Part 36

=P.= 258.--"_Kawichen and Tlaoquatch._"--The Kawichen is nearer to the Nusdalum, Squallyamish, and Cathlascou than it is to the Tlaoquatch. This may be seen in Buschmann p. 649. At the same time it is more Tlaoquatch than Buschmann makes it.

=P.= 259.--"_The Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo._"--Between the notice contained in p. 299 and the paper which precedes it there is an interval of no less than five years. There is also one of three years between it and the paper which follows.

Now up to 1850 I gave the term _Eskimo_ a power which I afterwards found reason to abandon. I gave it the power of a generic name for a class containing not only the Eskimo Proper, but the Athabascan, and the Kolooch. The _genus_, though in a modified form, I still believe to exist; I have ceased, however, to think that _Eskimo_ is the best name for it. Hence, expressions like "the Athabascan languages are, undoubtedly, Eskimo--and the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan" must be read in the sense of the author as expressed in _p._ 265--"that the line of demarcation between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant."

Whether certain forms of speech were not connected with the Eskimo Proper--the Eskimo in the limited and _specific_ meaning of the term--is another question. The Ugalents was so treated. The Kenay--until the publication of Sir T. Richardson's Loucheux specimens--was made both too Eskimo and too Kolooch. On the other hand, however, both the Eskimo and the Koluch were divisions of the same order. The actual value of the term _Kolooch_ is even now uncertain.

=P.= 276.--"_The Ahnenin etc._"--A reference to the word ARRAPAHOES in Ludwig's Bibliotheca Glottica (both in the body of the work and the Addenda) suggests a doubt as to the accuracy of the form _Ahnenin_. Should it not be _Atsina_?

Turner remarks that "there is no evidence that Dr. Latham collated" Mackenzie's vocabulary--which, as far as the text of Ludwig goes, is true enough. I had, however, _vivâ voce_, informed Ludwig's Editor that I had done so. As Turner knew nothing of this his remark was a proper one. The main question, however, touches the form of the word. Is _Ahnenin_ or _Atsina_ right? I can not make out the later history of the MS. In my own part, I copied, collated, and returned it; and I imagine that it still be amongst either Prichard's or Gallatin's papers. I have the transcript before me at this moment; which runs thus. "The vocabularies of the Blackfeet, of the Crows or Upsarokas, and of the Grosventre, Rapid, or Fall Indians who call themselves Ahnenin; by D. M. M'Kenzie of the St Louis American Furr Comp. They appear to belong to three distinct families. But the Crows speak a dialect clearly belonging to the same language as that of the sedentary Minitares and Mandans, which is Sioux."

ENGLISH. AHNENIN.

_ax_ hanarse. _awl_ bay. _American_ basseway. _Assineboin_ attinene. _blue_ wahtaniyo. _blanket_ nehatiyo. _brandy_ kinatlyo. _balls_ kutchemutche. _buttons_ hahkeatta. _berries_ bin. _blood_ barts. _bull buffalo_ nican. _cow buffalo_ etanun. _bear_ wussa. _bad_ wahnattha. _Blackfoot Indian_ wahtanetas. _Blood Indian_ cowwenine. _comb_ ehattiya. _cord_ ahthauatz. _cup_ anah. _coat_ beethintun. _calf_ wo. _cheat_ chahhawdo. _Crow Indian_ owwenin. _coming_, _I am_ kitowats. _dog_ ahttah. _deer_ nosik. _drink_ nahbin. _ear-rings_ iyand. _ears_ etah. _eyes_ araithya. _elk_ wussea. _eat_ ahbeetse. _foot_ nahatta. _friend_, _my_ beneche. _gun_ kutcheum. _good_ etah. _Gros Ventres Indian_ ahnenin. _girl_ (_young_) wahtha. _god_ (_sun_) esis. _going_ (_I am_) nehichauch. ---- (_where are you_) takahah. _going away_ nehahtha. _give me_ tsikit. ---- _him_ binenah. _horse_ wasahhun. _hair_ betaninita. _hand_ ikickan. _hungry_ asinun. _iron_ bachit. _key_ tanaga. _knife_ wahata. _kettle_ busetanah. _kill_ paahun. _leg_ nanaha. _leggings_ nattah. _lodge_ neahnun. ---- _poles_ ahearsum. _love_ abathatta. _lice_ bettabin. _meat_, _fresh_ ahhan. ----, _dry_ ahhthan. ----, _fat_ netun. _mouth_ ochya. _me_ }nistow. _mine_ } _man_, _white_ nehato. ----, _black_ awtamahat. _many_ akaka. _nose_ huse. _now_ wahne. _no_ chieu. _none, I have_ ichscho. _gun-powder_ keatah. _pan_ basiana. _pipe_ einpssah. _poor_ ahtabinou. _quit_ nannan. _scarletcloth_ benatiyo. _spoon_ abiyon. _salt_ ekiowa. _sugar_ nahattobin. _sleep_ nuckcoote. _strike_ towwonah. _sun_ esis. _still be_ owwahtatz. _tobacco_ kichtahwan. _teeth_ etchit. _thigh_ neteto. _to-day_ wanaki. _to-morrow_ nacah. _take it_ etanah. _vermillion_ nehatto noven. _understand, do you!_ ahnetan. ----, _I do not_ hachinetou. _wood_ bess. _rock_ hannike. _ribs_ netzsun. _robe_ tovau. _run_ nunahho. _roast_ estan. _river_ natcha. _wolf_ kiadah. _water_ nitsa. _whisky_ nahattonuche. _wife_ etha. _fingers_ naha. ---- _nails_ hussa. _you_ ahnan. _yes_ aha. _I don't want it_ natah. _sit down_ kannutz. _get up_ kayhatz. _where is it_ tahto. _there it is_ nayyo. _two_ nethiyau. _four_ yahnayau. _six_ nekitukiyau. _ten_ netassa.

