Painting by Immersion and by Compressed Air: A Practical Handbook
CHAPTER XVI.
METAL SPRAYING.
Although the spraying of metal does not really come within the scope of this book, the process is so closely allied to paint spraying that it is considered advisable to devote a chapter to the subject, particularly as the perfected process is of very recent date, and bids fair to be used successfully in many industries. It should be stated at once that a metallic coating may be applied to practically any surface, and that almost any metal or alloy may be employed.
Stated briefly, the process consists in melting metal in the form of a rod or wire, by means of oxygen and coal gas, or other gas, depending upon the metal used. The molten metal is sprayed at a high pressure, and a surface may be quickly covered with the metal of any desired thickness. A remarkable fact concerning the process is that the metal is cooled to an extent that renders it possible to hold the hand in the jet so as to receive a coat of metal without inconvenience, and samples of wood and fabrics may be coated with metal without injury.
A moment of consideration will render it clear that there is an immense field for this process; for example, as aluminium can be sprayed, a lining of that metal might be given to brewers' and cooking utensils, etc., while tanks, barrels, reservoirs, intended to contain acids and oils, can also be treated. In the production of blocks for printing, in decorative work and mural decoration, there is an immense field, while ships' bottoms, instead of being painted with composition, can be copper-plated or sprayed with any other suitable metal, in order to prevent incrustation. No doubt some very beautiful effects can be produced by means of the process.
It will be convenient now to describe the machine used for the application of the metals. It consists of a pistol rather bulkier, but not unlike in form, the usual spraying apparatus, see Fig. 142.
In Fig. 143 is shown very clearly the construction of the sprayer, which it will be understood comprises a combined melting and spraying jet and a feed mechanism. The metal, in the form of rod or wire, is fed to the melting flame. This, as already stated, is formed by coal gas burned in the air, or oxygen, water gas, acetylene, hydrogen, etc., may be employed instead of the coal gas. The gases are supplied at such a pressure as to prevent blowing out and to ensure a highly deoxidizing flame. The spraying jet can be of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air, steam, etc., and it must be fed at such a pressure as to produce a sufficiently high velocity for successful coating. The usual gauges and reducing valves will, of course, be employed. The feeding of the wire is accomplished by a small pneumatic motor, driven by the spraying medium, either in series or parallel with the main jet. The dimensions of the wire nozzle, and feed mechanism vary with the different metals. To obtain a good adhesion between the metals being sprayed and the surface to which it is to be applied, the latter must be thoroughly clean and of an open nature, to give a key for the deposit. Sandblasting is sometimes employed to effect this.
Fig. 145 shows an enlargement of the nozzle with the different parts marked. The cost of the process is not prohibitive; the cost of the metal only on one square foot of a thickness of 0·001 inch is quite small with the cheaper metals. The process is put on the market by the British Metal Spray Co., Ltd., Queen Anne's Chambers, Tothill Street, Westminster, London, S.W.
In a paper read by Mr. R. K. Morcom before the Institute of Metals, the following interesting information was given:--
With a given design of jet there is only a certain volume left by the air-jet which can be filled with flame, and this flame has a limiting temperature which cannot be exceeded. The wire, passing through this cone of flame receives heat, partly by radiation, but chiefly by conduction, and becomes melted; but there is a definite limit to the amount of heat which can be picked up by the wire passing through the flame, and a definite limit to the rate at which it can be melted. This cannot be increased by forcing more gas into the flame, as the extra gas is merely blown away by the air-jet. It is possible to increase the rate of melting by shaping the nozzles so as to leave room for a larger cone of flame, and experiments are in progress on this point. There is, therefore, a most definite economical quantity of gas which should be used in the pistol, this quantity being about 1·5 cubic foot of hydrogen per minute, and 0·5 cubic foot of oxygen; or about 0·8 cubic foot of coal-gas to 0·65 cubic foot of oxygen for the present standard designs.
In refractory metals these quantities may be increased slightly, as a slightly higher temperature can be obtained if the burning gases are under a pressure greater than atmospheric, and this occurs if the gas quantities are increased, the inner surface of the air-jet acting to some extent as an enclosing wall to the flame. On the other hand, for the more easily fusible and oxidizable metals, such as tin, lead, and zinc, it is advisable to keep the gas quantities rather below the figure given, so as to avoid any possibility of overheating and burning any portion of the wire.
The outer jet performs a threefold purpose: it keeps the nozzles and wire cool, it cools the object, and it produces the requisite velocity.
The velocity of the air leaving the jet will be independent of the volume discharged, and depends only upon the pressure at the jet, so long as there is no disturbance due to the entraining of air from the surrounding atmosphere. This, of course, will actually occur in practice, and the layer of air must have a certain thickness in order to prevent its being broken up, and its velocity destroyed by mixing with the surrounding atmosphere.
As at present constructed the standard pistol uses about 0·55 to 0·6 cubic foot per minute for every 1 lb. per square inch air pressure, so that with an air supply at 80 lb. per square inch, which is a very suitable figure for ordinary spraying, the air consumption will be from 45 to 50 cubic feet per minute.
