Part 25

_The Salish._--This is an anonymous vocabulary from Duponceau's collection. _Archæolog. Americ._, ii, 306. It is evidently closely akin to the Okanagan.

ENGLISH. SALISH. OKANAGAN.

_Man_ ekeltamaiuh _Woman_ tukulthlimeilooch _Canoe_ 'tleagh slalthleim _Stars_ ko'kusmh hohooos _Rain_ steepais tepais _Snow_ amaikut smakoot _Water_ saioolkh sauwulh _Mountain_ aitzumkummok atzimmok _Deer_ atsooleea _Roebuck_ klatzeenim _Bear_ c'summaitshui skummachist _Wolf_ n'tsseetsan nutzetzim _One_ neo nuchs _Two_ essel uskul _Three_ tsailhis kaalthleis _Four_ mos moas _Five_ tseel koheil _Seven_ seespil sheespil _Ten_ opan opuniet

_Kliketat._ Spoken between Fort Nez Perce's, Mount Rainier, and the Columbia Falls.

1. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.

2. Mr Parker's vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

These represent allied dialects of the same language.

_Shahaptan, Nez Perce's._--It is truly stated by Gallatin that the Shahaptan and Kliketat languages are allied.

1. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.

2. Mr Parker's vocabulary M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

_Jamkallie._ Spoken near the sources of the Wallamat, Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.

_Umpqua._--On the river so called. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.

This is the most southern point for which we possess Oregon vocabularies.

Four more vocabularies complete the enumeration of our _data_ for the parts in question.

1. _Shoshonie_ or _Snake Indians_.--The first is a southern or central one, the Shoshonie or Snake vocabulary, collected by Say, and representing a language south of that of the Nez Perces. _Archæol. Americ._, ii. 306.

2. _Sussee._--The Sussee of Umfreville, is either spoken within the Oregon Territory, or within the districts immediately to the north of it.

3. _The Nagail_--See _Mackenzie's Travels_.

4. _The Taculli_--See _Archæol. Americ._, ii. 305.

Such are the vocabularies for the Oregon Territory of North America. In number they amount to forty-one. Dealing with speech as the instrument of intercourse, it is highly probable that these vocabularies may represent as many as nineteen different languages, that is, modes of speech, mutually unintelligible. Dealt with, however, ethnologically, their number is evidently capable of being reduced.

In the present state of our knowledge, it is convenient to leave the Shoshonie language[31] unplaced. All that we possess of it is the vocabulary noticed above. It consists of only twenty-four words. Their affinities (such as they are) are miscellaneous

[Footnote 31: Since this statement was read, the author has been enabled, through the means of a Cumanche vocabulary, with which he was favoured by Mr Bollaert, to determine that these two languages are allied. (This was written in 1845. Since, then, the evidence that the Shoshoni and Cumanch belong to the same family has become conclusive.)]

English, _beaver_. _Shoshonie_, hanish. _Chenook_, eena. _Haidah_, tzing. _Cathlascou_, kanook.

English, _salmon_. _Shoshonie_, augi. _Haidah_, swaggan.

English, _horse_. _Shoshonie_, bunko. _Blackfoot_, pinnechometar. pennakomet.

English, _woman_. _Shoshonie_, wepee. _Souriquois_, meboujou. _Penobscot_, m'phenim. _Micmac_, epit. _Echemin_, apet. _Pima_, uba. _Calapooiah_, apomeik.

English, _friend_. _Shoshonie_, hauts. _Chetimacha_, keta. _Onondago_, ottie.

English, _water_. _Shoshonie_, pa. _New Sweden_, bij. _Algonkin_, ne-pi, passim.

English, _good_. _Shoshonie_, saut. _Shahaptan_, tautz. _Pima_, tiuot. _Chocta_, chito = _great_. _Crow_, esah = _great_. bassats = _many_.

English, _go_. _Shoshonie_, numeraro. _Kawitchen_, namilthla.

English, _come_. _Shoshonie_, keemak. _Nez Perces_, come.

English, _awl_. _Shoshonie_, weeu. _Ahnenin_, bay.

English, _no_. _Shoshonie_, kayhee. _Ahnenin_, chieu. _Potowotami_, cho. _Ojibbeway_, kaw. _Ottawa_, kaween. _Old Algonkin_, kah. _Chetimacha_, kahie.

