Part 29

To which of these classes the Loucheux belongs, has hitherto been unascertained. It is learned with equal ease by both the Eskimo and Athabascan interpreters; at the same time an interpreter is necessary.

The following short vocabulary, however, shows that its more probable affinities are in another direction, _i. e._ with the languages of Russian America, especially with the Kenay of Cook's Inlet; with which, whilst the pronouns agree, the remaining words differ no more than is usual with lists equally imperfect, even in languages where the connexion is undoubted.

ENGLISH. LOUCHEUX. KENAY.

_white man_ manah-gool-ait. _Indian_ tenghie[34] teena = _man_. _Eskimo_ nak-high. _wind_ etsee. _head wind_ newatsee. _fair wind_ jeatsee. _water_ tchon[35] thun-agalgus. _sun_ shethie channoo. _moon_ shet-sill tlakannoo. _stars_ kumshaet ssin. _meat_ beh kutskonna. _deer_ et-han. _head_ umitz aissagge. _arm_ tchiegen skona. _leg_ tsethan. _coat_ chiegee. _blanket_ tsthee. _knife_ tlay kissaki. _fort_ jetz. _yes_ eh. _no_ illuck-wha. _far_ nee-jah. _near_ neak-wha. _strong_ nehaintah. _cold_ kateitlee ktckchuz. _long_ kawa. _enough_ ekcho, ekatarainyo. _eat_ beha. _drink_ chidet-leh. _come_ chatchoo. _go away_ eenio. _I_ see su. _thou_ nin nan. (_my_) _father_ (se) tsay stukta. (_my_) _son_ (se) jay _ssi_-ja.

[Footnote 34: The _g_ is sounded _hard_.]

[Footnote 35: As the French _n_ in _bon_.]

NOTES.

The notices upon the American languages at the British Association between the date of the last paper but one and the next were:

That the Bethuk of Newfoundland was American rather than Eskimo--_Report for 1847_. _Transactions of the Section p. 115._

That the Shyenne numerals were Algonkin--Report for 1847. _Transactions of Sections p. 123._

That neither The Moskito, nor The Botocudo language were isolated.--_Ibid._

ON THE LANGUAGES OF NEW CALIFORNIA.

READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, MAY 13TH 1853.

The languages of the south-western districts of the Oregon territory are conveniently studied in the admirable volume upon the Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition, by Mr Hale. Herein we find that the frontier between that territory and California is most probably formed by the Saintskla, Umkwa, and Lutuami languages, the Saintskla being spoken on the sea-coast, the Umkwa lying to the east of it, and the Lutuami east of the Umkwa. All three, in the present state of our knowledge, belong to different philological divisions. It is unnecessary to add, that each tongue covers but a small geographical area.

The Paduca area extends in a south-eastern direction in such a manner as to lap round the greater part of California and New Mexico, to enclose both of those areas, and to prolong itself into Texas; and that so far southwards as almost to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Hence, except at the south and the north-west, the Californian languages (and indeed the New Mexican as well) are cut off and isolated from the other tongues of America by means of this remarkable extension of the Paducas. The Paduca tongues dip into each of these countries as well as lap round them. It is convenient to begin with a Paduca language.

The _Wihinast_ is, perhaps, an Oregon rather than a Californian language; though at the same time it is probably common to the two countries. It can be shown to be Paduca by its vocabulary in Mr. Hale's work, the Shoshoni being the language to which it comes nearest; indeed Mr. Gallatin calls the Wihinast the Western Shoshoni. Due east of the Wihinast come the Bonak Indians, currently believed to be Paduca, but still requiring the evidence of a vocabulary to prove them so.

The true Shoshoni succeed; and these are, probably, Oregon rather than Californian. At any rate, their language falls within the study of the former country. But the Uta Lake is truly a part of the great Californian basin, and the Uta language is known to us from a vocabulary, and known to be Paduca:

ENGLISH. UTA[36] COMANCH[37]

_sun_ tap taharp. _moon_ mahtots mush. _star_ quahlantz táarch. _man_ tooonpayah tooavishchee. _woman_ naijah wyapee. _boy_ ahpats tooanickpee. _girl_ mahmats wyapeechee. _head_ tuts páaph. _forehead_ muttock ---- _face_ kooelp koveh. _eye_ puttyshoe nachich. _nose_ mahvetah moopee. _mouth_ timp teppa. _teeth_ tong tahnee. _tongue_ ahoh ahako. _chin_ hannockquell ---- _ear_ nink nahark. _hair_ suooh parpee. _neck_ kolph toyock. _arm_ pooir mowa. _hand_ masseer mowa. _breast_ pay toko. _foot_ namp nahap. _horse_ kahvah teheyar. _serpent_ toeweroe noheer. _dog_ sahreets shardee. _cat_ moosah ---- _fire_ coon koona. _food_ oof ---- _water_ pah pahar.