The bulk of this will be from 830 to 920 grammes, and the mass of metal sprayed by this air will be from about 8 grammes in the case of iron to about 200 grammes in the case of lead.
The action of deposition is probably a complex one. The minute particles of solid metal are driven with such force against the object that, in some cases, they fuse, but owing to their small relative size, are promptly chilled by the object to which they adhere. If any of the particles are molten or gaseous they will adhere. In addition, the suddenly chilled particles are possibly, or even probably, in the state of unstable equilibrium found in "Prince Rupert's Drops," and act like so many minute bombs, bursting on impact into almost molecular dimensions, and penetrating the smallest cracks and fissures of the object.
The process requires some care in manipulation, as, by varying the conditions, it is possible to spray porous or non-porous coatings, and, with some metals, anything from a pure metal to a pure oxide. With care, however, non-porous, oxide-free, adherent coatings can be produced, of almost any metal on almost any solid.
In addition to metals, it is possible to spray fusible non-metals, or, by stranded wires, alloys of metals or mixture of metals with non-metals.
The process is so new that its uses are still partly to be developed. But it is easy to see that it may have far-reaching value for protective coatings against weather or fire, for ornament, for electrical resistance and conductors, for the production of special alloys, for joint making, and for many other purposes.
Quite in a different category comes that of very fine casting. The surface of a pattern, polished or slightly greasy, is most minutely copied, and it is possible to produce process blocks very rapidly. It may be useful to line moulds before pouring in a metal. The application of the process to the production of very fine or coarse metallic powders is being investigated.
The bulk of the work has hitherto been carried on in laboratories, but the apparatus is gradually becoming used in the more progressive factories, where extended facilities, and the knowledge of specialised requirements, will ensure a rapid improvement in technique and results.
The research on the lower melting point metals has been greater than on the others, and undoubtedly the economy with them both can be greatly improved. Preheating of gases and air, supplementary flames acting in front of the main jet, and electrical methods of heating, are all still the subject of experiment.
The following metals are among those which have been successfully sprayed by this process:--Aluminium, brass, bronze, copper, cupro-nickel, iron, gold, nickel, silver, tin, zinc, lead.
It will be obvious that this method is a most useful one to employ when it is desired to prevent iron from rusting on machine parts which cannot possibly be treated by chemical or other anti-rust processes, and be rendered immune from rusting by treatment where they stand. To give some idea of the cost, it may be said that if the thickness of 0.001 of one inch of zinc is deposited, the cost of metal for coating 10 square feet would only be a fraction over 4d.; while for lead the cost would be about 2d. The amount of gas used is not a large item, being at the rate per minute of 0.50 cubic foot of oxygen and 0.55 cubic foot of coal gas when spraying zinc, and 0.101 cubic foot less in each case where lead is being used in the pistol. These figures are given on the authority of the "Daily Telegraph."
INDEX
PAGE
Accessories 121-133
Advantages of Dipping 22
Advantages of Dipping Piano Cases 46
Aerograph 81
Aerograph Air Pump and Tank Combined 118
Aerograph Electric Motor Outfit 83
Aerograph Spraying Cabinet 127
Aerograph Turntable 134
Aeron 85-87
Agitating Apparatus 9-15
Agricultural Implements, Dipping 58
Air Drying Enamels 180
Air-drying coloured Japans 157
Air Heater 137
Air Pump and Tank Combined 118
Air Pump for Large Installation 119
Air Transformer Set 93
Airostyle 97
Airostyle Air Compressor 115
Airostyle Central Draught Fan 125
Airostyle Plant 121
Airostyle Plants for 16 Operators on Small Work 155
Airostyle Plant Showing Ventilator 199
