Part 30

_man_ çune mailik mailik. _woman_ kele kele kule. _child_ ---- maidumonai ---- _daughter_ ---- eti ---- _head_ tçutçúl tsol tçultçul. _hair_ oi ono oi. _ear_ onó bono orro. _eye_ watça il hil. _nose_ henka suma ---- _mouth_ moló sim ---- _neck_ tokotók kui kulut. _arm_ ma wah kalut. _hand_ tçapai ma tamsult _or_ tamtçut. _fingers_ tçikikup biti tcikikup. _leg_ pai podo bimpi. _foot_ kat_u_p pai pai. _toe_ ta_p_ biti ---- _house_ hē hē ---- _bow_ ōlumni ---- ---- _arrow_ huiā ---- ---- _shoes_ ---- sol_u_m ---- _beads_ ---- haw_ū_t ---- _sky_ hibi ---- ---- _sun_ oko oko ---- _day_ oko eki ---- _night_ ---- po ---- _fire_ ça sa ça. _water_ momi, mop mop momi. _river_ lókolók mumdi munti. _stone_ o o ---- _tree_ tça tsa ---- _grapes_ ---- muti ---- _deer_ wil kut kut. _bird_ ---- tsit ---- _fish_ ---- pala ---- _salmon_ mai mai ---- _name_ ---- ianó ---- _good_ huk wenne huk. _bad_ ---- tçoç maidik. _old_ ---- hawil ---- _new_ ---- be ---- _sweet_ ---- sudúk ---- _sour_ ---- oho ---- _hasten_ ---- iewa ---- _run_ tshel gewa ---- _walk_ iye wiye ---- _swim_ pi ---- ---- _talk_ wiwina enun ---- _sing_ ---- tsol ---- _dance_ ---- paio ---- _one_ ti wikte ---- _two_ teene pen ---- _three_ shupui sapui ---- _four_ pehel tsi ---- _five_ mustic mauk ---- _six_ tini, o (_sic_) tini, a (_sic_) ---- _seven_ tapui pensi (?) _sic_. ---- _eight_ petshei tapau (?) _sic_. ---- _nine_ matshum mutsum ---- _ten_ tshapanaka aduk ----

On the Kassima River, a tributary of the Sacramiento, about eighty miles from its mouth lives a tribe whose language is called the Talatui, and is represented by a vocabulary of Mr. Dana's. It belongs, as Gallatin has suggested, to the same class with the language of San Raphael, as given in a vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:--

ENGLISH. TALATUI. SAN RAPHAEL.

_man_ sawe lamantiya. _woman_ esuu kulaish. _father_ tata api. _daughter_ tele ai. _head_ tikit molu. _ear_ _alok_ _alokh_. _eye_ wilai shuta. _nose_ _uk_ _huke_. _mouth_ hube lakum. _hand_ _iku_ _akue_. _foot_ subei koio. _sun_ _hi_ _hi_. _day_ _hi_ umu _hi_. _night_ ka-_wil_ _wal_ay uta. _fire_ _wike_ _waik_. _water_ _kik_ _kiik_. _stone_ sawa lupoii. _bird_ lune, ti kakalis. _house_ _kodja_ _koitaya_. _one_ _kenate_ _kenai_. _two_ _oyo_-ko _oza_. _three_ _teli_-ko _tula_-ka. _four_ oiçu-ko wiag. _five_ kassa-ko kenekus. _six_ temebo patirak. _seven_ kanikuk (?) _sic_ semlawi. _eight_ kauinda wusuya. _nine_ ooi umarask. _ten_ ekuye kitshish.

North of San Francisco, at least along the coast, we have no vocabularies of any language undoubtedly and exclusively Californian. Thus, the Lutuami, the Shasti and Palaik are, in all probability, common to California and Oregon. Of each of these languages Mr. Hale has given us a vocabulary. The Lutuami live on the headwaters of the river and lake Tlamatl, or Clamet, conterminous on the south-east with the Palaiks, and on the south-west with the Shasti. The affinity between the Palaik and Lutuami seems to be somewhat greater than that between the Lutuami and Shasti.

