Part 38

_man_ (_homo_) tama epatsh. _man_ (_vir_) uami ---- _woman_ wuctu seenyack. ---- wakoe sinyax. ---- huagin seen. _child_ whanu hailpit. ---- wakna ---- _father_ iham lothmocul. ---- kakka niquioche. ---- keneda nile. ---- kanamba ---- _mother_ nada tile. _son_ uisaiham homaie. _sister_ kenassa amyuck. _head_ agoppi estar. _eye_ aribika ayon. _tongue_ _mabela_ _ipailya--Mohave._ _hand_ nagana sith'l _foot_ agannapa hameelyay. _sky_ _ambeink_ _ammaya--Mohave._ _earth_ _amet_ _omut--Cuchan._ ---- ---- _ammartar--Mohave._ _water_ _kahal_ _aha--Dieguno._ ---- ---- _ahha--Mohave._ _fire_ _usi_ _house--Cocomaricopa._ _sun_ ibo nyatz. _day_ ibo nomasup. _moon_ gomma hullya. ---- ganehmajeie ----

_The Pima group._--One of Mr. Bartlett's vocabularies is of the Opata form of speech. (_Ludwig._)

_Tequima_, according to the same authority is another name for the same language: in which there is a vocabulary by Natal Lombardo; Mexico. 1702, as well as an _Arte de la Lengua Tequima, vulgarmente llamada Opata_.

A _Vocabulario de las Lenguas Pima, Eudeve, y Seris_ is said, by De Souza, to have been written by Fr. Adamo Gilo a Jesuit missionary in California.--DITTO--_v._ PIMA.

Exceptions, which the present writer overlooked, are taken in the Mithridates to the statement that the Opata and Eudeve Pater-nosters represent the Pima Proper. They agree with a third language from the Pima country--but this is not, necessarily, the Pima. Hence, what applies to the _Pimerian_ may or may not apply to the Pima Proper.

Nevertheless, the Pima belongs to the same class--being, apparently, more especially akin to the Tarahumara. I have only before me the following Tarahumara words (_i. e._ the specimens in the Mithridates) through which the comparison can be made. They give, however, thus much in way of likeness and difference.

ENGLISH. TARAHUMARA. PIMA.

_man_ rehoje orter. ---- tehoje cheeort. ---- ---- huth. _woman_ muki oo-oove. ---- ---- hahri. _wife_ _upi_ _oo-if._ _head_ _moóla_ _mouk._ _eye_ pusiki oupewe. _tongue_ tenila neuen. _hair_ quitshila moh. ---- ---- ptmuk. _foot_ tala tetaght. _fire_ naiki tahi. _sun_ _taiea_ _tahs._ ---- ---- _tasch._ _moon_ _maitsaca_ _mahsa._ ---- ---- _massar._ _I_ nepe ahan. _two_ _guoca_ _coka._ ---- _oca_ _kuak._

Buschmann connects the Pima with the Tepeguana.

Another complication.--In Turner's Extract from a MS. account of the Indians of the Northern Provinces of New Spain I find that Opa (Opata?) is another name for the Cocomaricopas _whose language is that of the Yuma_. This is true enough--but is the Opata more Yuma than the text (which connects it with the Hiaqui &c.) makes it?

_The Pima, Hiaqui, Tubar, Tarahumara, and Cora as a class._--An exception to the text is indicated by the footnote of page 357. The Mithridates connects the Cora and Tarahumara with the Astek and with each other. The Astek elements of the Hiaqui, as indicated by Ribas are especially alluded to. So are the Tarahumara affinities of the Opata. All this is doing as much in the way of classification as is done by the present author--as much or more.

As much, or more, too is done by Buschmann; who out of the Cora, Tarahumara, Tepeguana and Cahita (the latter a representation of the section to which the Yaqui belongs) makes his _Sonora Class--Sonorischer Sprachstamm_. As a somewhat abnormal member of this he admits the Pima.

Of the Guazave there is a MS. _Arte_ by P. Fernando Villapane--_Ludwig_.

That the _data_ for the Tepeguana are better than the text makes them has already been suggested. Buschmann has used materials unknown to the present writer.

See Ludwig _in voc. Tepeguana_.

_Pirinda and Tarasca._--The statement that there is a Pirinda grammar is inaccurate. There is one of the Tarasca; to which the reader is referred.

