln. F. P. L., Bayonne, N. J.

Peterson, M. Leona, ln. P. Sch. L., Kane, Pa.

Phelan, J. F., chief of Branches, P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Phelps, Anna R., L. organizer N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Phelps, Edith A., ln. Carnegie L., Oklahoma City, Okla.

Phillips, Mary E., ex-ln., Oneonta, N. Y.

Pidgeon, Marie K., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Pierce, Frances M., ln. Fletcher Mem. L., Ludlow, Vt.

Pinneo, Dotha S., ln. P. L., Norwalk, Conn.

Plummer, Mary W., prin. L. Sch., P. L., N. Y. City.

Poole, F. O., ln. Assoc. of the Bar L., N. Y. City.

Porter, W. T., trus. P. L., Cincinnati, O.

Power, Effie L., supervisor child. work, P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Powers, W. H., ln. So. Dak. Agric. Coll. L., Brookings, S. D.

Pratt, Anne S., catlgr. Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Pratt, Edna B., organizer N. J. P. L. Com., Trenton, N. J.

Preston, Nina K., ln. Hall-Fowler Mem. L., Ionia, Mich.

Prevost, Marie L., asst. ln. F. P. L., Elizabeth, N. J.

Price, F. H., asst. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Prince, H. C., ln. State L., Augusta, Me.

Pritchard, Martha C, organizer., Scarsdale, N. Y.

Proudfoot, Helen, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Prouty, Louise, ln. Lorain Br. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Pugsley, Maud M., br. ln. F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

Putman, Herbert, ln. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Radford, Mary R., ln. F. P. L., Muskogee, Okla.

Ranck, S. H., ln. P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Randel, Mrs. H. H., Tablet & Ticket Co., N. Y. City.

Raney, M. L., ln. Johns Hopkins Univ. L., Baltimore, Md.

Rankin, G. W., ln. P. L., Fall River, Mass.

Rathbone, Josephine A., vice-dir. Sch. of L. Sci., Pratt Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Rawson, Fannie C., sec'y Ky. L. Com., Frankfort, Ky.

Ray, Frances K., Medical ln. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Redstone, E. N., Boston, Mass.

Reed, Amy L., ln. Vassar Coll. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Reeves, Frances E., Schenectady, N. Y.

Reich, Pauline, 1st asst. Br. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Reid, Adelia, asst. ln. State L., Lansing, Mich.

Reinick, W. R., chief P. Doc. Dept., F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Reque, Anna C., classifier, P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Reynolds, Margaret, ln. Milwaukee-Downer Coll., Milwaukee, Wis.

Rhoades, Rachel, ref. ln. P. L., Superior, Wis.

Rhodes, Isabella K., asst. Ref. Dept. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Rice, P. N., asst. ref. ln. Ohio State Univ. L., Columbus, O.

Richards, Miss C., trus. Richards L., Warrensburgh, N. Y.

Richardson, E. C., ln. Princeton Univ. L., Princeton, N. J.

Richardson, Margaret, Waterloo, Ia.

Robbins, Mary E., ln. & chrm. L. faculty, Simmons Coll. L., Boston, Mass.

Roberts, Effie I., asst. ln. Carnegie L., Wabash, Ind.

Roberts, Mary H., asst. ref. ln. State L., Indianapolis, Ind.

Robinson, Helen F., dean's sec'y and head of R. R. Harvard Divinity Sch., Cambridge, Mass.

Robinson, Julia A., supervising ln. State Institutions of Ia., Des Moines, Ia.

Robinson, Rev. L. M., ln. Phila. Divinity Sch., Philadelphia, Pa.

**Robinson, Sylvia, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Rockwell, Anna G., ln. New Britain Inst., New Britain, Conn.

Roden, C. B., asst. ln. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Rogers, Katharine B., head catlgr. F. P. L., Trenton, N. J.

Rogers, Mary E., New Britain, Conn.

Rolland, Anna P., ln. P. L., Dedham, Mass.

Root, Mrs. Mary E. S., child. ln. P. L., Providence, R. I.

Roper, Eleanor, br. ln. Queens Borough P. L., Flushing, N. Y.

Rosenthal, Herman, in charge Slavonic Div., P. L., N. Y. City.

Rowell, W. C., Eastern rep. H. W. Wilson Co., N. Y. City.

Royall, Rebecca, ln. Carnegie L., Cleburne, Tex.

Ruckteshler, N. Louise, ln. Guernsey Mem. L. & Follett Mem. Supreme Ct. Law L., Norwich, N. Y.

Rupp, Alice, N. Y. City.

Rush, C. E., ln. F. P. L., St. Joseph, Mo.

Rush, Mrs. C. E., St. Joseph, Mo.

Russell, Florence, ref. ln. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn.

Ryan, M. Lillian, asst. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Sackett, Josephine T., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Sanborn, H. N., ln. Univ. Club, Chicago, Ill.

Sanborn, W. F., ln. P. L., Cadillac, Mich.

Sanborn, Mrs. W. F., Cadillac, Mich.

Sanderson, Edna M., registrar N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Sargent, Abby L., ln. P. L., Medford, Mass.

Savage, Etta V., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Sawyer, Mrs. Harriet P., chief Instruc. Dept. P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Saxe, Mary P., ln. Westmount L., Montreal, Can.

Schaanning, Maja, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Schenk, F. W., law ln. Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

Schenk, Mrs. F. W., Chicago, Ill.

Scholefield, E. O. S., ln. Provincial L., Victoria, B. C.

Schooley, Altie, br. asst. P. L., Passaic, N. J.

Schwab, J. C., ln. Yale Univ. L., New Haven, Conn.

Sears, Minnie E., head catlgr., Minnesota Univ. L., Minneapolis, Minn.

Secombe, Annabell C., ln. F. L., Milford, N. H.

