CHAPTER XI

ADDITIONAL TESTS AT ATLANTIC CITY AND PITTSBURG

A series of new test panels to take the place of those panels which were condemned and subsequently removed from the Atlantic City and Pittsburg fences, were painted and exposed during June, 1909. These new test panels are of white pine, this wood having been selected by the joint inspection committee as offering the best condition for future tests. The method used in painting these panels was the same as in the previous tests, together with the adoption of certain refinements in the reductions, application, etc. Thirty-six formulas were selected with careful regard to the percentage of components, including several paints containing lithopone combined with whiting and zinc oxide,[25] two pigments which gave promise of supporting the lithopone for outside use. Some of these lithopone paints contained special vehicles which it was thought would prevent the destructive action which lithopone seems to have upon linseed oil. In order to obtain a criterion of the value of the new formulas applied, as against the wearing of straight white leads, the original white leads used in the previous tests were included, and other brands were added. Each formula was painted out in white, yellow, and gray, upon panels of white pine wood arranged in sequence upon the fence, and properly identified. The customary opacity test, in the form of a small black square, was stencilled over the priming coat of each panel, as in the former tests. The composition of the vehicle in all the new tests was standard, using pure linseed oil with a small percentage of turpentine drier. The tints used in each formula were secured at the time of application by the use of standard colors, lampblack, and medium chrome yellow, using an approximate amount for each formula.

[25] A brief study of the theory of solutions (See Cushman and Gardner on "Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel"), involving the modes of iron formation, will be invaluable to the student who is inquiring into the cause of the peculiar fogging of lithopone, with the idea in view of correcting this evil by physical or chemical treatment. Inasmuch as our observations thus far have led us to believe that the fogging of lithopone takes place in the presence of moisture, with the contributory and necessary action of chemically active rays from the sun or other source, it is fair to assume that under these conditions the insoluble molecule of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate reverts by intricate molecular disturbance and ionization back to the soluble barium sulphide and zinc sulphate from which the lithopone is formed by metathesis. If this be true, then the acid nature of these soluble salts is no doubt combated and overcome at the moment of formation by the basic nature of zinc oxide and calcium carbonate, which tend to ionize to an alkaline reaction. The value of zinc oxide and calcium carbonate in lithopone paints as detergents of blackness, has been demonstrated at both Atlantic City and Pittsburg." H. A. G.

An inspection of these new tests was made during June, 1910, and the results of the inspection are shown on pages 178 to 181. The results of the inspection prove that it is unsafe to use lithopone in a paint containing white lead of any type, early darkening and failure being shown in every case where such a combination existed. The formulas in the new test, which were properly balanced and which had a low percentage of lithopone combined with zinc oxide and whiting, presented in some cases very good surfaces. A rough, sandy surface, however, was shown where lithopone was used in any great quantity.

TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1909

RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF ATLANTIC CITY TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910