But this is not all. Under the title PIRINDA in Ludwig we find that De Souza says of Fr. Juan Bravo, the author of a grammar of the Lengua Tarasca "_fue maestro peritissimo de la lengua Pirinda llamada Tarasca_." This makes the two languages much more alike than the present paper makes them. The present paper, however, rests on the Pater-nosters. How inconclusive they are has already been indicated.

¶ The following table, the result of a very limited collation gives some miscellaneous affinities for the Otomi.

_English_ man. Otomi _nanyehe._ Maya &c. _uinic._ Paduca _wensh._

_English_ woman. Otomi _danxu._ Maya _atan = wife._

_English_ woman. Otomi _nsu._ Talatui _essee._

_English_ hand. Otomi _ye._ Talatui _iku._

_English_ foot. Otomi _qua._ Maya &c. _oc._

_English_ blood. Otomi _qhi._ Maya &c. _kik._

_English_ hair. Otomi _si._ S. Miguel _te-asa-kho._

_English_ ear. Otomi _gu._ S. Miguel _tent-khi-to._

_English_ tooth. Otomi _tsi._ Attacapa _ods_.

_English_ head. Otomi _na._ Sekumne _ono = hair._

_English_ fire. Otomi _tzibi._ Pujune _ça._

_English_ moon. Otomi _tzona._ Kenay _ssin = star._

_English_ stone. Otomi _do._ Cumanch _too-mepee._

_English_ winter. Otomi _tzaa._ Cumanch _otsa-inte._ S. Gabriel _otso._

_English_ fish. Otomi _hua._ Maya &c. _cay._

_English_ bird. Otomi _ttzintzy._ Maya &c. _tchitch._

_English_ egg. Otomi _mado._ Poconchi _molo._

_English_ lake. Otomi _mohe._ Pima _vo._

_English_ sea. Otomi _munthe._ U. Sac. &c. _muni = water._

_English_ son. Otomi _tsi._ ---- _ti._ ---- _batsi._ ---- _iso._ Natchez _tsitsce = child._

_English_ meat. Otomi _nhihuni._ ---- _ngoe = flesh._ Mexican _nacatl = flesh._

_English_ eat. Otomi _tsa._ Talatui _tsamak._

_English_ good. Otomi _manho._ Sekumne _wenne._

_English_ rabbit. Otomi _qhua._ Huasteca _coy._

_English_ snake. Otomi _qqena._ Maya _can._

_English_ yes. Otomi _ha._ Cumanch _haa._

_English_ three. Otomi _hiu._ Mexican _yey._ Huasteca _okh._

The other two are as follows.

(2.)

_The Otomi with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse._

_English_ man. Otomi _nanyche._ Kuanchua _nan._ Canton _nam._ Tonkin _nam._

_English_ woman. Otomi _nitsu._ ---- _nsu._ Kuanchua _niu._ Canton _niu._ Tonkin _nu._

_English_ son. Otomi _batsi._ ---- _iso._ Kuanchua _dsu._ Canton _dzi._ Mian _sa._ Maplu _possa._ Play _aposo._ ---- _naputhœ._ Passuko _posaho._

_English_ hand. Otomi _ye._ Siuanlo _he._ Cochin China _ua = arm._

_English_ foot. Otomi _gua._ Pey _ha = leg._ Pape _ha, ho = do._ Kuanchua _kio._ Canton _koh._ Moitay _kcho._

_English_ bird. Otomi _ttzintey._ Maya _chechetch._ Tonkin _tcheni._ Cochin China _tching._

_English_ sun. Otomi _hiadi._ Canton _yat._

_English_ moon. Otomi _rzana._ Siuanlo _dzan._ Teina _son._

_English_ star. Otomi _tze._ Tonkin _sao._ Cochin China _sao._ Maplu _shia._ Play _shâ._ ---- _sha._ Passuko _za._ Colaun _assa._

_English_ water. Otomi _dehe._ Tibet _tchi._ Mian _zhe._ Maplu _ti._ Colaun _tui._

_English_ stone. Otomi _do._ Cochin China _ta._ Tibet _rto._

_English_ rain. Otomi _ye._ Chuanchua _yu._ Canton _yu._ Colaun _yu._

_English_ fish. Otomi _hua._ Chuanchua _yu._ Canton _yu._ Tonkin _ka._ Cochin China _ka._ Play _ya._ Moan _ka._

_English_ good. Otomi _manho._ Teilung _wanu._

_English_ bad. Otomi _hing._ ---- _hio._ Chuanchua _o._ Tonkin _hu._ Play _gyia._

_English_ great. Otomi _nah._ ---- _nde._ ---- _nohoc._ Chinese _ta, da._ Anam _dai._ Play _do, uddo._ Pey _nio._

_English_ small. Otomi _ttygi._ Passuko _tcheka._

_English_ eat. Otomi _tze tza._ Chinese _shi._ Tibet _shie._ Mian _tsha._ Myamma _sa._

_English_ sleep. Otomi _aha._ Chuanchua _wo, uo._

(2.)