See, Alice, stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Settle, George T., ln. F. P. L., Louisville, Ky.

Settle, Mrs. George T., Louisville, Ky.

Severance, H. O., ln. Univ. of Mo. L., Columbia, Mo.

Sewall, W. F., ln. P. L., Toledo, O.

Sewall, Mrs. W. F., Toledo, O.

Seward, W. F., ln. P. L., Binghamton, N. Y.

Shaver, Mary M., classifier & catlgr. Vassar Coll. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Shearer, A. H., Newberry L., Chicago, Ill.

Shelly, Adah, ln. P. L., Sault St. Marie, Mich.

Sherwood, Grace, dir. Legis. Ref. Bu., State L., Providence, R. I.

Shivers, Anne O., ln. F. P. L., Perth Amboy, N. J.

Shoemaker, Katharine H., ln. Stephens Mem. L. of Manaynuk, Philadelphia, Pa.

Sibley, Jessie G., child. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Sibley, Mrs. Mary J., acting ln. Syracuse Univ. L., Syracuse, N. Y.

Simpson, Frances, asst. dir. L. Sch., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

Slomann, P. F. V., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Small, A. J., law ln. Iowa State L., Des Moines, Ia.

Smith, Bessie Sargeant, supervisor Smaller Branches P. L., Cleveland, O.

Smith, Elizabeth, inst. Syracuse Univ. L. Sch., Syracuse, N. Y.

Smith, Elizabeth M., head Order Div. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Smith, Ellen G., ln. F. P. L., Walla Walla, Wash.

Smith, Faith E., dir. Training Class, P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Smith, Florence S., br. ln. P. L., Kansas City, Mo.

Smith, Irene, asst. Open Shelf Room, P. L., Denver, Colo.

Smith, Laura, chief Catalog & Ref. Depts., P. L., Cincinnati, O.

Smith, Mary A., ln. P. L., La Crosse, Wis.

Smith, Mary A., ln. F. L., Madison, Wis.

Smith, Miriam G., New Rochelle, N. Y.

Sneed, Mrs. Percival, princ. Carnegie L. Training Sch., Atlanta, Ga.

Snyder, Mary B., br. ln. Queens Borough P. L., L. I. City, N. Y.

Sornborger, Harriet B., ln. Bancroft Mem. L., Hopedale, Mass.

Spaulding, F. B., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Speck, Mrs. Laura, asst. P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Sperry, Earl E., ln. & dir. L. Sch., Syracuse Univ. L., Syracuse, N. Y.

Spofford, Edith C., 340 W. 85th St., N. Y. City.

Spofford, Mrs. Edith F., ln. Bu. of Mines L., Washington, D. C.

Spofford, Mrs. Lucinda F., br. ln. P. L., Somerville, Mass.

Stearns, Lutie E., chief Trav. L. Dept., Wis. F. L. Com., Madison, Wis.

Stebbins, H. L., asst. ln. Assoc. of the Bar L., N. Y. City.

Stebbins, Mary F., child. ln. P. L., Cleveland, O.

Stechert, F. C., pres. F. C. Stechert Co., Inc., booksellers, N. Y. City.

Stechert, Mrs. F. C., N. Y. City.

Steele, Edith McH., 1st. asst. Silas Bronson L., Waterbury, Conn.

Steele, Elizabeth K., ln. F. P. L., Lorain, O.

Steele, Ruby E., ln. P. L., Ansonia, Conn.

Steiner, Bernard C., ln. Enoch Pratt F. L., Baltimore, Md.

Stetson, Willis K., ln. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn.

Stevens, Edward F., ln. Pratt Inst. F. L., & dir. Sch. of L. Sci., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Stevens, Mrs. E. F., Brooklyn, N. Y.

*Stevenson, Luella M., 1st. asst. Carnegie F. L., Braddock, Pa.

Stewart, Edna S., Williamsport, Pa.

Stewart, Rose G., chief catlgr. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Stollberg, Luella E., child. ln. P. L., Toledo, O.

Stonehouse, M. E., asst. L., Y. M. A., Central L., Albany, N. Y.

Strohm, Adam, ln. P. L., Detroit, Mich.

Strong, George F., ln. Adelbert Coll. L., Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, O.

Strong, Mason, 7 Wall St., N. Y. City.

Studwell, Florence, N. Y. City.

Sturgis, Sarah L., Fort Wayne, Ind.

Subers, Helen D., L. organizer, Ashbourne, Pa.

Suter, Martha W., asst. in Book Selection & Annotation, N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Sutherland, Miss, Westmount L., Montreal, Can.

Sutherland, Elizabeth M., Internat. Joint Com., Ottawa, Canada.

Sutliff, Mary L., instr. N. Y. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

Swartout, Jessamine E., ln. Heermance Mem. L., Coxsackie, N. Y.

Tarr, Anna M., ln. F. P. L., Clinton, Ia.

Taylor, Grace A., sr. asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Taylor, W. B. A., chief Ref. Accessions Div., P. L., N. Y. City.

Taylor, Mrs. W. B. A., N. Y. City.

Templeton, Charlotte, sec'y Neb. P. L. Com., Lincoln, Neb.

Thain, Mabel A., ln. P. L., Oak Park, Ill.

Thayer, Maude, ln. State L., Springfield, Ill.

Thompson, Dorothy H., asst. P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Thompson, Grace, asst. F. P. L., Newark, N. J.

Thompson, Laura E., supt. of Branches P. L., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Thompson, Mary, Grand Rapids, Mich.

Thomson, John, ln. F. L., Philadelphia, Pa.

Thornton, Ella M., State L., Atlanta, Ga.

**Thwaites, R. G., supt. Wis. State His. Soc., Madison, Wis.

**Thwaites, Mrs. R. G., Madison, Wis.

Tiefenthaler, Leo, ln. Municipal Ref. Br., P. L., Milwaukee, Wis.

