Part 33

_Sun_ = _tsoare_ Shasti, _tsul_ Palaik = _sun_ and _moon_. In Lutuami _tsol_ = _star_.

_Fire_ = Shasti _ima_ = Palaik _malis_. The termination-_l_-common in Palaik,--_ipili_ = _tongue_, _kelala_ = _shoes_, _usehela_ = _sky_, &c.

_Water_ = Shasti _atsa_, Palaik _as_.

_Snow_ = Lutuami _kais_, Shasti _kae_.

_Earth_ = Lutuami _kaela_, Palaik _kela_, Shasti _tarak_. This is the second time we have had a Shasti _r_ for a Palaik _l_--_tsoare_ = _tsul_.

_Bear_ = _tokunks_ Lutuami, _lokhoa_, Palaik.

_Bird_ = Lutuami _lalak_, Shasti _tararakh_.

_I_ = Lutuami _no_. Qu. is this the _n_ in _n-as_ = _head_ and _n-ap_ = for which latter word the Shasti is ap-ka?

NUMERALS.

ENGLISH. SHASTI. PALAIK.

_one_ tshiamu umis. _two_ hoka kaki.

Neither are there wanting affinities to the Sahaptin and Cayús languages, allied to each other. Thus--

_Ear_ = _mumutsh_ Lutuami = _ku-mumuats_ Palaik = _mutsaui_ Sahaptin. _tsack_ Shasti = _taksh_ Cayús.

_Mouth_ = _shum_ Lutuami = _shum-kaksh_ Cayús = _him_ Sahaptin.

_Tongue_ = _pawus_ Lutuami = _pawish_ Sahaptin = _push_ Cayús.

_Tooth_ = _tut_ Lutuami = _til_ Sahaptin.

_Foot_ = _akwes_ Shasti = _akhua_ Sahaptin.

_Blood_ = _ahati_ Palaik = _kiket_ Sahaptin.

_Fire_ = _loloks_ Lutuami = _ihiksha_ Sahaptin.

_One_ = _natshik_ Lutuami = _naks_ Sahaptin = _na_ Cayús.

_Two_ = _lapit_ Lutuami = _lapit_ Sahaptin = _leptin_ Cayús.

The Lutuami seems somewhat the most Sahaptin of the three, and this is what we expect from its geographical position, it being conterminous with the Molelé (or Cayús) and the allied Waiilatpu. It is also conterminous with the Wihinast Shoshoni, or Paduca, as is the Palaik. Both Palaik and Lutuami (along with the Shasti) have Shoshoni affinities.

ENGLISH. SHOSHONI.

_nose_ moui = iami, _Palaik_. _mouth_ timpa = shum, _Lutuami_. _ear_ inaka = isak, _Shasti_. _sun_ tava = sapas, _Lutuami_. _water_ pa = ampo, _Lutuami_. _I_ ni = no, _Lutuami_. _thou_ i = i, _Lutuami_. _he_ oo = hot, _Lutuami_. _one_ shimutsi = _tshiamuu_, Shasti; _umis_, Palaik.

The chief language in contact with the Shasti is the intrusive Athabaskan of the Umkwa and Tlatskanai tribes. Hence the nearest languages with which it should be compared are the Jakon and Kalapuya, from which it is geographically separated. For this reason we do not expect any great amount of coincidence. We find however the following--

ENGLISH. JAKON.

_head_ tkhlokia = lah, _Palaik_. _star_ tkhlalt = tshol, _Lutuami_. _night_ kaehe = apkha, _Shasti_. _blood_ pouts = poits, _Lutuami_. _one_ khum = tshiamu, _Palaik_.

Of three languages spoken in the north of California and mentioned in Schoolcraft, by name, though not given in specimens,--(1) the Watsahewa, (2) the Howtetech, and (3) the Nabiltse,--the first is said to be that of the Shasti bands;

Of the Howtetech I can say nothing;

The Nabiltse is, probably, the language of the Tototune; at least Rogue's River is its locality, and the Rascal Indians is an English name for the Tototune.

