Part 34

_and although and_ Guihi yaa tagamuegla hui ambinyijua hi doomo puhuegjua, he doomo pogonunyim;

_and earth bless evil_ Tagamuegjua guihi usimahel ke,ammet è decuinyimo, guihi yaa hui ambinyi yaa gambuegpea pagkaudugum.

Lastly, in 33° north latitude; the language of[40] San Luis El _Rey_, which is Yuma; is succeeded by that of San Luis _Obispo_, which is Capistrano.

[Footnote 40: For an exception to this statement see the Remarks at the end of the Volume. (1859.)]

I conclude, then, that the Yuma language belongs to the southern parts of _New_ and the northern part of _Old_ California.

Of recent notices of any of the languages of Old California, _eo nomine_, I know none. In the Mithridates the information is pre-eminently scanty.

According to the only work which I have examined at first-hand, the _Nachrichten von der Americanischen Halbinsel Californien_ (Mannheim, 1772; in the Mithridates, 1773), the anonymous author of which was a Jesuit missionary in the middle parts of the Peninsula, the languages of Old California were--

1. The _Waikur_, spoken in several dialects.

2. The _Ushiti_.

3. The _Layamon_.

4. The _Cochimi_, north, and

5. The _Pericu_; at the southern extremity of the peninsula.

6. A probably new form of speech used by some tribes visited by Linck.

This is what we learn from what we call the Mannheim account; the way in which the author expresses himself being not exactly in the form just exhibited, but to the effect that, besides the Waikur with its dialects, there were five others.

The Waikur Proper, the language which the author under notice was most especially engaged on, and which he says that he knew sufficiently for his purposes as a missionary, is the language of the middle part of the peninsula. How far the Utshiti, and Layamon were dialects of it, how far they were separate substantive languages, is not very clearly expressed. The writer had Utshis, and Utshipujes, and Atschimes in his mission, "thoroughly distinct tribes--_lauter verschiedene Völcklein_." Nevertheless he always speaks as if the Waikur tongue was sufficient for his purposes. On the other hand, the Utshiti is especially mentioned as a separate language. Adelung makes it a form of the Waikur; as he does the Layamon, and also the Cora and Aripe. Then there comes a population called _Ika_, probably the Picos or Ficos of Bagert, another authority for these parts. Are these, the sixth population of the Mannheim account, the unknown tribes visited by Linck? I think not. They are mentioned in another part of the book as _known_.

To the names already mentioned

1. Ika, 2. Utshi, 3. Utshipuje, 4. Atschime,

add

5. Paurus, 6. Teakwas, 7. Teengúabebes, 8. Angukwares, 9. Mitsheriku-tamais, 10. Mitsheriku-tearus, 11. Mitsheriku-ruanajeres,

and you have a list of the tribes with which a missionary for those parts of California where the Waikur languages prevailed, came in contact. Altogether they gave no more than some 500 individuals, so miserably scanty was the population.

The occupancies of these lay chiefly within the Cochimi area, which reached as far south as the parts about Loretto in 26° north latitude; the Loretto language being the Layamon. This at least is the inference from the very short table of the Mithridates, which, however little it may tell us in other respects, at least informs us that the San Xavier, San Borgia, and Loretto forms of speech were nearer akin to each other than to the Waikur.

ENGLISH. ST. XAVIER. S. BORGIA. LORETTO. WAIKUR.

_sky_ ambayujub ambeink ---- terereka-datemba. _earth_ amet amate-guang ---- datemba. _fire_ ---- usi ussi ---- _man_ tämma tama tamma ti. _father_ käkka iham keneda ---- _son_ ---- uisaham ---- tshanu.

The short compositions of Hervas (given in the Mithridates) show the same.

THE WAIKUR.--This is the language of what I have called the Mannheim account, namely the anonymous work of a Jesuit missionary of the Waikur country published at Mannheim.