Tilton, Edward L., architect, N. Y. City.

Tobias, Ella F., asst. in charge Engineering L. Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Tobitt, Edith, ln. P. L., Omaha, Neb.

Todd, Mary E., head of Periodical Dept., P. L., Syracuse, N. Y.

*Tolman, Mary M., Manchester, N. H.

Townsend, Eliza E., supt. of Br. Work, P. L., Spokane, Wash.

Townsend, Ruth H., br. ln. Queens Borough P. L., Far Rockaway, N. Y.

Towsley, Lena G., asst. child. ln. Pratt Inst. F. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Travers, Rebecca B., child. room, 58th St. Br. P. L., N. Y. City.

Tripp, Geo. H., ln. P. L., New Bedford, Mass.

Tripp, Mrs. G. H., New Bedford, Mass.

Turvill, Helen, instr. Univ. of Wis. L. Sch., Madison, Wis.

Underhill, Adelaide, assoc. ln. Vassar Coll. L., Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Underhill, Caroline M., ln. P. L., Utica, N. Y.

Underhill, Ethel P., child. ln. F. P. L., Worcester, Mass.

Utley, George B., sec'y American Library Assoc., Chicago, Ill.

Utley, Mrs. George B., Chicago, Ill.

Utterwick, Katharine A., asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Vail, Alice I., stud. L. Sch. Pratt Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Vaile, Lucretia, stud. N. Y. S. L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Valentine, Amy, 1st. asst. P. L., N. Y. City.

Van Valkenburgh, Agnes, inst. L. Sch. P. L., N. Y. City.

Vasbinder, Lida C., Leg. Ref. Sec., State L., Albany, N. Y.

Voge, A. L., 1st asst. Card Sec. L. of Congress, Washington, D. C.

Von Hohoff, Mrs. A. W., ln. Munic. Ref. L., N. Y. City.

Vrooman, Mrs. Kate B., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wadlin, Horace G., ln. P. L., Boston, Mass.

Wait, Marie F., ln. Peddie Inst., Hightstown, N. J.

Wait, Maud A., 1st. asst. Central Circ. Br. P. L., N. Y. City.

Wales, Elizabeth B., sec'y Mo. L. Com., Jefferson City, Mo.

Walker, Catherine, stud. Carnegie L. Train. Sch., Atlanta, Ga.

Walkley, R. L., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Walter, Frank K., vice-dir. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Walton, Miss G. M., ln. State Nor. Coll., Ypsilanti, Mich.

Wandell, Caroline, instr. Syracuse Univ. L. Sch., Syracuse, N. Y.

Ward, Helen M., supt. of circulation, P. L., Detroit, Mich.

Ward, Ruth L., sr. asst. Br. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Warner, Cassandra, ref. ln. P. L., Kansas City, Mo.

Warner, Philip W., bookseller, Leary, Stuart & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Warren, Althea H., ln. Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago, Ill.

Waters, Alice G., ln. Essex Inst., Salem, Mass.

Waters, Caroline E., ln. College for Women, Cleveland, O.

Watson, W. R., chief Div. of Educ. Extension, N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Webb, K. Louise, asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Webb, Nelle F., catlgr. Withers P. L., Bloomington, Ill.

Weber, Mrs. Jessie P., ln. Ill. State Hist. Soc., Springfield, Ill.

Weitenkampf, Frank, chief Art Dept. P. L., N. Y. City.

Wellman, H. C., ln. City L., Springfield, Mass.

Wells, Marion H., child. ln. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wetzell, Bertha S., catlgr. L. Co. of Phila., Philadelphia, Pa.

Wheeler, H. L., stud. N. Y. State L. Sch., Albany, N. Y.

Wheelock, Mary E., chief Binding Dept. P. L., St. Louis, Mo.

Whipple, Nellie M., asst. ln. P. L., Somerville, Mass.

Whitaker, Amelia, stud. Carnegie L. Training Sch., Atlanta, Ga.

Whitcomb, Adah F., ln. Hiram Kelley Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

White, Ella, child. ln. P. L., Cincinnati, O.

White, Gertrude F., child. ln. F. P. L., New Haven, Conn.

White, H. Elizabeth, ln. P. L., Passaic, N. J.

White, Mabel G., 1st. asst. br. ln. P. L., N. Y. City.

Whiteman, Edna A., supervisor Story Telling, Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Whitmore, Frank H., ln. P. L., Brockton, Mass.

Whitney, Esther, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Whittemore, Gertrude, ln. Narragansett L. Assoc., Peace Dale, R. I.

Whittemore, Grace M. (Mrs. Everard), ln. P. L., Hudson, Mass.

Wigley, Laura M., asst. Queens Borough P. L., L. I. City, N. Y.

Wilcox, B. C., 317 E. 18th St., N. Y. City.

Wilken, Harriet E., ln. F. L., Fayetteville, N. Y.

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Williams, Carrie L., asst. F. L., Newton, Mass.

Williams, Jennie C., instr. Margaret Morrison Carnegie Sch., C. I. T., Pittsburgh, Pa.

Williams, Ora, asst. L. organizer P. L. Com., Indianapolis, Ind.

Williams, Sophie, asst. catlgr. Hamilton Coll. L., Clinton, N. Y.

Williamson, Susan M., Elizabeth, N. J.

Willigerod, Alice, ln. P. L., Hazelton, Pa.

Willigerod, Mrs. Oscar, East Orange, N. J.

Wilsey, Della M., Pomona, Cal.

Wilson, H. G., sec'y P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Wilson, Mrs. H. G., Chicago, Ill.

*Wilson, H. W., pres. H. W. Wilson Co., publishers, Minneapolis, Minn.

*Wilson, Mrs. H. W., Minneapolis, Minn.

