Part 37

_one_ hook cain. _two_ ass. _three_ calle sah. _four_ had sah. _five_ yea co. _six_ in ne me sah. _seven_ whist taw lah. _eight_ waw ah sah. _nine_ ky yie kit to. _ten_ aye to vow. _an Indian_ ah quels mah kin nic. _a man_ te te calt. _a woman_ balle key. _a shoe_ cath lend. _a gun_ tah vow. _I_ cah min. _thou_ lin coo. _he_ nin co is. _we_ (_thou and I_) cah min nah lah. _this Indian_ in nai ah quels mah kin nic. _that Indian_ co ah quels mah kin nic. _these Indians_ wai nai ah quels mah kin nic nin tie. _which man?_ cath lah te te calt? _which Indians?_ cah lah ah quels mah kin nic nin tie. _which gun?_ cah lah tah vow? _who_ cath lah. _my son_ cah mah hat lay. _his son_ hot lay is. _he is good_ sook say. _it is good_ sook kin nai. _he is arrived_ swan hah. _I love him_ hones sclah kilt. _he loves me_ sclah kilt nai. _I see him_ hones ze caught. _I see his son_ hones ze caught ah calttis. _he sees me_ ze caught tene. _he steals_ i in ney. _I love him_ hones sclah kilt ney. _I do not love him_ cah sclah kilt nai. _my husband_ can no claw kin nah. _he is asleep_ come ney ney. _I am a man_ te te calt ne ne. _I am a woman_ balle key ne ne. _where?_ cass kin? _where is my gun?_ cass kin cah tah vow? _where is his gun?_ cass kin tah vow is? _a lake_ ah co co nook. _how much?_ cack sah? _it is cold weather_ kis caw tit late. _a tent_ ah caw slah co hoke. _my tent_ cah ah kit lah. _thy tent_ ah kit lah nis. _his tent_ ah kit lah is. _our (thy and my) tent_ cah ah kit lah nam. _yes_ ah ah. _no_ waw. _men_ te te calt nin tie. _women_ balle key nin tie. _girl_ (_in her teens_) nah oh tit. _girls_ (_in their teens_) nah oh tit nin tie. _boy_ stalt. _boys_ stalt nin tie. _little boy_ stalt nah nah. _child_ cah mo. _children_ cah mo nin tie. _father_ (_by the sons_) cah de doo. _father_ (_by the daughters_) cah sous. _mother_ cah mah. _brother, eldest_ cah tat. _brother, youngest_ (_by brothers_) cats zah. _brother, youngest_ (_by sisters_) cah ze ah. _sister, eldest_ cats sous. _sister, youngest_ cah nah nah. _uncle_ cath ah. _aunt_ cah tilt tilt. _grandfather_ cah papa. _grandmother_ cah de de. _thy husband_ in claw kin nah nis. _my wife_ cah tilt nah mo. _thy wife_ tilt nah mo nis. _son_ can nah hot lay _or_ ah calt. _daughter_ cass win. _come here_ clan nah. _go away_ cloon no. _take care_ ill kilt we ín. _get out of the way_ you vaw. _come in_ tie cath ah min. _go out_ sclah nah ah min. _stop_ mae kaek. _run_ sin nack kin. _slowly_ ah nis cah zin. _miserly_ o per tin. _beggarly_ coke co mae kah kan. _I give_ hone silt ah mah tie sis ney. _thou givest_ kin nah mah tie zey. _he gives_ selah mah tie zey. _he gave_ cah mah tie cates. _I beat_ hone cah slah tea. _thou beatest_ kin cah slah leat. _he beats_ kis kilt cone slah leat. _give me_ ah mah tie kit sous. _he gave me_ nah mah tie kit sap pe ney. _I love you_ hone selah kilt ney. _he loves_ selah kilt. _do you love me?_ kin selah slap? _I hate you_ hone cah selah kilt ney. _thou hatest_ kin cah selah kilt. _he hates_ cah selah kilt. _I speak_ hones ah ney. _thou speakest_ kins ah. _he speaks_ kates ah. _we speak_ hones ah nah slah. _you speak_ talk e tea leat. _they speak_ seals ah. _I steal_ hone i he ne. _I sleep_ hone come ney ney. _we sleep_ hone come ney nah lah ney. _I die_ hones alt hip pe ney. _thou diest_ kins alt hip. _we die_ hone ah o co noak nah slah ney. _give me to eat_ he shoe. _eat_ he ken. _my gun_ cah tah vow. _thy gun_ tah vow nis. _his gun_ tah vow is. _mountain_ ac co vo _cle it_. _rocky mountain_ ac co vo _cle it_ nook key. _snowy mountain_ ac co vo _cle it_ ac clo. _road or track_ ac que mah nam. _large river_ cath le man me took. _small river_ hah cack. _creek_ nis cah took. _large lake_ will caw ac co co nook. _small lake_ ac co co nook nah nah. _rapid_ ah cah hop _cle it_. _fall_ wheat taw hop _cle it_. _shoals_ ah coke you coo nook. _channel_ hah cath slaw o weak. _wood or trees_ ah kits slah in. _red pine_ he mos. _cedar_ heats ze natt. _poplar_ ac cle mack. _aspin_ ac co co zle mack. _fire_ ah kin ne co co. _ice_ ah co wheat. _charcoal_ ah kits cah kilt. _ashes_ ah co que me co. _kettle_ yeats skime. _mat tent_ tah lalt ah kit lah nam. _head_ ac clam. _eyes_ ac cack leat. _nose_ ac conn. _mouth_ ac cait le mah. _chin_ ac cah me zin ne cack. _cheeks_ ac que ma malt. _hair_ ac coke _que slam_. _body_ ac co no cack. _arms_ ac sglat. _legs_ ac sack. _belly_ ac co womb. _back_ ac cove cah slack. _side_ ac kin no cack. _ears_ ac coke co what. _animals_ yah mo. _horse_ kilt calt law ah shin. _stallion_ cass co. _mare_ st_ou_galt. _bull_ neel seek. _cow_ slouke copo. _calf_ ah kin co malt. _tiger_ s'vie. _bears of all kinds_ cap pe tie. _black or brown bears_ nip pe co. _grizzle bear_ kit slaw o slaw. _rein deer_ neats snap pie co. _red deer_ kilt caw sley. _moose deer_ snap pe co. _woolvereen_ ats po. _wolf_ cack kin. _beaver_ sin nah. _otter_ ah cow oh alt. _mink_ in new yah. _martin_ nac suck. _musquash_ an co. _small grey plain wolf_ skin koots. _birds_ to coots cah min nah. _blue jay_ co quis kay. _crow_ coke kin. _raven_ nah nah key. _snakes_ (_rattlesnake_) wilt le malt. _garter snake_ ah co new slam. _roots_ (_camass_) hap pey. _bitter root_ nah cam me shou. _tobacco root_ mass mass. _sweet potatoes_ ah whis sea. _moose berry_ ac co mo. _strawberry_ ac co co. _pipe_ couse. _pipe stem_ ac coot lah. _axe_ ah coot talt. _tobacco_ yac ket. _flesh_ ah coot lack.