It is also advisable to deal cautiously with the Sussee language. Umfreville's vocabulary is short, and consisting almost exclusively of the names of articles of commerce. Lists of this sort are of little value in ethnography. Still, upon the whole, it confirms the current opinion as to the place of the Sussee language, viz. that it is[32] Athabascan. At any rate, it has certain miscellaneous affinities.

[Footnote 32: The evidence of this being the case has since become conclusive.--1859.]

English, _eye_. _Sussee_, senouwoh. _Kenay_, snaga. _Taculli_, onow. _Chipewyan_, nackhay.

English, _five_. _Sussee_, coo. _Chipewyan_, coun.

English, _kettle_. _Sussee_, usaw. _Taculli_, osa.

English, _axe_. _Sussee_, chilthe. _Taculli_, chachil.

English, _knife_. _Sussee_, marsh. _Illinois_, mariesa. _Minitari_, matse.

English, _shoes_. _Sussee_, siscau. _Taculli_, kiscot.

English, _one_. _Sussee_, uttegar. _Eskimo_, attowseak. adaitsuk. adoajak. atamek.

English, _three_. _Sussee_, tauky. _Kenai_, tohchke. _Taculli_, toy. _Chipewyan_, taghy.

English, _four_. _Sussee_, tachey. _Kenai_, tenki. _Taculli_, tingkay. _Chipewyan_, dengky.

English, _seven_. _Sussee_, checheta. _Mohawk_, chahtahk. _Onondago_, tschoatak. _Seneca_, jawdock. _Oneida_, tziadak. _Nottoway_, ohatay.

English, _ten_. _Sussee_, cuneesenunnee. _Chipewyan_, canothna.

Laying these two languages aside, and reserving the Blackfoot for future inquiries, the other vocabularies are referrible to two recognized groups. The Nagail and Taculli are what Gallatin calls _Athabascan_. All the[33] rest are what Prichard calls _Nootka-Columbian_. Respecting the former class, the evidence is unequivocal, and the fact generally admitted. Respecting the latter, the statement requires consideration.

[Footnote 33: The Umqua has since been shewn to be the Athabaskan--1859.]

At first glance, Mr Tolmie's vocabularies differ materially from each other; and only a few seem less unlike each other than the rest. Such are the Kliketat and Shahaptan, the Calapooiah and Yamkallie, the Kawitchen and Tlaoquatch, the Chenook and Cathlascou. Besides this, the general difference between even the allied vocabularies is far more visible than the general resemblance. Finally, the numerals and the fundamental terms vary in a degree beyond what we are prepared for, by the study of the Indo-European tongues.

Recollecting, however, the compound character of the most fundamental words, characteristic of all the American language; recognising, also, as a rule of criticism, that in the same class of tongues the evidence of the numerals is unimportant in the determination of _differences_, and comparing the sixteen Oregon vocabularies of Mr Tolmie with each other, we may satisfy ourselves as to the radical unity of the group. To these lists, and to the accompanying paper of Dr. Scouler, reference is accordingly made. The _value_ of these groups (the Athabascan and the Nootka-Columbian) is a different and a more difficult question. The _maximum_ difference between any two known languages of the Athabascan group is that between English and German. The _maximum_ difference between the most unlike languages of the Nootka-Columbian group is that between the modern Greek and Portuguese, _i. e._ the most distant tongues of the classical stock of the Indo-European tribe. Hence, the terms in question are equivalent to the more familiar terms, _Gothic_, _Celtic_, _Slavonic_, &c. All this, however, is illustration, rather than absolute arrangement; yet it serves to give definitude to the current opinions upon the subject.

To the current views, however, the writer takes exception. He considers that the groups in question have too high a value; and that they are only equivalent to the primary subdivisions of _stocks_ like the Gothic, Celtic, and Classical, rather than to the stocks themselves. Still less can they have a higher and more exaggerated value, and be dealt with as equivalent to groups like the _Indo-European_.

Hence, the differences between the Athabascan languages of the Oregon and the Nootka-Columbian languages of the Oregon, are the differences between the Latin and Greek, the Welsh and Gaelic, the German and Icelandic, rather than those between the German and Russian, the Latin and Persian, the Greek and Lithuanic, &c.

In determining the higher and more comprehensive class, we must take in a third group of languages. These are those of Russian America. They have generally been referred to two groups of uncertain value, viz. the Kolooch and the Eskimo; the former, for the part about Sitca, or Norfolk Sound, the latter for the parts about the Island of Cadiack, and the Peninsula of Aliaska.