It gives us the following specimens--Waikur and German:

Kepè-dáre tekerekádatembi dai; _unser Vater gebogene Erd du bist;_

ei-rì akatuikè-pu-me; _dich o das erkennen alle werden;_

tshakárrake-pu-me ti tschie; _loben alle werden Leut und;_

ecùn gracia-ri acúme carè tekerekadatembi tschie; _dein gratia o dass haben werden wir gebogene Erd und;_

eiri jebarrakemi ti pu jaupe datemba _dir o dass gehorsamen werden Menschen alle heer Erd,_

pae ei jebarrakere aëna kéa; _wie dir gehorsamen droben seynd;_

kepecun bu. kepe ken jatúpe untairi; _unser Speis uns gebe dieser tag;_

catè kuitscharakè tei tschie kepecun atacamara _uns verzehe du und unser Böses;_

paè kuitscharrakère catè tschie cavape atukiàra keperujake; _wie verzehen wir auch die Böses uns thun;_

catè tikakambà têi tschie; _uns helfe du und;_

cuvumerà catè uè atukiàra; _wollen werden Nicht wir etwas Böses;_

kepe kakunja pe atacara tschie. Amen. _uns beschutze von Bösen und. Amen._

The compound _tekereka-datembi = bent land = sky = heaven_.

To this very periphrastic Paternoster we may add the following fragments of the Waikur conjugation:--

Bè } {_ego ludo._ Ei } {_tu ludis._ Tutâu } amukirere = {_ille ludit._ Catè } {_nos ludimus._ Petè } {_vos luditis._ Tucáva} {_illi ludunt._

Bè } {_ego lusi_. Ei } {_tu lusisti_. Tutâu } amukiririkeri = {_ille lusit_. Catè } {_nos lusimus_. Petè } {_vos lusistis_. Tucáva} {_illi luserunt_. Amukirimè = _ludere_.

Amukiri tei = _lude_. Amukiri tu = _ludite_.

Bè-ri } {_I wish I had not played._ Ei-ri } {_Thou &c._ Tutâu-ri } amukiririkarikara = {_He &c._ Catè-ri } {_We &c._ Petè-ri } {_Ye &c._ Tucáva-ri} {_They &c._

Of the _Pericu_ spoken at the south extremity of the peninsula, I know no specimens.

We now turn to that part of the Yuma area which lies along the course of the Gila, and more especially the parts along the Cocomaricopa villages, of which one portion of the occupants speak a language belonging to the Yuma, the other one belonging to the Pima class.

This latter leads us to the languages of the northern provinces of Mexico--

SONORA AND SINALOA.

For these two provinces, the languages for which we have specimens fall into five divisions:-

1. THE PIMA. 2. THE HIAQUI. 3. THE TUBAR. 4. THE TARAHUMARA. 5. THE CORA.

That the Pima group contains the Pima Proper, the Opata, and the Eudeve, may be seen from the Mithridates. That the language of the Papagos, or Papago-cotam, is also Pima, rests upon good external evidence. Whether the speech of the Ciris, and population of the island of Tiburon and the parts opposite, be also Pima, is at present uncertain; though not likely to be so long, inasmuch as I believe that Mr. Bartlett, the Boundary Commissioner, is about to publish samples, not only of this, but of the other languages of Sonora.

West of the Pima lies the Tarahumara, and south of it the Hiaqui, succeeded by the Tubar and Cora of Sinaloa.

The following Paternosters of these four languages may be compared with the Opata dialect of the Pima. The words that, by appearing in more than one of them, command our attention and suggest the likelihood of a closer relationship than is indicated in the Mithridates, or[41] elsewhere, are in italics.

[Footnote 41: This conveys an inadequate notion. Buschmann has thrown the Cora and Tarahumara (connected by Adelung) into the same class with the Tepeguana and Yaque, represented by the Cahia.--_See Note_ (1859).]

OPATA.

