Chapter 13

HOW TO DESCRIBE AN OLD CHURCH.

Having carefully read the foregoing chapters, it should be possible for anyone interested in the subject to be able to write a fairly accurate description of any old church. The record should, if possible, be amplified with sketches or photographs.

In course of time, decay, neglect and restoration will deprive our ancient buildings of every visible stone of original work which they possess, and careful records of this kind, written, photographed and sketched, may be of the highest possible value to future generations of historians and architects, long after the objects themselves have ceased to exist. The work in itself is of absorbing interest, and the more one studies these works of past ages the stronger becomes the conviction that our old buildings, whether cathedral, castle or simple village church, are the landmarks of the nation's history, and a priceless inheritance of beauty and art the conservation of which is the duty of all generations.

The principal points to be noted are--1. The name of the church. 2. Its situation. 3. Its dedication. 4. General plan. 5. The style of architecture to which each portion belongs. 6. Any peculiarity of the architecture, blocked up windows, etc. 7. Any ancient furniture, screens, bench-ends, glass. 8. Any monuments, tablets, or mural paintings. 9. Church plate, bells, registers. 10. Any local traditions. The record should be made somewhat in the following manner.

The church of ---- is prettily situated on rising ground some quarter of a mile north of the village, and on the main road to ---- . It is approached by a picturesque timber lych-gate, and consists of nave, aisles and chancel, having a side chapel to the north and a single transept to the south. At the west end is a Decorated tower and spire. There are two porches, one on the north side and the other on the west, which last has a niche for a figure over the doorway and seats on either side. The nave is Perpendicular, as is the greater part of the rest of the fabric. Above the nave rises a lofty and noble clerestory, divided from the aisles by five rather obtusely-pointed arches supported by richly moulded piers with small moulded capitals. Each bay of the clerestory contains two three-light windows of late Perpendicular date. The roof is flat pitched and is of oak, the principals are adorned with panelled tracery and show vestiges of ancient colour decoration. The windows of the aisles are late Decorated in style; they are of three lights, the traceries elegant and richly moulded. The east window is Perpendicular and is much sub-divided by mullions and transoms; in the upper portions are some heraldic coats of arms, which appear to have formed part of a much earlier window. The chancel is divided from the nave by a fine open oak screen, coeval with the larger part of the building. It is richly carved and gilded, and in the right-hand side of the chancel arch are the steps which formerly led up to the top of it. The chancel, together with its chapel, is vaulted in stone with well marked ribs and carved bosses. The transept, late Perpendicular, opens into the south side of the nave by a four-centred arch, and has a rich flat ceiling. In the chancel is a piscina of Early English date, together with a sedilia of the same period. On the north side of the chancel, resting on the floor, is a cross-legged effigy, in chain mail, surcoat, etc., and bearing on his left arm a shield, but all much mutilated. There is a local tradition that it represents Sir ----, but there is no evidence by which he can be identified. Features of the church are the many highly carved bench ends, all in oak, representing a great variety of subjects, such as dragons, serpents, etc., while a few bear the arms of local families who probably bore the cost of the work. The pulpit is Jacobean, and has no special feature. The font, which stands in the centre of the nave, is square in form and is supported by a modern round plinth. It is constructed of marble, the four sides being carved in low relief with intersecting patterns. It is possibly of Norman date, and is the only existing feature of a much earlier church. The tower and spire are Decorated; the latter is of stone with four pinnacles at the base, and has a little coronal of pinnacles. The belfry windows are arranged in pairs on each side of the tower. The tower or western window is of five lights, richly Decorated in style.

Illustration: KEY TO DIAGRAM OF THE INTERIOR ELEVATION OF A BAY OF A CHURCH.

CLERESTORY.

26 Boss. 25 Vaulting Rib. 24 Vault. 23 Vaulting Rib. 22 Tracery of C. Window. 21 Clerestory Window. 20 Sill of Clerestory Window. 19 Base of Jamb, C. Arch. 18 Jamb of C. Arch. 17 Clerestory String.

BLIND STOREY (TRIFORIUM).

16 Capital of Vaulting Shaft. 15 Tracery of Triforium. 14 Triforium Arch. 13 Capital of T. Pier. 12 Pier of Triforium. 11 Triforium String.

GROUND STOREY.

10 Tracery of Aisle Window. 9 Aisle Window. 8 Sill of Aisle Window. 7 Wall Arcade. 6 Vaulting Shaft. 5 Corbel. 4 Pier Arch. 3 Capital of Pier. 2 Pier. 1 Base of Pier.

FOOTNOTES.

1: So called from its "flame"-like appearance, producing forms which resemble elongated tongues of flame. There is great beauty in much of this work, but it is constructionally weak. The finest example is Chartres Cathedral.