VI. _The Atna group._--The numerous vocabularies that represent the dialects and sub-dialects of this large class are the following--Atna Proper or Shushwap, Kullelspelm (Pend d'oreilles), Spokan, Kettlefall dialects of the Selish; Okanagan; Skitsuish (Cœur d'alène); Piskwaus; Nusdalum; Squallyamish; Kawichen; Cathlascou; Cheeheeli; Tsihaili; Kwaintl; Kwenaiwitl; Kowelitz; Nsietshawus or Killamuk. To this, the present writer adds the Billechúla.

XI. The query as the likelihood of the Straits of Fuca vocabulary having been Mozino's finds place here. The two are different: though both may have been collected by Mozino. Each is to be found in Buschmann, who, exaggerating the isolation of Wakash, Nútka, and Tlaoquatch forms of speech, separates them too decidedly. Out of nineteen words compared nine are not only alike but admitted by him to be so.

_The Billechula._--This lies intermediate to the Hailtsa and Atna groups; being (apparently) more akin to the latter than the former. Of the Atna dialects, it seems most to approach the Piskwaus.

_The Chinuk._--The Chinuk of which the Watlala of Hale is variety is more like the Nsietashawus or Killamuk than aught else.

_The Kalapuya._--The harshness of the Kalapuya is an inference from its orthography. It is said, however, to be soft and flowing _i. e._ more like the Sahaptin and Shoshoni in sound than the Chinuk, and Atna.

_The Jakon._--This has affinities with the Chinuk on one side, and the Lutuami on the other; _i. e._ it is more like these two languages than any other. The likeness, however, is of the slightest.

MISCELLANEOUS AFFINITIES.