_Tamo_ mas _tegui_acachigua _cacame_; _Amo_ tegua santo à; _Amo_ reino _tame_ macte; Hinadeia iguati _terepa ania_ teguiacachivèri; Chiama _tamo_ guaco veu _tamo mac_; Guatame neavere _tamo_ cai naideni acà api tame neavere _tomo_opagua; Gua cai _tame_ taotitudare; Cai naideni chiguadu--Apita cachià.

HIAQUI.

_Itom_-achai _teve_-capo _catecame_; Che-chevasu yoyorvva; Itou piepsana _em_ yaorahua; _Em harepo_ in buyapo _annua_ amante (_tevecapo?_) vecapo _annua_ beni; Machuvei_tom_-buareu yem _itom_ a_mi_ca-i_tom_; Esoc alulutiria ca-aljiton-anecau itepo soc alulutiria ebeni _itom_ veherim; Cai_tom_ butia huenacuchi cativiri betana; Aman _itom_-yeretua.

TUBAR.

_Ite_-cañar _teg_muicarichua _catemat_; _Imit teg_muarac milituraba teochiqualac; _Imit_ huegmica carinite bacachin assifaguin; _Imit_ avamunarir echu nañagualac imo cuigan amo nachic _teg_muecaricheri; _Ite_ cokuatarit, essemer taniguarit, iabbe _mi_cam; _Ite_ tatacoli ikiri atzomua ikirirain _ite_ bacachin cale kuegma naĩ egua cantem; Caisa _ite_ nosam bacatatacoli; Bacachin ackiro muetzerac _ite_.

TARAHUMARA.

_Tami_ nonò, mamù reguì guamí gatiki; _Tami_ noinéruje mu regua; Telimea rekijena; _Tami_ neguaruje mu jelaliki henná, guetshiki, mapu hatschibe reguega guami; Tami nututuge hipeba; _Tami_ guecanje _tami_ guikeliki, matamé hatschibe reguega tami guecanje putse tami guikejameke; Ke ta _tami_ satuje; Telegatigemeke mechka hulà. _Amen._

CORA.

_Ta_ yaoppe _tap_ahoa pethebe; Cherihuaca eiia teaguarira; Chemeahuabeni _tahemi_ (to us) eiia chianaca; Cheaquasteni eiia jevira iye (as) chianacatapoan tup up _tap_ahoa; Eii ta hamuit (_bread_) eu te huima tahetze rej rujeve ihic (_to-day_) ta taa; Huatauniraca ta xanacan tetup itcahmo tatahuatauni titaxanacante; Ta vaehre teatcai havobereni xanacat hetze huabachreaca tecai tahemi rutahuaga teh eu ene. Che-enhuatahua.

With these end our _data_[42], but not our lists of dialects; the names Maya, Guazave, Heria, Sicuraba, Xixime, Topia, Tepeguana, and Acaxee all being, either in Hervas, or elsewhere, as applied to the different forms of speech of Sonora and Sinaloa; to which may be added the Tahu, the Tacasca, and the Acasca, which is probably the same word as Acaxee, as Huimi is the same as Yuma, and Zaque as Hiaqui. Of the Guazave a particular dialect is named as the Ahome. Add also the Zoe and Huitcole, probably the same as the Huite.

[Footnote 42: For a notice of _Matlacinga_ see Ludwig: who mentions an _Arte_ and Dictionary. I have seen no specimens of it. (1859).]

That some of these unrepresented forms of speech belong to the same class with the Pima, Hiaqui, &c., is nearly certain. How many, however, do so is another question; it may be that _all_ are in the same predicament; it may be only a few.

The languages of

MECHOACAN.

These are--

1. THE PIRINDA. 2. THE TARASCA. 3. THE OTOMI.

The last will be considered at once, and dismissed. More has been written on the Otomi than any other language of these parts; the proper Mexican not excepted. It was observed by Naxera that it was _monosyllabic_ rather than _polysynthetic_, as so many of the American languages are, with somewhat doubtful propriety, denominated. A Mexican language, with a Chinese characteristic, could scarcely fail to suggest comparisons. Hence, the first operation on the Otomi was to disconnect it from the languages of the New, and to connect it with those of the Old World. With his accustomed caution, Gallatin satisfies himself with stating what others have said, his own opinion evidently being that the relation to the Chinese was one of analogy rather than affinity.