APPENDIX.

A GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL TERMS USED IN ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE.

ABACUS Derived from the Greek _Abax_--a tray or flat board, an essential feature of the Grecian and Roman orders, but now used to describe the slab forming the upper part of a column, pier, etc.

ABBEY A term for a union of ecclesiastical buildings, for the housing of those conventual bodies presided over by an abbot or abbess, supposed to be derived from the Hebrew _ab_, "father."

ACANTHUS A plant, the leaves of which are represented in the capitals of the Corinthian orders.

AISLE French _aile_, a wing, the lateral division of a church.

ALMONRY A room where alms were distributed.

ALTAR An elevated table dedicated to the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, and usually called the Communion Table.

ALMERY, AUMERY, and AUMBREY A recess or small cupboard in the wall of a church, used to contain the chalices, patens, etc., for the use of the priest. They are sometimes near the _piscina_, but are usually on the opposite side of the chancel.

ANTE-CHAPEL The outer part of a chapel.

APSE The semi-circular or polygonal recess at the east end of the choir or aisles of a church.

ARCADE A series of arches, open or closed with masonry, and supported by columns or piers.

ARCH A construction of bricks or stones so placed as by mutual pressure to support each other and a superincumbent weight. They may be semi-circular, segmental, elliptical, stilted, horse-shoe, pointed, trefoiled, cinquefoiled, or ogee.

ARCHITRAVE In classical architecture, the lowest division of the entablature resting immediately on the abacus of the capital. In Gothic buildings the ornamental mouldings round the openings of doors, windows, etc.

ARCHIVOLT The under surface of the curve of an arch, from impost to impost.

ASHLAR Shaped or squared stone used in building, as distinguished from that in the rough.

ASTRAGAL A small semi-circular bead or moulding.

BALL FLOWER An ornament resembling a ball in a circular flower with three enclosing petals. Dec.

BASE The lower member of a column, pier, or wall.

BASILICA A Roman law-court. Early Christian churches when built on the same lines were called by the same name.

BILLET An ornament much used in Norman work and formed by cutting a moulding in notches, so that the remaining parts resembled wooden billets or pieces of stick.

BLIND STOREY See Triforium.

BOSSES Ornamental projections usually of foliage and placed at the intersection of the ribs of vaults, ceilings, etc.

BRACES Timbers which brace or support the main rafters. Also called _struts_.

BROACH A spire, generally octagonal and springing from the square top of the tower, without a parapet. (_See page 105_).

BUTTRESS A projection from a wall, giving it additional strength.

CANOPY In Gothic architecture an ornamental hood or projection over doors, windows, niches, tombs, etc., and rarely found except in the Dec. and Perp. styles.

CAPITAL The head of a column or pilaster, found in a great variety of shapes.

CATHEDRAL A church presided over by a Bishop. The principal church of a diocese.

CHALICE The cup used for the wine at the celebration of the Eucharist.

CHAMFER The surface formed by cutting away the rectangular edge of wood or stone work.

CHANCEL The choir or eastern part of a church, appropriated to the use of those who officiate in the performance of the services.

CHANTRY A chapel often containing a tomb of the founder, and in which masses were said.

CHAPEL A small building attached to cathedrals and large churches.

CHAPTER-HOUSE The room where the Dean and Prebendaries meet for the transaction of business.

CHEVRON An ornament characteristic of the Norman period and divided into several equal portions chevron-wise or zig-zag.

CHOIR That part of a church to the east of the nave where the services are celebrated, also called chancel, and frequently separated from the nave by an open screen of stone or wood.

CINQUEFOIL An ornamental foliation used in arches, tracery, etc., and composed of projecting points or cusps, so arranged that the opening resembles five leaves.

CLERESTORY Possibly the _clear_ storey. An upper storey standing above or clear of the adjacent roofs, and pierced by windows to give increased light.

CLOISTER A covered walk or ambulatory forming part of a cathedral or college quadrangle.

CLUSTERED COLUMN A pier made up of several columns or shafts in a cluster.

COLONNADE A row or rows of columns supporting a roof or building.

CORBEL Usually a moulded or carved ornament projecting from the walls, acting as a bracket and capable of bearing a super-incumbent weight.

CORNICE The horizontal termination of a building in the form of a moulded projection.

COURSE A continuous and regular line of stones or bricks in the wall of a building.

CROCKETS Projecting ornaments in the form of leaves, flowers, etc., used to embellish the angles of pinnacles, spires, gables, canopies, etc.

CROSS The accepted symbol of the Christian religion and an architectural church ornament usually placed upon the apex of the gable. A large cross called a rood was at one time always placed over the entrance to the chancel. The cross was worn as a personal ornament ages before the Christian era by the Assyrians, and we are told that the Druids also used this symbol in very early times.