Wilson, Margaret S., asst. ln. Norwalk L., Norwalk, Conn.

Wilson, Martha, state supervisor of Sch. Lbs., St. Paul, Minn.

Wilson, Mrs. R. H., bookseller, N. Y. City.

Wing, C. F., New Bedford, Mass.

Wing, Mrs. C. F., New Bedford, Mass.

Winnett, W. H., trus. P. L., London, Ont.

Wire, Dr. G. E., deputy ln. Worcester Co. Law L. & dir. P. L., Worcester, Mass.

Wolcott, J. D., ln. Bu. of Educ., Washington, D. C.

Wolter, Peter, mgr. L. Dept., A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, Ill.

Wood, Frances E., sr. asst. P. L. Br., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wood, Grace I., 1st. asst. Carnegie L., Cleburne, Tex.

Wood, Mary W., ln. Blackstone Br. P. L., Chicago, Ill.

Woodard, Gertrude E., Law L. Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Woodcock, Mabel E., purchase asst. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Wooding, C. L., ln. F. P. L., Bristol, Conn.

Wooding, Mrs. C. L., Bristol, Conn.

Woodruff, Eleanor B., ref. ln. Pratt Inst. F. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wootten, Katharine H., ln. and dir. L. Train. Sch. Carnegie L., Atlanta, Ga.

Wright, C. E., ln. Carnegie F. L., Duquesne, Pa.

Wright, Ethel C., Cleveland, O.

Wright, Purd B., ln. P. L., Kansas City, Mo.

Wright, Rebecca W., sec'y Bd. of L. Com., State House, Montpelier, Vt.

Wright, Ruth M., ln. State Nor. Sch., Tempe, Ariz.

Wyche, Benjamin, N. Y. Life Ins. Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Wyer, James I., Jr., dir. N. Y. State L., Albany, N. Y.

Wyer, Mrs. J. I., Jr., Albany, N. Y.

Wyer, William, Albany, N. Y.

Wynkoop, Asa, inspector P. Lib's, State L., Albany, N. Y.

Young, Gladys, stud. P. L. Sch., N. Y. City.

Young, Mrs. Olive P., John Jermain L., Sag Harbor, N. Y.

Yust, William F., ln. P. L., Rochester, N. Y.

Zachert, Adeline B., direc. of child. work, P. L., Rochester, N. Y.

INDEX

Abbott, Lyman, letter from, 83.

Accessioning (of books), rpt. of com. on library administration, 126-8.

Affiliation of state library associations with A. L. A., amendment to constitution and by-law affecting, 167-8.

Affiliation with other than local, state and provincial library associations, rpt. of com. on, 256-7.

Agricultural libraries section, round table, 258-9.

Ahern, Mary Eileen, reads letters at symposium, 82; discusses work with college students, 198; discusses library in relation to business, 218-9; member of council, 236; chrm. com. on co-operation with N. E. A., 241.

Allen, William H., addresses Reference librarians' round table, 342.

American Association of law libraries, proceedings, 362-4.

American Library Association, president's address, 73-82; secretary's report, 99-103; treasurer's report, 103; rpt. of trustees of Carnegie and endowment funds, 111-3; rpt. of executive board, 237-42; rpt. of Council, 242-57; election of officers, 236; attendance summaries and register, 392-408.

A. L. A. Booklist, 105.

A. L. A. committees on blind. See Blind. bookbinding. See Bookbinding. bookbuying. See Bookbuying. co-operation with N. E. A. See National Education Association. co-ordination. See Co-ordination. federal and state relations. See Federal and state relations. finance. See Finance. international relations. See International relations. library administration. See Library administration. library training. See Library training. program. See Program. public documents. See Public documents. travel. See Travel. ---- constitution, amendment to, 167; by-law to, adopted, 168. ---- Council, amendment to constitution and by-law relative to election of members to, 167-8. ---- Executive board, 237-42. ---- membership (rpt. of secretary), 100. ---- necrology (rpt. of secretary), 102-3. ---- publicity (rpt. of secretary), 100-1. ---- Publishing board, rpt. of (Legler), 105-10; periodical cards, 105; Booklist, 105; new publications, 106; reprints, 106; A. L. A. catalog, 106-7; Manual of library economy, 107; advertising, 107; foreign lists, 107; financial report, 108; sales of publications, 109-10. ---- registration for library position (rpt. of secretary), 101. ---- representatives at other conferences, 101-2.

Anderson, E. H., rpt. as member of finance com., 111; presides second session, 144-ff; president of A. L. A., 236-7; chrm. program com., 242.

Antin, Mary, "The immigrant in the library," 145-9.

Andrus, Gertrude E., "How the library is meeting the changing conditions of child life," 188-93.

Andrews, C. W., rpt. as chrm. com. on finance, 104; moves amendment to by-law, 168; discusses library in relation to business, 219; chrm. finance com., 241; participates in fiction discussion, 255; rpt. as chrm. of affiliation com., 256-7.

Arnold, Sarah Louise, telegram from, 170.

"Art in the college library" (Weitenkampf), 315-9.

"As others see us," symposium, 82-98.

Attendance summaries and register. See American Library Association.

Ayer, C. W., obituary, 102.

Babbitt, C. J., memorial on, 364.

Bacon, Corinne, "Co-operation of libraries with library schools," 347-50; chrm. Professional training sect., 352.

Bacon, Corinne, reviews Brieux, "La femme seule," 236.

Bailey, A. L., member of council, 236; mem. com. on library training, 241; chrm. com. on bookbinding, 242.

Ball, Sarah B., "What any library can do for the business interests of the town," 336-9.

Bascom, Elva L., resignation as editor Booklist, 105.

Belden, C. F. D., mem. public documents com., 241; mem. com. on federal and state relations, 242.

Bennett, Arnold, letter from, 83.

Best, Mrs. A. S., letter from, 83-6.

