Part 40

man homo yúant atshánggo. woman mulier pintkhlkaiu pummaike. father _pater_ píntet sima. mother _mater_ penín sinni. son filius wái tawakhai. daughter filia wái tshitapinna. head _caput_ talsh tamutkhl. hair crinis tkhlokomot amutkhl. ear _auris_ taksh pokta. eye _oculus_ hăkamush kwalakkh. nose _nasus_ pitkhloken unan. mouth os sumkhaksh mandi. tongue _lingua_ push mamtshutkhl. tooth _dens_ tenif púti. hand manus epip tlakwa. fingers digiti épip alakwa. feet _pedes_ tish puüf. blood sanguis tiweush méëuu. house domus nisht hammeih (--fire). axe securis yengthokinsh khueshtan. knife culter shekt hekemistāh. shoes calcei taitkhlo ulumóf. sky cœlum adjalawaia amiank. sun _sol_ huewish ampiun. moon _luna_ katkhltóp utap. star _stella_ tkhlikhlish atuininank. day _dies_ eweiu umpium. night _nox_ ftalp atitshikim. fire ignis tetsh hamméih. water aqua iskkainish mampuka. rain pluvia tishtkitkhlmiting ukwíï. snow _nix_ poi nukpeik. earth terra lingsh hunkhalop. river _rivus_ lushmi mantsal. stone lapis ápit andi. tree arbor lauik huntawatkhl. meat caro pithuli umhók. dog canis náapang mantal. beaver castor pieka akaipi. bear ursa limeaksh alotufan. bird avis tianiyiwa pōkalfuna. great magnus yaúmua pul. cold frigidus shunga pángkafiti. white albus tkhlaktkhláko kommóu. black niger shkupshkúpu maieum. red ruber lakaitlakaitu tshal. I _ego_ ining tshii. thou _tu_ niki máha. he ille nip kak. one _unus_ na wáän. two _duo_ leplin kéën. three _tres_ matnin upshin. four _quatuor_ piping táope. five _quinque_ táwit húwan. six _sex_ nóiná taf. seven _septem_ nóilip pshinimua. eight _octo_ nōimát kēëmúa. nine _novem_ tanáuiaishimshin wanwaha. ten _decem_ ningitelp tínifia.

Again--the process may be modified by taking two languages known to be _closely_ allied, and asking how far a _simple_ comparison of their vocabularies exhibits that alliance on the surface, _e. g._:--

ENGLISH. BEAVER INDIAN. CHIPPEWYAN.

one it la day ittla hē. two onk shay day nank hay. three ta day ta he. four dini day dunk he. five tlat zoon e de ay sa soot la he. six int zud ha l'goot ha hé. seven ta e wayt zay tluz ud dunk he. eight etzud een tay l'goot dung he. nine kala gay ne ad ay itla ud ha. ten kay nay day hona. a man taz eu dinnay you. a woman iay quay tzay quay. a girl id az oo ed dinna gay. a boy taz yuz é dinnay yoo azay. interpreter nao day ay dinnay tee ghaltay. trader meeoo tay ma kad ray. moose-deer tlay tchin tay tunnehee hee. rein-deer may tzee ed hun. beaver tza tza. dog tlee tlee. rabbit kagh kagh. bear zus zus. wolf tshee o nay noo nee yay. fox e yay thay nag hee dthay.

The difference is great: but the two forms of speech are mutually intelligible. On the other hand, the Cayuse and Willamet are more alike than the English and Latin.

Next to the details of our method, and the principles of our classification, the more important of the special questions command attention. Upon the relations of the Eskimo to the other languages of America I have long ago expressed my opinion. I now add the following remarks upon the prevalence of the doctrine which separated them.

Let us imagine an American or British ethnologist speculating on the origin and unity of the European populations and arriving, in the course of his investigations, at Finmark, or any of those northern parts of Scandinavia where the Norwegian and Laplander come in immediate geographical contact. What would be first? Even this--close geographical contact accompanied by a remarkable contrast in the way of the ethnology: difference in habits, difference in aptitudes, difference in civilisation, difference of creed, difference of physical form, difference of language.