CRYPT Sometimes called the Undercroft, a vaulted chamber, usually underground and, in churches, rarely extending beyond the area of the choir or chancel, and often of less dimensions.

CUSPS Projecting points giving the foliated appearance to tracery, arches, panels, etc.

DORMER A gabled window pierced through a sloping roof.

DRIPSTONE A projecting ledge or narrow moulding over the heads of doorways, windows, etc., to carry off the rain.

FAN-TRACERY Tracery in which the ribs form a fan-like appearance and diverge equally in every direction. (Peculiar to the late Perp.)

FLAMBOYANT Tracery whereof the curves assume flame-like waves and shapes.

FLYING BUTTRESS A buttress in the form of a bridge, usually transferring the thrust of the main roof from the clerestory walls to the main or aisle buttresses.

FONT The vessel for holding the consecrated water used in baptism.

GARGOYLE A projecting spout usually grotesquely carved and used to throw the water from the roof well away from the building.

GROIN The line of intersection in vaulted roofs.

IMPOST Horizontal mouldings, capping a column or pier, from which the arch springs.

JAMB The side of a window or door.

KEYSTONE The central stone at the top of an arch. The bosses in vaulted ceilings are frequently called keys.

LADY CHAPEL A chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, called "Our Lady."

LANTERN A small structure or erection surmounting a dome or tower to admit light. These towers are known as Lantern Towers.

LOZENGE A name given in modern times to Norman mouldings which partake of a lozenge formation.

LYCH-GATE From the Anglo-Saxon _lich_, a corpse. A small and often picturesque shelter at the entrance to a churchyard.

MINSTER The church usually of a monastery or abbey or one to which such has been an appendant. York and Beverley, however, are exceptions to this rule.

MISERERE A small bracket on the undersides of the seats of stalls.

MOULDING A term generally applied to the contours given to angle projections or hollows of arches, doors, windows, etc.

MULLION The dividing bars of stone or wood between the lights of windows, or the openings of screens.

MÜNSTER has now lost its simple application. (MONASTERY)

NAVE From _navis_, a ship, the main body of a church west of the chancel.

NICHE An alcove or recess in a wall for holding a statue or ornament.

OGEE A moulding or arch formed of a curve or curves somewhat like the letter S, the curve of contra-flexure, part being concave and part convex.

ORDERS In Gothic architecture, the receding mouldings of an arch.

PARCLOSE The screen or railings protecting a monument or chantry.

PARVISE An open space or porch at the entrance to a church, and often wrongly applied to the room over a church porch.

PATEN The small plate or salver used to hold the Consecrated Bread in the celebration of the Eucharist.

PENDANT Ornaments which hang or _depend_ from a ceiling or roof.

PENTHOUSE A covering projecting over a door, window, etc., as a protection from the weather.

PIER The masses or clusters of masonry between doors, windows, etc.; the supports from which arches spring.

PILLAR A term frequently confounded with column, but differing from it in not being subservient to the rules of classical architecture, and in not of necessity consisting of a single circular shaft.

PINNACLE A small turreted ornament tapering towards the top, and used as a termination to many parts of Gothic architecture.

PISCINA The stone basin or sink in the chancel used for cleansing the communion vessels.

PLINTH The lower division of the base of a column, pier or wall.

POPPY-HEAD An ornament boldly carved on the tops of bench ends, etc.

PRESBYTERY A term sometimes used to include the whole of the choir, but more often meant to refer to the eastern end of the choir from which it is generally raised by several steps.

QUARRIES or QUARRELS The small diamond, square or other the shaped panes used in plain glazing.

QUATREFOIL The shape resembling four leaves formed in tracery or panels by cusps.

QUOIN The external angle of a building, generally of ashlar.

REREDOS The wall or screen at the back of an altar, often enriched with carving, niches, statues, etc.

ROOD-BEAM or ROOD-LOFT The loft or beam which, previous to the Reformation, supported the Great Rood, or Crucifix.

ROSE WINDOW A term often used to denote a circular window of several lights.

ROTUNDA A term used to describe a church or other building which is of circular formation both within and without.

SACRISTRY A room used in churches for storing the plate and valuables.

SANCTUARY See Presbytery.

SEDILIA A seat or seats, generally canopied and situated on the south side of the chancel and used in pre-Reformation days by the officiating clergy during the pauses in the mass.

SHAFT The part of a column or pillar between the capital and the base.

SHRINE Often called the feretory. The place where relics were deposited.

SOFFIT The word means literally a ceiling, but is generally used to describe the flat under-surface of arches, cornices, stairways, etc.

SPANDRELS The spaces between the arch of a doorway or window and the rectangular mouldings over it. Early tracery originated from the piercing of the spandrels of windows.