And now we have gone _round_ California; for, conterminous, on the east, with the Lutuami and Shasti are the Wihinast and Paduca with whom we began, and it is only by the comparatively narrow strip of country occupied by the three tribes just enumerated that the great Paduca area is separated from the Pacific. How far the Shasti and Palaik areas extend in the direction of the head-waters of the Sacramiento is uncertain. A separate language, however, seems to be represented by a vocabulary, collected by Mr. Dana from the Indians who lie about 250 miles from its mouth. From the Lutuami, the Shasti, the Palaik, and Jakon, northwards, and from the Pujuni, Talatui and other dialects lower down the river, it seems distinct. It is just more like the Jakon than any other form of speech equally distant. Neither is it Shoshoni:--

ENGL. U. SACR.

_sun_ sas. _fire_ po. _water_ meim. momi _Puj._ _Tsam._ mop _Sek._ _hair_ to-moi. _eye_ tu-mut. _arm_ keole. _finger_ tsemut. tamtçut = hand _Tsam._ _leg_ tole. kolo _Talat._ _foot_ ktamoso. _knee_ huiuk. _deer_ nop. _salmon_ monok. _nose_ tsono. tusina _Jakon_. suma _Sek._ _mouth_ kal. khai _Jakon_. hai _Soledad_. _chin_ kentikut. _forehead_ tei. _knife_ kelekele. _iron_ kelekele. _grape_ uyulu. _rush_ tso. _eat_ ba, bas. _see_ wila. _go_ hara.

Slight as is this preponderance of affinity with the Jakon, it is not to be ignored altogether. The displacements between the two areas have been considerable and though the names of as many as five intermediate tribes are known, we have no specimens of their languages. These tribes are--

1. The Kaus, between the rivers Umkwa and Clamet, and consequently not far from the head-waters of the Sacramiento.

2. 3. The Tsalel and Killiwashat, on the Umkwa.

4. The Saintskla between these and the Jakon, the Jakon being between the Tlatskanai and Umkwa.

Now as these last are Athabaskan, there must have been displacement. But there are further proofs. North of the isolated and apparently intrusive Tlatskanai lie the Nsietshawus--isolated and apparently intrusive also; since they belong to the great Atna stock of Frazer's River.

The Jakon, then, and the Indians of the Upper Sacramiento may belong to the same stock--a stock which will be continuous in its area in case intermediate tribes prove referable to it, and interrupted in its area if they do not. At any rate, the _direction_ of the Jakons is important.

The following Paternosters from Mofras, referable to the parts about San Francisco, require fixing. They can probably be distributed among the languages ascribed to that district--not, however, by the present writer:--

_Langue de la Mission de Santa Clara._--Appa macréne mé saura saraahtiga elecpuhmem imragat, sacan macréne mensaraah assuevy nouman ourun macari pireca numa ban saraahiga poluma macréne souhaii naltis anat macréne neéna, ia annanet macréne meena, ia annanet macréne macrec équetr maccari noumbasi macro annan, non maroté jessember macréne in eckoué tamouniri innam tattahné, icatrarca oniet macréne equets naccaritkoun och á Jésus.

_Langue de la Mission de Santa Ines._--Dios caquicoco upalequen alapa, quiaenicho opte; paquininigug quique eccuet upalacs huatahuc itimisshup caneche alapa. Ulamuhu ilahulalisahue. Picsiyug equepe ginsucutaniyug uquiyagmagin, canechequique quisagin sucutanagun utiyagmayiyug peux hoyug quie utie lex ulechop santequiyung ilautechop. Amen. Jesus.

_Langue de la Vallée de Los Tulares._--Appa macquen erignimo, tasunimac emracat, jinnin eccey macquen unisínmac macquen quitti éné soteyma erinigmo: sumimac macquen hamjamú jinnan guara ayei; sunnun maquen quit ti enesunumac ayacma; aquectsem unisimtac nininti equetmini: junná macquen equetmini em men.

_Langue Giuluco de la Mission de San Francisco._--Allá-igamé mutryocusé mi zahuá on mi yahuatail cha usqui etra shon mur tzecali Ziam pac onjinta mul zhaiíge Nasoyate chelegua mul znatzoitze tzecali zicmatan zchütülaa chalehua mesqui pihuatzite yteima omahuá. Emqui. Jesus.