===============================================+ FORMULAS | --+-----------------------+--------------------+ F | | | o | | | r |Basic Carbonate | | m |White Lead | | u | |Zinc Oxide | | l | | |Basic Sulphate | | a | | |White Lead | INERT PIGMENTS | | | | |Precipi- +--------------------+ N | | | |tated |Calcium Carbonate | u | | | |White Lead | |Silica | m | | | | |Zinc | | |Asbestine | b | | | | |Lead | | | |China Clay| e | | | | | |Li- | | | | |Barytes| r | | | | | |tho-| | | | | |Blanc| | | | | | -pone| | | | | +-Fixe| --+----+--+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+--+----+ | % | %| %| %| %| %| %| %| %| %| %| % | 1| -- |--| 45| --| --| 40|15| --|--|--|--| -- | 2| -- |--| 45| --| --| 40|--| 15|--|--|--| -- | 3| -- |45| --| --| --| 45|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 4| -- |--| 45| --| --| 45|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 5| -- |40| --| --| --| 40|20| --|--|--|--| -- | 6| -- |--| 45| --| --| 35|--| --|20|--|--| -- | 7| 50 |--| --| --| 36| --|--| --| 2| 8| 4| -- | 8| -- |--| 50| --| --| 36|--| --| 2| 8| 4| -- | 9| -- |--| 50| --| --| 36|--| --| 2|--|12| -- | 10| -- |36| 50| --| --| --|--| --| 2| 8| 4| -- | 11| 28 |55| --| --| --| --|--| --| 3|--| 7| 7 | 12| -- |55| 28| --| --| --|--| --| 3|--| 7| 7 | 13| -- |60| --| --| --| 30|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 14| -- |30| 30| --| --| 30|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 15| -- |--| 60| --| --| 30|--| --|10|--|--| -- | 16| -- |--| --| --| --|100|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 17| -- |--| --| --| --|100|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 18| 33 |33| --| --| --| --|--| 17|--|17|--| -- | 19| 34 |33| --| --| --| --|--| 33|--|--|--| -- | 20| 34 |33| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|33|--| -- | 21|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | |[26]| | | | | | | | | | | | 22|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 23|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 24| -- |--|100| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 25| -- |--| --| --|100| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 26| -- |--| --|100| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 27|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 28|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 29| 24 |45| 13| --| --| --|--| --|18|--|--| -- | 30| 45 |--| --| --| --| 40|15| --|--|--|--| -- | 31| 45 |--| --| --| --| 40|--| 15|--|--|--| -- | 32| 45 |--| --| --| --| 35|--| --|20|--|--| -- | 33| 50 |--| --| --| --| 36|--| --| 2|--|12| -- | 34| 75 |--| 25| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 35| 50 |--| 50| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 36| -- |--| --| --| --| --|--|100|--|--|--| -- | ==+====+==+===+===+===+===+==+===+==+==+==+====+

[26] This pigment on analysis proved to be zinc lead.

==+===============================================+== F | | o | | r | | P m | | a u | | n l | | e a | | l | | N | | N u | | u m | REPORT OF INSPECTION | m b |---------+---------+----------------+----------+ b e |CHALKING |CHECKING |GENERAL |REMARKS | e r | | |CONDITION | | r --+---------+---------+----------------+----------+-- 1|None |None |Rough surface, | | 1 | | |but fair for re-| | | | |painting | | 2|None |None |Fair; rough sur-| | 2 | | |face and slight-| | | | |ly dark | | 3|Very |Very |Good; very white| | 3 |slight |slight |surface | | 4|None |None |Rough surface | | 4 | | |and slightly | | | | |dark | | 5|Very |Very |Good; very white| | 5 |slight |slight |surface | | 6|None |None |Rough surface; | | 6 | | |dark | | 7|None |Very |Good | | 7 | |slight | | | | |lateral | | | | |checking | | | 8|Heavy |Slight |Excellent; very | | 8 | | |white | | 9|Heavy |Some |Excellent; very | | 9 | | |white | | 10|None |Slight |Good | |10 11|None |Slight |Good; slightly | |11 | | |dark | | 12|None |Slight |Good | |12 | |lateral | | | 13|Very |Consider-|Fair | |13 |slight |able | | | | |lateral | | | | |running | | | | |along | | | | |grain of | | | | |wood | | | 14|Very |Consider-|Fair | |14 |slight |able | | | | |lateral | | | | |running | | | | |along | | | | |grain of | | | | |wood | | | 15|Heavy |Slight |Fair | |15 | |lateral | | | | |checking | | | 16|Heavy |Consider-|Dark color; | |16 | |able |rough surface | | 17|Consider-|Medium |Better than No. | |17 |able | |16; not as rough| | | | |or dark | | 18|Very |None |Good | |18 |slight | | | | 19|Very |Slight |Good | |19 |slight | | | | 20|Very |None |Good | |20 |slight | | | | 21|Slight |Slight |Fair; rough | |21 | | |surface | | 22|Very |Lateral |Fairly good | |22 |slight |cracking | | | 23|Medium |Lateral |Fair | |23 | |cracking | | | 24|Slight |Slight |Good for | |24 | |cracking |repainting | | 25|Medium |None |Good surface | |25 26|Heavy |Slight |Fair; surface | |26 | |cracking |rough & dark | | 27|Heavy |Lateral |Fair | |27 | |cracking | | | 28|Medium |Consider-|Poor; very | |28 | |able |rough, dark | | | | |surface | | 29|Slight |None |Good | |29 30|Heavy |Heavy |Poor | |30 | |checking | | | | |and alli-| | | | |gatoring | | | 31|None |Alliga- |Rough surface; | |31 | |toring |dark | | 32|Slight |Medium |Dark and rough | |32 | | |surface | | 33|Consider-|Slight |Poor; dark | |33 |able | |surface | | 34|None |None |Fair; dark | |34 | | |surface | | 35|None |Slight |Fair; rough | |35 | | |surface | | 36|Extremely|Medium |Fair |Vehicle |36 |bad | | |disinte- | | | | |grated; | | | | |spotted in| | | | |places | ==+=========+=========+================+==========+==