As the MS. was written with unusual clearness and distinctness I have no doubt as to _Ahnenin_ having been the word. That Prichard read it so is evident; for the foregoing explanation has made it clear that he and I are independent witnesses. If error, then, exists it is in the MS.

The Blackfoot and Crow (which having also transcribed, I have by me) are as follows:--

English. Blackfeet. Crow.

_sun_ nawtoas _little old foot_ sakahbooatta. _spirit_ eishtom _bad spirit_ appanahhe. _man_ (_vir_) nayshetappe bettse. _Indian_ nayshetappe absarroka[47]. _woman_ ahkeya meyakatte. _boy_ sacoomahpa _skak_katte. _girl_ ahkaquoin meyakatte. _child_ _po`_kah _bak_katte. _father_ onwa menoomphe. _mother_ ochrist ekien. _husband_ ohmah batchene. _wife_ ohtoohka_mah_ _mooah_. _son_ _noh_coah me_nark_hatte. _daughter_ netan me_nark_mea. _brother_ nausah _booc_ouppa, see _child_. _sister_ niskan _booc_oupmea. _head_ otoquoin marshun. _hair_ otoquoin mishiah. ---- _of animal_ ohqueiz _face_ ostokais sa _forehead_ ohnez hhea. _ear_ ohtokeis uppa. _eye_ ohwappispe meishta. _nose_ ohkissis buppa. _mouth_ mau_ihhe_ _e'a_--teeth. _tongue_ matzsinne dayszske. _teeth_ ohpaykin _ea_--mouth. _beard_ emoooye eshaesha. _neck_ ohkokin shuah. _arm_ ohtsis barre. _hand_ ohkittakes buschie. _nail_ owatanokitz muhhpe. _body_ ostome boohhooah. _belly_ ohkoin ba're. _leg_ oheat buchoope. _feet_ oaksakah busche. _toes_ oakkitteaks itshearababi. _bone_ ohkinnah hoore. _heart_ ohhskitzpohpe nasse. _blood_ ahhahpanna eda. _town_ ahkawkimne ashchen. _chief_ nenah bettsetsa--see next _warrior_ n_assa_battsats. _war-party_ _soohah_ _friend_ netakka skeah. _house_ nappenweeze assua. _kettle_ eske baruhhea. _arrow_ apse ahnaitz. _bow_ espickanawmi bistuheah. _hatchet_ anahcokaksakkin matchepa--knife. _knife_ estowine mitsa--hatchet. _canoe_ ahkeosakis maheshe. _shoes_ ahtsakin hoompe. _bread_ ksahquonats hohhazzsu. _pipe_ ahcooiweman impsa. _tobacco_ pistahkaw hopa. _sky_ espoht ahmahho. _sun_ nawt_oas_ ahhhizu. _moon_ naut_oas_ minnatatche. _star_ cakat_ous_ _ekieie_. _day_ christo_cooe_ maupa. _night_ _coocooe_ oche. _light_ christecoonatz thieshe, _darkness_ eskenutz chippusheka, _morning_ eskanattame chinnakshea. _evening_ ahtakkote appah. _spring_ motse meamukshe. _summer_ napoos meamukshe. _autumn_ motose bisse. _winter_ stooya mannees. _wind_ supooa hootsee. _thunder_ christecoom soo. _lightening_ christecoom thaheshe. _rain_ soatah hannah. _snow_ ohpootah biah. _hail_ sahco makkoopah. _fire_ esteu bidah. _water_ ohhkeah _minne_. _ice_ sacoocootah beroohke. _earth_ ksahcoom amma. _river_ neekkittiz ahesu. _lake_ omahsekame _minnee_teekah. _island_ mane _minne_peshu. _valley_ kinekime ahrachuke. _hill_ natoom mahpo. _mountain_ mastake ahmahabbe. _stone_ ohcootoke mi. _copper_ [48]ohtaquinnakeskin ommattishe. _iron_ nakeshin omatte. _sea_ motohkin minneetskishah. _tree_ masetis bahcoo. _bark_ ohtokeskissase _eshe_. _grass_ mahtoyasc beka. _maize_ eskatah hohhartzhee. _oak_ cahpokesa dachpitseesmoney. _pine_ pahtoke _bartehe_. _wood_ masetis money. _fire-wood_ mamase ---- _leaf_ soyapoko moneyahpe. _meat_ akesequoiu arookka. _beaver_ kakestake beruppe. _elk_ poonahkah eitchericazzse. _deer_ ahnakkas ohha. _bullbuffalo_ estumeek ---- _cowbuffalo_ skain ---- _buffalo_ ---- bisha. _herd of buffaloes_ enaho ---- _bear_ keiyo duhpitsa. _wolf_ mahcooya chata. _dog_ emittah biska. _squirrel_ omahcookahte ishtadaze--rabbit. _rabbit_ } ahtetah ishta. _hare_ } _fox_ ohtahtooya cheesuptedahha. _snake_ patrakesema eanhassa. _bird_ pakesa dickkappe. _egg_ ohwas eikkieu. _goose_ emahkiya mena. _pigeon_ pispistsa main_pituse_. _partridge_ katokin chitchkekah. _turkey_ ---- dickkekskocke. _duck_ siakes mehhaka. _fish_ mamea booah. _white_ ksiksenum chose. _black_ sikksenum shupitkat. _red_ mohesenum hishekat. _blue_ comona shuakat. _yellow_ ohtahko shirekat. _great_ ohmohcoo esah. _small_ enahcootse _ecat_. _strong_ miskappe bassats. _old_ nahpe carraharra. _good_ ahse itsicka. _bad_ pahcaps kubbeek. _handsome_ mahtsoapse esissa. _ugly_ pahcapse eishkubbeek. _alive_ sakatappe itchasa. _dead_ aadne carrashe. _cold_ stooyah hootshere. _warm_ kasetotzu ahre. _I_ nisto bé. _thou_ christo de. _he_ ootowe na. _we_ nistonan bero. _you_ christo dero. _they_ ostowawah mihah. _this_ kanahka _kinna_. _that_ kanahka ahcooka. _all_ atesinekah hooahcasse. _many_ akkiom ahhook. _who_ sakayitz sippe. _what_ sappah. _to-day_ ahnookchusequoix hinnemaupa. _yesterday_ mahtone hooriz. _to-morrow_ ahpenacose shinnakshare. _yes_ ah hotah. _no_ sah barretkah. _to eat_ oyeatz bahbooshmeka. _to drink_ semate _smimmik_. _to run_ ohmahkoit akharoosh. _to dance_ pascah dishshe. _to go_ eestappote dah. _to sing_ anihkit munnohe. _to sleep_ okat mugghumme. _to speak_ apooyatz _bidow_. _to see_ ahsappatz ahmukkah. _to love_ tahcoomatzeman ahmutcheshe. _to kill_ enikke bahpake. _to walk_ ahwahocat nene. 1 sa ahmutcat. 2 nahtoka noomcat. 3 nahhoka namenacat. 4 nasowe shopecat. 5 nesitto chihhocat. 6 nowwe ahcamacat. 7 akitsekum sappoah. 8 nahnissowe noompape. 9 pakeso ahmuttappe. 10 kepo perakuk. 11 makesikepoto ehpemut. 12 nahsikepoto ehpenoomp. 20 nahsikpo noompaperruka. 30 nehapepo namenaperruka. 100 kapippooe peereeksah. 1000 kapippippooe peereeksahperaka.