_Langue Chocouyem du Rio del Sacramento._--Api maco su lileco ma nénas mi aués omai mácono mi taucuchs oyópa mi tauco chaquenit opú neyatto chequenit opu liletto. Tu maco muye genum ji naya macono sucuji sulia mácono mácocte, chaue mat opu ma suli mayaco. Macoi yangia ume omutto, ulémi mácono omu incapo. Nette esa Jesus.

_Langue Joukiousmé de la Mission de San Raphael._--Api maco sa líleto manénas mi dues onía mácono michauka oiopa mitauka chakenit opu negata chàkenit opu lilèto, tumako muye quenunje naya macono sucuji snlia macóno masojte chake mat opu ma suli mayaco maco yangìa ume omut ulemi macono omu in capo. Netenti Jesus.

The numerals given by Mofras are as follows:--

SAN LUIS SAN JUAN ENGL. (OBISPO). CAPISTRANO. SAN GABRIEL. _one_ tchoumou soupouhe poukou. _two_ eschiou houah guèpé. _three_ micha paai pagi. _four_ paksi houasah quatcha. _five_ tizeoui maha makai. _six_ ksoukouia pomkalilo pabai. _seven_ ksouamiche chouchoui quachacabia. _eight_ scomo ouasa-kabia quequacha. _nine_ scoumo-tchi ouasa-maha majai-cayia. _ten_ touymile ouikinmaha quejemajai.

ADDENDUM.--(Oct. 14, 1853.)

Since the previous paper was read, "Observations on some of the Indian dialects of Northern California, by G. Gibbs," have appeared in the 3rd Part of Schoolcraft (published 1853) (_vide_ pp. 420-445).

The vocabularies, which are given in a tabulated form, are for the following twelve languages:--

1. Tchokoyem. 2. Copeh. 3. Kulanapo. 4. Yukai. 5. Choweshak. 6. Batemdakaiee. 7. Weeyot. 8. Wishok. 9. Weitspek. 10. Hoopah. 11. Tahlewah. 12. Ehnek.

Besides which three others have been collected, but do not appear in print, viz.:--

1. The Watsa-he-wa,--spoken by one of the bands of the Shasti family.

2. The Howteteoh.

3. The Nabittse.

Of these the Tchokoyem = the _Chocouyem_ of the Sacramiento, and the _Joukiousme_ or San Raphael of Mofras; also Gallatin's San Raphael, and (more or less) the Talatui.

The Copeh is something (though less) like the short Upper Sacramiento specimen of the preceding paper.

The Yukai is, perhaps, less like the Pujuni, Sekume, and Tsamak vocabularies than the Copeh is to the Upper Sacramiento. Still, it probably belongs to the same class, since it will be seen that the Huk and Yukai languages are members of the group that Mr. Dana's lists represent. The Kulanapo has a clear preponderance of affinities with the Yukae.

The Choweshak and Batemdakaiee are allied. So are--

The Weeyot and the Wishok; in each of which the sound expressed by _tl'_ occurs. These along with the Weitspek take _m_ as the possessive prefix to the parts of the human body, and have other points of similarity.

ENGLISH. WEEYOT. WISHOK.

_hair_ pah'tl paht'l. _foot_ welhh'tl wehlihl.

The Hoopah is more interesting than any. The names of the parts of the human body, when compared with the Navaho and Jecorilla, are as follows:--

ENGLISH. HOOPAH. NAVAHO. JECORILLA.

_head_ okheh hut-se it-se. _forehead_ hotsintah hut-tah pin-nay. _face_ haunith hun-ne ---- _eye_ huanah hunnah pindah. _nose_ huntchu hutchin witchess. _teeth_ howwa howgo egho. _tongue_ sastha hotso ezahte. _ear_ hotcheweh hutchah wickyah. _hair_ tsewok hotse itse. _neck_ hosewatl huckquoss wickcost. _arm_ hoithlani hutcon witse. _hand_ hollah hullah wislah.

Here the initial combination of _h_ and some other letter is (after the manner of so many American tongues) the possessive pronoun--alike in both the Navaho and Hoopah; many of the roots being also alike. Now the Navaho and Jecorilla are Athabaskan, and the Hoopah is probably Athabaskan also.

The Tahlewah and Ehnek are but little like each other, and little like any other language.