Alabastine 29
Apparatus for Dipping Piano Cases 42
Application of Stoving Enamels 179
Artistic Application of Paint Spraying 201
Artists' Type of Invincible Sprayer 107
Asbestine 73
Auto Electric Air Heater 137, 139
Auto Filter 93
Automatic Control of Drying Room 68
Automatic Electric Controller 111
Automatic Finishing of Pianos 42
Automobiles, Latest Method of Finishing 216
Baird Machine Co. 249
Baking Enamel 63
Baking Heats, Safe for Pigment Colours 187
Baking or Stoving, Hints on 180
Barytes, Precipitated 70
Baskets, Fancy 147
Bean Spray Pump Co. 247
Bearings, Paint Proof 13
Bedsteads 33
Bedsteads, Dipping 58
Bedsteads, White Work 184
Berkel and Parnall's Slicing Machine Co., Ltd. 167
Bin for Spraying Light Articles 148
Birmingham Small Arms Co. 147-164
Black Japan Finishes 183
Blinds for Paint Dipping Tank 10
Block and Tackle 93
Blooming of Varnish 68
Blues 205
Bone Black 70
Bookbinding 146
Brown, E. C. & Co. 246
Brown Sprayer with Extension Rod, The 246
Browns 207
Bronzing 194
Brush Graining 208
Brushing versus Spraying 193
Burnt Sienna 70
Cabinets 127
Cadby, G. & Sons 164
Cans, Painting by Dipping 7
Carriage Department, Woolwich Arsenal 54
Carriages 146
Carriers for Dipping Piano Cases 42
Casements 7, 37
Casements Dipping 60, 61, 65
Casements, Steel 60
Celluloid Buttons 3
Celluloid Varnish, Recipe for 150
Central Draught Fan 125
Chicago White Lead and Oil Co. 188
China Clay 73
China Fruit Dish Decorated with the Airostyle 217
Cleaning Metal Parts 41
Coach Body Painting 55
Coal Box, Metal Decoration done by Airostyle 241
Coats of Paint, number 21
Collapsible Gates 33
Colour Glazing 202
Colour on Bedsteads 33
Colour Specimens, Spraying 153
Colour Varnishes, Transparent 184
Coloured Enamels 59
Compressed Air, Painting by 78
Compressed Air, Supply of 113
Compressor for Airostyle Plant 165
Concentric Form of Spray 79
Construction of Airostyle 98
Cost of Paint Dipping Plant 2
Cover for Tank 11
Crabs 18
Crane Eureka 103
Crane Record 104
Crittall Manufacturing Co. 60
Cycle Frames 197
Cycle Parts 146
Davis Gas Stove Co., Ltd. 161, 165
Decorative Work, an Example of Sprayed 261
Deed Boxes 38
Demar Varnish 75
Designs for Lamp Shades Done by Spraying 203
De Vilbiss Air Compressor 115
De Vilbiss Auto Cool Fan 125
De Vilbiss Fumexer or Spraying Cabinet 131
De Vilbiss Manufacturing Co. 85
Diogrammatic Representation of Melting and Spraying Jets in Action 259
Different Trades in Spraying, Requirements of 33, 141
Dipping and Spraying Compared 197
Dipping and Spraying Paints Compared 188
Dipping Casements 61, 65
Dipping Paints 7, 70, 72
Dipping Process, Advantages of 22
Dipping, Quantity of Paint Required for 77
Dipping Sewing Machine Parts 34
Dipping Tanks 57
Dipping Troughs 238
Dripping Platform 9
Driving Gear for Tank 14
Drying Room, Model 67
Durability of Dipping Paints 1
Dust, Excluding 64
Electric Controller 111
Electric Hoist for Heavy Goods 27
Electric Motor Outfit 83
Electrical Work 147
Elevation of Spraying Plant 199
Enamel, Stoving 63
Enamelling, Slate 152
Enamels 179
Enamels, Air Drying 180
Enamels for Steel Furniture 183
Enamels, Heat Resisting and Slow Drying 180
Enamels, Stoving 178
Eureka Spraying Machine 103
Evaporation of Turpentine 77
Evolution of Spraying Apparatus 78
Exhaust 113
Exhaust Installation 122
Fan, Central Draught 104, 124
Fancy Baskets 147
Files 38
Filler for Iron 26
Filler, Harland's 29
Finishing of Pianos 42, 43
Finishing Room 53
Flash Point of Turpentine 76
Fletcher, Russell & Co., Ltd. 167
Floco Process 223
Flowing-on System 25, 216
Ford Motor Co., Ltd. 54, 59, 216
Four Oaks Spraying Machine Co. 247
Freight Car, Painting 250
Frieze, a Sprayed 267
Furniture, Metal 38
Fumexer 86, 129, 135
Gas Fires 197
Gas Meter Co., Ltd. 172
Gas Meters, Masks for 142
Gas Meters, Spraying 148, 171
Gas Light and Coke Co. 171, 181, 185, 191
Gas Stoves and Ranges 149
Gasometer, Painting 83
Gates, Collapsible 33
Gear Box, Paint Proof 13
Gibbons, James 58
Gittings, Hills and Boothby, Ltd. 168
Glazing Colours 202, 205
Gloss Paint 71
Goodyear Stove, a Typical 237
Golden Ochre 70
Graining and Scumbling 208
Graining Grounds 212
Grays 207
Greens 207
Hanger, Iron 34, 38
Hanging Apparatus 16
Hard Wood, Primers for 74
