Part 28

English _five_. _Mandan_ kakhoo. _Minetare_ cheehoh. _Muskoge_ chahgkie.

English _six_. _Mandan_ kemah. _Minetare_ acamai.

English _seven_. _Mandan_ koopah. _Minetare_ chappo.

English _eight_. _Mandan_ tatucka. _Seneca_ tikkeugh. _Mohawk_ sohtayhhko.

English _ten_. _Mandan_ perug. _Minetare_ peragas.

_The Riccaree Language._--In Balbi and in the Mithridates, the Riccaree is stated to be a dialect of the Pawnee; but no words are given of it: hence the evidence is inconclusive. Again, the term Pawnee is equivocal. There are tribes called Pawnees on the river Platte, and tribes called Pawnees on the Red river of Texas. Of the last nation we have no vocabulary; they appear however to be different from the first, and are Pawnees _falsely so called_.

Of the Riccaree we have but one vocabulary (Catlin's North American Indians, vol. ii.); it has the following words common with the _true_ Pawnee list of Say in the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii.

ENGLISH. PAWNEE. RICAREE.

_God_ thouwahat tewaroohteh. _devil_ tsaheekshkakooraiwah kakewaroohteh. _sun_ shakoroo shakoona. _fire_ tateetoo tekieeht. _moon_ pa wetah. _stars_ opeereet saca. _rain_ tatsooroo tassou. _snow_ toosha tahhau. _day_ shakoorooeeshairet shacona. _night_ ceraishnaitee eenahgt. _light_ shusheegat shakoonah. _dark_ eeraishuaite tekatistat. _hot_ toueetstoo towarist. _cold_ taipeechee teepse. _yes_ nawa neecoola. _no_ kakee kaka. _bear_ koorooksh keahya. _dog_ ashakish hohtch. _bow_ teeragish nache. _arrow_ leekshoo neeche. _hut_ akkaroo acare. _woman_ tsapat sapat. _boy_ peeshkee weenatch. _girl_ tchoraksh soonahtch. _child_ peeron pera. _head_ pakshu pahgh. _ears_ atkaroo tickokite. _eyes_ keereekoo cheereecoo. _hair_ oshu pahi. _hand_ iksheeree tehonare. _fingers_ haspeet parick. _foot_ ashoo ahgh. _canoe_ lakohoroo lahkeehoon. _river_ kattoosh sahonnee. _I_ ta nanto. 1 askoo asco. 2 peetkoo pitco. 3 touweet towwit. 4 shkeetish tcheetish. 5 sheeooksh tcheetishoo. 6 sheekshabish tcheetishpis. 7 peetkoosheeshabish totchapis. 8 touweetshabish tochapiswon. 9 looksheereewa totchapisnahhenewon. 10 looksheeree nahen. 20 petouoo wetah. 30 luksheereewetouoo sahwee. 100 sheekookshtaroo shontan.

The special affinities of the Riccaree are not very decided. It is anything rather than an isolated language; and will, probably, be definitely placed when we obtain vocabularies of the Indian languages of Texas.

English _evil spirit_. _Riccaree_ kakewaroohteh. _Catawba_ yahwerejeh.

English _sun_. _Riccaree_ shakoona. _Caddo_ sako. _Salish_ skokoleel. _Delaware_ gishukh. _Mohican_ kesogh. _Esquimaux_ sukkenuk. _Tchuktchi_ shekenak.

English _stars_. _Riccaree_ aca. _Caddo_ tsokas.

English _night_. _Riccaree_ enaght. _Esquimaux_ oonooak. ---- unjuk. _Massachusetts_ nukon.

English _dark_. _Riccaree_ tekatistat. _Attacapa_ tegg--_night_. _Natchez_ toowa--_night_. _Mohawk_ tewhgarlars. _Oneida_ tetincalas.

English _snow_. _Riccaree_ tahhau. _Adaize_ towat. _Natchez_ kowa. _Uche_ stahae.

English _fire_. _Riccaree_ tekieeht. _Onondagos_ yotecka. _Ioway_ tako. _Ugalenz_ takgak. _Kenay_ taze.

English _cold_. _Riccaree_ teepse. _Attacapa_ tsamps.

English _bad_. _Riccaree_ kah. _Mandan_ k'hecush. _Sioux_ sheecha.