TESTS INAUGURATED IN 1909

RESULTS OF INSPECTION OF PITTSBURG TEST FENCE, MAY, 1910

===============================================+ FORMULAS | --+-----------------------+--------------------+ F | | | o | | | r |Basic Carbonate | | m |White Lead | | u | |Zinc Oxide | | l | | |Basic Sulphate | | a | | |White Lead | INERT PIGMENT | | | | |Precipi- +--------------------+ N | | | |tated |Calcium Carbonate | u | | | |White Lead | |Silica | m | | | | |Zinc | | |Asbestine | b | | | | |Lead | | | |China Clay| e | | | | | |Li- | | | | |Barytes| r | | | | | |tho-| | | | | |Blanc| | | | | | -pone| | | | | --Fixe| --+----+--+---+---+---+---+--+---+--+--+--+----+ | % | %| %| %| %| %| %| %| %| %| %| % | 1| -- |--| 45| --| --| 40|15| --|--|--|--| -- | 2| -- |--| 45| --| --| 40|--| 15|--|--|--| -- | 3| -- |45| --| --| --| 45|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 4| -- |--| 45| --| --| 45|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 5| -- |40| --| --| --| 40|20| --|--|--|--| -- | 6| -- |--| 45| --| --| 35|--| --|20|--|--| -- | 7| 50 |--| --| --| 36| --|--| --| 2| 8| 4| -- | 8| -- |--| 50| --| --| 36|--| --| 2| 8| 4| -- | 9| -- |--| 50| --| --| 36|--| --| 2|--|12| -- | 10| -- |36| 50| --| --| --|--| --| 2| 8| 4| -- | 11| 28 |55| --| --| --| --|--| --| 3|--| 7| 7 | 12| -- |55| 28| --| --| --|--| --| 3|--| 7| 7 | 13| -- |60| --| --| --| 30|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 14| -- |30| 30| --| --| 30|10| --|--|--|--| -- | 15| -- |--| 60| --| --| 30|--| --|10|--|--| -- | 16| -- |--| --| --| --|100|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 17| -- |--| --| --| --|100|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 18| 33 |33| --| --| --| --|--| 17|--|17|--| -- | 19| 34 |33| --| --| --| --|--| 33|--|--|--| -- | 20| 34 |33| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|33|--| -- | 21|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 22|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | |[27]| | | | | | | | | | | | 23|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 24| -- |--|100| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 25| -- |--| --| --|100| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 26| -- |--| --|100| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 27|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 28|100 |--| --| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 29| 24 |45| 13| --| --| --|--| --|18|--|--| -- | 30| 45 |--| --| --| --| 40|15| --|--|--|--| -- | 31| 45 |--| --| --| --| 40|--| 15|--|--|--| -- | 32| 45 |--| --| --| --| 35|--| --|20|--|--| -- | 33| 50 |--| --| --| --| 36|--| --| 2|--|12| -- | 34| 75 |--| 25| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 35| 50 |--| 50| --| --| --|--| --|--|--|--| -- | 36| -- |--| --| --| --| --|--|100|--|--|--| -- | ==+====+==+===+===+===+===+==+===+==+==+==+====+

[27] This pigment on analysis proved to be zinc lead.