Hard Wood, White Dip for 75
Harland, Wm. & Sons 29
Harrison, McGregor & Co. 58
Hart Patent Mask 143
Hayward Bros. & Eckstein, Ltd. 60
Heat of Drying Room 69
Heat Resisting and Slow Drying Enamels 180
Heavy Goods, Hoist for 27
Henley's Telegraph Works, Ltd. 147
Hickory Wheels 54
Hints on Stoving or Baking 180
Hoist for Heavy Goods 27
Hoists 18
Holden, Arthur & Co, Ltd. 167
Holes in Woodwork, Stopping 29
Hook for Suspending 17, 64
Hot Air Method 235
Illingworth on White Spirit 76
Imitating Marbles 210
Imitation Wood Effects 183
Immersing Mangle Frames 35
Immersion, Painting by 7, 11
Implement Manufacturers 14
Indian Red 70
Introduction 1
Invincible Sprayer 105
Iron, Filler for 26
Iron Hanger 38
Iron Rods 34
Iron Sashes 7
Iron Window Frames 37
Italian Raw Sienna 70
Joist and Wheels Supplying Hanger 16
Kerosene Oil 75
Kettle Type of Spray 78
Khaki Paint 57
Kingsbury Manufacturing Co, Ltd. 168
Lacquers for Spraying 80
Lacquers, Paints, etc, for Spraying 177
Lamp Shades, Designs done by Spraying 203
Lime and Whitewash Sprayers 241
Limewashing by Machine with 8ft. Bamboo Pole 245
Limewhite Sprayer, Merryweathers 247
Location of Work Cabinets 127
Lockers 38
Lowering Piano Cases into the Varnish Tank 47
Lucas, John & Co. 188
Lucas, Joseph, Ltd. 160, 169, 173, 175, 181
Machine for Metal Spraying 256
Making Stencils 144
Mander Brothers 154
Mangle Frames Immersing 35
Marble Grounds 210
Marshall Sons & Co, Ltd. 59
Mask Hart Patent 143
Masks and Stencils 141
Masks for Gas Meters 142
Masury, John W. & Son 189
McLennan System 9
Melting and Spraying Jets in Action 259
Merryweather Limewhite Sprayer 247
Metal Decoration 241
Metal Furniture 38
Metal Goods 38
Metal Motor Parts 41
Metal, Primers for 74
Metal Sheets, Dipping 58
Metal Sprayer, Details of 257
Metal Spraying 255
Metal Spraying Machine 256
Metal, White Dipping for 75
Midland Sprayer 108
Model Drying Room 67
Moller and Schumann Co. 180
Morris, Herbert, Limited 21
Morris Standard Electric Trolley Hoist 23
Motor Bodies, The Floco System of Painting 224
Motor Car Shops 231
Motor Outfit for Spraying 83
Motor Parts, Metal 41
Motor Wheels 54
Objections sometimes urged against Spraying 194
Ochre 70
Office Partitions 60
Oil and Water Separator 111
Oil in Dipping Paints 72
Oxford Ochre 70
Oven Baking Methods 232
Overhead Rails 57
Paasche Air Brush 109
Paasche Automatic Electric Controller 111
Paasche Motor Driven Fan 124
Paasche Turn-Table 135
Paint Dipping 7
Paint Dipping Plant, Cost of 2
Paint Dipping, Simple Form of 7
Paint Dipping Tank 10
Paint for Casements 37
Paint for Metal Work 41
Paint for Wagons 57
Paint, Number of Coats 21
Paint Proof Bearings 13
Paint Sprayer, Portable 250
Paint Spraying Apparatus Used by the Pennsylvania Railroad 252
Paint Spraying, Artistic Application of 201
Paint, Supply of 113, 122
Paint Tank 8
Painting a Freight Car 250
Painting by Compressed Air 78
Painting by Immersion 7, 11
Painting Gasometer 83
Painting Motor Bodies the Floco System of 224
Painting Motor Wheels 54
Paints Durability of 1
Paint for Dipping 70
Paints, Spreading Capacity of 77
Part End Elevation of Plant for 12 Operators 159
Pennsylvania Railroad Company 250
Perkins System of Heating 235
Phillips & Son 58
Philorite 30
Piano Cases, Lowering into the Varnish Tank 47
Pianos, Finishing of 39
Pickling Metal Parts 41
Picture Frames 149
Picture Mouldings 149
Piece Work 145
Pigment Colours, Safe Baking Heats for 187
Pinchin Johnson's Drying Room 68
Plants, Some Typical 54, 158
Platform, Dipping 9
Portable Paint Sprayer for Railing and other Work 250
Precipitated Barytes 70
Preparing Wood Before Painting 25
Pressure in Spraying 80
Primers and Surfacers 235
Primers for Metal 71
Primers for Soft Wood 74
Protecting Parts not to be Painted 24
Prussian Blue 70
Purifying Air 114
Quantity of Paint Required for Dipping 77
Raido process 232
Rails and Hanging Apparatus 16
Rails for Overhead 57
Railway Work, Portable Paint Sprayer for 250
Raw Sienna 70
Recipe for Celluloid Varnish 150
Record Pistol 97, 99
Reds 205
Reducing Varnish 87
Requirements of Special Trades 33, 141, 145
Rims and Wheels 41
Rods, Iron 34
Rubbing Down 30
Safe Baking Heats of Pigment Colours 187
Scrubbing Air 114