But the different manner in which the southern tribes of Lapland comport themselves in respect to their nearest neighbours, according as they lie west or east, illustrates this view. On the side of Norway few contrasts are more definite and striking than that between the nomad Lap with his reindeer, and reindeer-skin habiliments and the industrial and highly civilized Norwegian. No similarity of habits is here; no affinity of language; little on intermixture, in the way of marriage. Their physical frames are as different as their moral dispositions no and social habits. Nor is this difficult to explain. The Norwegian is not only a member of another stock, but his original home was in a southern, or comparatively southern, climate. It was Germany rather Scandinavia; for Scandinavia was, originally, exclusively Lap or Fin. But the German family encroached northwards; and by displacement after displacement obliterated those members of the Lap stock whose occupancy was Southern and Central Scandinavia, until nothing was left but its extreme northern representatives in the most northern and least favored parts of the peninsula. By these means two strongly contrasted populations were brought in close geographical contact--this being the present condition all along the South Eastern, or Norwegian, boundary of Lapland.

But it is by no means the present condition of those parts of Russian Lapland where the Lap population touches that of Finland Proper.

Here, although the Lap and Fin differ, the difference lies within a far narrower limit than that which divides the Lap from the Norwegian or the Swede. The stature of the Lap is less than that of the Fin; though the Fin is more short than tall, and the Lap is far from being so stunted as books and pictures make him. The habits, too, differ. The reindeer goes with the Lap; the cow with the Fin. Other points differ also. On the whole, however, the Fin physiognomy is Lap, and the Lap Fin; and the languages are allied.

Furthermore--the Fin graduates into the Wotiak, the Zirianean, the Permian; the Permian into the Tsheremiss, the Mordvin &c. In other words, if we follow the Lap eastwards we come into a whole fancy of congeners. On the west, however, the further we went, the less Lap was everything. Instead of being Lap it was Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, or German. The last of those, however, would lead us into the Sarmatian family, and this would bring us round to the Fins of South Finland. The time, however, may come when Russia will have so encroached upon the Fin populations to the south of the Arctic Circle as for the Lap and Slave to come in immediate contact; and when this contact is effected there will be contrast also--contrast less strong, perhaps, than that between the Lap and Swede, but still contrast.

_Mutatis mutandis_--this seems to have been the case with the Eskimo and the North American Indians as they are popularly called--popularly but inaccurately; inasmuch as the present writer considers the Eskimo to be as truly American as any other occupants of the soil of America. On the East there has been encroachment, displacement, and, as an effect thereof, two strongly contrasted populations in close geographical contact--viz.: the Eskimos and the northern members of the Algonkin family. On the west, where the change has been less, the Athabaskans, the Kolutshes, and the Eskimos graduate to each other, coming under the same category, and forming part of one and the same class; that class being by no means a narrow, though not an inordinately, wide one.

Another special question is that concerning the origin of the Nahuatl, Astecs, or Mexicans. The maritime hypothesis I have abandoned. The doctrine that their civilisation was Maya I retain. I doubt, however, whether they originated anywhere. By this I mean that they are, though not quite _in situ_, nearly so. In the northermost parts of their area they may so entirely. When I refined on this--the common sense--view of them I was, like many others, misled by the peculiar phonesis. What it is may be better seen by an example than explained. Contrast the two following columns. How smoothly the words on the right run, how harshly sound (when they can be sounded) those of the left. Not, however, that they give us the actual sounds of the combination _khl_ &c. All that this means is that there is some extraordinary sound to be expressed that no simple sign or no common combination will represent. In Mr. Hale's vocabularies it is represented by a single special sign.

ENGLISH. SELISH. CHINUK. SHOSHONI.

_man_ skaltamekho tkhlekala taka. _woman_ s_u_maăm tkhlākél kw_uu_. _boy_ skokosea tklkask_u_s natsi. _girl_ shaut_u_m tklalekh naints_u_ts. _child_ akt_u_lt etshanúks wa. _father_ l_u_áus tkhliamáma ápui. _mother_ skúis tkhlianáa pia. _wife_ makhonakh iuakhékal wépui. _son_ skokosea etsokha natsi. _daughter_ st_u_mtshäălt okw_u_kha nanai. _brother_ katshki (elder) kapkhu tamye. _sister_ tklkikee tkhliau namei.