Now, the Athabascan languages are undoubtedly Eskimo; a fact stated by the writer, at the meeting of the British Association at York, and founded upon the comparison of the Athabascan vocabularies of Mackenzie and Dobbs, on the one side, with the Western Eskimo ones, on the other.

And the Kolooch languages are equally Eskimo with the Athabascan. This may be seen by reference to Lisiansky's vocabularies, and a comparison between the Sitca and Cadiack.

ENGLISH. SITCA. CADIACK.

_Cry_ kaáh keyya _Drink_ itanna tanha _Hail_ katelst koudat _Knee_ kakeek chiskoohka _Lake_ aaka nanoak _Lips_ kahaka hlukha _Man_ chakleyh shook _Spark_ heeklya chatalahi _Wind_ keelhcha kyaeek

Now, by taking in the Eskimo of the Aleutian Islands, this list might be doubled; and by dealing with the Kenay as Eskimo, it might be trebled.

Again, by attempting to fix the points whereat the Eskimo language ceases, and the Kolooch tongue begins, we may get further evidence that the difference between them is exaggerated; since the languages passed by gradual transitions into each other.

What follows, moreover, is cumulative evidence towards the same conclusion.

Over and above the vocabularies collected by Mr Tolmie that have already been dealt with, there is a seventeenth, viz. the _Tunghaas_. This is stated in Dr Scouler's accompanying paper to be the most northern dialect with which the Hudson's Bay traders come in contact. It is also stated to be Sitcan; and that truly.

ENGLISH. TUNGHAAS. SITCA.

_Sea-otter_ youchtz youtch _River-otter_ coostah kooshta _Bear_ hooctch hoots _Whale_ yioagh yaaga _Woman_ shewat shavvot _Summer_ kootaan kootaan _He_ yout youta _Good_ ahkeh tooake

On the other hand, the Tonghaas has affinities with the Haidah of Queen Charlotte's Island, and through it with the so-called Nootka-Columbian languages in general.

Cumulative, in the way of evidence to this, is the statement, with the verification of which we shall conclude, viz., that, besides the Athabascan, the other languages of the Oregon Territory have affinities with the Eskimo. With the Oonalashkan and Cadiack on the one side, and with Mr Tolmie's vocabularies (with Cook's occasionally) _en masse_ on the other, we have at least the following words common to the two groups.

English, _sky_. _Cook's Nootka_, eenaeel nas. _Tlaoquatch_, naase. _Oonalashka_, anneliak = _day_.

English, _sky_. _Haidah_, shing. _Billechoola_, skoonook = _day_. _Haidah_, yen = _clouds_. _Haeeltzuk_, unnowie. _Oonalashka_, youyan = _sky_. innyak = _sky_.

English, _moon_. _Billechoola_, tlooki. _Cadiack_, yaalock.

English, _snow_. _Haeeltz_, naie. _Calapooah_, anoopeik. _Yamkallie_, kanopeik. _Cadiack_, annue. _Oonalashka_, kannue.

English, _hail_. _Haidah_, dhanw = _snow_. _Oonalashka_, tahenem dahskeeto.

English, _water_. _Cook's Nootka_, chauk. _Tlaoquatch_, tchaak. _Cadiack_, kooyk = _river_.

English, _river_. _Tloaquatch_, aook. _Cadiack_, alaook = _sea_.

English, _rain_. _Calapooiah_, tochtocha. _Cadiack_, kedoh. _Oonalashka_, chetak.

English, _sand_. _Haidah_, il kaik. _Oonalashka_, choohok.

English, _mountain_. _Kliketat_, pannateet _Cadiack_, poonhokanlie.

English, _house_. _Kliketat_, needh. _Shahaptan_, eneedh. _Cadiack_, naa.

English, _song_. _Cook's Nootka_, oonook. _Oonalashka_, oonoohada = _sing_.

English, _go_. _Cook's Nootka_, cho. _Oonalashka_, icha.

English, _cleave_, _cut_. _Cook's Nootka_, tsook. _Cadiack_, chaggidzu. _Oonalashka_, toohoda.

English, _crow_. _Cook's Nootka_, kaenne. _Cadiack_, kalnhak.

English, _fire_. _Cook's Nootka_, eeneek. _Cadiack_, knok. _Oonalashka_, keynak.

English, _skull_. _Cook's Nootka_, koometz. _Oonalashka_, kamhek.

English, _teeth_. _Cook's Nootka_, cheecheetsh. _Cadiack_, hoodeit.