Scumbling and Colour Glazing 202
Scumbling and Graining 208
Second Coat Dipping Paints 74
Sectional Drawing of Metal Spraying Machine 258
Sewing Machine Parts, Dipping 34
Shaded Effects produced by Spraying 213
Shaded Work by the Aerograph 263
Shafting for Tank 14
Sheets Metal Dipping 38, 58
Shellac Spraying 87
Ships' Hulls Spraying 151
Spraying Plant, Elevation of 199
Spraying, Quantity of Paint Required 77
Spraying Requirement of Different Trades 121
Spraying Ships' Hulls 151
Spraying versus Brushing 193
Staircases 7
Standard Hydraulic Immersion System 42
Standard Varnish Co 42
Steel Casements 60
Steel Furniture Enamels 183
Steel Implements 197
Steel Office Partitions 60
Steel Plate Fan 125
Steel Sheets 1, 12
Steel Wheels 41
Steel Wool for Rubbing Down 30
Stencils and Masks 141
Stencils, Making 144
Stirrers and Blinds for Paint Dipping Tank 10
Stopping Holes in Woodwork 29
Stove, a Typical Goodyear 237
Stoving Blacks 179
Show Card Done by Spraying 69, 209, 225, 239
Shop Fronts 60
Side Elevation of Plant for 12 Operators 158
Skylights 60
Slate Enamelling 152
Sliding Doors 60
Soft Wood, White Dip for 75
Soft Woods, Primers for 74
Spray, Concentric Form of 79
Sprayed Decorative Work, An Example 261
Spraying and Dipping Compared 197
Spraying and Dipping Paints Compared 188
Spraying Apparatus for Painting Freight Cars 252
Spraying Apparatus, Types of 81
Spraying Cabinets 127
Spreading Capacity of Paints 77
Spraying Colour Specimens 153
Spraying Metal 255
Spraying, Objections Sometimes Urged Against 194
Spraying Plant, Cost of 2
Stoving Enamel 63, 178
Stoving or Baking, Hints on 180
Stoving Temperatures 187
Stoves, Notes on the Construction of 235
Sub Frame for Tank 14
Supply of Compressed Air 113
Supply of Paint 122
Suspending Hook 64
Table Cover Decorated with the Airostyle 219
Tank and Air Pump Combined 118
Tanks for Dipping 57
Tank for Dipping Metal Windows 63
Tank for Painting Steel Sheets 12
Tank Paint 8
Tank, Special Form of 9
Tank Used in Flowing on Paint 222
Tapered Cans 7
Temperatures for Stoving 187
Test for White Spirit 76
Three Tank Plant 15
Thornley and Knight, Ltd. 157
Time Saving 1
Toys 1
Trade, Requirements of Different 33
Tramcars 154
Transparent Colour Varnishes 184
Trolley Hoist 19
Troughs 41
Tumbling Barrel Process 248, 249
Turkey Umber 70
Turn-Tables 129, 130, 134
Turpentine, Flash Point of 76
Type G Aeron 68
Types of Spraying Apparatus 81
Typical Hoist 19
Typical Plants, Some 54, 158
Ultra Airostyle 101
Umber 70
Varnish, Quantity Required for Piano Cases 46
Varnishes for Spraying 80, 177
Varnishes, Transparent Colour 184
Venetian Red 70
Ventilation of Paint Shop 67
Ventilator for Plant 123
Volume of Air in Spraying 80
Wagons, Painting 54
Wagons, Store Room 61
Wells, A. C. & Co. 244
Wheels, Rims of 41
White Dipping for Meta 75
White Paint for Dipping 71
White Paste Primer 75
"White Paints and Painting Materials" 72
White Spirit 76
White Work Bedsteads, etc. 33, 184
Whitewash Sprayers 241
Whitewashing Machines 78
Whiting 73
Wilkinson, Heywood and Clark 11
Willys-Overland Automobile Factory 228
Winch 18
Window Frames, Iron 37
Wood Effects, Imitation 183
Woodwork Preparing before Painting 25
Woodwork, Stopping Holes in 29
Woolwich Arsenal, Carriage Department 54
Woolwich Arsenal Store Room 61
Work Cabinets 127
Yellows 206
Zinc Oxide 73
Zinc Stencils 145
_ADVERTISEMENTS._
STANDARD VARNISH WORKS.
Consulting Specialists respecting, and Manufacturers of every class of Varnish for all Industrial purposes INSULATING VARNISHES, CARRIAGE, AUTOMOBILE, MARINE & DECORATORS' VARNISHES, etc.
Patentees of the new STANDARD HYDRAULIC IMMERSION SYSTEM described on pages 42-53 of this publication.
Correspondence invited from responsible houses:
NEW YORK ELM PARK, STATEN ISLAND. CHICAGO 2,600 FEDERAL STREET. TORONTO INTERNATIONAL VARNISH Co., Ltd. BRUSSELS 26, RUE GAUCHERET. PARIS 34, RUE DE CHABROL. MELBOURNE 479, COLLINS STREET. LONDON 27, BEVIS MARKS, E.C.
THE AIROSTYLE
THE ONE COMPLETE & EFFICIENT SYSTEM OF COMPRESSED AIR PAINTING, JAPANNING, VARNISHING, Etc.
Manufactured throughout by
The AIROSTYLE & LITHOS, Ltd.,
35, St. Bride Street, Ludgate Circus,
TELE PHONE: 12025 CENTRAL. GRAMS: STAINLESS, LONDON. London, E.C.