South of the Shasti and Lutuami areas we find--

II. THE EHNIK.

III. THE TAHLEWAH.

The latter vocabulary is short, and taken from a _Seragoin_ Indian, _i. e._ from an Indian to whom it was not the native tongue. We are warned of this--the inference being that the Tahlewah vocabulary is less trustworthy than the others.

ENGLISH. EHNEK. TAHLEWAH.

_man_ ahwunsh pohlusan'h. _boy_ anak'hocha kerrhn. _girl_ yehnipahoitch kerníhl. _Indian_ ahrah astowah. _head_ akhoutshhoutsh astintah. _beard_ merruhw semerrhperrh. _neck_ sihn schoniti. _face_ ahve wetawaluh. _tongue_ upri so'h. _teeth_ wu'h shtí. _foot_ fissi stah. _one_ issah titskoh. _two_ achhok kitchnik. _three_ keurakh kltchnah. _four_ peehs tshahanik. _five_ tirahho schwallah. _ten_ trah swellah.

The junction of the Rivers Klamatl and Trinity gives us the locality for--

IV. THE LANGUAGES AKIN TO THE WEITSPEK.--The Weitspek itself is spoken at the junction, but its dialects of the Weyot and Wishosk extend far into Humboldt County, where they are, probably, the prevailing forms of speech, being used on the Mad River, and the parts about Cape Mendocino.

The Weyot and Wishosk are mere dialects of the same language. From the Weitspek they differ much more than they do from each other. It is in the names of the parts of the body where the chief resemblances lie.

V. THE MENDOCINO (?) GROUP.--This is the name suggested for the _Choweshak_, _Batemdaikai_, _Kulanapo_, _Yukai_, and _Khwaklamayu_ forms of speech collectively.

1, 2. The Choweshak and Batemdaikai are spoken on Eel River, and in the direction of the southern branches of the Weitspek group, with which they have affinities.

3, 4, 5. The _Kulanapo_ is spoken about Clear Lake, the _Yukai_ on Russian River. These forms of speech, closely allied to each other, are also allied to the so-called Northern Indians of Baer's Beiträge, Northern meaning to the north of the settlement of Ross. The particular tribe of which we have a vocabulary called themselves _Khwakhlamayu_.

ENGLISH. KHWAKHLAMAYU. KULANAPO.

_head_ khommo kaiyah. _hair_ shuka musuh. _eye_ iiu ui. _ear_ shuma shimah. _nose_ pla labahbo. _mouth_ aa katsideh. _tooth_ oo yaoh. _tongue_ aba bal. _hand_ psba biyah. _foot_ sakki kahmah. _sun_ ada lah.

ENGLISH. WEITSPEK. KULANAPO.

_moon_ kalazha luelah. _star_ kamoi uiyahhoh. _fire_ okho k'hoh. _water_ aka k'hah. _one_ ku khahlih. _two_ koo kots. _three_ subo homeka. _four_ mura dol. _five_ tysha lehmah. _six_ lara tsadi.

The following shows the difference between the Weitspek and Kulanapo; one belonging to the northern, the other to the southern division of their respective groups.

ENGLISH. WEITSPEK. KULANAPO.