SPIRE The acutely pointed termination of towers, etc., originating by the elongation of the early pyramidal roofs.

SPLAY The slanting or sloped surface of a window opening in the thickness of the wall, also of doorways, etc.; the term is also applied to bevels and other sloped surfaces.

SPRINGER See Voussoir.

SQUINT An oblique opening or slit in the wall of a church, for the purpose of enabling persons in the aisles or transepts to see the elevation of the Host at the High Altar. They are mostly found on the sides of the chancel arch, and are frequently called _hagioscopes_.

STOUP A vessel for consecrated water, at or near the entrance to a church.

STRING or STRING COURSE. A horizontal projecting band of stone in the wall of a building.

STRUT See Brace.

TOOTH ORNAMENT An ornament used almost exclusively in the E.E. style, resembling a square four-leaved flower, and thought to be based on the dog-tooth violet.

TRANSOM A horizontal cross-bar in a panel or window.

TRACERY The ornamental stonework in the upper part of a window; when formed by the mullions it is called bar tracery and when the spandrel is pierced, plate tracery. Also used largely on tombs, screens, doorways, etc.

TRANSEPTS The projecting arms of a cruciform church, often wrongly called "cross-aisles."

TRANSITION A term used to describe the process of change from one style of architecture to another. The three great periods of transition are from the Romanesque and Norman to the Early English; the Early English to the Decorated, and the Decorated to the Perpendicular.

TREFOIL An ornamental foliation in the heads of windows, panels, etc., in which the spaces formed by the cusps resemble three leaves.

TRIFORIUM or Blind-Storey. An open gallery or arcade without windows immediately above the pier arcade and under the roof of the aisle.

TYMPANUM The space between the top of a square-headed door and the arch above it; frequently sculptured.

VAULT Roofing of stone constructed on the principle of the arch, the intersections of which are termed groins and are in the pointed styles usually ribbed.

VAULTING SHAFTS Small shafts sometimes rising from the floor, sometimes from the capital of a pillar and sometimes from a corbel, and intended as supports for the ribs of a vault.

VESICA PISCIS An oval shape or figure formed by two equal circles cutting each other in their centres. Very commonly found on episcopal and monastic seals.

VOUSSOIR The wedge-shaped stones forming an arch, the centre one of which is the _keystone_ and those at the impost or starting point of the curve are the _springers_.

ZIG-ZAG See Chevron.

A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE.

Adeline, J. Art Dictionary of Terms. Bland, W. Arches, Piers, Buttresses, etc. Blomfield, R. Short History of Renaissance Architecture. Bond, Francis English Cathedrals Illustrated. Bond, Francis Gothic Architecture in England. Bonney, T. G. Cathedrals, Abbeys, and Churches of England and Wales. Carter, J. The Ancient Architecture of England. Colling, J. K. Details of Gothic Architecture. Corroyer, E. Gothic Architecture. Cram, R. Adams Church Building. Davidson, E. A. Gothic Stonework. Fergusson, J. Handbook of Architecture. Fergusson, J. History of Architecture. Fairbairns, A. Portfolio of English Cathedrals. Garbett, E. L. Principles of Design in Architecture. Markland, J. H. Remarks on Churches. Moore, C. H. Development and Character of Gothic Architecture. Paley, F. A. Manual of Gothic Architecture. Paley, F. A. Manual of Gothic Mouldings. Parker, J. H. A.B.C. of Gothic Architecture. Parker, J. H. Concise Glossary of Architecture. Parker, J. H. Introduction to the Study of Gothic Architecture. Perkins, Rev. T. Handbook of Gothic Architecture. Prior, Ed. S. History of Gothic Art. Pugin, A. W. Treatise on Chancel Screens and Rood Lofts. Rickman, Thos. Gothic Architecture. Rickman, Thos. Attempts to discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England. Sharpe, Edmund The Seven Periods of English Architecture. Sharpe, Edmund Treatise on the Rise and Progress of Window Tracery. Scott, G. History of Church Architecture. Ruskin, John Seven Lamps of Architecture. Ruskin, John Stones of Venice. Ruskin, John Poetry of Architecture. Ruskin, John Lectures on Architecture. Wall, J. C. Shrines of British Saints. Winkle British Cathedrals. Wilson, S. Romance of our Ancient Churches.

Bell's Cathedral Series. "The Builder" Portfolio of English Cathedrals. Murray's Handbooks to the Cathedrals. S.P.C.K. Illustrated Notes on English Church History. Swan, Sonnenschein & Co. Notes on the Cathedrals. "Our English Minsters." Edited by Dean Farrar.

This bibliography does not claim to be complete, but is a selection of the various books on the subject which should be studied by the student.