Bill drafting, "Law that stands the test" (Dudgeon), 206-10.

Billings, J. S., obituary, 102; memorial resolution on, 169-70.

Bishop, W. W., participates in fiction discussion, 256.

Blackwelder, Paul, reviews Hine "Modern organization," 236; mem. com. on federal and state relations, 242.

Bliss, H. E., "Some practical considerations regarding classification for libraries," 309-15.

Blind, rpt. of com. on work with, 136-9; com. on, 242.

Book, evolution of the. "World of print and the world's work: president's address" (Legler), 73-82.

Bookbinding, rpt. of com. on, 113-4; com. on, 242.

Bookbuying, rpt. of com. on, 114-25.

Books and reading. "The friendly book" (Walton), 224-9; "How to discourage reading" (Pearson), 230-6.

Bostwick, Andrew L., presents paper on relations between the municipal library and legislators, 382.

Bostwick, Arthur E., represents A. L. A. at North Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa meetings, 101; chrm. com. on administration, 241; "The quality of fiction," 253-4; "Administration of a catalog dep't," 266-7; "Volume" of children's work in the U. S., 287-91.

Bowerman, G. F., mem. com. on administration, 241.

Bowker, R. R., member of Council, 236; mem. com. on international relations, 242; discussion, 384.

Brett, George P., letter from, 86.

Bronson, W. C., letter from, 86.

Brown, C. H., mem. travel com., 242.

Brown, D. C., "State-wide influence of the state library," 202-6; mem. com. on federal and state relations, 242.

Brown, Zaidee, leads discussion, 364.

Browne, Francis Fisher, tribute to, 168.

Bruncken, Ernest, mem. public documents com., 241.

Bucknam, Edith P., sec'y of Catalog section, 275.

Budlong, Mrs. M. C., presents rpt. of com. on establishment of new commissions, 374-6.

Burnite, C., "Values in library work with children," 282-7.

Business branches. "What any library can do for the business interests of the town" (Ball), 336-9.

Business men, making the library useful to (Ranck), 210-4.

Business organizations, libraries in (Krause), 215-8.

Cable, George W., letter from, 86.

Carey, Miriam E., mem. com. on work with the blind, 242.

Carlton, W. N. C., member of executive board, 238; mem. com. on arrangements College and reference section, 319.

Carnegie, Andrew, letter from, 83.

Carpenter, George O., mem. com. on library training, 241.

Carr, Henry J., chrm. resolutions com. public doc. round table, 359, 362.

Carson, W. O., participates in discussion, 254.

Catalog cards, simplified forms of, 274-5.

Catalog dep't, administration of a, from a cataloger's point of view (Smith), 271-4.

Catalog dep't, administration of the, from a librarian's point of view (Hopper), 259-66; same (Bostwick), 266-7.

Catalog dep't, relation of the, to other dept's (Winser), 268-70.

Cataloging, rpt. of com. on cost and method of, 239-41.

Cataloging, request for permanent com. on, 241.

Catalog section, proceedings, 259-75.

"Cataloging for department libraries" (Sears), 325-30.

Charging systems and methods, rpt. of com. on library administration, 128-31.

Charitable institutions. See Institutions.

Charter provisions, rpt. of com. on relations between the library and the municipality, 243-5.

Charter provisions, rpt. of League com. on, 376-7.

Child life, changing conditions of (Smith), 184-8; how the library is meeting the (Andrus), 188-93.

Children, section on library work with, proceedings, 275-300.

Children, values in library work with (Hunt), 275-82; ditto (Burnite), 282-7.

Children's work in the U. S., volume of (Bostwick), 287-91.

Churchill, Winston, letter from, 86-7.

"Civics room in a medium-sized town" (Kammerling), 339-42.

Clarke, Elizabeth P., discusses prison libraries, 368.

Classification, some practical considerations regarding, for libraries (Bliss), 309-15.

Classifiers, com. on code for, rpt. of, 238.

Claxton, P. P., letter from, 87-8.

Cleavinger, J. S., mem. com. on administration, 241.

Coit, Bertha, obituary, 102.

College and reference section, proceedings, 300-42.

College librarians, what c. l. can do for library schools (Rathbone), 319-20.

College library and research work (Fletcher), 321-5.

College library, art in the (Weitenkampf), 315-9.

College library, instruction in the use of a (Salmon), 301-9.

Constitution. See A. L. A. constitution.

"Co-operation of libraries with library schools" (Bacon), 347-50.

Co-ordination, com. on, 242.

Countryman, Gratia A., second vice-president of A. L. A., 236.

Cowing, Agnes, chrm. sect. on work with children. 300.

Crandall, F. A., "Proposing an executive gazette," 359-61.

Craver, H. W., member of executive board, 236.

Crowell, J. F., paper read by title, 385.

Cunningham, Jesse, rpt. as chrm. of com. on clippings, 384.

Curtis, Florence R., discusses prison libraries, 367.

Cutter, W. P., mem. com. on federal and state relations, 242; discussion, 315.

Cutter, W. P., reads letters at symposium, 82.

Davis, Jesse B., Outline of work in vocational guidance (quoted) in paper by Ranck, 297-8.

Davis, Olin S., discusses library work with schools, 198; discussion, 365.

Dawley, F. F., member finance com., 241.

Dayton public library, resolution of sympathy for, 300.

Defectives and dependents, book influences for (Robinson), 177-82.

Delfino, Mrs. E. N., mem. com. on work with the blind, 242.

Department libraries, cataloging for (Sears), 325-30.

Doane, W. C., obituary, 102.

Dramatic taste, development of, 83-6.

Du Bois, W. E. B., letter from, 88.

Dudgeon, M. S., "Law that stands the test," 206-10; mem. public documents com., 241; chrm. com. to investigate insurance rates, 246.