Now if the Astec phonesis be more akin to the Selish and its congeners than to the Shoshoni and other interjacent forms of speech, we get an element of affinity which connects the more distant whilst it separates the nearer languages. Overvalue this, and you may be misled.

Now, not to mention the fact of this phonesis being an overvalued character, there is clear proof in the recent additions to the comparative philology of California that its distribution is, by no means, what it was, originally, supposed to be. This may be seen from the following lists.

_From the North of California._

(1.)

ENGLISH. WISH-OSK. WIYOT.

_boy_ ligeritl kushama. _married_ wehowut'l haqueh. _head_ wutwetl metwet. _hair_ pah'tl paht'l. _face_ kahtsouetl sulatek. _beard_ tseh'pl cheh'pl. _body_ tah hit'l. _foot_ wehlihl wellih'tl. _village_ mohl katswah'tl. _chief_ kowquéh'tl kaiowuh. _axe_ mahtl mehtl. _pipe_ maht'letl mahtlel. _wind_ rahtegut'l ruktagun. _duck_ hahalitl hahahlih.

(2.)

ENGLISH. HUPAH. TAHLEWAH.

_neck_ hosewatl ---- _village_ ---- wah'tlki. _chief_ ---- howinnequutl. _bow_ ---- chetlta. _axe_ mehlcohlewatl ----

_In the South of California._

ENGLISH. DUGUNO. CUCHAN.

_leg_ ewith'l misith'l. _to-day_ enyat'l ---- _to-morrow_ matinyat'l ---- _bread_ meyut'l ---- _ear_ hamat'l smyth'l. _neck_ ---- n'yeth'l. _arm_ } selh iseth'l. _hand_ } _friend_ ---- nyet'l. _feather_ ---- sahwith'l.

I cannot conclude without an expression of regret that the great work of Adelung is still only in the condition of a second, or (at best) but a third edition. There is Vater's Supplement, and Jülg's Supplement to Vater. But there is nothing that brings it up to the present time.

Much might be done by Buschmann and perhaps others. But this is not enough. It requires translation. The few French writers who treat on Ethnological Philology know nothing about it. The Italians and Spanish are, _a fortiori_, in outer darkness as to its contents. The Russians and Scandinavians know all about it--but the Russians and Scandinavians are not the scholars in whose hands the first hand information falls first. The Americans know it but imperfectly. If Turner has had easy access to it, Gallatin had not: whilst Hales, with great powers, has been (with the exception of his discovery of the Athabaskan affinities of the Umkwa and Tlatskanai, out of which Turner's fixation of the Apatch, Navaho, and Jecorilla, and, afterwards, my own of the Hoopah, seems to have been developed,) little more than a collector--a preeminent great collector--of raw materials. Nevertheless, the Atna class is his.

However, the Mithridates, for America at least, wants translation as well as revision. It is a work in which many weak points may be (and have been) discovered. Klaproth, himself a man who (though he has saved many an enquirer much trouble) has but few friends, has virulently attacked it. Its higher classifications are, undoubtedly, but low. Nevertheless, it is not only a great work, but the basis of all others. Should any one doubt its acumen let him read the part which, treating on the Chikkasah, demurrs to the identification of the Natchez with that and other forms of speech. Since it was written a specimen of the Natchez language has shewn its validity.

I think that the Natchez has yet to take its full importance. If the language of the _Taensas_ it was, probably, the chief language of _Tennessee_. But the Creek, or Muscogulge, broke it up. Meanwhile the fragmentary Catawba, with which I believe that the Caddo was connected had its congeners far to westward.

I also think that the Uche represents the old language of Florida--the Cherokee being conterminous with the Catawba. If so, the doctrine of the fundamental affinity between the Pawni, Caddo, Catawba, and Cherokee gains ground.