English, _middle finger_. _Cook's Nootka_, taeeai. _Cadiack_, teekha.

English, _how much_. _Haeeltzuck_, kinshook. _Kawitchen_, quien. _Noosdalum_, quien. _Oonalashka_, kannahen. _Cadiack_, kouhcheen.

English, _mat_. _Chenook_, swussak. _Shahaptan_, tooko. _Oonalashka_, sootok.

English, _bow_. _Okanagan_, tsukquenuk. _Oonalashka_, saeheek.

English, _house_. _Squallyamish_, aalall. _Oonalashka_, oolon.

English, _iron_. _Squallyamish_, kumnuttin. _Cadiack_, komlyahook.

English, _sea-otter_. _Billechoola_, qunnee. _Oonalashka_, cheenatok.

English, _bear_. _Haidah_, tan. _Oonalashka_, tanhak.

To this list a previous statement applies more especially. By treating the Sitca and Kenay vocabularies as Eskimo, the number of coincidences might have been doubled.

Besides this, it must be remembered that, in Tolmie's vocabularies, no terms expressive of the different parts of human body are given; and that several names of the commonest objects are wanting, _e. g._ _fire_, &c.

Neither have the vocabularies of Wrangell for the varied dialects of Russian America been made use of.

As the lists, however, stand, the author considers that he has shewn reason for believing that the Athabascan, the Kolooch, the Nootka-Columbian, and the Cadiack groups are subordinate members of one large and important class--the Eskimo; a fact which, coinciding with all his other inquiries in American Ethnology, breaks down, further than has hitherto been done, the broad and trenchant line of demarcation between the circumpolar and the other Indians of the Western Continent.

NOTES.

NOTE 1.

In a valuable paper On the Tribes inhabiting the N. W. Coast of America read a few weeks afterwards by Dr. J. Scouler the following-tables shewed--

1. The fact that the Nutka forms of speech were to be found on the Continent;

2. That the Wallawalla was Sahaptin.

a.

ENGLISH. TLAOQ. & NOOTKA. COLUMBIA.

_Plenty_ Aya, Haya _No_ Wik, Wake _Water_ Tehaak, Chuck _Good_ Hooleish, Closh _Bad_ Peishakeis, Peshak _Man_ Tehuckoop, Tillieham _Woman_ Tlootsemin, Clootchamen _Child_ Tanassis, Tanass _Now_ Tlahowieh, Clahowiah _Come_ Tchooqua, Sacko _Slave_ Mischemas, Mischemas _What are you doing?_ Akoots-ka-mamok, Ekta-mammok _What are you saying?_ Au-kaak-wawa, Ekta-wawa? _Let me see_ Nannanitch, Nannanitch _Sun_ Opeth, Ootlach _Sky_ Sieya, Saya _Fruit_ Chamas, Camas _To sell_ Makok, Makok _Understand_ Commatax, Commatax

b.

ENGLISH. SHAHAPTAN. WALLAWALLA. KLIKETAT.