Duff, Ida, acts as sec'y of sect. on work with children, 275.

Election of officers. See American Library Association.

Elmendorf, Mrs. H. L., re-elected member of publishing board, 237.

Ely, Mary, vice-chrm. of sect. on library work with children, 300.

Endowment funds, rpt. of trustees, 111-3.

Executive board. See A. L. A. Executive board.

"Executive gazette, proposing an" (Crandall), 359-61.

Exhibits, library school, 182-3.

Faxon, F. W., chrm. travel com., 242.

Federal and state relations, rpt. of com. on, 126; com. on, 242.

Federal prisons, libraries in, 366-8.

Fiction, quality of,--symposium, 246-ff.

Field, O. J., second v.p., Am. Assn. of law lib., 364.

Field, Pearl I., reviews Tarbell "The business of being a woman," 236.

Finance, rpt. of com. on (Andrews), 104; com. on, 241.

Fitzgerald, J. F., letter from, 88-9.

Fletcher, R. S., "The college library and research work," 321-5.

Flexner, Jennie M., discusses libraries in jails, 373-4.

Foreigners, library work among (Antin, Maltby, Rush), 145-58.

Foreigners. See also Immigrants.

Freeman, Marilla W., "Scientific management, and the reference department as a bureau of information," 331-6.

"Friendly book" (Walton), 224-9.

Garland, Hamlin, letter from, 89.

Gillis, J. L., mem. com. on co-ordination, 242.

Godard, G. S., chrm. public documents com., 241; presides Public documents round table, 352.

Goldthwaite, Lucile, mem. com. on work with the blind, 242.

Gooch, Harriet B., presides Catalog section, 259.

Goodrich, N. D., discussion, 309; reads paper by Fletcher, 320.

Gould, C. H., chrm. com. on co-ordination, 242; participates in fiction discussion, 256.

Grading, specialization and, in library schools (Plummer), 343-7.

Great Britain, present conditions and tendencies of library work in (Jast), 139-44.

Green, C. R., presides Agricultural lib. sect., 258.

Griffis, W. E., letter from, 89.

Hadley, Chalmers, mem. com. on library training, 241; mem. com. to investigate insurance rates, 246.

Hall, G. Stanley, letter from, 89-90.

Hall, Mary E., addresses assn. on enlarging scope of library work in high schools, 197; participates in general discussion on subject, 198-9.

Hartwell, Mary A., reads paper by Sup't of Doc., 352; discussion, 358.

Hasse, Adelaide R., mem. public documents com., 241.

Hawks, Emma B., acts as sec'y Agricultural lib. sect., 258.

Henderson, C. R., letter from, 90.

Herrick, Robert, letter from, 90-1.

Hicks, F. C., presides College librarians round table, 319.

Hill, Frank P., letter from, regarding participation in Leipzig exposition, 238; mem. com. on international relations, 242; participates in fiction discussion, 255.

History, what can the library do to encourage the study of American?, 92-3.

Hobart, Frances, discusses work with schools, 199; discussion, 365.

Hodges, N. D. C., mem. com. on co-ordination, 242.

Hohoff, Mrs. A. W., presents paper on municipal reference work in N. Y., 382.

Hopkins, Julia A., sec'y Professional training sect., 352.

Hopper, F. F., "Administration of the catalog dep't from a librarian's point of view," 259-66.

Hosmer, Helen R., paper on the library of the research laboratory, General Electric Co., 383.

Hospitals. "Some problems of the institution library organizer in the state hospitals" (Jones), 369-73.

Hough, Emerson, letter from, 91.

Howe, Frederic C., letter from, 91-2.

Hunt, Clara W., "Values in library work with children," 275-82.

"Instruction in the use of a college library" (Salmon), 301-9; questionnaire sent out by A. L. A., 309.

Institutions, library work in charitable and penal. "Book influences for defectives and dependents" (Robinson), 177-82; "Some problems of the institution library organizer in the state hospitals" (Jones), 369-73.

Insurance rates for libraries, com. to investigate, 246.

International relations, com. on, 242.

"Immigrants as contributors to library progress" (Maltby), 150-4.

"Immigrant in the library" (Antin), 145-9.

Irwin, Jennie S., obituary, 102.

Irwin, Wallace, letter from, 92.

Jameson, J. F., letter from, 92-3.

Jast, L. Stanley, "Present conditions and tendencies of library work in Great Britain," 139-44; participates in fiction discussion, 256.

Jewett, W. K., obituary, 102.

Johnson, Clifton, letter from, 93.

Johnston, W. D., "Proposal for a catalog of university serial publications," 330; paper on relation between special and general libraries, 383.

Jones, Edith K., "Some problems of the institution library organizer in the state hospitals," 369-73.

Jordan, David Starr, letter from, 93.

Jusserand, J. J., letter from, 93-4.

Kerr, Willis H., "Normal schools and their relation to librarianship," 193-7; mem. of council, 246.

Keogh, Andrew, presides College and reference section, 300.

Kingsbury, N. C., presents paper on the library as a modern necessity, 382.

Kimball, Theodora, paper read by title, 383.

Kammerling, Edith, "A civics room in a medium sized town," 339-42.

Kiser, S. E., letter from, 94.

Koch, T. W., represents A. L. A. at Indiana meeting, 101; mem. com. on co-ordination, 242.

Kohlsaat, C. C., letter from, 94.

Krause, Louise B., "Libraries in business organizations; their expanding function," 215-8.

Labor saving devices, 133.

Lane, W. C., mem. com. on international relations, 242; mem. com. on co-ordination, 242.

Lapp, J. A., mem. public documents com., 241.

Larson, C. A., obituary, 102.

League of library commissions, proceedings, 364-82.

Lee, Gerald Stanley, letter from, 94-5.

Lee, Jennette, letter from, 95-6.