_The Maya, with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse._

_English_ son. Maya _lakpal._ ---- _palal = children._ Myamma _lugala._ Teilung _lukwun._

_English_ head. Maya _pol, hool._ Kalaun _mollu._

_English_ mouth. Maya _chi._ Chuanchua _keu._ Canton _hou._ Tonkin _kau._ Cochin China _kau._ Tibet _ka._

_English_ hand. Maya _cab._ Huasteca _cubac._ Maplu _tchoobah = arm._ Play _tchoobah = do._ Passuko _tchoobawh = do._

_English_ foot. Maya _uoc, oc._ Chuanchua _kio._ Canton _kon._ Moitay _cho._

_English_ sun. Maya _kin._ Colaun _koni._ Moan _knua._ Teiya _kawan._ Teilung _kangun._ Pey _kanguan._

_English_ moon. Maya _u._ Chuanchua _yue._

_English_ star. Maya _ek._ Mean _kie._ Miamma _kyi._

_English_ water. Maya _ha._ Miamma _ya._

_English_ rain. Maya _chaac._ Maplu _tchatchang._ Passuko _tatchu._

_English_ small. Maya _mehen._ Tonkin _mon._

_English_ eat. Maya _hanal._ Tonkin _an._ Play _ang._

_English_ bird. Maya _chechitch._ Tonkin _tchim._

_English_ fish. Maya _ca._ Tonkin _ka._

_English_ great. Maya _noh._ Pey _nio._

_The Acoma._--Two vocabularies from a tribe from the Pueblo of San Domingo, calling themselves Kiwomi, and a third of the Cochitemi dialect, collected by Whipple, are compared, by Turner, with the Acoma, of which they are dialects. Turner proposes the names Keres for the group. Buschmann, writing after him, says, "I name this form of speech _Quera_"--"_ich nenne dies Idiom Quera_."

The notice of the "outward signs" is not so clear as it should be. It means that two of the languages, the Taos and Zuni, run into polysyllabic forms--probably (indeed almost certainly) from composition or inflexion; whereas the Tesuque (which is placed in _contrast_ with the Zuni) has almost a monosyllabic appearance. This phenomenon appears elsewhere; _e. g._ in the Attacapa, as compared with the tongues of its neighbourhood. Upon the whole, the Zuni seems to be most aberrant of the group--saving the Moqui, which has decided Paduca affinities. They are all, however, mutually unintelligible; though the differences between them may easily be over-valued.

ENGLISH. ACOMA. COCHETIME. KIWOMI.

_man_ hahtratse hachthe hatshthe. _woman_ cuhu coyoni cuyauwi. _hair_ hahtratni ---- hatre. _head_ nushkaine ---- nashke. _face_ howawinni ---- skeeowa. _eye_ hoonaine ---- shanna. _nose_ ouisuine ---- wieshin. _mouth_ ouicani ---- chiaca. _tongue_ watchhuntni ---- watshin. _one_ ---- ishka isk. _two_ ---- kuomi 'tuomi. _three_ ---- chami tshabi. _four_ ---- kiana kiana. _five_ ---- tama taoma. _six_ ---- chisa chisth. _seven_ ---- maicana maichana. _eight_ ---- cocomishia cocumshi. _nine_ ---- maeco maieco. _ten_ ---- 'tkatz cahtz.

_Texas._--_p._ 101.--"Ini and Tachi are expressly stated to be Caddo, &c. as it is from the name of the last that the word _Texas_ is derived &c."--The name _Teguas_ is a name (other than native) of the population which calls itself Kiwomi. Word for word, this may (or may not) be Taos. It is only necessary to remember the complication here indicated. The exact tribe which gave the name to Texas has yet to be determined.

_The Witshita._--Allied to one another the Kechis and Wacos (Huecos) are, also, allied to the Witshita.--_See Turner, p. 68._

ENGLISH. KICHAI. HUECO.