THE
AIROSTYLE
COMPRESSED AIR
PAINTING PLANTS
ARE IN DAILY USE
at the Leading Works for
Motor Cars, Side Cars, etc. Gas Meters Gas Fires, Radiators, etc. Kitchen Ranges, Grates, etc. Cycles and Motor Cycles Cycle and Motor Accessories Carriage Lamps Leather Manufactures Buttons Toys Baby Carriages Sewing Machines China and Glass Electrical Apparatus Scientific Instruments Constructional Work Horticultural Buildings, etc. Tinplate Work Munitions General Japanned Goods Porcelain Enamelled Goods Advertising Signs Textile Productions Rubber Goods Typewriters Tiles
etc., etc., etc., etc.
Manufactured throughout by
The AIROSTYLE & LITHOS, Ltd.,
35, St. Bride Street, Ludgate Circus,
TELE PHONE: 12025 CENTRAL. London, E.C. GRAMS: STAINLESS, LONDON.
PECORA
FIRST COATERS, FINISHING COATS & THINNERS FOR USE BY THE IMMERSION (DIPPING) PROCESS OR APPLICATION BY COMPRESSED AIR (SPRAY) ARE THE RESULT OF
1st.--Theoretical Combinations of pigments and vehicles.
2nd.--Careful _practical_ test of these combinations and changes to meet given requirements.
3rd.--Close study of the finished article to determine durability.
4th.--Twenty-five years experience in the production of special finishes, which must meet unusually severe conditions.
Our Experimental Laboratory is equipped with a complete dipping, spraying and baking plant, and is at the service of any interested person.
We would be glad to finish samples of your product along any desired lines, or to follow out our own ideas as to the most desirable method.
PECORA PAINT COMPANY.
4th & Erie Ave. Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A.
Est. 1862 by Smith Bowen. Incorporated 1911.
ARE YOU USING
"AEROGRAPH" SPRAYS
_FOR_
Plain Painting, Decorating, Japanning, Enamelling, Varnishing and Lacquering. Also for Distempers of all kinds. Five times Faster than any other Method.
Stationary and Portable Painting Outfits
_PERFECT CONTROL. SUPERIOR RESULTS._
THE AEROGRAPH CO., LTD.
43, HOLBORN VIADUCT, LONDON, E.C.
BRITISH AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENT CONTRACTORS.
_CRANE'S SPRAYERS_
For ENAMELS, PAINTS, LACQUERS, VARNISHES, ETC., ARE
--THE GREATEST ECONOMISERS OF TIME-- MATERIAL & LABOUR EXTANT--The Handiest and most Efficient yet Devised and further
They ENSURE the Best Results.
Write for details:
FREDK. CRANE CHEMICAL Co.,
Bordesley Green, B'HAM.
W. GOODYEAR & Sons,
SPECIALISTS IN:
_Enamelling Stoves_
_for_
WRITE FOR CATALOGUE.
If you will come to Homerton to see a practical demonstration of the finishing of your own products by the economical Spraying process, our facilities are at your service without charge or obligation. Those facilities are: a fully equipped spraying plant--probably the first spraying expert in the Kingdom--and a range of spray paints covering the entire process from Filler to Varnish coat, perfected by experience. We specialise too in paints for Dipping and shall be glad to demonstrate to you the economy of either or both.
Berger's Spray Paints & Dipping Paints.
Lewis Berger & Sons, Ltd.
Makers of Paints, Colours & Varnishes,
HOMERTON, LONDON, N.E.
Branches--Paris, Copenhagen, Sydney, Wellington, Bombay, New York.
PNEUMATIC SPRAYING
OF PAINTS, ENAMELS, LACQUERS, VARNISHES, RUBBER SOLUTION, &c.
If you use any of the above in quantities you cannot afford to be without a
PNEUMATIC SPRAYING PLANT.
BETTER FINISH, SMALLER BILLS for material, much cheaper production.
The Midland Pneumatic Spraying Plant is the product of practical Engineers and is ALL BRITISH.
LET US DEMONSTRATE ITS POSSIBILITIES AND ADVISE YOU.
Wire--Blast, Birmingham; 'Phone--Central 5463; or write--
The MIDLAND FAN Co., Ltd., 46, Aston Road, BIRMINGHAM.
SPECIALISTS FOR
SPRAYING, DIPPING & STOVING VARNISHES & PAINTS.
G. H. & B., Ltd., will be pleased to show their Spraying Installation to any firm desirous of seeing and testing same--customers' own material sprayed.
DIPPING TANKS loaned to customers to enable adequate tests to be made.
DO YOU WANT TO
SAVE MONEY ?
Then take up the most economical methods of painting, viz.,
DIPPING AND SPRAYING.
Gittings, Hills & Boothby, Ltd.,
Varnish and Paint Manufacturers,
LONG ACRE, BIRMINGHAM.
And at 82, TURNMILL STREET, LONDON. E. C.
_One Man with the Aeron is worth 2 to 10 without_
There is not only this 50 to 90% saving in time and labour, because of the speed that is possible with the AERON SYSTEM of spraying, but there is also produced a better quality of finish than is obtainable with any other method. The surface is absolutely uniform, smooth and even of thickness. It is free from all sags, runs, thin spots or fatty edges.
The AERON SYSTEM is simple and easy to operate. Ordinarily inaccessible places, and carved and irregular surfaces, are quickly and uniformly finished.