English _boy_. _Riccaree_ weenatch. _Nottoway_ aqueianha. _Esquimaux_ einyook. _Winebago_ eeneek--_son_. _Oneida_ yungh.

English _head_, _hair_. _Riccaree_ pahgh, pahi. _Sioux_ pah, pan. _Massachusetts_ puhkuk. _Choctaw_ eebuk. _Chiccasaw_ skoboch.

English _eye_. _Riccaree_ cheereeco. _Tuscarora_ ookawreh. _Esquimaux_ eerruka.

English _foot_. _Riccaree_ ahgh. _Choctaw_ iya. _Chiccasaw_ eaya.

English _arms_. _Riccaree_ arrai. _Mandan_ arda. _Tuscarora_ orungjai.

English _bear_. _Riccaree_ keahya. _Seneca_ yucwy. _Tchuktchi_ kainga.

English _shoes_. _Riccaree_ hooche. _Sioux_ hongha.

English _arrow_. _Riccaree_ neeche. _Choctaw_ oski noki. _Chiccasaw_ nucka.

English _hut_. _Riccaree_ acane. _Mohawk_ canuchsha. _Onondago_ ganschsaje. _Oneida_ kaunoughsau. _Tuscarora_ yaukuhnugh.

English _canoe_. _Riccaree_ lahkeehoon. _Taculli_ allachee. _Salish_ 'tlea'yh.

English _yes_. _Riccaree_ neecoola. _Adaize_ cola.

English _no_. _Riccaree_ kaka. _Chetimacha_ kahie. _Algonkin_ kah. _Kenay_ kukol.

English _I_. _Riccaree_ nanto. _Algonkin_ neen.

English _you_. _Riccaree_ kaghon. _Algonkin_ keen.

English _one_. _Riccaree_ asco. _Wyandot_ scat. _Mohawk_ huskat. _Onondayo_ skata. _Seneca_ skaut.

English _two_. _Riccaree_ pitco. _Caddo_ behit.

English _four_. _Riccaree_ tcheetish. _Attacapa_ tsets.

English _thirty_. _Riccaree_ sahwee. _Cherokee_ tsawaskaw.

_The Creek and Choctaw Languages._--That the question as to the affinity between the Creek and the Choctaw languages is a question of classification rather than of fact, may be seen from the Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 405; where it is shown that out of six hundred words, ninety-seven are common to the two languages.

_The Caddo._--That this language has affinities with the Mohawk, Seneca, and the Iroquois tongues in general, and that it has words common to the Muskoge, the Catawba, the Pawnee, and the Cherokee languages may be seen from the tables of the Archæologia Americana. The illustrations however of these languages are to be drawn from a knowledge of the dialects of Texas and the Oregon districts, tracts of country whereon our information is preeminently insufficient.

_The Natchez._--This language has the following miscellaneous affinities, insufficient to give it a place in any definite group, but sufficient to show that it is anything rather than an isolated language.

English _man_. _Natchez_ tomkuhpena. _Cochimi_ tamma. _St. Xavier_ tamma. _Loretto_ tamma. _St. Borgia_ tama. _Othomi_ dame. _Shahaptan_ hama.

English _woman_. _Natchez_ tamahl. _Huasteca_ tomol.

English _girl_. _Natchez_ hohlenoo. _Noosdalum_ islanie. _Squallyamish_ islanie. _Kawitchen_ islanie.

English _head_. _Natchez_ tomme apoo. _Dacota_ pah. _Yancton_ pah. _Quappa_ pahih. _Omahaw_ pah.

English _hair_. _Natchez_ etene. _Mixteca_ dzini.

English _eye_. _Natchez_ oktool. _Mexican_ ikhtelolotli.

English _nose_. _Natchez_ shamats. _Huasteca_ zam.

English _mouth_. _Natchez_ heche. _Poconchi_ chi. _Maya_ chi.

English _tooth_. _Natchez_ int. _Calapooiah_ tinti. _Mexican_ tentli--_lip_. _Cora_ tenita.

English _moon_. _Natchez_ kwasip. _St. Antonio_ tatsoopai. _Kawitchen_ quassin--_stars_. _Noosdalum_ quassin--_stars_.

English _star_. _Natchez_ tookul. _St. Antonio_ tatchhuanilh. _Cathlascou_ tukycha napucha. _Caddo_ tsokas.

English _river_. _Natchez_ wol. _Pima_ vo--_lake_. _Cathlascou_ emalh.