_man_ caiuquanoquts todekitz. _woman_ chequoike cahheie. _head_ quitatso atskiestacat. _hair_ itscoso ishkesteatz. _face_ itscot ichcoh. _ear_ atikoroso ortz. _eye_ quideeco kidik. _nose_ chuscarao tisk. _mouth_ hokinnik ahcok. _tongue_ hahtok hotz. _tooth_ athnesho ahtk. _hand_ ichshene ishk'ti. _foot_ usinic os. _fire_ yecenieto hatz. _water_ kiokoh kitsah. _one_ arishco cheos. _two_ chosho witz. _three_ tahwithco tow. _four_ kithnucote tahquitz. _five_ xs'toweo ishquitz. _six_ nahitow kiash. _seven_ tsowetate kiowhitz. _eight_ naikinukate kiatou. _nine_ taniorokat choskitte. _ten_ x'skani skittewas.

Turner makes these three languages Pawni. In the present text the Witshita is made Caddo. It is made so on the strength of the numerals--perhaps overhastily.

That a language may be Pawni without ceasing to be Caddo, and Caddo without losing its place in the Pawni group is suggested in the beginning of the paper. Turner's table (p. 70), short as it is, encourages this view.

The truth is that the importance of the Caddos and Pawnis, from an ethnological point of view, is inordinately greater than their importance in any other respect. They are, however, but imperfectly known.

In Gallatin's first paper--the paper of the Archæologia Americana--there is a Caddo vocabulary and a Pawni vocabulary; and all that be said of them is that they are a little more like each other, than they are to the remaining specimens.

When the paper under notice was published the Riccaree was wholly unknown. But the Riccaree, when known, was shewn to be more Pawni than aught else. This made the Pawni a kind of nucleus for a class.

¶ Somewhat later the Caddo confederacy in Texas took prominence, and the Caddo became a nucleus also.

The true explanation of this lies in the highly probable fact that both the Caddo and Pawni are members of one and the same class. At the same time I am quite prepared to find that the Witshita (though compared with the Caddo by myself) is more particularly Pawni.

That the nearest congeners of the Caddo and Pawni class were the members of the Iroquois, Woccoon, Cherokee, and Chocta group I believed at an early period of my investigations; at a time (so to say) before the Riccarees, and the Californian populations were invented. If this doctrine were true, the Caddo (Pawni) affinities would run eastwards. They may do this, and run westwards also. That they run eastwards I still believe. But I have also seen Caddo and Pawni affinities in California. The Caddo numeral _one_ = _whiste_; in Secumne and Cushna _wikte_, _wiktem_. Again the Caddo and Kichie for _water_ = _koko_, _kioksh_. Meanwhile kik is a true Moquelumne form. This I get from a most cursory inspection; or rather from memory.

Upon the principle that truth comes out of error more easily than confusion I give the following notice of the distribution or want of distribution of the numerous Texian tribes.

1. *Coshattas--Unknown.

2. Towiach--Pawni (?).

3. Lipan--Athabaskan (?).

4. *Alish, or Eyish--Caddo (?).

5. *Acossesaw--Unknown.

6. Navaosos--Navahos (?).

7. *Mayes--Attacapa (?).

8. *Cances--Unknown.

9. Toncahuas--Are these the Tonkaways, amounting, according to Stem, to 1152 souls? If so, a specimen of their language should be obtained. Again--are they the Tancards? Are they the Tunicas? If so, they may speak Choctah.

10. Tuhuktukis--Are these the Topofkis, amounting to 200 souls? If so a specimen of their language, _eo nomine_, is attainable.

11. Unataquas, or Andarcos--They amount, according to Stem, to 202 souls. No vocabulary, _eo nomine_, known. Capable of being obtained.

12. Mascovie--Unknown.

13. Iawani or Ioni--Caddo? Amount to 113 souls. Specimen of language, _eo nomine_, capable of being obtained.

14. Waco--Wico?--Pawni.

15. *Avoyelle--Unknown.

16. 17. Washita--Kiche--Pawni.

18. *Xaramene--Unknown.

19. *Caicache--Unknown.

20. *Bidias--Unknown.

21. Caddo--Caddo.

22. Attacapa--Attacapa.

23. Adahi--Adahi.

24. Coke--Carackahua.

25. Carankahua--Attacapa (?).

26. Towacano--Numbering 141 souls. Is this Towiach?

27. Hitchi--Kichi (?).

28. *Nandako. } } Caddo (?). 29. *Nabadaches. }

30. *Yatassi.