Doubtless this is the sounder view; and one confirmed by three series of comparisons made by the present writer.

The first shows that the Otomi, as compared with the monosyllabic languages of Asia, _en masse_, has several words in common. But the second qualifies our inferences, by showing that the Maya, a language more distant from China than the Otomi, and, by means inordinately monosyllabic in its structure, has, there or thereabouts, as many. The third forbids any separation of the Otomi from the other languages of America, by showing that it has the ordinary amount of miscellaneous affinities.

In respect to the Chinese, &c., the real question is not whether it has _so many affinities with the Otomi_, but whether it has _more affinities with the Otomi than with the Maya or any other American language_; a matter which we must not investigate without remembering that _some_ difference in favour of the Otomi is to be expected, inasmuch as two languages with short or monosyllabic words will, from the very fact of the shortness and simplicity of their constituent elements, have more words alike than two polysyllabic forms of speech.

The fact, however, which most affects the place of the Otomi language is the monosyllabic character of other American languages, _e. g._ the Athabaskan and the Attacapa.

As these are likely to be the subject of some future investigation, I lay the Otomi, for the present, out of consideration; limiting myself to the expression of an opinion, to the effect that its philological affinities are not very different from what its geographical position suggests.

Of the[43] Pirinda and Tarasca we have grammars, or rather grammatical sketches; abstracts of which, by Gallatin, may be found in his Notes on the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America, in the first volume of the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society. The following are from the Mithridates.

[Footnote 43: Only of the Tarasca (1859).]

PIRINDA PATERNOSTER.

Cabutumtaki ke exjechori pininte; Niboteachatii tucathi nitubuteallu; Tantoki hacacovi nitubutea pininte; Tarejoki nirihonta manicatii ninujami propininte; Boturimegui dammuce tupacovi chii; Exgemundicovi boturichochii, kicatii pracavovi kue,entumundijo boturichochijo; Niantexechichovi rumkue,entuvi innivochochii; Moripachitovi cuinenzimo tegui. Tucatii.

TARASCA PATERNOSTER.

Tata uchàveri tukire hacahini avàndaro; Santo arikeve tucheveti hacangurikua; Wetzin andarenoni tucheveti irecheekua; Ukuareve tucheveti wekua iskire avandaro, na humengaca istu umengave ixu excherendo. Huchaeveri curinda hanganari pakua intzcutzini yaru; Santzin wepovacheras huchaeveri hatzingakuareta, izki huchanac wepocacuvanita haca huchàveri hatzingakuaechani; Ca hastzin teruhtazema teruniguta perakua himbo. Isevengua.

It now becomes convenient to turn to the parts to the east of California, viz.

UTAH AND NEW MEXICO.

In Utah the philology is simple, all its forms of speech being

1. Athabaskan; 2. Paduca; or 3. Pueblo.

1. The Navaho, along with the Jecorilla of New Mexico, the Hoopah of California, and Apatch of California, New Mexico and Sonora, is Athabaskan.

ENGLISH. NAVAHO. APATCH.

_man_ tennai ailee. _woman_ estsonnee eetzan. _head_ (_my_) _hu_tzeetsin _see_zee. _hair_ (_my_) _hu_tzee _see_sga. _face_ (_my_) _hu_nnee streenee. _ear_ (_my_) _hu_tjah _see_tza. _eye_ (_my_) _hu_nnah sleeda. _nose_ (_my_) _hu_tchih _see_tzee. _mouth_ (_my_) _huz_zai _shee_da. _tongue_ (_my_) _hut_tso _shee_dare. _tooth_ (_my_) _hur_go _shee_go. _sky_ eeyah eah. _sun_ chokonoi skeemai. _moon_ klaihonoi clanai. _star_ sonh suns. _day_ cheen-_go_ eeska. _night_ klai-_go_ cla. _light_ hoascen-_go_ skee. _rain_ naheltinh nagostee. _snow_ yas zahs. _hail_ neelo heeloah. _fire_ konh kou. _water_ tonh toah. _stone_ tsai zeyzay. _one_ tlahee tahse. _two_ nahkee nahkee. _three_ tanh tau.