Index

All Souls' College, Oxford, 76 Altars, 80 Alveston Church, Warwickshire, 41 Amiens Cathedral, 57 Anne, Queen, 76 Apse, The, 27 Arches-- Saxon, 35 Norman, 37 Early English, 49 Decorated, 62 Perpendicular, 66 Ashchurch, Gloucestershire, 106

Baptistery, The, 84 Barfreston Church, Kent, 39, 41 Barnack Church, Northants 32, 33, 34, 101 Barnstaple, Devon, 98 Barnwell, 92 Barry, Sir C., 78, 79 Basilica, The, 26 Bayeux Tapestry, 41, 103 Beaulieu, Hants, 90 Beckett's Crown, Canterbury, 106 Bede (quoted), 21, 23, 96 Bells and Belfries, 95 Bench Ends, 89 Bertha, Queen, 23 Beverley Minster, 109 Billesley Church, Warwickshire, 78 Bishopstone, Sussex, 32 Bloxham Church, 101 Boston, Lincs, 72 Bovey Church, 92 Bradford-on-Avon, 32 Brewer, J. W. (quoted), 28 Brighton Pavilion, 78 Brigstock Church, Northants, 97 Bristol Cathedral, 70 British Churches, Early, 19 Brixworth Church, 28, 32, 33, 97 Broadmayne Church, 86 Bruton, Som., 97 Burne-Jones, Sir E., 107 Bury St. Edmunds, 82 Buttresses-- Norman, 43 Early English, 84 Decorated, 62 Perpendicular, 70 Byzantium, 27

Canterbury Cathedral, 43, 94, 101, 104, 110 Capitals-- Norman, 42 Early English, 54 Decorated, 60 Perpendicular, 69 Caradoc, King, 19 Carlisle Cathedral, 60, 106 Charles II., 76 Charlton-on-Otmoor, 92 Charlton Church, Kent, 106 Chartres Cathedral, 101 Chetwode, Bucks, 106 Chichester Cathedral, 97 Chipping Norton, Oxford, 81 Christchurch Priory, 88, 94, 107, 110 Christ Church, Spitalfields, 76 Chudleigh Church, Devon, 92 Church Furniture and Ornaments, 80 Cirencester Church, Glos., 70 Classic Reverse, The, 70 Clerkenwell, 44 Collumpton, Devon, 92 Compton Church, 94 Constantine, Emperor, 27 Constantinople, 27 Cranley, Surrey, 106 Crawden's Chapel, 58 Croyland Abbey, 96 Crypts, 109 Curfew, 96

Decorated Style, The, 57 Doisnel, Juliana, 44 Dolton Church, 84 Doorways-- Saxon, 30, 32 Norman, 39 Early English, 54 Decorated, 62 Perpendicular, 69 Dorchester Church, Oxford, 107 Dore Abbey, 81 Dunstable, 92 Dunster Church, 81, 92 Durham Cathedral, 43, 73, 82, 94, 112

Earl's Barton Church, 32, 33 Early English Style, The, 47 East Dereham, 97 Edburton Church, 84 Edington Church, Wilts, 72 Edington, Bp. William, 72 Edmund, Archbp. of Cant., 84 Edward I., 49 Edward III., 84 Elizabeth, Queen, 81, 110 Eltham Palace, 73 Ely Cathedral, 29, 43, 57 Ely Chapel, 60 Ethelbert, King of Kent, 23 Euston, Oxford, 94 Evesham Abbey, 73, 97 Exeter Cathedral, 89

Fairford Church, Glos., 107 Fan Vaulting, 69 Fergusson, Dr. (quoted), 75 Flying Buttresses, 56 Fonts, 84 Fordington S. George, Dorchester, 41 Fotheringay Church, Northants, 73 Fountains Abbey, 47 Fuller, Thos. (quoted), 19 Furness Abbey, 87 Furniture, Church, 80

Glass, Stained, 104 Glastonbury Abbey, 19, 97 Glossary, 115 Gloucester Cathedral, 43, 73, 94, 106, 110 Gothic Architecture, Leading Characteristics, 63 Gothic Styles, The, 47 Grantham, 101 Greenstead Church, Essex, 32, 34, 35 Grosmont, Monmouth, 81

Hackness, 96 Hanwell, Oxford, 94 Hartland Church, 92 Hawkesmore, 76 Heckington, 86, 101 Heigham, 72 Henry I., 44 Henry II., 49 Henry III., 44, 48, 49 Hereford Cathedral, 57, 110 Hexham, 82, 109 Hutchinson, Rev. J. M. (quoted), 49

Iffley Church, Oxford, 39

Jenkyns, Canon (quoted), 25 John, King, 44, 48, 49 Jones, Inigo, 75, 78

Kemsing, Kent, 92 Kenton Church, Devon, 90, 92 King's College Chapel, Cambridge, 107 King's Sutton, 101 Knights Hospitallers, 44 Knights Templars, 43