_man_ pagehk kaah. _woman_ wintsuk dah. _boy_ hohksh kahwih. _girl_ wai inuksh dahhats. _head_ tegueh kaiyah. _hair_ leptaitl musuh. _ear_ spèhguh shímah. _eye_ mylih ni. _nose_ metpí labahbo. _mouth_ mihlutl katsédeh. _tongue_ mehpl'h bal. _teeth_ merpetl yaóh. _beard_ mehperch katsutsu. _arm_ mehsheh' tsuah. _hand_ tsewush biyyah. _foot_ metské kahmah. _blood_ happ'l bahlaik. _sun_ wánoushleh lah. _moon_ ketnewahr luëlah. _star_ haugets uiyahoh. _day_ tehnep dahmul. _dark_ ketutski petih. _fire_ mets k'hoh. _water_ paha k'hah. _I_ nek hah. _thou_ kehl ma. _one_ spinekoh k'hahlih. _two_ nuehr kots. _three_ naksa homeka. _four_ tohhunne dol. _five_ mahrotum lehmah. _six_ hohtcho tsadi. _seven_ tchewurr kulahots. _eight_ k'hehwuh kokodohl. _nine_ kerr hadarolshum. _ten_ wert'hlehwerh hadorutlek.

In the _Kulanapo_ language _yacal ma napo_ = _all the cities_. Here _napo_ = _Napa_, the name of one of the counties to the north of the Bay of San Francisco and to the south of Clear Lake.

We may now turn to the drainage of the Sacramento and the parts south of the Shasti area. Here we shall find three vocabularies, of which the chief is called--

VI. THE COPEH.--How far this will eventually turn out to be a convenient name for the group (or how far the group itself will be real), is uncertain. A vocabulary in Gallatin from the Upper Sacramento, and one from Mag Readings (in the south of Shasti county) in Schoolcraft, belong to the group.

Mag Readings is on the upper third of the Sacramento--there or thereabouts.

ENGLISH. COPEH. M. R. INDIAN. U. SACR.

_man_ pehtluk winnoke ---- _woman_ muhlteh dokke ---- _head_ buhk pok ---- _hair_ tiih tomi tomoi. _eye_ sah chuti tumut. _nose_ kiunik ---- tsono. _mouth_ kohl ---- kal. _teeth_ siih shi ---- _beard_ chehsaki khetcheki ---- _arm_ sahlah ---- keole. _hand_ semh shim tsemut (_fingers_). _foot_ mai'h mat ktamoso. _blood_ sahk chedik ---- _sun_ sunh tuku sas. _wind_ toudi kleyhi ---- _rain_ yohro luhollo ---- _snow_ yohl yola ---- _fire_ poh pau po. _water_ mehm mem mem. _earth_ kirrh kosh ----

In the paper of No. 134 the import of a slight amount of likeness between the Upper Sacramento vocabulary and the Jakon is overvalued. The real preponderance of the affinities of the group taken in mass is that which its geographical position induces us to expect _à priori_. With the Shasti, &c. the Copeh has the following words in common:--

ENGLISH. COPEH. SHASTI, ETC.

_head_ buhk uiak, S. _hair_ teih tiyi, P. _teeth_ siih itsa, P. _ear_ maht _mu_-mutsh, L. _eye_ sah asu, P. _foot_ mat pats, L. _sun_ sunh tsul, P. _thou_ mih mai, S.

and, probably, others.

The Copeh is spoken at the head of Putos Creek.

Observe that the Copeh for _water_ is _mem_, as it is in the languages of the next group, which we may provisionally call--

VII. THE PUJUNI.--Concerning this we have a notice in Hale, based upon information given by Captain Suter to Mr. Dana. It was to the effect that, about eighty or a hundred miles from its mouth, the river Sacramento formed a division between two languages, one using _momi_, the other _kik_ = _water_.

The Pujuni, &c. say _momi_; as did the speakers of the Copeh.

For the group we have the (_a_) Pujuni, (_b_) Secumne, and (_c_) Tsamak specimens of Hale, as also the Cushna vocabulary, from the county Yuba, of Schoolcraft; the Cushna numerals, as well as other words, being nearly the same as the Secumne, _e. g._

ENGLISH. SECUMNE. CUSHNA.

_one_ wikte wikte-_m_. _two_ pen pani-_m_. _three_ sapui sapui-_m_. _four_ tsi tsui-_m_. _five_ mauk marku-_m_ (mahkum?).