The Utah with its allied dialects is Paduca, _i. e._ a member of the class to which the Shoshoni, Wihinast, and Cumanch languages belong.

3. The Moqui is one of the languages of

THE PUEBLO INDIANS OF NEW MEXICO.

The comparative civilization of the Pueblo Indians has always attracted the attention of the ethnologist. Until lately, however, he had but a _minimum_ amount of trustworthy information concerning either their habits or their language. He has now a fair amount of _data_ for both. For philological purposes he has vocabularies for six (probably for all) of them.

Of the Pueblo languages two belong to the drainage of the Rio Colorado and four to that of the Rio Grande. Of these two divisions the former lies the farthest west, and, of the two Colorado Pueblos, the most western is that of

_The Moqui._--The Moqui vocabulary was procured by Lieut. Simpson from a Moqui Indian who happened to be at Chelly.

_The Zuni_ country lies in 35° north latitude, to the south and east of the Moqui, and is probably divided by the Sierra de Zuni from

_The Acoma, or Laguna_, the most southern of the Pueblos of the Rio Grande. North of the Acoma area lies that of

_The Jemez_, on the San Josef.

The two that still stand over lie on the main stream of the Rio Grande itself. They are--

_The Tesuque_; and

_The Taos or Picuri._--The northern boundaries of the Tesuque seem to be the southern ones of Taos. Connect these _Pueblos_ with the town of Taos, and the Tesuque with Santa Fé, and the ordinary maps give us the geography.

The philological affinities of the Pueblo languages scarcely coincide with the geographical relations. The Moqui lies far west. Laying this then out of the question, the three that, in their outward signs, most strike the eye in tables, as agreeing with each other, are the Laguna, the Jemez, and the Tesuque. The other two that thus outwardly agree are the Taos and the Zuni,--two that are not in the most immediate geographical juxtaposition.

What is meant by the "outward signs that most strike the eye on tables"? This is shown in the following tables:--

ENGLISH. ZUNI. TESUQUE.

_head_ oshoqui_nnee_ pto. _hair_ tiya_hwee_ po. _ear_ lahjo_tinnee_ oyez. _eye_ tona_hwee_ tzie. _nose_ nohah_hunee_ heu. _mouth_ ahwah_tinnee_ so. _tongue_ honi_nnee_ hae. _tooth_ oahna_hwee_ muai.

The following are some of the most patent miscellaneous affinities:--

_English_, sun. Tesuque, _pah_. Jemez, _pah_.

_English_, moon. Tesuque, _poyye_. Jemez, _pahah_. Taos, _pannah_. Moqui, _muyah_.

_English_, man. Tesuque, _sayen_. Jemez, _tahhanenah_.

_English_, woman. Tesuque, _ker_. Zuni, _ocare_.

_English_, wife. Tesuque, _naveso_. Jemez, _neohoy_.

_English_, boy. Tesuque, _onne_. Jemez, _annoh_.

_English_, forehead. Tesuque, _siccovah_. Laguna, _cophay_.

_English_, face. Tesuque, _chaay_. Laguna, _kowah_.

_English_, eye. Tesuque, _chay_. Jemez, _saech_.

_English_, teeth. Tesuque, _muah_. Taos, _moen-nahenhay_. Moqui, _moah_ = mouth.

_English_, chin. Tesuque, _shabbok_. Taos, _claybonhai_.

_English_, hand. Tesuque, _mah_. Jemez, _mahtish_. Moqui, _moktay_. Moqui, _mahlatz_ = finger.