[Footnote 47: Or _Upsaroka_, name of nation.]

[Footnote 48: See _yellow_.]

The Italics are the present author's. They draw attention to either a coincidence between the two languages, or the compound character of the word.

II.--_The Sioux group._--For a remark on the affinities between the Pawni and Caddo, see _p._ 400.

The following coincidences are the result of a very limited collation.

(1).

CHEROKEE AND CADDO.

_English_ man. Cherokee _askaya._ Caddo _shoeh._

_English_ woman. Cherokee _anigeyung._ Seneca _wenneau._

_English_ skin. Cherokee _kanega._ Mohawk _kernayhoo._

_English_ ox. Cherokee _wakakanali._ Caddo _wakusyeasa._

_English_ cow. Cherokee _wakaagisi._ Caddo _wakus._

_English_ thief. Cherokee _kanawskiski._ Caddo _kana._

_English_ day. Cherokee _kata._ Caddo _kaadeh._

_English_ great. Cherokee _equa._ Caddo _hiki._

_English_ eagle. Cherokee _awawhali._ Caddo _eeweh._

_English_ thick. Cherokee _uhaketiyu._ Caddo _hiakase._

(2).

CHEROKEE AND IROQUOIS.

_English_ enemy. Cherokee _agiskaji._ Seneka _ungkishwauish._

_English_ mouth. Cherokee _sinungtaw._ Seneka _swanetaut._

_English_ something. Cherokee _kawhusti._ Seneka _gwustah._

_English_ nothing. Cherokee _tlakawhusti._ Seneka _tataqwhista._

_English_ far. Cherokee _inung._ Mohawk _eenore._

_English_ conjurer. Cherokee _atawniski._ Mohawk _ahtoonitz._

_English_ aunt. Cherokee _etsi._ Seneka _ahhi._

_English_ my right hand. Cherokee _tsikatesixquoyeni._ Mohawk _gowweeintlataquoh._

_English_ a corn. Cherokee _kuli._ Seneka _uhkuah._

_English_ walnut. Cherokee _sawhi._ Mohawk _oosoquah._

_English_ horn. Cherokee _uyawnung._ Seneka _konnongguh._

IV. _The Athabaskan group._--I find that the affinity between the Loucheux and the Kenay languages is given by Prichard, who, at the same time, separates both from the Athabaskan. "Mr. Gallatin says that the similarity of languages amongst all these" (_i. e._ the Athabaskan) "tribes is well-established. The Loucheux are excepted. This language does not appear to have any distinctly marked affinities except with that of the Kenay."--_Vol. V._ _p._ 377.

I believe that Dr. Prichard's informant on this point was the same as my own _i. e._ Mr. Isbister.

Scouler also suggests the same relationship.

That Buschmann has arrived at the results of his _Athabaskische Sprachstamm_ through a series of independent researches I readily believe. Whether, after taking so little trouble to know what had been done by his predecessors, he is right is saying so much about his _discoveries_ is another question.

That the Pinaleno is in the same category with the Navaho is shewn by Turner, who gives a vocabulary of the dialect.

ENGLISH. NAVAHO. PINALENO.

_man_ husttkin payyahnah. _woman_ estsanni etsunni. _head_ betsi _hair_ tchlit setzezil. _ear_ tshar sitzchar. _eye_ ninnar tshindar. _nose_ nitchi chinchi. _hand_ shilattaete chicon. _feet_ t'ki sitzkay. _sun_ dacos yaheye. _moon_ 'tsadi ílsonsayed. _star_ olcheec ailsonsatyou. _fire_ 'tchou _water_ 'thu to. _earth_ klish tlia. _stone_ tseek tshaier.

V. _The Kitunaha language._--The Kitunaha, Kútani, or Cootanie vocabulary of Mr. Hall was obtained from a Cree Indian, and is not to be depended on. This being the case it is fortunate that it is not the only specimen of the language. There is an earlier one of Mr. Howse's, published in the Transactions of the Philological Society. It is as follows.

ENGLISH. KÚTANI.