English _hill_. _Natchez_ kweyakoopsel. _St. Juan Capistrano_ kahui. _Kliketat_ keh. _Dacota_ khyaykah. _Yancton_ haiaca.

English _maize_. _Natchez_ hokko. _Adaize_ ocasuck.

English _tree_. _Natchez_ tshoo. _Choctaw_ itte. _Chikkasaw_ itta. _Muskoge_ ittah.

English _flesh_. _Natchez_ wintse. _Algonkin_ wioss.

English _deer_. _Natchez_ tza. _Winebago_ tcha. _Quappa_ tah. _Muskoge_ itzo. _Caddo_ dah.

English _buffalo_. _Natchez_ wastanem. _Uche_ wetenenvuenekah.

English _fish_. _Natchez_ henn. _Chimmesyan_ hone kustamoane--_salmon_. _Kliketat_ tkinnat. _Shahaptan_ tkinnat. _Mohawk_ keyunk. _Seneca_ kenyuck. _Oneida_ kunjoon. _Nottoway_ kaintu. _Yancton_ hohung.

English _white_. _Natchez_ hahap. _Shahaptan_ hipi. _Attacapa_ cobb. _Old Algonkin_ wabi. _Delaware_ wape. _Shawnoe_ opee.

English _black_. _Natchez_ tsokokop. _Narragansets_ suckesu. _Long Island_ shickayo.

English _bad_. _Natchez_ wattaks. _Mohawk_ wahhatekuh. _Onondago_ wahethe. _Oneida_ wahetka.

English _cold_. _Natchez_ tzitakopana. _Kliketat_ tsoisah. _Shahaptan_ tsoisah.

English _hot_. _Natchez_ wahiloohie. _Muskoge_ hahiye. _Attacapa_ alliu.

English _I_. _Natchez_ tukehah. _Adaize_ hicatuck. _Chetimacha_ uticheca.

English _thou_. _Natchez_ ukkehah. _Kliketat_ yuke.

English _arm_. _Natchez_ ish. _Dacota_ ishto. _Yancton_ isto.

English _blood_. _Natchez_ itsh. _Choctaw_ issish. _Chikkasaw_ issish.

English _town_. _Natchez_ walt. _Pawnee_ kwat.

English _house_. _Natchez_ hahit. _Dacota_ tea. _Yancton_ teepee. _Quappa_ tih. _Osage_ tiah. _Omahaw_ tee. _Minetare_ attee.

English _friend_. _Natchez_ ketanesuh--_my_. _Chetimacha_ keta.

English _boat_. _Natchez_ kwagtolt. _Chimmesyan_ waigh--_paddle_. _Caddo_ haugh.

English _sky_. _Natchez_ nasookta. _Chimmesyan_ suchah. _Tlaoquatch_ naase. _Muskoge_ sootah. _Choctaw_ shutik.

English _sun_. _Natchez_ wah. _Noosdalum_ kokweh. _Squallyamish_ thlokwahl. _Poconchi_ quih. _Yancton_ oouee.

English _night_. _Natchez_ toowa. _Chetimacha_ timan. _Attacapa_ tegg.

English _summer_. _Natchez_ amehika. _Billechoola_ awmilk.

English _winter_. _Natchez_ kwishitshetakop. _Mohawk_ koosilkhuhhuggheh. _Oneida_ koashlakke. _Tuscarora_. koosehhea. _Nottoway_ goshera.

English _thunder_. _Natchez_ pooloopooloolunluh. _Chimmesyan_ killapilleip.

English _snow_. _Natchez_ kowa. _Billechoola_ kai.

English _sea_. _Natchez_ kootshel. _St. Diego_ khasilk. _Choctaw_ okhuttah.

English _bear_. _Natchez_ tsokohp. _Uche_ ptsaka.

English _snake_. _Natchez_ wollah. _Esquimaux_ malligooak.

English _bird_. _Natchez_ shankolt. _Uchee_ psenna. _Tascarora_ tshenu.

English _eat_. _Natchez_ kimposko. _Muskoge_ humbiischa.

English _run_. _Natchez_ kwalneskook. _Shahaptan_ willnikit.

English _kill_. _Natchez_ appawe. _Choctaw_ uhbe.

English _walk_. _Natchez_ naktik. _Adaize_ enacoot.