The AERON SYSTEM installed in your finishing room will produce the utmost in results at the lowest possible cost.
Address:
The DeVilbiss Manufacturing Co.
71 Newman St., Oxford St., London, W., Eng.: Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.
Finish Your Products, Large or Small, Wood or Metal, with the
The AERON SYSTEM of applying varnishes, enamels, shellacs, lacquers, japans, bronzes, and practically every kind of finishing material, on wood and metal products with compressed air, is the result of extensive painting and mechanical experience, and a comprehensive study of finishing problems.
The AERON SYSTEM is complete in every detail. Every angle and problem of the application of finishing materials is successfully met with a thoroughness and positiveness--with a certainty of greater quality, speed, economy and efficiency--by this SYSTEM. There is a wide variety of "best type" Aerons and Accessory Equipment, meeting all requirements and enabling the operator to obtain striking results.
Let us send you full and interesting particulars, --and a booklet of equipment facts.--
Address:
The DeVilbiss Manufacturing Co.
71 Newman St., Oxford St., London, W., Eng.: Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.
Telegrams--Varnish, Birmingham.
ARTHUR HOLDEN & SONS, Ld.
(Established nearly a Century)
Bradford Street, BIRMINGHAM.
Specialists in Spraying Finishes for every Trade.
Spraying Paints, Enamels, Japans, Varnishes, Varnish Paints, etc.,
FOR STOVING OR SELF-DRYING IN ALL COLOURS AND QUALITIES.
TRADES ALREADY SUPPLIED:--
Photographic, Optical, Electrical & Surgical Apparatus Manufacturers. Bicycles, Motor Bodies, Motor and Cycle accessories. Steel Toys, Wood Toys, Lamps, Iron Fittings. Mail Carts, Radiators, Trunks, Weighing Machines, Scales, etc., etc.
The DeVilbiss Aeron
The most Efficient and Flexible :: Spraying Machine. ::
Sold by
LLEWELLYN RYLAND, LTD.,
BIRMINGHAM.
Manufacturers of
LACQUERS, PAINTS, JAPANS AND VARNISHES,
Suitable for Spraying.
Wells' "Lightning" Lime & Colour Washer.
A Great SAVING of TIME, LABOUR AND MONEY.
NO OUTSIDE POWER REQUIRED. OVER 5,000 SOLD.
SAVES its Cost in a Few Days
LIME, WHITING, or COLD WATER PAINTS
applied at a speed of from 10 to 20 square yards per minute, in a manner superior to brushwork. One coat with the machine on rough surfaces is equal to two applied with brushes.
ENLARGED PATTERNS.
REDUCED PRICES.
No. 6a--Small Size, fed from pail, 5 gallons £5 5 0 " 4--8 gallons £8 5 0 " 4a On Wheels, same capacity £9 0 0 " 5a--On Wheels, 12 gallons £11 5 0
A. C. WELLS & CO., MIDLAND ROAD, ST. PANCRAS, LONDON.
Works--Carnarvon Street, MANCHESTER.
THE
PERKINS CLOSED SYSTEM
OF
HEATING BY HOT WATER
FOR
ENAMELLING, JAPANNING, DRYING, etc.
_Schemes & Estimates Submitted Free of Charge._
PERKINS, ENGINEERS, LTD.,
KINGSWAY HOUSE, KINGSWAY, W.C.
_Telephone No._ _Telegraphic Address--_ _482 Gerrard._ _"Arktos" Westcent, London._
"PAINT & COLOUR MIXING."
By ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS.
5th EDITION, REVISED & ENLARGED.
A Practical Handbook for Painters, Decorators, Artists, and all who have to mix colours.
Containing 300 samples of actual oil and water paints and water colours of various colours, including the principal graining grounds and upwards of 600 different colour mixtures, with instructions on colour and paint mixing generally, testing colours, &c., &c.
With fourteen coloured plates.
Contents.--Paints and Colour Mixing, Colours or Stainers, How to learn to mix and match colours, Reds and how to mix them, Blues and how to mix them, Yellows and how to mix them, Greens and how to mix them, Browns and how to mix them, Greys and Greys, White and Blacks, Black Japan in colour mixing, Glazing, Graining grounds and Graining colours, Mixing paints and colours on the manufacturing scale, Water paints, Distempers, Artists' water colours and how to mix them, testing colours, notes on harmony, The proportions of materials, Notes, &c.
POST FREE 5/4.
E. & F. N. SPON, Ltd., 57, Haymarket, S.W.
THE PAINTERS' POCKET BOOK.
By ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS.
Many thousands of copies of this exceedingly useful book have been sold.
3s. 3d. Post Free.
_SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS._
Simple methods for Painters' materials.
Behaviour of different pigments.
How to measure Painters' work.
Painters' Prices for all kinds of Paint work, Sign Writing, Varnishing, Gilding, Enamelling, Marbling, Graining, Paperhanging, etc., etc.
Many Miniature Stencils which can be submitted to clients for their selection and afterwards be increased in size.
Ribbons for Church Decoration.
Defects in Painting and how to remedy them.
Colours and how to mix them.