Lady Chapel, Exeter, 60 Langham Place, 78 Lastingham Church, York, 110 Laud, Archbishop, 16 Ledbury, Hereford, 103 Leighton Buzzard, 101 Lichfield, Abbot, 97 Lichfield, Cathedral, 57, 101 Lincoln Cathedral, 43, 52, 57, 63, 81, 106 Little Billing, 84 Little Maplestead, 44 Llanrhaiadr-y-Kinmerch, 107 Luidhard, Bishop, 23 Long Melford Church, Suffolk, 73 Long Sutton, 92 Luton Church, 58 Lyminge, 25

Magdalen College, Oxford, 90 Malmesbury (family), 110 Manchester Cathedral, 73, 88 Markland (quoted), 97 Mary, Queen, 81, 92 Marylebone Church, 78 Melbury Bubb, 84 Merton College, Oxford, 58, 60, 106 Minehead, 92 Morley Church, Derbyshire, 107 Morris, William, 107 Morton Church, Soms., 73 Mouldings-- Norman, 37 Early English, 52 Decorated, 62 Perpendicular, 69

Newark, Notts., 92 New College, Oxford, 72 Norbury, Derbyshire, 106 Norman Architecture, 35 Norwich Cathedral, 29, 43

Ornaments-- Norman, 37 Early English, 52 Decorated, 60, 62 Perpendicular, 68, 69, 70 Ornaments, Church, 80 Oxford Cathedral, 43, 101

Palladio, 74, 75 Parham, 84 Parker (quoted), 31, 35, 88 Parliament, Houses of, 78 Patrixbourne Church, Kent, 41 Perkins, Rev. T. (quoted), 110 Perpendicular Styles, 64 Perpendicular Towers, 72 Perpendicular Spires, 73 Peterborough Cathedral, 29, 43, 57 Philippa, Queen, 84 Piscinas, 87 Piers-- Norman, 42 Early English, 54 Decorated, 60 Perpendicular, 68 Plymtree, 92 Pointed Arch, The, 49 Porches, 53 Porlock Church, Somerset, 81 Pugin, 78, 79 Pulpits, 90 Pyecombe, 84 Pylle Church, 86

Radipole Church, Dorset, 98 Ravenna, 33 Reculver, 25 Reform Club, 79 Renaissance, The, 74 Repton Church, Derby, 109, 110 Reredos, The, 94 Richard I., 48, 49 Richborough, 25 Rickman (quoted), 35 Ripon Cathedral, 32, 109 Rievaulx, 47 Rochester Cathedral, 42, 57, 109 Rolvenden Church, Kent, 86 Romanesque Style, The, 27 Rome, 33 Ross, 101 Rotherham Church, Yorks., 70 Rothwell Church, 87 Round Churches, The, 44 Routledge, Rev. C. F., M.A., F.S.A., 24

Saffron Walden, 73 Saint Alban's Cathedral, 54, 94 Saint Andrew's, Norwich, 73 Saint Anselm, 110 Saint Augustine, 19 Saint Benet's, Cambridge, 32 Saint Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham, 79 Saint Clement's, Norfolk, 73 Saint Cross, Winchester, 39 Saint David's, Cathedral, 57, 73 Saint Dunstan, 96 Saint Edmundsbury, 97 Saint Edmund, Martyr, 35 Saint Etheldreda, 58 Saint Ethelwold, 103 Saint Giles', Oxford, 81 Saint Hilda, 96 Saint Lawrence, Bradford-on-Avon, 32, 33 Saint Margaret's, Westminster, 107 Saint Mark's, Venice, 28 Saint Mary Abchurch, 76 Saint Mary Magdalene, Ripon, 81 Saint Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, 73 Saint Mary's, Cambridge, 73 Saint Mary's, Dover, 22 Saint Mary's, Lincoln, 32 Saint Mary's, Luton, 84 Saint Mary's, Newark, 101 Saint Mary's, Norwich, 73 Saint Mary's, Ottery, 92 Saint Mary's, Oxford, 73, 101 Saint Mary's, Stamford, 92 Saint Mary's, Taunton, 73 Saint Mary's, Wareham, 81, 84 Saint Mary's, Woolnoth, 76 Saint Mary's, York, 32 Saint Martin's, Canterbury, 22 Saint Martin's, Wareham, 32 Saint Michael's, Coventry, 73 Saint Michael's, Oxford, 32, 34, 94 Saint Nicholas, Lynn, 73 Saint Nicholas, Newcastle, 73 Saint Nicholas, Yarmouth, 63 Saint Paul the Apostle, 19 Saint Paul's Cathedral, 75, 76, 101 Saint Paul's Churchyard, 90 Saint Patrick, 21 Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, 98 Saint Peter's in the East, Oxford 110 Saint Peter's, Lincoln, 32 Saint Peter's, Norwich, 73 Saint Peter's, Rome, 75, 76 Saint Pierre, Caen, 101 Saint Piran's, Perranporth, 21 Saint Saviour's, Dartmouth, 90, 92 Saint Saviour's Southwark, 94 Saint Sepulchre, Cambridge, 44 Saint Sepulchre, Northampton, 44 Saint Sophia, Constantinople, 28 Saint Stephen's, Bristol, 73 Saint Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 58 Saint Stephen's, Walbrook, 76 Saint Thomas à Becket, 110 Saint Wilfrid's Needle, 109 Saint Wolfstan, 103 Salisbury Cathedral, 47, 57, 101, 106 Sanctuary Knockers, 82 Saxon Architecture, 31 Saxon Churches, 32 Scott (quoted), 31 Screens, 92 Sedilia, 87 Shottesbrook Church, Berks, 66, 103 Shrewsbury, 90 Silchester, 25 Snettisham, Norfolk, 101 Solihull, Warwickshire, 94 Sompting, Sussex, 32, 99 Southwell, 57, 87 Southwold Church, Suffolk, 73 Speyer Cathedral, 29 Spires, 73, 99 Squints, 90 Stalls, 88 Stanford, Leicester, 106 Stone Church, Kent, 54 Stoups, 86