So are several other words besides; as--

_head_ tsol chole. _hair_ ono ono. _ear_ bono' bono. _eye_ il hin. _sun_ oko okpi.

VIII. THE MOQUELUMNE GROUP.--Hale's vocabulary of the Talatui belongs to the group for which the name _Moquelumne_ is proposed, a Moquelumne Hill (in Calaveras county) and a Moquelumne River being found within the area over which the languages belonging to it are spoken. Again, the names of the tribes that speak them end largely in-_mne_,--_Chupumne_, &c. As far south as Tuol-_umne_ county the language belongs to this division, as may be seen from the following table; the Talatui being from Hale, the Tuolumne from Schoolcraft; the Tuolumne Indians being on the Tuolumne River, and Cornelius being their great chief, with six subordinates under him, each at the head of a different ranchora containing from fifty to two hundred individuals. Of these six members of what we may call the Cornelian captaincy, five speak the language represented by the vocabulary: viz.

1. The Mumaltachi.

2. The Mullateco.

3. The Apangasi.

4. The Lapappu.

5. The Siyante or Typoxi.

The sixth band is that of the Aplaches (? Apaches), under Hawhaw, residing further in the mountains.

ENGLISH. TUOLUMNE. TALATUI.

_head_ hownah tiket. _hair_ esok munu. _ear_ tolko alok. _eye_ húnteh wilai _nose_ níto uk (?). _mouth_ ahwúk hube (?). _sky_ wutsha witçuk. _sun_ heamhah hi. _day_ hemaah hiúmu. _night_ kowwillah kawil. _darkness_ pozattah hunaba. _fire_ wúkah wike. _water_ kíkah kík. _stone_ lowwak sawa.

As far west as the sea-coast languages of the Moquelumne group are spoken. Thus--

A short vocabulary of the San Rafael is Moquelumne.

So are the Sonoma dialects, as represented by the Tshokoyem vocabulary and the Chocouyem and Yonkiousme Paternosters.

So is the _Olamentke_ of Kostromitonov in Baer's Beiträge.

So much for the forms of speech to the north of the Gulf of San Francisco. On the south the philology is somewhat more obscure. The Paternosters for the _Mission de Santa Clara_ and the _Vallee de los Tulares_ of Mofras seem to belong to the same language. Then there is, in the same author, one of the _Langue Guiloco de la Mission de San Francisco_. These I make Moquelumne provisionally. I also make a provisional division for a vocabulary called--

IX. THE COSTANO.--The tribes under the supervision of the Mission of Dolores were five in number; the Ahwastes, the Olhones, or Costanos of the coast, the Romonans, the Tulomos, and the Altatmos. The vocabulary of which the following is an extract was taken from Pedro Alcantara, who was a boy when the Mission was founded, A. D. 1776. He was of the Romonan tribe.

ENGLISH. COSTANO. TSHOKOYEM.

_man_ imhen tai-_esse_. _woman_ ratichma kuleh-_esse_. _boy_ shínísmuk yokeh (_small_). _girl_ katra koyah. _head_ úle moloh. _ear_ tuorus ahlohk. _eye_ rehin shut. _nose_ ús huk. _mouth_ werper lapgup. _tongue_ tassek lehntip. _tooth_ síít kuht. _neck_ lani helekke. _foot_ kolo koyok. _blood_ payan kichawh. _sky_ reneme lihlih. _sun_ ishmen hih. _moon_ kolma pululuk. _star_ agweh hittish. _day_ puhe (_light_) hiahnah. _night_ moor (_dark_) kawul. _fire_ roretaon wikih. _water_ sii kihk. _river_ orush polah. _stone_ erek lepeh. _I_ kahnah kahni. _thou_ mene mih. _he_ wahche ikkoh. _they_ nekumsah mukkam. _all_ kete mukkam. _who_ mato mahnti. _eat_ ahmush yohlomusih. _drink_ owahto ushu. _run_ akamtoha hihchiah. _see_ atempimah ellih.