Although not connected with the languages of California, there is a specimen in the volume before us of a form of speech which has been already noticed in these Transactions, and which is by no means clearly defined. In the 28th Number, a vocabulary of the _Ahnenin_ language is shown to be the same as that of the _Fall-Indians_ of Umfreville. In Gallatin this _Ahnenin_ vocabulary is quoted as _Arapaho_, or _Atsina_. Now it is specially stated that these _Arapaho_ or _Atsina_ Indians are those who are also (though inconveniently or erroneously) called the _Gros Ventres_, the _Big Bellies_ and the _Minitares_ of the Prairie--all names for the Indians about the Falls of the Saskachewan, and consequently of Indians far north.

But this was only one of the populations named Arapaho. Other Arapahos are found on the head-waters of the Platte and Arkansas. Who were these? Gallatin connected them at once with those of the Saskachewan--but it is doubtful whether he went on better grounds than the name. A vocabulary was wanted.

The volume in question supplies one--collected by Mr. J. S. Smith. It shows that the two Arapahos are really members of one and the same class--in language as well as in name.

Upon the name itself more light requires to be thrown. In an alphabetical list of Indian populations in the same volume with the vocabulary, from which we learn that the new specimen is one of the _southern_ (and not the _northern_) Arapaho, it is stated that the word means "_pricked_" or "_tattooed_." In what language? Perhaps in that of the Arapaho themselves; perhaps in that of the Sioux--since it is a population of the Sioux class which is in contact with _both_ the Arapahos.

Again--if the name be native, which of the two divisions uses it? the northern or the southern? or both? If both use it, how comes the synonym Ahnenin? How, too, comes the form _Atsina_? Is it a typographical error? The present writer used the same MS. with Gallatin and found the name to be _Ahnenin_.

To throw the two Arapahos into one and the same class is only one step in our classification. Can they be referred to any wider and more general division? A Shyenne vocabulary is to be found in the same table; and Schoolcraft remarks that the two languages are allied. So they are. Now reasons have been given for placing the Shyenne in the great Algonkin class (_Philolog. Trans., and Transactions of the American Ethnological Society_, vol. ii. p. cxi.).

There are similar affinities with the _Blackfoot_. Now, in the paper of these Transactions already referred to, it is stated that the affinities of the Blackfoot "are miscellaneous; more, however, with the Algonkin tongues than with those of any recognized group[38]." Gallatin takes the same view (_Transactions of American Ethnol. Soc._ vol. ii. p. cxiii.).

[Footnote 38: No. 28. vol. ii. p. 34. Jan. 24, 1845.]

This gives as recent additions to the class in question, the Blackfoot--the Shyenne--the Arapaho.

The southern Arapaho are immigrants, rather than _indigenæ_, in their present localities. So are the Shyennes, with whom they are conterminous.

The original locality of the southern Arapahos was on the Saskachewan; that of the Shyennes on the Red River. Hence, the affinity between their tongues represents an affinity arising out of their relations anterior to their migration southward.

ON CERTAIN ADDITIONS TO THE ETHNOGRAPHICAL PHILOLOGY OF CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH REMARKS UPON THE SO-CALLED ASTEK CONQUEST OF MEXICO.

READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

MAY 12, 1854.

In Central America we have two points for which our philological _data_ have lately received additions, viz. the parts about the Lake Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Darien.

For the parts about the Lake of Nicaragua, the chief authority is Mr. Squier; a writer with whom we differ in certain points, but, nevertheless, a writer who has given us both materials and results of great value. The languages represented, for the first time, by his vocabularies are four in number, of which three are wholly new, whilst one gives us a phenomenon scarcely less important than an absolutely fresh form of speech; viz. the proof of the occurrence of a known language in a new, though not unsuspected, locality.

To these four a fifth may be added; but; as that is one already illustrated by the researches of Henderson, Cotheal and others, it does not come under the category of new material. This language is that of the

_Indians of the Mosquito coast._--Respecting these Mr. Squier commits himself to the doctrine that they are more or less Carib. They may be this in physiognomy. They may also be so in respect to their civilization, or want of civilization; and perhaps this is all that is meant, the words of our author being, that "upon the low alluvions, and amongst the dense dank forests of the Atlantic coast, there exist a few scanty, wandering tribes, maintaining a precarious existence by hunting and fishing, with little or no agriculture, destitute of civil organization, with a debased religion, and generally corresponding with the Caribs of the islands, to whom they sustain close affinities. A portion of their descendants, still further debased by the introduction of negro blood, may still be found in the wretched Moscos or Mosquitos. The few and scattered Melchoras, on the river St. Juan, are certainly of Carib stock, and it is more than probable that the same is true of the Woolwas, Ramas, Toacas, and Poyas, and also of the other tribes on the Atlantic coast, further to the southward, towards Chiriqui Lagoon, and collectively denominated Bravos."--_Central America and Nicaragua_, ii. pp. 308-309.