Hints on Practical Geometry and setting out of work.
Symbols and Emblems in Church Decoration, on Flags, in Heraldry, etc.
Poisoning and remedies.
Concise Dictionary of terms used in Painting, Building, Architecture, Art, Applied Chemistry, etc., etc., with many illustrations.
Hints on Paperhanging.
Tables for Wallpapers, English, French, and American.
Table for ceiling papers.
Table of superficial yards.
Table of materials required according to the surface to be painted.
Roman Numerals.
Table for calculating the price of Linseed Oil and Turpentine.
Wages Table.
The Orders, Greek and Roman.
Table of Prices.
Table of discounts and percentages.
Colours and Pigments, permanent and otherwise.
Linseed Oil--percentage required for grinding dry Pigments.
How oils are sold.
How far paints will spread.
Mensuration.
English and American gallons.
Specific gravity.
Table of Thermometrical degrees.
Superficial contents of squares of glass.
Ready reckoner.
Notes of Insurance.
Table of Pigments, etc., etc.
THE TRADE PAPERS PUBLISHING CO., LTD., 365, Birkbeck Bank Chambers, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.
PRACTICAL BOOKS FOR PAINTERS.
Post Free.
PAINT AND COLOUR MIXING. A Practical Handbook for Painters, Decorators, Artists, and all who have to mix colours. Containing 300 samples of actual oil and water colours. By Arthur Seymour Jennings 5/4
HOUSE PAINTING AND DECORATION. A popular guide, by Arthur Seymour Jennings 2/3
PRACTICAL CHURCH DECORATION. A guide to the Design and Execution of Decoration of Churches, Chapels and Ecclesiastical Structures. By Arthur Louis Duthie 3/3
SCUMBLING AND COLOUR GLAZING, illustrated with 48 examples of glazed work. By Andrew Millar 3/3
ZINC OXIDE AND ITS USES. By J. Cruickshank Smith 2/3
PRACTICAL GILDING, BRONZING, LACQUERING AND GLASS EMBOSSING. Illustrated by actual examples of Gilded and Lacquered Relief and other Decorations. By F. Scott-Mitchell 3/3
THE PAINTERS' AND BUILDERS' POCKET BOOK. By Arthur Seymour Jennings. Consists of 252 pages, containing a large amount of information of the greatest use to Painters and Builders 3/3
DECORATORS' SYMBOLS, EMBLEMS AND DEVICES. By G. C. Rothery 3/3
GRAINING AND MARBLING, THE PRACTICAL ARTS OF. By James Petrie. Each plate measures 17-1/2 × 11-1/2 and gives the different stages of the work. Published in 14 parts at 2/6 each, or bound volume 25/-
Office of "THE DECORATOR," 365, Birkbeck Bank Chambers, High Holborn, London, W.C.
PRACTICAL BOOKS FOR PAINTERS.
Post Free.
STENCILS AND STENCILLING. For all purposes, Artistic and Decorative. 154 pages of designs. By Arthur Louis Duthie 3/3
PAINT AND PAINTING DEFECTS, their Detection, Cause and Cure. By J. Cruickshank Smith 3/3
PAINTERS' BUSINESS BOOK. A manual of up-to-date methods of obtaining business, submitting Estimates, Book-keeping, Buying and Testing materials, etc., with many tables. By C. E. Oliver 3/3
CLARK'S BOOK OF ALPHABETS, two parts. For Signwriters, Designers, Decorators, and Draughtsmen, each 1/2
HEWETT'S DISTINCTIVE LETTERING AND DESIGNS 1/2
KAEMMERER'S LETTER BOOK. Containing several hundred alphabets in 140 plates, together with descriptive text 18/6
THE ART OF SHOW CARD WRITING. By C. J. Strong. Contains many beautiful Designs 10/-
STRONG'S BOOK OF DESIGNS. Invaluable to the Signpainter, Show Card Writer, etc. Containing, in addition to Posters, Show Cards, Ribbons, etc., 33 pages of ornamental work in Colour 20/-
ATKINSON'S SIGN PAINTING, replete with original Designs, Colour Combinations, etc. 12/7
GRAINING, ANCIENT AND MODERN. By Wm. E. Wall 12/4
Office of "THE DECORATOR," 365, Birkbeck Bank Chambers, High Holborn, London, W.C.
THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF
The London Association of Foremen Engineers. The Leeds Association of Engineers. The Stoke-on-Trent Engineers' Association.
Sixpence a Copy.
_THE_
_"Managing Engineer."_
Five Shillings a Year.
PUBLISHED BY
THOMAS TOFTS, 93 & 94, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.
Transcribers Notes:
Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.
Fig 125. Design for Show Card is wrongly shown to be on page 223 in the list of illustrations. This has been corrected to page 233.
In the index 'Sheets Metal Dipping 40, 58', has been altered to 38, 58. Page 40 was a blank page and page 38 is near and in context but maybe an inaccurate alteration.
Both middle and modern decimal points are used.
Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.
Bold type is shown thus: =shout=.
Small capitals have been capitalised.
The caret character (^) has been used to denote superscript.