_The Uche_, _Adaize_, &c.--See Archæologia Americana, vol. ii. p. 306. For these languages, tables similar to those of the Natchez have been drawn up, which indicate similar affinities. The same can be done for the Chetimacha and Attacapa.

_New Californian Languages._--The dialects of this district form no exception to the statements as to the unity of the American languages. In the Journal of the Geographical Society (part 2. vol. ii.) we find seven vocabularies for these parts. Between the language of the diocese of San Juan Capistrano and that of San Gabriel, the affinity is palpable, and traces of a regular letter change are exhibited, viz. from _l_ to r:

ENGLISH. SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO. SAN GABRIEL.

_moon_ mioil muarr. _water_ pal paara. _salt_ engel ungurr.

Between the remaining vocabularies, the resemblance by no means lies on the surface; still it is unquestionable. To these _data_ for New California may be added the Severnow and Bodega vocabularies in Baer's _Beiträge_ &c. These two last, to carry our comparison no further, have, amongst others, the following terms in common with the Esquimaux tongues:

English _white_. _Severnow_ kalle. _Esquimaux_ kowdlook, kowlook.

English _hand_. _Bodega_ talu. _Esquimaux_ tadleek, dallek--_arm_.

English _beard_. _Bodega_ ymmy. _Esquimaux_ oomich.

English _sky_. _Severnow_ kalu. _Cadeack_ kilik.

English _moon_. _Severnow_ kalazha. _Kenay_ golshagi.

English _water_. _Severnow_ aka. _Bodega_ duka. _Ugalyachmutsc_ kai.

English _ice_. _Severnow_ tnlash. _Ugalyachmutsc_ thlesh. _Bodega_ kulla. _Fox Island_ klakh.

English _day_. _Severnow_ madzhu. _Cadeack_ matsiak--_sun_.

English _night_. _Bodega_ kayl. _Ugalyachmutsc_ khatl.

English _star_. _Severnow_ karnau. _Greenland_ kaumeh--_moon_.

English _head_. _St. Barbara_ nucchu. _Greenland_ niackoa.

English _winter_. _Severnow_ komua. _Tchuktchi_ ukiumi.

The concluding notices are upon languages which have already been placed, but concerning which fresh evidence is neither superfluous nor misplaced.

_Sacks and Foxes._--Cumulative to evidence already current as to the tribes of the Sacks and Foxes belonging to the Algonkin stock, it may be stated that a few words collected by the author from the Sack chief lately in London were Algonkin.

_The Ojibbeways._--A fuller vocabulary, taken from the mouth of the interpreters of the Ojibbeway Indians lately exhibited, identifies their language with that represented by the vocabularies of Long, Carver, and Mackenzie.

_The Ioway._--Of the Ioway Indians, Mr. Gallatin, in 1836, writes as follows:--"They are said, _though the fact is not fully ascertained_, to speak the same dialect," _i. e._ with the Ottoes. Again, he writes, "We have not that [the vocabulary] of the Ioways, but nineteen words supplied by Governor Cass seem to leave no doubt of its identity with the Ottoes."--_Archæolog. Amer._ ii. 127, 128. Cass's vocabulary is printed in p. 377.

In 1843, however, a book was published in the Ioway language, bearing the following title page, "An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language, with an English Translation, by Wm. Hamilton and S. M. Irvine, under the direction of the B. F. Miss; of the Presbyterian Church: J. B Roy, Interpreter; Ioway and Sac Mission Press, Indian Territory, 1843." In this book the orthographical principles are by no means unexceptionable; they have the merit however of expressing simple single sounds by simple single letters; thus _v_ = the _a_ in _fall_; _x_ = the _u_ in _tub_; _c_ = the _ch_ in _chest_; _f = th_; _g_ = _ng_; _j_ = _sh_. _Q_ however is preserved as a double sound = _qu_. From this alphabet it is inferred that the Ioway language possesses the rare sound of the English _th_. With the work in question I was favoured by Mr. Catlin.

Now it is only necessary to pick out from this little work the words selected by Balbi in his Atlas Ethnographique, and to compare them with the corresponding terms as given by the same author for the Sioux, the Winebago, the Otto, the Konza, the Omahaw, the Minetare, and the Osage languages, to be convinced the Ioway language belongs to the same class, coinciding more especially with the Otto.