This shows that it differs notably from the Tshokoyem; the personal pronouns, however, being alike. Again, the word for _man_ = _l-aman-tiya_ in the San Rafael. On the other hand, it has certain Cushna affinities.

Upon the whole, however, the affinities seem to run in the direction of the languages of the next group, especially in that of the Ruslen:--

_I_ = _kah-nah_, Cost. = _ka_ = _mine_, Ruslen. _Thou_ = _me-ne_, Cost. = _mé_ = _thine_, Ruslen. _Sun_ = _ishmen_, Cost. = _ishmen_ = _light_, Ruslen. _Water_ = _sii_, Cost. = _ziy_, Ruslen. (?) _Boy_ = _shinishmuk_, Cost. = _enshinsh_, Ruslen. (?) _Girl_ = _katra_, Cost. = _kaana_, Ruslen.

Lest these last three coincidences seem far-fetched, it should be remembered that the phonesis in these languages is very difficult, and that the Ruslen orthography is Spanish, the Costano being English. Add to this, there is every appearance, in the San Miguel and other vocabularies, of the _r_ being something more than the _r_ in _brand_, &c. every appearance of its being some guttural or palatal, which may, by a variation of orthography, be spelt by _l_.

Finally, I remark that the-_ma_ in the Costano _ratich-ma_ = _woman_, is, probably, the-_me_ in the Soledad _mue_ (= _man_) and _shurish-me_ (= _woman_), and the _amk_ (_ank_) of the Ruslen _muguy-amk_ (= _man_) and _latrayam-ank_ (= _woman_); (?) _latraya_ = _ratich_. Nevertheless, for the present I place the Costano by itself, as a transitional form of speech to the languages spoken north, east, and south of the Bay of San Francisco.

X. THE MARIPOSA LANGUAGES.--In the north of Mariposa county, and not far south of the Tuolumne area, the language seems changed, and the _Coconoons_ is spoken by some bands on the Mercede River, under a chief named Nuella. They are said to be the remnants of three distinct bands each, with its own distinct language.

ENGLISH. COCONOONS. TULARE.

_head_ oto utno. _hair_ tolus celis. _ear_ took took. _nose_ thedick tuneck. _mouth_ sammack shemmak. _tongue_ talcotch talkat. _tooth_ talee talee. _sun_ suyou oop. _moon_ offaum taahmemna. _star_ tchietas sahel. _day_ hial tahoh[39]. _fire_ sottol ossel. _water_ illeck illick.

[Footnote 39: Same word as _taech_ = _light_ in Coconoons; in Pima _tai_.]

XI. THE SALINAS GROUP.--This is a name which I propose for a group of considerable compass; and one which contains more than one mutually unintelligible form of speech. It is taken from the river Salinas, the drainage of which lies in the counties of Monterey and San Luis Obispo. The southern boundary of Santa Cruz lies but a little to the north of its mouth.

The Gioloco may possibly belong to this group, notwithstanding its reference to the Mission of San Francisco. The _alla_, and _mut_-(in _mut_-ryocusé), may = the _ahay_ and _i-mit-a_ (_sky_) of the Eslen.

The Ruslen has already been mentioned, and that in respect to its relations to the Costano. It belongs to this group.

So does the Soledad of _Mofras_; which, though it differs from that of Hale in the last half of the numerals, seems to represent the same language.

So do the Eslen and Carmel forms of speech; allied to one another somewhat more closely than to the Ruslen and Soledad.

So do the San Antonio and San Miguel forms of speech.

The Ruslen; Eslen; San Antonio and San Miguel are, probably, four mutually unintelligible languages.

The Salinas languages are succeeded to the south by the forms of speech of--

XII. THE SANTA BARBARA GROUP.--containing the Santa Barbara, Santa Inez, and San Luis _Obispo_ languages.

XIII. THE CAPISTRANO GROUP.--Capistrano is a name suggested by that of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano. The group, I think, falls into two divisions:--

1. _The Proper Capistrano, or Netela_ of San Luis _Rey_ and San Juan Capistrano.