Temple Balsall, 44 Temple Church, London, 44 Tenby, 90 Tewkesbury Abbey, 106 Thaxted Church, Essex, 73 Thornham Church, Kent, 86 Towers, 33, 72 Transom, The, 46, 49 Trinity Church, Ely, 58 Tympana, 41

Uffendon, Devon, 92

Vitruvius, 74

Wakefield Church, Yorkshire, 73 Walpole, Horace, 78 Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, 84 Wansted, Oxford, 101 Wantsume, 25 Warmington, Warwickshire, 81 Wells Cathedral, 53, 57, 110 West Horsley, Surrey, 106 Westminster Abbey, 48, 57, 63, 76, 78, 103 Westminster Hall, 73 Westminster, Henry's VII.'s Chapel, 68, 88, 89 Westwell, Kent, 106 Wilford Church, Oxford, 101 William the Conqueror, 96 Wimborne Minster, 110 Wimmington Church, Bedfordshire, 66 Winchester Cathedral, 43, 63, 72, 85, 88, 103, 110 Winchester College, 72 Windows-- Saxon, 32 Norman, 39 Early English, 52 Decorated, 58 Perpendicular, 68 Wing, 32 Wootton Wawen, 32 Worcester Cathedral, 57, 109, 110 Worms Cathedral, 29 Wren, Sir Christopher, 75, 76 Wrexham Church, 72 Wroxhall Abbey, 106 Wykeham, William of, 72, 84 Wymondham Church, 72

York Minster, 32, 57, 63, 66, 73, 94, 106, 109

THE HOMELAND HANDBOOKS

Copiously Illustrated and provided with Ordnance Maps and Plans.

JANUARY, 1907.

No. Cloth. Paper.