_English_ man. Jakon _kalt._ Selish _skalt-amekho._ Skitsuish _skailt-emukh._ Piscous _skaltamikho._

_English_ woman. Jakon _tklaks._ Wallawalla _tilaki._ Watlala _tklkakilak._ Chinook _tklakel._ Cayoose _pin-tkhlaiu._ Molele _longi-tklai._ Killamuk _sui-tklats._ Shushwap _somo-tklitçk._ Cootanie _pe-tklki._

_English_ boy. Jakon _tklom-kato._ Kizh _kwiti._ Cowelitz _kwaiitkl._

_English_ girl. Jakon _tklaaksawa._ Kizh _takhai._ Satsikaa _kokwa._ Watlala _tklaleq._ Chinook _waleq._ Chickaili _khaaq._ Skwale _stkllatkl-adai._ Muskoghe _okulosoha._

_English_ child. Jakon _mohaite._ Shahaptin _miaots._

_English_ mother. Jakon _tkhla._ Chinook _tkhlianaa._

_English_ husband. Jakon _sonsit._ Chikaili _çineis._ Cowelitz _skhon._ Killamuck _ntsuon._ Umpqua _skhon._ -- do. _çhanga._

_English_ wife. Jakon _sintkhlaks._ Cayuse _intkhlkaio._ Molele _longitkhlai._

_The Sahaptin._--The Sahaptin, Shoshoni and Lutuami groups are more closely connected than the text makes them.

_The Shoshoni (Paduca) group._--The best general name for this class is, in the mind of the present writer, Paduca; a name which was proposed by him soon after his notification of the affinity between the Shoshoni and the Comanch, in A.D. 1845. Until then, the two languages stood alone; _i. e._ there was no class at all. The Wihinast was shewn to be akin to the Shoshoni by Mr. Hale; the Wihinast vocabulary having been collected by that indefatigable philologue during the United States Exploring Expedition. In Gallatin's Report this affinity is put forward with due prominence; the Wihinast being spoken of as the Western Shoshoni.

In '50 the Report of the Secretary at War on the route from San Antonio to El Paso supplied an Utah vocabulary; which the paper of May '53 shews to be Paduca.

In the Report upon the Indian Tribes &c. of '55, we find the Chemehuevi, or the language of one of the _Pah-utah_ bands "for the first time made public. It agrees" (writes Professor Turner) "with Simpson's Utah and Hale's East Shoshoni."

Carvalho (I quote from Buschmann) gives the numerals of the Piede (Pa-uta) of the Muddy River. They are nearly those of the Chemehuevi.

ENGLISH. PIEDE.

_one_ soos. _two_ weïoone. _three_ pioone. _four_ wolsooing. _five_ shoomin. _six_ navi. _seven_ navikavah. _eight_ nanneëtsooïn. _nine_ shookootspenkermi. _ten_ tomshooïn.

For the Cahuillo see below.

Is the Kioway Paduca? The only known Kioway vocabulary is one published by Professor Turner in the Report just alluded to. It is followed by the remark that "a comparison of this vocabulary with those of the Shoshoni stock does, it is true, show a greater degree of resemblance than is to be found in any other direction. _The resemblance, however, is not sufficient to establish a radical affinity, but rather appears to be the consequence of long intercommunication._"

For my own part I look upon the Kioway as Paduca--_the value of the class being raised_.

ENGLISH. KIOWAY.

_man_ kiani. _woman_ mayi. _head_ kiaku. _hair_ ooto. _face_ caupa. _forehead_ taupa. _ear_ taati. _eye_ taati. _nose_ maucon. _mouth_ surol. _tongue_ den. _tooth_ zun. _hand_ mortay. _foot_ onsut. _blood_ um. _bone_ tonsip. _sky_ kiacoh. _sun_ pai _moon_ pa. _star_ tah. _fire_ pia. _water_ tu. _I_ no. _thou_ am. _he_ kin. _we_ kime. _ye_ tusa. _they_ cuta. _one_ pahco. _two_ gia. _three_ pao. _four_ iaki. _five_ onto. _six_ mosso. _seven_ pantsa. _eight_ iatsa. _nine_ cohtsu. _ten_ cokhi.

XIII. _The Capistrano group._--Buschmann in his paper on the Netela and Kizh states, after Mofras, that the Juyubit, the Caguilla, and the Sibapot tribes belong to the Mission of St. Gabriel. Turner gives a Cahuillo, or Cawio, vocabulary. The district from which it was taken belonged to the St. Gabriel district. The Indian, however, who supplied it had lived with the priests of San Luis Rey, until the break-up of the Mission. Whether the form of speech he has given us be that of the Mission in which he lived or that of the true Cahuillo district is uncertain. Turner treats it as Cahuillo; at the same time he remarks, and shews, that it is more akin to the San Luis Rey dialect than to any other.

But it is also akin to the Chemeuevi, which with it is tabulated; a fact which favours the views of Hale respecting its San Capistrano affinities rather than those of Buschmann--Hale making them Paduca.

A vocabulary, however, of the unreclaimed Cahuillo tribes--the tribes of the mountains as opposed to the missions--is still wanted.

ENGLISH. CHEMUHUEVI. CAHUILLO.