[Footnote 36: Reports of the Secretary of War, with Reconnaissances of route from San Antonio to El Paso. Washington, 1850. (Appendix B.)]

[Footnote 37: From a Nauni Vocabulary, by R. S. Neighbour; Schoolcraft's History, &c., Pt. ii.]

The Uta being thus shown to be Paduca, the evidence in favour of other tribes in their neighbourhood being Paduca also is improved. Thus--

The Diggers are generally placed in the same category with the Bonaks, and sometimes considered as Bonaks under another name.

The Sampiches, lying south of the Uta, are similarly considered Uta. Special vocabularies, however, are wanting.

The Uta carry us from the circumference of the great basin to an angle formed by the western watershed of the Rio Grande and the rivers Colorado and Gila; and the language that comes next is that of the Navahos. Of these, the Jecorillas of New Mexico are a branch. We have vocabularies of each of these dialects tabulated with that of the Uta and collected by the same inquirer.

Mr. Hale, in the "Philology" of the United States Exploring Expedition, showed that the Tlatskanai and Umkwa were outlying languages of the great Athabaskan family.

It has since been shown by Professor Turner that certain Apatch languages are in the same interesting and important class, of which Apatch languages the Navaho and Jecorilla are two.

Now follows a population which has stimulated the attention and excited the wonder of ethnologists--the Moqui. The Moqui are they who, occupants of some of the more favoured parts of the country between the Gila and Colorado, have so often been contrasted with the ruder tribes around them--the Navaho and Uta in particular. The Moqui, too, are they whose ethnological relations have been looked for in the direction of Mexico and the semi-civilized Indians of Central America. Large towns, regular streets, stone buildings, white skins, and European beards have all been attributed to these mysterious Moqui. They seem, however, to be simply Indians whose civilization is that of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. The same table that gives us the Uta and Navaho vocabularies, gives us a Moqui one also. In this, about eight words in twenty-one are Uta.

Languages allied to the Uta, the Navaho, and the Moqui, may or may not fill up nine-tenths of what an Indian would call the Doab, or a Portuguese the Entre Rios, _i. e._ the parts between the two rivers Gila and Colorado. Great as has been the activity of the American surveyors, the exploration is still incomplete. This makes it convenient to pass at once to the head of the Gulf of California. A fresh language now presents itself, spoken at the head of the peninsula (or Acte) of _Old_ California. The vocabulary that has longest represented this tongue is that of the Mission of Saint Diego on the Pacific; but the language itself, extended across the head of the _Acte_, reaches the mouth of the Colorado, and is prolonged, to some distance at least, beyond the junction of the Gila.

Of the Dieguno language--for such seems to be the Spanish name for it--Dr. Coulter has given one vocabulary, and Lieut. Whipple (U. S. A.) another. The first is to be found in the Journal of the Geographical Society, the second is the second part of Schoolcraft's "History, &c. of Indian Tribes." A short but unique vocabulary of Lieutenant Emory, of the language of the Cocomaricopas Indians, was known to Gallatin. This is closely allied to the Dieguno.

A Paternoster in Mofras belongs to the Mission of San Diego. It has not been collated with the vocabularies, which are, probably, too scanty to give definite results; there is no reason, however, to doubt its accuracy:--

Nagua anall amai tacaguach naguanetuuxp mamamulpo cayuca amaibo, mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuic echasau naguagui ñañacachon ñaguin ñipil meñeque pachís echeyuchap oñagua quexuíc ñaguaich ñacaquaihpo ñamechamec anipuchuch-guelichcuíapo. Nacuíuch-pambo-cuchlich-cuíatpo-ñamat. Napuija.

A _third_ branch, however, of this division, constituted by a language called the Cuchañ, of which a specimen is given by Lieut. Whipple (_vide supra_), is still nearer to the latter of those two forms of speech.

There can be but little doubt that a combination of sounds expressed by the letters _t'hl_ in the Dieguno tongue, represents the sound of the Mexican _tl_; a sound of which the distribution has long drawn the attention of investigators. Common in the languages of Mexican, common in the languages of the northern parts of Oregon, sought for amongst the languages of Siberia, it here appears--whatever may be its value as a characteristic--as Californian. The names of the Indians whose language is represented by the specimens just given are not ascertained with absolute exactitude. Mofras mentions the Yumas and Amaquaquas.

The Mission of San Luis _Rey de Francia_ (to be distinguished from that of San Luis _Obispo_) comes next as we proceed northwards.

Between 33-1/2° and 34°, a new language makes its appearance. This is represented by four vocabularies, two of which take the designation from the name of the tribe, and two from the Mission in which it is spoken. Thus, the Netela language of the United States Exploring Expedition is the same as the San Juan Capistrano of Dr. Coulter, and the San Gabriel of Dr. Coulter the same as the Kij of the United States Exploring Expedition.