_Man_ Nama Winsh Wins _Boy_ Naswae Tahnutshint Aswan _Woman_ Aiat Tilahi Aiat _Girl_ Piten Tohauat Pitiniks _Wife_ Swapna Asham Asham _Child_ Miahs Isht Mianash _Father_ Pishd Pshit Pshit _Mother_ Pika Ptsha Ptsha _Friend_ Likstiwa Hhai Hhai _Fire_ Ala Sluksh Sluks _Water_ Tkush Tshush Tshaush _Wood_ Hatsin Slukas Slukuas _Stone_ Pishwa Pshwa Pshwa _Ground_ Watsash Titsham Titsham _Sun_ Wishamtuksh Au An _Moon_ ---- Ailhai Ailhai _Stars_ Witsein Haslu Haslo _Clouds_ Spalikt Pashst ---- _Rain_ Wakit Sshhauit Tohtoha _Snow_ Maka Poi Maka _Ice_ Tahask Tahauk Toh _Horse_ Shikam Kusi Kusi _Dog_ Shikamkan Kusi Kusi Kusi Kusi _Buffalo_ Kokulli Musmussin Musmussin _Male Elk_ Wawakia Wawakia Winat _Female Elk_ Taship Tashipka Winat _Grey Bear_ Pahas Wapantle ---- _Black Bear_ Jaka Saka Analmi _House_ Snit Snit Snit _Gun_ Timuni Tainpas Tuilpas _Body_ Silaks Waunokshash ---- _Head_ Hushus Tilpi Palka _Arm_ Atim Kamkas ---- _Eyes_ Shilhu Atshash Atshash _Nose_ Nathnu Nathnu Nosnu _Ears_ Matsaia Matsiu ---- _Mouth_ Him Em Am _Teeth_ Tit Tit ---- _Hands_ Spshus Spap Alla _Feet_ Ahwa Waha Waha _Legs_ Wainsh Tama ---- _Mocassens_ Ileapkat Shkam Shkam _Good_ Tahr Skeh Shoeah _Bad_ Kapshish Milla Tshailwit _Hot_ Sakas Sahwaih Sahweah _Cold_ Kenis Kasat Tewisha Kasat _Far_ Waiat Wiat Wiat _Near_ Keintam Tsiwas Tsa _High_ Tashti Hwaiam Hweami _Low_ Ahat Smite Niti _White_ Naihaih Koik Olash _Black_ Sunuhsimuh Tshimuk Tsimuk _Red_ Sepilp Sutsha Sutsa _Here_ Kina Tshna Stshiuak _There_ Kuna Kuna Skone _Where?_ Minu? Mina? Mam _When?_ Mana? Mun? Mun? _What?_ Mish? Mish? Mish? _Why?_ Manama? Maui? ---- _Who?_ Ishi? Skiu? Skiu? _Which?_ Ma? Mam? ---- _How much?_ Mas? Milh? Milh? _So much_ Kala Kulk Skulk _How far?_ Miwail? Maal? ---- _So far_ Kewail Kwal ---- _How long?_ Mahae? Maalh ---- _To long_ Kohae Kwalk ---- _This_ Ki Tshi Tshi _That_ Joh Kwa Skwa _I_ Su Su Suk _You_ Sui Sui Suik _He, she, it_ Ipi Ipin Pink _We_ Nun Nama Nemak _Ye_ Ima Ena Imak _They_ Ema Ema Pamak _To go_ Kusha Winasha Winasha _To see_ Hakesha Hoksha ---- _To say_ Heisha Nu Nu _To talk_ Tseksa Siniwasa Sinawasa _To walk_ Wenasa Winashash ---- _To read_ Wasasha Wasasha Wasasha _To eat_ Wipisha Kwatashak ---- _To drink_ Makosha Matshushask ---- _To sleep_ Pinimiksha Pinusha ---- _To wake_ Waksa Tahshisask Tahshasha _To love_ Watanisha Tkeshask Tkehsha _To take_ Paalsa Apalashask ---- _To know_ Lukuasa Ashakuashash Shukuasha _To forget_ Titolasha Slakshash ---- _To give_ Inisha Nishamash ---- _To seize_ Inpisha Shutshash Wanapsha _To be cold_ Iswaisa Sweashash Iswaiska _To be sick_ Komaisa Painshash Painsha _To hunt_ Tukuliksa Salaitisas Nistewasa _To lie_ Mishamisha Tshishkshash Tshiska _To steal_ Pakwasha Pakwashash Pakwasha

NOTE 2.

This, along with the paper on the Ethnology of Russian America, was the development of a communication laid before the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at York in the previous September, to the effect that the "line of demarcation drawn between the Eskimo and the Indian races of America was far too broad and trenchant"; wherein it was stated.--

1. That the true affinities of the Chipewyan were with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay and Sitka forms of speech.--

2. That the Ugalents (Ugyalyachmutsi of Resanoff), although separated from the neigbouring Eskimo tongues so as to cause the appearance of a discontinuity in the Eskimo area could, when we dealt with the Kadiak, Unalashka, Kenay, and Sitka vocabularies as the representatives of a single language be shown to be Eskimo.--

3. That affinities of a more general kind were to be found even further southward.

4. 5. That the Atna of Mackenzie was the Noosdalum, and the Friendly Village vocabulary the Billechoola, of Mr Tolmie.

(_Transactions of the Sections p. 78._--_On the Southern Limits of the Eskimo race in America._)

ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN AMERICA.

READ BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY

19TH FEBRUARY 1845.

The paper submitted to the Society is upon the Ethnography of Russian America. For a variety of reasons, the tribes in these parts are of paramount importance. Inhabiting the most north-western extremity of America on the coast of Behring's Straits, they are divided from Asia only by that channel, so that of all the nations of the New World they are most in contact with those of the Old. This circumstance alone puts them prominently forward in ethnology; since the _primâ facie_ theory, as to the population of America, must certainly be in favour of the passage having taken place through Behring's Straits.