1 TONBRIDGE FOR THE ANGLER, THE HOLIDAY-MAKER, AND THE RESIDENT. By Stanley Martin and Prescott Row 1/- 6d. 2 TUNBRIDGE WELLS OF TO-DAY. By Stanley Martin and Prescott Row. Ordnance Map and Plans. Second Edition 1/- 6d. 3 "LONDON TOWN." By Eric Hammond 1/- 6d. 4 "LYONESSE": THE ISLES OF SCILLY. By J. C. Tonkin and Prescott Row. Fourth Edition. Map 2/- 1/- 5 "WOLFE-LAND": THE WESTERHAM DISTRICT, KENT. By Gibson Thompson. Third Edition. Ordnance Map 1/6 1/- 6 "KENT'S CAPITAL": MAIDSTONE. By Stanley Martin and Prescott Row. Second Edition. With Map 1/- 6d. 7 CROYDON, NEW AND OLD. By Edward A. Martin, F.G.S., and J. E. Morris, B.A. Third Edition. With Map 1/- 6d. 8 DARTMOOR AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. Edited by William Crossing. Fourth Edition. Ordnance Maps 2/- 1/- 9 ROCHESTER AND CHATHAM WITH PEN AND CAMERA. By A. G. Munro, B.A. Second Edition. With Map 1/6 6d. 10 REIGATE AND REDHILL. By T. F. W. Hamilton and W. Hodgson. Second Edition. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 11 "SURREY'S CAPITAL": GUILDFORD AND DISTRICT. By J. E. Morris, B.A. Third Edition. With Map 1/6 6d. 12 DULVERTON AND DISTRICT: THE COUNTRY OF THE WILD RED DEER. By F. J. Snell, B.A. Second Edition. Cloth Edition contains Map 1/6 6d. 13 FARNHAM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Gordon Home. With Map 2/- 1/- 14 GODALMING AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. Edited by Prescott Row. Second Edition. With Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 15 TEIGNMOUTH AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. Second Edition. With Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 16 HASTINGS AND ST. LEONARDS. By W. H. Sanders. With Plan 1/6 6d. 17 EPSOM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Gordon Home. Ordnance Map 1/6 9d. 18 MINEHEAD, PORLOCK, AND DUNSTER: THE SEA-BOARD OF EXMOOR. By C. E. Larter. Second Edition. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 19 CRANBROOK: THE TOWN OF THE KENTISH WEALD. By Stanley Martin. Second Edition. With Map 1/6 6d. 20 DAWLISH, AND THE ESTUARY OF THE EXE. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. Cloth Edition contains Map 1/- 6d. 21 ST. ALBANS: ITS ABBEY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By C. H. Ashdown, F.R.G.S., F.C.S. With Ordnance Map 2/6 1/- 22 BROMLEY, BECKENHAM, AND CHISLEHURST. By George Clinch, F.G.S. Ordnance Map 2/6 1/- 23 EXETER AND ITS CATHEDRAL. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. With Plan 1/- 6d. 24 KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES AND SURBITON. By Dr. W. E. St. L. Finny. With Ordnance Map 2/6 1/- 25 EVESHAM AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD, INCLUDING BROADWAY. By William Smith. With Map 1/6 1/- 26 PETWORTH AND MID WEST SUSSEX. By L. C. Barnes. With Map. (Cloth only) 1/- -- 27 NEWQUAY, THE VALE OF LANHERNE, AND PERRANZABULOE. By Fannie Goddard. Second Edition. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 28 HASLEMERE AND HINDHEAD WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS. By J. E. Morris, B.A. Second Edition. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 29 TAUNTON AND TAUNTON DEANE. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. Ordnance Map 2/6 1/- 30 LITTLEHAMPTON, ARUNDEL, AND AMBERLEY. By Rev. W. Goodliffe, M.A. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 31 "THE WESTERN GATE OF DARTMOOR": TAVISTOCK AND THE DISTRICT. By William Crossing. With Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 32 PLYMOUTH: "THE METROPOLIS OF THE WEST." By W. H. K. Wright. With Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 33 THE CHALFONT COUNTRY (SOUTH BUCKS). By S. Graveson. Ordnance Map 1/6 1/- 34 DUNSTABLE, THE DOWNS, AND THE DISTRICT. By. G. Worthington Smith, F.L.S., etc. With Maps 2/- 1/- 35 THE QUANTOCK HILLS, THEIR COMBES AND VILLAGES. By Beatrix F. Cresswell. Ordnance Map. (Cloth only) 2/6 -- 36 OXTED, LIMPSFIELD, AND EDENBRIDGE. By Gordon Home. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 37 LYNTON, LYNMOUTH, AND THE LORNA DOONE COUNTRY. By J. E. Morris, B.A. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 38 HORSHAM AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Rev. W. Goodliffe, M.A. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 39 SEAFORD AND NEWHAVEN. By Geo. Day. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 40 THE GREAT OUSE. HUNTINGDON, ST. NEOTS, AND ST IVES. By H. L. Jackson, M.A., and G. R. Holt Shafto. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 41 KING'S LYNN WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS, INCLUDING SANDRINGHAM. By W. A. Dutt. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 42 WOKING AND RIPLEY WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS. By A. H. Anderson. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 43 HERTFORD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By W. Graveson. Ordnance Map. 2/- 1/- 44 DORKING AND LEATHERHEAD. By Joseph E. Morris, M.A. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 45 WALTHAM AND CHESHUNT. By Freeman Bunting. Ordnance Map 1/- 6d. 46 DORCHESTER WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS. By F. W. and Sidney Heath. with a Foreword by Thomas Hardy. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 47 LUTON CHURCH. By Constance Isherwood. With Plan 1/- 6d. 48 READING AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By A. H. Anderson. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 49 SUTTON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By F. Richards. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 50 WATFORD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Walter Moore. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 51 YEOVIL AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Frank Heath. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 52 AYLESBURY AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Walter Moore. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 53 GRAVESEND AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By A. J. Philip. Ordnance Map 2/- 1/- 54 HIGH WYCOMBE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. By Henry Harbour -- -- 55 OUR HOMELAND CHURCHES, AND HOW TO STUDY THEM. By Sidney Heath 2/- --

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