Nevertheless, as has been already stated, the language is other than Carib. It is other than Carib, whether we look to the Moskito or the Woolwa vocabularies. It is other than Carib, and admitted by Mr. Squier to be so. The previous extract has given us his opinion; what follows supports it by his reasons. "I have said that the Indians of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua, the Moscos and others, were probably of Carib stock. This opinion is founded not only upon the express statements of Herrara, who says that 'the Carib tongue was much spoken in Nicaragua,' but also upon their general appearance, habits and modes of life. Their language does not appear to have any direct relationship with that of the Southern Caribs, but is, probably, the same, or a dialect of the same with that spoken around what is now called Chiriqui Lagoon, near the Isthmus of Panama, and which was originally called Chiribiri or Chraibici, from which comes Gomera's Caribici, or Carib." In a note we learn that "thirteen leagues from the Gulf of Nicoya, Oviedo speaks of a village called Carabizi, where the same language was spoken as at Chiriqui," &c.

Of the Melchora we have no specimens. For each and every tribe, extant or extinct, of the Indians about the Chiriqui Lagoon we want them also. The known vocabularies, however, for the parts nearest that locality are other than Carib.

Let us, however, look further, and we shall find good reasons for believing that certain populations of the parts in question are called, by the Spaniards of their neighbourhood, Caribs, much in the same way that they, along with nine-tenths of the other aborigines of America, are called _Indians_ by us. "The region of Chantales," writes Mr. Squier, "was visited by my friend Mr. Julius Froebel, in the summer of this year (1851). He penetrated to the head-waters of the Rio Mico, Escondido, or Blue-fields, where he found the Indians to be agriculturalists, partially civilized, and generally speaking the Spanish language. They are called Caribs by their Spanish neighbours," &c. But their language, of which Mr. Froebel collected a vocabulary, published by Mr. Squier, is, like the rest, _other than Carib_.

It may, then, safely be said, that the Carib character of the Moskito Indians, &c. wants confirmation.

_Nicaragua._ A real addition to our knowledge is supplied by M. Squier concerning the Nicaraguans. The statement of Oviedo as to the tribes between the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific, along with the occupants of the islands in the lake itself, being _Mexican_ rather than indigenous, he confirms. He may be said to prove it; since he brings specimens of the language (_Niquiran_, as he calls it), which is as truly Mexican as the language of Sydney or New York is English.

The Mexican character of the Nicaraguan language is a definite addition to ethnographical philology. It may now be considered as settled, that one of the languages of the parts under notice is intrusive, and foreign to its present locality.

The remaining vocabularies represent four indigenous forms of speech; these (three of them of Mr. Squier's own earliest publication, and one known before) being--

1. The Chorotegan or Dirian of Squier--This was collected by the author from the Indians of Masaya, on the northern frontier of the Niquiran, Nicaraguan, Mexican or Astek area.

2. The Nagrandan of Squier--This was collected by the author from the Indians of Subtiaba, in the plain of Leon, to the _north_ of the Niquiran or Mexican area.

3. The Chontales, or Woolwa, of Froebel; Chontal being the name of the district, Woolwa, of the tribe.

4. The Mosquito (or Waikna) of the coast.

To these four indigenous tongues (the Mexican of Nicaragua being dealt with as a foreign tongue), what have we to say in the way of classification?

It is safe to say that the Nagrandan, Dirian, and Woolwa, are more like each other than they are to the Mosca, Mosquito, or Waikna. And this is important, since, when Froebel collected the Woolwa vocabulary, he found a tradition of their having come originally from the shores of Lake Managua; this being a portion of the Dirian and Nagrandan area. If so; the classification would be,--

_a._ Dirian, Nagrandan, and Chontal, or Woolwa (Wúlwa)

_b._ Mosquito, or Waikna.