31. *Natchitoches. } } 32. *Nacogdoches. } Adahi (?). } 33. Keyes. }

These last may belong as much to Louisiana as to Texas--as, indeed, may some of the others. Those marked * are apparently extinct. At any rate, they are not found in any of the recent notices.

Finally, Mr Burnett mentions the San Pedro Indians.

The previous list shews that the obliteration of the original tribes of Texas has been very great. It shews us this at the first view. But a little reflection tells us something more.

Like Kanzas and Nebraska, Texas seems to have scarcely any language that is peculiar to itself; in this respect standing in strong contrast to California. The Caddo belongs to the frontier. The Pawni forms of speech occur elsewhere. The Adahi is probably as much the property of Louisiana as of Texas. The Cumanch, Chocta &c. are decidedly intrusive. The nearest approach to a true Texian form of speech is the Attacapa. No wonder it is isolated.

The Adahi, is has, at least the following affinities.

_English_ man. Adahi _haasing_. Otto _wahsheegae_. Onondago _etschinak_. Abenaki _seenanbe_ = _vir_. Abenaki _arenanbe_ = _homo_.

_English_ woman. Adahi _quaechuke_. Muskoge _hoktie_. Choctah _hottokohyo_. Osage _wako_. Sack and Fox _kwyokih_. Ilinois _ickoe_. Nanticoke _aequahique_. Delaware _okhqueh_. Algonkin. &c. _squaw_. Taculli _chaca_.

_English_ girl. Adahi _quoâtwistuck_. Chikkasaw _take_. Choctah _villa tak_. Caddo _nuttaitesseh_. Oneida _caidazai_. Micmac _epidek_.

_English_ child. Adahi _tallahening_. Adahi _tallahache_ = _boy_. Omahaw _shinga shinga_. Otto _cheechinga_. Quappa _shetyïnka_.

_English_ father. Adahi _kewanick_. Chetimacha _kineghie_. Chikkasaw _unky_. Choctah _aunkke_.

_English_ mother. Adahi _amanic_. Caddo _ehneh_. Sioux _enah_, _eehong_. Tuscarora _ena_. Wyandot _aneheh_. Kency _anna_. Eskimo _amama_.

_English_ husband. Adahi _hasekino_. Chetimacha _hichehase_. Winebago _eekunah_. Taculli _eki_. Tchuktchi _uika_.

_English_ wife. Adahi _quochekinok_. Adahi _quaechuke_ = _woman_. Tuscarora _ekening_ = _do_. Cherokee _ageyung_ = _woman_. Chetimacha _hichekithia_. Chetimacha _hichehase_ = _man_.

_English_ son. Adahi _tallehennie_. Caddo _hininshatrseh_. Omahaw _eeingyai_. Minetare _eejinggai_. Winebago _eeneek_. Oneida _yung_.

_English_ brother. Adahi _gasing_. Salish _asintzah_ Ottawa _sayin_ = _elder_. Ojibbeway _osy aiema_.

_English_ head. Adahi _tochake_. Caddo _dachunkea_ = _face_. Caddo _dokundsa_.

_English_ hair. Adahi _calatuck_. Chippewyan _thiegah_. Kenay _szugo_. Miami _keelingeh_ = _face_.

_English_ face. Adahi _annack_. Chetimacha _kaneketa_. Attacapa _iune_. Eskimo _keniak_.

_English_ ear. Adahi _calat_. Cherokee _gule_. Passamaquoddy _chalksee_.

_English_ nose. Adahi _wecoocal_. Montaug _cochoy_. Micmac _uchichun_.

_English_ beard. Adahi _tosocat_. Attacapa _taesh_ = _hair_. Natchez _ptsasong_ = _hair_. Chetimacha _chattie_.

_English_ arm. Adahi _walcat_. Taculli _olâ_. Chippewyan _law_.

_English_ nails. Adahi _sicksapusca_. Catawba _ecksapeeah_ = _hand_. Natchez _ispehse_ = _hand_.

_English_ belly. Adahi _noeyack_. Winebago _neehahhah_. Eskimo _neiyuk_.

_English_ leg. Adahi _ahasuck_ = _leg_. Chetimacha _sauknuthe_ = _feet_. Chetimacha _saukatie_ = _toes_. Chetimacha _sau_ = _leg_. Osage _sagaugh_. Yancton _hoo_. Otto _hoo_. Pawnee _ashoo_ = _foot_. Sioux _see, seehuh_ = _do_. Nottoway _saseeke_ = _do_. Dacota _seehukasa_ = _toes_. Nottoway _seeke_ = _do_.