_English_, breast. Tesuque, _peah_. Laguna, _quaist-pay_. Taos, _pahahkaynaynemay_. Jemez, _pay-lu_. Utah, _pay_.

_English_, deer. Tesuque, _pahye_. Jemez, _pahah_.

_English_, rattlesnake. Tesuque, _payyoh_. Taos, _pihoown_.

_English_, cat. Tesuque, _musah_. Laguna, _mus_. Taos, _museenah_. Jemez, _moonsah_. Zuni, _musah_.

_English_, fire. Tesuque, _tah_. Jemez, _twaah_.

The Moqui, which is not to be separated from the other Pueblo languages, has, out of twenty-one words compared, eight coinciding with the Utah.

Neither are there wanting words common to the Pueblo languages and those of the Athabaskan Navahos, Jecorillas and Apatches.

_English_, deer. Navaho, _payer_. Jecorilla, _payah_. Jemez, _pahah_.

_English_, cat. Navaho, _muse_. Jecorilla, _mussah_. Tesuque, _musah_. Laguna, &c.[44], _mus_.

_English_, earth. Navaho, _ne_. Jecorilla, _nay_. Tesuque, _nah_.

_English_, man. Navaho, _tennay_. Jecorilla, _tinlay_. Tesuque, _sayen_. Jemez, _tahhanenah_.

_English_, mouth. Navaho, _hu-zzay_. Jecorilla, _hu-zzy_. Tesuque, _sho_.

[Footnote 44: The Utah is _musah_.]

Of these the first two may be borrowed. In

KANZAS

the languages are _Arapaho_, and _Shyenne_, already noticed; and _Cumanch_, which is Paduca.

For the _Kioway_ we want specimens. In

NEBRASKA

they are _Sioux_, already noticed, and _Pawni_, allied to the _Riccaree_. Kanzas leads us to

TEXAS.

It is convenient in a notice of the languages of the State of Texas to bear in mind its early, as well as its present relations to the United States. In a country where the spread of the population from the other portions of the Union has been so rapid, and where the occupancy is so complete, we are prepared to expect but a small proportion of aborigines. And such, upon the whole, is the case. The displacement of the Indian tribes of Texas has been great. Even, however, when Mexican, Texas was not in the category of the older and more original portions of Mexico. It was not brought under the _régime_ of the missionaries, as we may see by turning to that portion of the Mithridates which treats of the parts west of the Mississippi. The references here are to Dupratz, to Lewis and Clarke, to Charlevoix, to French and English writers rather than to the great authority for the other parts of Spanish America--Hervas. And the information is less precise and complete. All this is because Texas in the earlier part of its history was, in respect to its exploration and description, a part of Louisiana, (and, as such, French) rather than a part of Mexico, and (as such) Spanish.

The notices of Texas, in the Mithridates, taken along with our subsequent _data_, are to the effect that (_a_) the _Caddo_, (_b_) the _Adaize_ or _Adahi_, (_c_) the _Attakapa_, and (_d_) the _Choktah_ are the prevailing languages; to which may be added a few others of minor importance.

The details as to the distribution of the subordinate forms of speech over these four leading languages are as follows:--

_a._ The Nandakoes, Nabadaches, Alich (or Eyish), and Ini or Tachi are expressly stated to be _Caddo_; and, as it is from the name of the last of these that the word Texas is derived, we have satisfactory evidence that _some_ members, at least, of the Caddo family are _truly and originally_ Texian.

_b._ The Yatassi, Natchitoches, _Adaize_ (or _Adaye_), Nacogdoches, and Keyes, belong to the Caddo confederacy, but without speaking the Caddo language.

_c._ The Carancouas, the _Attacapas_, the Apelusas, the Mayes speak dialects of the same language.

_d._ The Tunicas speak the same language as the Choctahs.

Concerning the philology of the Washas, the Bedies, the Acossesaws, and the Cances, no statements are made.