The Uche demands special investigation. The Tinquin and Timuacana should be compared with it. Then why are they not? Few works are more inaccessible than a Spanish _Arte_, _Diccionario_, or _Catecismo_. The _data_ for these enquiries, little known, are still less attainable. Without these, and without a minute study, of the first-hand authorities we can do but little but suggest. All that is suggested here is that the details of Florida (in its widest sense) and Louisiana must be treated under the doctrine that the aborigines are represented by the congeners of the Woccon, Catawba, Uche, Natchez, Tinquin, and Timuacana, inordinately displaced by the Cherokees and Creeks; who (for a great extent of their present area) must be considered as intrusive.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Notes

Nineteenth century spellings and inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation are retained. Minor changes to punctuation or formatting have been made without comment. Where changes have been made to the text (limited to typographical errors) these are listed as follows:

Page iv: changed "aknowledgement" to "acknowledgement" (both acknowledgement and criticism)

Page 19: changed "too" to "to" (An examining board has but one point to look to)

Page 31: changed "smallnes" to "smallness" (the Latin connects those of _smallness_ and _desirability_)

Page 47: changed "anothes" to "another" (_cydadnabod_, to know one another)

Page 56: changed "wee" to "we" (we see us (each other) again)

Page 64: changed acute accent to circumflex (ἐῖπα _dixi_)

Page 70: added missing comma in list (φειδέσθ', κεντείτ')

Page 77: changed "is is" to "is" (because the consonant is doubled.)

Page 78: changed "sayig" to "saying" (prevents us from saying)

Page 91: added missing period ( ... the price of it" (Yates p. 184).)

Page 99: added missing smooth breathing (φιλίαν καὶ ἀμνηστίαν)

Page 99: changed "ων" to "ὧν" (τυχόντες δὲ ὧν ἠξίουν ἀφῇραν)

Page 107: added missing closing quotation marks (two instances) (upon the Taurisci," who "are also Galatæ, then upon the Helvetians &c.")

Page 111: changed "probabilites" to "probabilities" (So much for the _à priori_ probabilities)

Page 112: added acute accent to τοὺς (τοὺς δὲ Γἐτας)

Page 116: changed "A." to "A.D." (who between A.D. 200 and ...)

Page 118: changed "thal" to "that" (it is scarcely necessary to remark that)

Page 118: removed unnecessary doubled opening quote mark ("It must be understood that the Servians ...)

Page 118: added missing close quote marks (Thence, originally, came the Servians")

Page 119: added missing close quote mark ("They came only a little before")

Page 124: changed "neigbours" to "neighbours" (and their neighbours called them _Guddon_.)

Page 130: changed "Geoffroy" to "Geoffrey" (the legends of Geoffrey of Monmouth)

Page 134: added missing period ( ... tales concerning the invaders themselves.)

Page 139: changed "indructively" to "inductively" (a question that must be studied inductively)

Page 142: corrected paragraph number "2" to "3" (3. The circumpolar populations ...)

Page 144: changed "speach" to "speech" (those forms of speech which have been recognised)

Page 145: changed "consciousy" to "consciously" (more or less consciously or unconsciously)

Page 146: changed "percentage" to "per-centage" (a large per-centage of grammatical inflexions)

Page 154: removed closing quotation mark (who are nearly as black as negroes.)

Page 158: the Aka word for English "bird" rendered "putáh" originally showed the acute accent over the "t"

Page 161: changed "foer" to "four" (the four works enumerated)

Page 161: changed "moru" to "more" (Had the comparison been more extended, ...)

Page 162: changed postposition "tu" to "-ut`" (_-am_ _-ut`_, _-inc`_;)

Page 164: changed "correspondding" to "corresponding" (there are no forms corresponding to _mihi_)

Page 164: changed "s" to "is" (Then for the plural it is _h-_)

Page 165: changed postposition "-_tno_" to "-_nto_" (5, Chu-_ba_ _A_-chu-_nto_)

Page 165: removed unnecessary open parenthesis before "and" ( ... affixing _-nt o_, and (in some case) prefixing ...)

Page 168: added missing period after "3" ((3.) the Lesgian.)

Page 171: changed "_tqeexc_" to "_tqeexç_" (In like manner _tqeexç_ is _one from twenty_)

Page 172: changed "Gegenständeu" to "Gegenständen" (das weibliche Geschlecht wird bey _unbelebten_ Gegenständen)

Page 177: changed "whereever" to "wherever" (wherever there was a _painted_ ... population)

Page 179: changted "There" to "These" (These are to the effect that ...)

Page 181: changed "languape" to "language" (still preserve their original language)

Page 181: changed "dermine" to "determine" (enables us to determine.)