The exact relation of these two languages to each other is somewhat uncertain. They are certainly languages of the same group, if not dialects of the same language. In the case of _r_ and _l_, a regular letter-change exists between them. Thus Dr. Coulter's tables give us

ENGLISH. SAN GABRIEL. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO.

_moon_ muarr mioil. _water_ paara pal. _earth_ ungkhur ekhel. _salt_ ungurr engel. _hot_ oro khalek.

whilst in the United States Exploring Expedition we find--

ENGLISH. KIJ. NETELA.

_moon_ moar moil. _star_ suot suol. _water_ bar pal. _bear_ humar hunot.

Of these forms of speech the San Gabriel or Kij is the more northern; the San Juan Capistrano or Netela being the nearest to the Dieguno localities. The difference between the two groups is pretty palpable. The San Gabriel and San Juan numerals of Mofras represent the Netela-Kij language.

It is remarked in Gallatin's paper that there were certain coincidences between the Netela and the Shoshoni. There is no doubt as to the existence of a _certain amount_ of likeness between the two languages.

Jujubit, Caqullas, and Sibapot are the names of San Gabriel tribes mentioned by Mofras. The Paternoster of the three last-named missions are as follows:--

_Langue de la Mission de San Gabriel._--Y Yonac y yogin tucu pugnaisa sujucoy motuanian masarmí magin tucupra maīmanó muísme milléosar y ya tucupar jiman bxi y yoné masaxmí mitema coy aboxmi y yo mamaínatar momojaích milli y yakma abonac y yo no y yo ocaihuc coy jaxmea main itan momosaích coy jama juexme huememes aích. Amen. Jesus.

_Langue de la Mission de San Juan Capistrano._--Chana ech tupana ave onench, otune a cuachin, chame om reino, libi yb chosonec esna tupana cham nechetepe, micate tom cha chaom, pepsum yg cai caychame y i julugcalme cai ech. Depupnn opco chame chum oyote. Amen. Jesus.

_Langue de la Mission de San Luiz Rey de Francia._--Cham na cham meg tu panga auc onan mo quiz cham to qai ha cua che nag omreina h vi hiche ca noc ybá heg gá y vi an qui gá topanga. Cham na cholane mim cha pan pitu mag ma jan pohi cala cai qui cha me holloto gai tom chama o gui chag cay ne che cal me tus so lli olo calme alla linoc chame cham cho sivo. Amen. Jésus.

The following is the Paternoster of the Mission of San Fernando. It is taken from Mofras:--

Y yorac yona taray tucúpuma sagoucó motoanian majarmi moin main monó muismi miojor y iactucupar. Pan yyogin gimiarnerin majarmi mi fema coyó ogorná yio mamarimy mii, yiarmá ogonug y yoná, y yo ocaynen coijarmea main ytomo mojay coiyamá huermí. Parima.

The Mission of San Fernando lies between that of San Gabriel and Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara's channel (between 34° and 34-1/2° N. L.) runs between the mainland and some small islands. From these parts we have two vocabularies, Revely's and Dr. Coulter's. The former is known to me only through the Mithridates, and has only three words that can be compared with the other:--

ENGLISH. REVELY'S. COULTER'S.

_one_ pacà paka. _two_ excò shko_ho_. _three_ mapja _ma_sekh.

The Mission of Santa Ines lies between that of Santa Barbara and that of San Luis Obispo, in 35-2/3 N. L.; which last supplies a vocabulary, one of Dr. Coulter's:--

ENGLISH. SAN LUIS OBISPO. SANTA BARBARA.

_water_ to oh. _stone_ tkeup kheup. _three_ misha masekh. _bow_ takha akha. _salt_ tepu tipi.

This is the amount of likeness between the two forms of speech--greater than that between the Netela and Dieguno, but less than that between the Netela and Kij.

Dr. Coulter gives us a vocabulary for the Mission of San Antonio, and the United States Exploring Expedition one from San Miguel, the latter being very short:

ENGLISH. SAN MIGUEL.

_man_ luai, loai, logua. _woman_ tlene. _father_ tata. _mother_ apai. _son_ paser, pasel. _daughter_ paser, pasel. _head_ to-buko. _hair_ te-asakho. _ears_ te-n-tkhito. _nose_ te-n-ento. _eyes_ t-r-ugento. _mouth_ t-r-eliko (lak-um, _St. Raph._)

With the San Antonio it has six words in common, of which two coincide: _e. g._ in San Antonio _man_ = _luah_, _mother_ = _epjo_. Besides which, the combination _tr_, and the preponderance of initials in _t_, are common to the two vocabularies. San Antonio is spoken about 36-1/2° N. L. The numerals, too, are very similar, since the _ki_-and _ka_-in the San Antonio numeration for _one_, _two_, seems non-radical:--

ENGLISH. SAN MIGUEL. SAN ANTONIO.