2. _The San Gabriel, or Kij_, of San Gabriel and San Fernando.

XIV. THE YUMA LANGUAGES.--At the junction of the Gila and Colorado stands Fort Yuma, in the district of the Yuma Indians. They occupy each side of the Colorado, both above and below its junction with the Gila. How far they extend northwards is unknown, probably more than 100 miles. They are also called _Cuchans_, and are a fierce predatory nation, encroaching equally on tribes of their own language and on aliens.

From these _Yuma_ Indians I take the name for the group now under notice. It contains, besides the Yuma Proper, the Dieguno of San Diego and the Coco-maricopa.

The Coco-maricopa Indians are joint-occupants of certain villages on the Gila; the population with which they are associated being _Pima_. Alike in other respects, the Pima and Coco-maricopa Indians differ in language, as may be seen from the following table, confirmatory of the testimony of numerous trustworthy authorities to the same effect.

ENGLISH. PIMA. CUCHAN. COCOMARICOPA. DIEGUNO.

_man_ huth epatsh apatch {àycutcht. {epatch. _woman_ hahri sinyak seniact sun. _Indian_ huup metepaie ---- ---- {ecoutsucherowo} _head_ mouk { and } ---- estar. {umwelthoocouo } _hair_ ptmuk eetche ---- hiletar. _ear_ ptnahauk smythl ---- ---- _nose_ tahnk ---- ---- hu. _mouth_ chinits ---- ---- ah. _tongue_ neuen epulche ---- ---- _tooth_ ptahan aredoche ---- ---- _beard_ chinyo yahboineh ---- ---- _hand_ mahahtk eesalche issalis selh. _foot_ tetaght emetchslipaslapya ametche hamulyay. _sky_ ptchuwik amma ---- ---- _sun_ tahs nyatch ---- ---- _moon_ mahsa huthlya ---- ---- _star_ uon klupwalaie ---- ---- _snow_ chiah halup ---- ---- _fire_ tahi aawoh house ---- _water_ suntik aha haache kha. _I_ ahan nyat ---- nyah. _he_ yeutah habritzk ---- ---- _one_ yumako sin sandek hina. _two_ kuak havick haveka hawue. _three_ vaik hamuk hamoka hamuk. _four_ kiik chapop champapa chapop. _five_ puitas serap sarap suap.

San Diego lies in 32-1/2° north latitude, a point at which the philology diverges--in one direction into Old California, in another into Sonora. I first follow it in the direction of

OLD CALIFORNIA.

San Diego, as has just been stated, lies in 32-1/2° north latitude. Now it is stated in the Mithridates that the most northern of the Proper _Old_ Californian tongues, the _Cochimi_, is spoken as far north as 33°. If so, the Dieguno may be _Old_ Californian as well as _New_; which I think it is; believing, at the same time, that _Cochimi_ and _Cuchan_ are the same words. Again, in the following Paternoster the word for _sky_ = _ammai_ in the Cuchan vocabulary.

COCHIMI OF SAN XAVIER.

_father sky_ Pennayu make,nambà yaa ambayujui miyà mo;

_name men confess and love all_ Buhu mombojua tamma gkomendà hi nogodoño demuejueg gkajim;

_and sky earth_ Pennayùla bogodoño gkajim, gui hi ambayujup maba yaa ke,amete

_favour_ decuinyi mo puegiñ;

_sky earth_ Yaa m blihula mujua ambayup mo dedahijua, amet ê nò guìlugui hi pagkajim;

_this day day_ Tamadà yaa ibo tejueg quiluguiqui pe,mijich ê mòu ibo yanno puegiñ;

_and man evil_ Guihi tamma yaa gambuegjula ke,pujui ambinyijua pennayala dedaudugùjua, giulugui pagkajim;