Page 184: changed "eonquest" to "conquest" (the area of the Angle conquest)

Page 185: removed comma after "Cæsar" (The number of enemies that Cæsar slaughtered)

Page 186: changed "constrasted" to "contrasted" (more likely to be contrasted with Greece)

Page 186: changed "indroduction" to "introduction" (sufficiently Greek to forbid the introduction of the Latin)

Page 186: added missing close quotation mark ( ... cæteris omnibus est facta communis".)

Page 190: changed "preceeded" to "preceded" (the first preceded the earliest of the other three) Note that while "preceed(e)" is a plausible but non-standard 18th century form, all other occurences in this book are spelled "precede".

Page 191: changed "Vocabularly" to "Vocabulary" (Crawfurd's Vocabulary is reprinted without acknowledgement)

Page 194: changed "inhabitans" to "inhabitants" (the inhabitants of Gilolo are classed with those of Gammen) Note that according to the OED, "inhabitans" is not an accepted spelling after the 16th century.

Page 195: added "have" (For the South of New Guinea we have not so much as a single vocabulary)

Page 198: changed "by" to "be" (These _may_ be indigenous.)

Page 204: added sentence final period (fire, _lope_, Lh.; _lope_. A. C..)

Page 211: changed "Undeterminded" to "Undetermined" (analiné, Undetermined, D. C.)

Page 213: changed "discribed" to "described" (the whole number of Negrito tribes has been described.)

Page 220: changed "Sy ney" to "Sydney" (11.... _tamira_, Sydney.)

Page 220: changed "Timboro" to "Timbora" (13. Stars = _kingkong_, Timbora;)

Page 221: changed "upong" to "upon" (I venture upon the following statements)

Page 221: changed semicolon to comma (3. Face = _awop aup_, Murray Islands;)

Page 221: changed "Islane" to "Island" (7. Hand = _tag_, Darnley Island;)

Page 243: changed "barrè" to "Barrè" in table column heading.

Page 248: added hyphen to change "_wa_ nnim-gain" to "_wa_-nnim-gain" (_eight_ _wa_-nnim-gain.)

Page 249/250: column header "Haidahof" was originally repeated on the following page as "Haldahof".

Page 251: changed "Tloaquatch" to "Tlaoquatch" (The Tlaoquatch vocabulary of Mr Tolmie)

Page 265: changed "So" to "To" (_To say_ Heisha)

Page 265: changed "Eskimot ongues" to "Eskimo tongues".

Page 265: deleted unnecessary closing quotation mark after "southward" (found even further southward.)

Page 265: added missing closing parenthesis in "_Transactions ... the Eskimo race in America._)"

Page 266: changed "THR" to "THE" (BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY)

Page 275: changed "subection" to "subsection" (the Ethnological subsection of the British Association)

Page 279: changed "ohild" to "child" (English _child_.)

Page 282: changed "Elackfoot" to "Blackfoot" (_Blackfoot_ katokin.)

Page 291: changed "Natchev" to "Natchez" (_Natchez_ wastanem.)

Page 291: changed "Angonkin" to "Algonkin" (_Old Algonkin_ wabi.)

Page 295: changed "Omakaw" to "Omahaw" (_Omahaw_ ni.)

Page 296: changed "Konaz" to "Konza" (_Konza_ shappeh.)

Page 306: changed "similiar" to "similar" (The numerals, too, are very similar)

Page 309: changed "mutsnm" to "mutsum" (_nine_ matshum mutsum)

Page 311: changed "Nsietshawas" to "Nsietshawus" (North of the isolated and apparently intrusive Tlatskanai lie the Nsietshawus)

Page 312: changed "macrene" to "macréne" (non maroté jessember macréne)

Page 314 table heading: changed "Wishosk" to "Wishok".

Page 328: changed "Cre" to "Cree" (Cree, _awâsis_ = child.)

Page 335: changed "Lhis" to "This" (This brings us to the _Kenay_.)

Page 336: changed "Thlingeha-_âinni_" to "Thlingeha-_dinni_" (3. The Thlingeha-_dinni_ = Dog-rib-_men_)

Page 336: changed "certainly" to "certainty" (are also, to almost a certainty, Athabaskan)

Page 336: added period and capilatised "With" for new sentence (Athabaskan. With the tongues in its neighbourhood)