_man_ tawatz nahanes. _woman_ maruqua nikil. _head_ mutacowa niyuluka. _hair_ torpip piiki. _face_ cobanim nepush. _ear_ nancaba nanocka. _eye_ puoui napush. _nose_ muvi nemu. _mouth_ timpouo netama. _tongue_ ago nenun. _tooth_ towwa netama. _hand_ masiwanim nemohemosh. _foot_ nampan neik. _bone_ maiigan neta. _blood_ paipi neo. _sky_ tuup tuquashanica. _sun_ tabaputz tamit. _moon_ meagoropitz menyil. _star_ putsih chehiam. _fire_ cun cut. _water_ pah pal. _one_ shuish supli. _two_ waii mewi. _three_ paii mepai. _four_ watchu mewitchu. _five_ manu nomequadnun. _six_ nabai quadnunsupli. _seven_ moquist quanmunwi. _eight_ natch quanmunpa. _nine_ uwip quanmunwichu. _ten_ mashu nomachumi.

P. 353. Now comes the correction of a statement in p. 353--"_the language of San Luis El Rey which is Yuma, is succeeded by that of San Luis Obispo, which is Capistrano_."--This is an inaccuracy; apparently from inadversion. A reference to the Paternosters of _pp._ 304-305 shews that the San Luis Rey, and the San Juan Capistrano forms of speech are closely allied. Meanwhile, the San Fernando approaches the San Gabriel, _i. e._ the Kizh.

See also Turner, _p._ 77--where the name _Kechi_ seems, word for word, to be _Kizh_. The _Kizh_, however is a _San Gabriel_ form of speech.

XIV. _The Yuma group._--Turner gives a Mojave, or Mohavi vocabulary; the first ever published. It is stated and shewn to be Yuma. The Yabipai, in the same paper, is inferred to be Yuma; containing, as it does, the word

_hanna_ = _good_ = _hanna_, _Dieguno_. _n'yatz_ = _I_ = _nyat_, _do_. _pook_ = _beads_ = _pook_, _Cuchan_.

The Mohave vocabulary gives the following extracts,

ENGLISH. MOHAVE. CUCHAN. DIEGUNO. COCOMANCOPA.

_man_ ipah ipatsh aykutshet ipatshe. _woman_ sinyax sinyak sín sinchayaixhutsh. _head_ cawawa umwhelthe estar ---- _hair_ imi ocono ---- ---- _face_ ihalimi edotshe wa ---- _forehead_ yamapul iyucoloque ---- ---- _ear_ esmailk smythl hamatl ---- _eye_ idotz edotshii awuc ayedotsh. _nose_ ihu ehotshi hu yayyayooche. _mouth_ ia iyuquaofe ah izatsh. _tongue_ ipailya epulche ---- ---- _tooth_ ido aredoche ---- ---- _hand_ ---- isalche sithl ---- _arm_ isail ---- ---- ---- _foot_ imilapilap imetshshpaslapyah hamilyah ---- _blood_ niawhut awhut ---- ---- _sky_ amaiiga ammai ---- ---- _sun_ nyatz nyatsh nyatz ---- _moon_ hullya huthlya hullash ---- _star_ hamuse klupwataie hummashish ---- hutshar _fire_ awa aawo ---- ahúch. _water_ aha aha aha ---- _I_ nyatz nyat nyat inyatz. _thou_ mantz mantz ---- mantz. _he_ pepa habuisk pu ---- _one_ setto sin hini ---- _two_ havika havik hawuk ---- _three_ hamoko hamok hamuk ---- _four_ pinepapa chapop chapop ---- _five_ serapa serap serap ---- _six_ sinta humhúk ---- ---- _seven_ vika pathkaie ---- ---- _eight_ muka chiphuk ---- ---- _nine_ pai hummamuk ---- ---- _ten_ arapa sahhuk ---- ----

We leave California with the remark that in Ludwig's Literature of the American Aboriginal Languages Mr. Bartlett's vocabularies for California bear the following titles.

1. Dieguno or Comeyei, 2. Kechi, 3. San Luis Obispo, 4. H'hana } 5. Tehama } 6. Coluz } from the drainage of the Sacrament, 7. Noana } 8. Diggers } 9. Diggers of Napa Valley. 10. Makaw of Upper California.

See _Californians_.

There is also a Piros vocabulary for the parts about El Paso: also a notice (under the word) that the MUTSUNES Indians speak a dialect of the Soledad.

_Old California._--As a general rule, translations of the Pater Noster shew difference rather than likeness: in other words, as a general rule, rude languages are more alike than then Pater Nosters make them. The reasons for this lie in the abstract nature of many of the ideas which it is necessary to express; but for the expression whereof the more barbarous forms of speech are insufficient.

This creates the necessity for circumlocutions and other expedients. In no part of the world is this more manifest than in Old California; a district for which our _data_ are of the scantiest. I think, however, that they are sufficient to shew that the Northern forms of speech, at least, are Yuma.

ENGLISH. O. CALIFORNIAN. YUMA.