==+===============================================+== F | | o | | r | | P m | | a u | | n l | | e a | | l | | N | | n u | | u m | REPORT OF INSPECTION | m b +---------+---------+----------------+----------+ b e |CHALKING |CHECKING |GENERAL |REMARKS | e r | | |CONDITION | | r --+---------+---------+----------------+----------+-- | | | | | 1|Consider-|Slight |Fair |Dark in | 1 |able | | |places. | | | | |Diffused | 2|Slight |Bad |Fair |Dark in | 2 | | | |places | 3|Medium |None |Good |Darkening | 3 | | | |shown in | | | | |places | 4|Consider-|None |Good |Medium | 4 |able | | |dark | 5|Slight |None |Good |No exces- | 5 | | | |sive dark-| | | | |ness | 6|Medium |Slight |Good |Surface | 6 | | | |fairly | | | | |white | 7|Medium |None |Excellent |Whitest | 7 | | | |surface of| | | | |new tests | 8|Extremely|Slight |Fair |Surface | 8 |bad | | |darkening | 9|Extremely|Slight |Fair |Not as bad| 9 |bad | | |as No. 8 | 10|Slight |None |Good |Excellent |10 | | | |surface; | | | | |very white| 11|Slight |None |Excellent |Surface |11 | | | |fairly | | | | |white; | | | | |thin soot | 12|Medium |None |Good |Surface |12 | | | |white | 13|Medium |Very bad |Fair |Slight |13 | |in spots | |darkening | 14|Heavy |Consider-|Fair |Slight |14 | |able | |darkening | 15|Extremely|Slight |Fair |Fairly |15 |bad | | |white | 16|Extremely|Advanced |Bad |Surface |16 |bad |and deep | |rough with| | | | |consider- | | | | |able dis- | | | | |integra- | | | | |tion and | | | | |much dark-| | | | |ness | 17|Not as |Less ad- |Fair |Not as |17 |bad as |vanced | |dark as | |No. 16 |than No. | |No. 16; | | |16 | |slightly | | | | |mottled in| | | | |places; | | | | |buff color| 18|Very |Practi- |Fair |Surface |18 |slight |cally | |white | | |none | | | 19|Very |None |Good |Surface |19 |slight | | |fairly | | | | |white | 20|None |None |Good |Surface |20 | | | |fairly | | | | |white | 21|Slight |Slight |Fair |Surface |21 | | | |very rough| | | | |and dark | 22|Medium |Slight |Fair |Surface |22 | | | |fairly | | | | |white | 23|Slight |Bad |Fair |Surface |23 | | | |rough and | | | | |darkest on| | | | |fence | 24|Bad |None |Good |Surface |24 | | | |white | 25|Slight |None |Good |Fairly |25 | | | |white | | | | |surface | 26|Medium |Slight |Fair |Rough and |26 | | | |very dark;| | | | |chalking | | | | |is dis- | | | | |rupting | | | | |black | | | | |coating | 27|Medium |Slight |Good |Surface |27 | | | |fairly | | | | |white | 28|Medium |Deep; |Poor |Surface |28 | |evident | |rough and | | |without | |very dark | | |glass | | | 29|Slight |Slight |Good |Very white|29 | | | |surface | 30|None |Slight |Fair |Color dark|30 31|Very |Advanced |Fair |Color very|31 |slight | | |dark | 32|Extremely|Consider-|Fair |Color very|32 |slight |able | |dark; | | | | |rough | | | | |surface | 33|Extremely|Slight |Fair |Surface |33 |slight | | |dark and | | | | |rough | 34|Slight |Deep |Fair |Surface |34 | | | |medium | | | | |dark | 35|Consider-|Slight |Fair |Surface |35 |able | | |medium | | | | |dark | 36|Extremely|None |Fair |Vehicle |36 |bad | | |disinte- | | | | |grated, | | | | |leaving | | | | |very | | | | |white, | | | | |chalked | | | | |surface of| | | | |pigment | ==+=========+=========+================+==========+==