Legislative reference work, present status of (Lester), 199-202; "The law that stands the test" (Dudgeon), 206-10.

Legislative reference work. See also Municipal reference library.

Legler, Henry E., president of A. L. A., presides at sessions, _passim_; president's address, 73-82; represents A. L. A. at Ohio, Illinois-Missouri and South Dakota meetings, 101.

Leipzig exposition, rpt. of com. on international relations respecting participation in, 237-8; special com. on, appointed, 238-9.

Lester, C. B., "Present status of legislative reference work," 199-202.

Librarianship, ideal of, 95.

Libraries, rpt. of com. on relations between, and the municipality, 243-5.

Library administration, rpt. of com. on, 126-33; com. on, 241.

Library commissions, rpt. of com. on establishment of new (Budlong, chrm.), 374-6.

Library, instruction in the use of a college (Salmon), 301-9.

Library plans (rpt. of secretary), 101.

Library post, rpt. of com. on, 377-8.

Library post. See also Parcel post.

Library schools, co-operation of libraries with (Bacon), 347-50.

Library school instructors, account of the winter meetings of, 351-2.

Library schools, proposed examination of, 134-6.

Library schools, rpt. of the com. on methods of publicity for, 350.

Library schools, specialization and grading in (Plummer), 343-7.

Library schools, what college librarians can do for (Rathbone), 319-20.

Library training, rpt. of com. on, 134-6; com. on, 241.

Lighting, rpt. of com. on ventilation and, of library buildings, 245-6.

Lindholm, Marie F., presents paper at Special Lib. assn., 385.

Locke, G. H., mem. com. on co-operation with N. E. A., 241.

Luce, Robert, addresses Special libraries assn., 384.

McAneny, George, "The municipal reference library as an aid in city administration," 219-24.

McClelland, Maude, "Work of a high school branch," 295-6.

Maltby, Adelaide B., "Immigrants as contributors to library progress," 150-4.

"Man in the yards" (Rush), 154-8.

Martel, Charles, chrm. of Catalog section, 275.

Marvin, Cornelia, member of council, 236; mem. com. on library training, 241.

Massee, May, elected editor Booklist, 105.

Matthews, Brander, letter from, 96.

Mendenhall, Ida M., library instruction in normal schools, 374.

Merrill, W. S., presents rpt. for com. on code for classifiers, 238; discussion, 315.

Meyer, H. H. B., presents paper at Special libraries assn., 385.

Milam, C. H., presides at League of lib. com., 364.

Mitchell, S. Weir, letter from, 96.

Montgomery, T. L., mem. com. on federal and state relations, 242.

More, P. E., letter from, 96.

Moulton, J. G., "Post-conference trip," 386-91.

"Municipal reference library as an aid in city administration" (McAneny), 219-24.

Municipal reference library. See also Legislative reference library.

Municipal reference work. "A civics room in a medium-sized town," 339-42.

Municipal yearbook, rpt. on (Ranck), 385.

Municipality, rpt. of com. on relations between library and, 243-5.

Murray, Rose G., mem. com. on bookbinding, 242.

National Education Association, rpt. of com. on co-operation with, 125-6; com. on, 241.

Necrology. See A. L. A. necrology.

Negro. "What of the black and yellow races?" (Yust), 159-67.

Newberry, Marie A., mem. com. on co-operation with N. E. A., 241.

"Normal schools and their relation to librarianship" (Kerr), 193-7.

Oklahoma City, extends invitation for 1914 meeting, 238.

Organizing small libraries, round table on, 364-6.

Owen, T. M., mem. public documents com., 241; mem. com. on federal and state relations, 242.

Page, T. N., letter from, 96.

Parcel post for books, rpt. of com. on federal and state relations, 126.

Parcel post. See also library post.

Patterson, J. R., mem. com. on bookbinding, 242.

Pearson, E. L., "How to discourage reading," 230-6.

Pension systems (rpt. of secretary), 101.

Phelan, J. F., mem. travel com., 242.

Plummer, Mary W., mem. of council, 246; "Specialization and grading in library schools," 343-7.

Poole, F. O., mem. finance com., 241; presides Am. assn. of law lib., 362; addresses same, 362-3; president same, 364.

Post-conference trip (Moulton), 386-91.

Power, Effie L., presides at section on library work with children, 275.

Pratt Institute, library exhibit at, 182-3.

Prince, H. C., discussion, 309.

Prisons, libraries in, 366-9.

Professional training section, proceedings, 343-52.

Program com., 242.

Public documents, com. on, 241.

Public documents, resolutions concerning printing and distribution of, 256.

Public documents round table, 352-62.

Publication committee, rpt. of, 378-9.

Publicity, rpt. of the com. on methods of, for library schools, 350.

Publishing Board. See A. L. A. Publishing Board.

Putnam, Herbert, presents minute on J. S. Billings, 169; member of executive board, 236; chrm. com. on international relations, 242; mem. com. on co-ordination, 242.

"Quality of fiction"--symposium, 246-ff.

Questionnaires, 132-3.

Ranck, S. H., discusses proposed by-law to constitution, 168; discusses questionnaires, 183-4; "Making a library useful to business men," 210-4; mem. public documents com., 241; mem. com. to investigate insurance rates, 246; mem. of Council, 246; "The library's opportunities in vocational guidance," 296-9.

Rathbone, Josephine A., describes exhibit at Pratt Institute, 182-3; reviews "The great analysis," 236; "What college librarians can do for library schools," 319-20.

Reed, Amy L., acts as sec'y College and reference section, 300.

Reference librarians' round table, 330-42.

Reference work. "Scientific management, and the reference department as a bureau of information (Freeman)," 331-6.

Research work, college library and (Fletcher), 321-5.

Richardson, E. C., mem. com. on international relations, 242; discussion, 309, 315.

Rider, Mrs. Gertrude T., mem. com. on work with the blind, 242.