English _head_. _Ioway_ nanthu. _Winebago_ nahsso. _Otto_ naso. _Minetare_ antu.

English _nose_. _Ioway_ pa. _Sioux_ paso. _Winebago_ pah. _Otto_ peso. _Konza_ pah. _Omahaw_ pah. _Minetare_ apah. _Sioux_ pah--_head_. _Omahaw_ pah--_head_.

English _mouth_. _Ioway_ e. _Sioux_ ei. _Winebago_ i. _Otto_ i. _Konza_ yih, ih. _Minetare_ iiiptshappah. _Omahaw_ ihah. _Osage_ ehaugh.

English _hand_. _Ioway_ nawæ. _Sioux_ nape. _Winebago_ nahpön. _Otto_ naue. _Omahaw_ nombe. _Osage_ nomba.

English _feet_. _Ioway_ the. _Sioux_ siha. _Winebago_ si. _Otto_ si. _Konza_ sih. _Omahaw_ si. _Minetare_ itsi. _Osage_ see.

English _tongue_. _Ioway_ ræthæ. _Otto_ reze. _Sioux_ tshedzhi. _Konza_ yeezah. _Minetare_ theysi.

English _teeth_. _Ioway_ he. _Sioux_ hi. _Winebago_ hi. _Otto_ hi. _Konza_ hih. _Omahaw_ ei. _Minetare_ ii.

English _fire_. _Ioway_ pæchæ. _Sioux_ peta. _Winebago_ pytshi. _Otto_ pede. _Omahaw_ pede. _Osage_ pajah.

English _water_. _Ioway_ ne. _Sioux_ mini. _Winebago_ ninah, nih. _Otto_ ni. _Omahaw_ ni. _Minetare_ mini. _Osage_ neah.

English _one._ _Ioway_ eyungkæ. _Otto_ yonke. _Sioux_ wonchaw, ---- ouonnchaou.

English _two._ _Ioway_ nowæ. _Sioux_ nopa. ---- nonpa. _Winebago_ nopi. _Otto_ noue. _Konza_ nompah. _Minetare_ noopah. _Osage_ nombaugh.

English _three._ _Ioway_ tanye. _Winebago_ tahni. _Otto_ tana.

English _four._ _Ioway_ towæ. _Sioux_ topah. _Winebago_ tshopi. _Otto_ toua. _Konza_ tohpah. _Omahaw_ toba. _Minetare_ topah. _Osage_ tobah.

English _five._ _Ioway_ thata. _Sioux_ zapta. _Winebago_ satsch. _Otto_ sata. _Konza_ sahtah. _Omahaw_ satta. _Osage_ sattah.

English _six._ _Ioway_ shaqæ. _Sioux_ shakpe. _Winebago_ kohui. _Otto_ shaque. _Konza_ shappeh. _Omahaw_ shappe. _Osage_ shappah.

English _seven._ _Ioway_ shahma. _Otto_ shahemo. _Minetare_ tshappo.

English _eight._ _Ioway_ krærapane. _Otto_ krærabene. _Omahaw_ perabini.

English _nine._ _Ioway_ ksangkæ. _Otto_ shanke. _Konza_ shankkoh. _Omahaw_ shonka. _Osage_ shankah.

English _ten._ _Ioway_ kræpana. _Winebago_ kherapon. _Otto_ krebenoh. _Konza_ kerebrah. _Omahaw_ krebera. _Osage_ krabrah.

With the book in question Cass's vocabulary coincides.

HAMILTON AND IRVINE. CASS.

_fire_ pæchæ pedge. _water_ ne ni. _one_ eyungkæ iengki. _two_ nowæ noe. _three_ tanye tahni. _four_ towæ toe. _five_ thata satahng. _six_ shagæ shangwe. _seven_ shahma shahmong. _eight_ kræræpane krehebni. _nine_ ksangkæ shange. _ten_ kræpanæ krebnah.

ON A SHORT VOCABULARY OF THE LOUCHEUX LANGUAGE.

BY J. A. ISBISTER.

READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, JANUARY 25TH 1850.

This notice, being communicated by myself, and making part of the subject illustrated by both the papers that precede and the papers that follow, is here inserted.

The Digothe, or Loucheux, is the language of the North American Indians of the lower part of the river Mackenzie, a locality round which languages belonging to three different classes are spoken--the Eskimo, the Athabaskan, and the Koluch (Kolosh) of Russian America.