_one_ tohi ki-tol. _two_ kugsu ka-kishe. _three_ tlubahi klap'hai. _four_ kesa kisha. _five_ oldrato ultraoh. _six_ paiate painel. _seven_ tepa te'h. _eight_ sratel shaanel. _nine_ tedi-trup teta-tsoi. _ten_ trupa tsoeh.

It is safe to say that these two vocabularies represent one and the same language.

About fifty miles to the north-west of St. Miguel lies La Soledad, for which we have a short vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:--

ENGLISH. LA SOLEDAD.

_man_ mue. _woman_ shurishme. _father_ ni-ka-pa. _mother_ ni-ka-na. _son_ ni-ki-nish. _daughter_ ni-ka _head_ tsop. _hair_ worokh. _ears_ otsho. _nose_ us (oos, _Castano_). _eyes_ hiin (hin, _Talatui_). _mouth_ hai.

The word _nika_, which alone denotes _daughter_, makes the power of the syllabic _ka_ doubtful. Nevertheless, it is probably non-radical. In ni-k_i_-n_i_sh, as opposed to ni-k_a_-n_a_, we have an apparent accommodation (_umlaut_); a phenomenon not wholly strange to the American form of speech.

Is this the only language of these parts? Probably not. The numerals of language from this Mission are given by Mofras, and the difference between them and those of Mr. Hale is as follows:--

ENGLISH. MOFRAS SOL. HALE'S SOL.

_one_ enkala himitna. _two_ oultes utshe. _three_ kappes kap-kha. _four_ oultezim utjit. _five_ haliizon paruash. _six_ hali-skakem iminuksha. _seven_ kapka-mai uduksha. _eight_ oulton-mai taitemi. _nine_ pakke watso. _ten_ tam-chakt matsoso.

There is some affinity, but it is not so close as one in another quarter; _i. e._ one with the Achastli and Ruslen.

Between 36° and 37° N. L. lies the town of Monterey. For this neighbourhood we have the Ruslen east, and the Eslen west, the latter being called also Ecclemachs. Bourgoing and De La Manon are the authorities for the scanty vocabularies of these two forms of speech, to which is added one of the Achastli. The Achastli, the Ruslen, and the Soledad of Mofras seem to represent one and the same language. The converse, however, does not hold good, _i. e._ the Soledad of Hale is not the Eslenes of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon. This gives us four languages for these parts:--

1. The one represented by the San Miguel and San Antonio vocabulary.

2. The one represented by the Soledad of Hale.

3. The one represented by the Soledad of Mofras, the Achastli of De La Manon, and the Ruslen of Bourgoing.

4. The one represented by the Eslen of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon, and also by a vocabulary yet to be noticed, viz. that of the Mission of Carmel of Mofras.

ENGLISH. CARMEL. ESLEN. SOLEDAD RUSLEN. (_of Mofras_).

_one_ pek pek enkala enjala. _two_ oulhaj ulhaj oultes ultis. _three_ koulep julep kappes kappes. _four_ kamakous jamajus oultizim ultizim. _five_ pemakala pemajala haliizon hali-izu. _six_ pegualanai peguatanoi halishakem hali-shakem. _seven_ kulukulanai julajualanei kapkamai kapkamai-shakem. _eight_ kounailepla julep jualanei oultonmai ultumai-shakem. _nine_ kakouslanai jamajas jualanei pakke packe. _ten_ tomoila tomoila tamchakt tamchait.

We now approach the parts of California which are best known--the Bay of San Francisco in 38° N. L. For these parts the Mission of Dolores gives us the names of the following populations:--1. Ahwastes. 2. Olhones (Costanos or Coastmen). 3. Altahmos. 4. Romonans. 5. Tulomos.

For the same parts we have vocabularies of four languages which are almost certainly mutually unintelligible. Two are from Baer's _Beiträge_; they were collected during the time of the Russian settlement at Ross. One represents the language of certain Indians called _Olamentke_, the other that of certain Indians called _Khwakhlamayu_. The other two are from the second part of Schoolcraft. One is headed Costano = the language of the Indians of the coast; the other Cushna. The language represented by the Cushna vocabulary can be traced as far inland as the Lower Sacramiento. Here we find the Bush_umni_ (or Pujuni), the Sec_umni_, the Yas_umni_, the Yale_sumni_, the Nemshaw, the Kiski, the Huk, and the Yukae tribes, whose languages, or dialects, are represented by three short vocabularies, collected by Mr. Dana, viz. the Pujuni, the Sekumne, and the Tsamak.

The following extract shows the extent to which these three forms of speech agree and differ:--

ENGLISH. PUJUNI. SEKUMNE. TSAMAK.