Robbins, Mary E., mem. of council, 246.

Robinson, Julia A., "Book influences for defectives and dependents." 177-82; mem. com. on work with the blind, 242; discusses prison libraries, 366-7.

Roden, C. B., reads letters at symposium, 82; rpt. as treasurer, 103.

Root, A. S., chrm. com. on library training, 241.

Ropes, W. L., obituary, 102.

Rural communities, library work in. "The woman on the farm" (Stearns), 173-6.

Rural school library, possibilities of the (Wilson), 291-4.

Rush, Charles E., "The man in the yards," 154-8.

Salmon, Lucy M., "Instruction in the use of a college library," 301-9.

Sawyer, Laura M., chrm. com. on work with the blind, 242.

Schaffer, C. W., mem. exec. com. Am. Assn. of law lib., 364.

Schwab, J. C., mem. com. on co-ordination, 242.

Schenk, F. W., serves as sec'y Public documents round table, 352; first v.p. Am. assn. of law lib., 364.

Scholefield, E. O. S., exec. com. Am. assn. of law lib., 364.

Schouler, James, letter from, 96-7.

Schools and libraries, co-operation between, 87-8; as civic centers, 91-2.

Schools, library work with, 193-ff.

Schools. "Possibilities of the rural school library" (Wilson), 291-4.

Schools. "Work of a high school branch" (McClelland), 295-6.

Scientific management, and the reference department as a bureau of information (Freeman), 331-6.

Secretary's report (Utley), 99-103.

Sears, Minnie E., "Cataloging for department libraries," 325-30.

Serial publications, proposal for a catalog of university (Johnston), 330.

Sheldon, E. W., trustee of endowment fund, 236.

Small, A. J., mem. public documents com., 241; mem. exec. com. Am. assn. of law lib., 364.

Smith, Faith E., "Changing conditions of child life," 184-8; mem. com. on library training, 241.

Smith, Laura, "Administration of a catalog dep't from a cataloger's point of view," 271-4.

Sneed, Mrs. Percival, participates in fiction discussion, 256.

Soule, C. C., obituary, 103; memorial resolution on, 169.

Special libraries association, proceedings, 382-6.

Specialization and grading in library schools (Plummer), 343-7.

State library, state-wide influence of the (Brown), 202-6.

Stearns, Lutie E., "The woman on the farm," 173-6; discusses prison libraries, 368.

Steiner, B. C., reviews Crispi's Memoirs, 236; chrm. com. on federal and state relations, 242; participates in fiction discussion, 254.

Stevens, E. F., "Working library for the artisan and the craftsman," 176-2.

Strohm, Adam, mem. com. on administration, 241.

Study outline com., rpt. of, 379-81.

Tarkington, Booth, letter from, 97.

Taylor, Nelson, obituary, 103.

Technology. "The working library for the artisan and the craftsman" (Stevens), 170-2.

Templeton, Charlotte, discusses prison libraries, 369.

Thomson, John, mem. of council, 246.

Thwaites, R. G., reads letters at symposium, 82.

Tomlinson, E. T., letter from, 97-8.

Travel committee, appropriation for expenses voted to, 239; membership of, 242.

Treasurer's report (Roden), 103.

Trowbridge, J. T., letter from, 98.

Tyler, Alice S., member of council, 236; mem. com. on library training, 241; congratulatory message to, 382.

Underhill, Ethel, sec'y sect. on library work with children, 300.

Use of a college library, instruction in the (Salmon), 301-9.

Utley, George B., rpt. of sec'y, 99-103; represents A. L. A. at Illinois-Missouri and Oklahoma meetings, 101; lectures before library schools, 102; mem. of program com., 242.

Ventilation and lighting of library buildings, rpt. of com. on, 245-6.

Vocational guidance, the library's opportunities in (Ranck), 296-9.

Wadlin, H. G., "The quality of fiction," 246-53.

Wallace, F. C., paper by, 352-8.

Wales, Elizabeth B., presents rpt. of com. on charter provisions, 376-7.

Walter, F. K., reviews Weyl, "The great democracy," 236; presides Professional training sect, 343.

Walton, G. M., "The friendly book," 224-9.

Warren, Althea H., reviews Antin, "The promised land," 236.

Warren, Irene, mem. com. on co-operation with N. E. A., 241.

Weitenkampf, Frank, "Art in the college library," 315-9.

Wellman, H. C., presents minute on C. C. Soule, 169; first vice-president of A. L. A., 236; resigns as non-official member of executive board, 238; mem. of program com., 242.

Whitlock, Brand, letter from, 98.

Whitney, E. L., treas. Am. assn. of law lib., 364.

Wildman, Bertha S., obituary, 103.

Wilson, H. W., paper on problems of printed indexes in special fields, 385.

Wilson, Martha, "Possibilities of the rural school library," 291-4; speaks on co-operation between library commissions and state boards of education, 374.

Windsor, P. L., "Account of the winter meetings of library school instructors," 351-2.

Winser, Beatrice, "Relation of the catalog dep't to other dep'ts," 268-70.

Wolcott, J. D., discussion, 309.

"Woman on the farm" (Stearns), 173-6.

Woodard, Gertrude E., sec'y Am. assn. of law lib., 364.

Wood, Harriet A., mem. com. on co-operation with N. E. A., 241.

Wootten, Katharine T., reviews Goldmark "Fatigue and efficiency," 236.

"Working library for the artisan and the craftsman" (Stevens), 170-2.

World of print and the world's work; president's address (Legler), 73-82.

Wynkoop, Asa, discusses prison libraries, 368-9.

Yust, W. F., "What of the black and yellow races?" 159-67.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Bold markup is enclosed in =equals=.

Sans serif font markup is enclosed in ~tildes~.

Assigned missing anchors for the second and third footnotes at the end of the table on p. 291.