Part 24

Here, the number of other words ending in _na_ is very considerable; so considerable that, if it were not for the cumulative evidence derived from other quarters, it would be doubtful whether the =na= could legitimately be considered as a possessive affix at all. It may, however, be so even in the present instance.

To these we may add two lists from the Lobo and Utanata dialects of the south-western coast of New Guinea.

ENGLISH UTANATA LOBO

_Arms_ too nima-ngo _Back_ urimi rusuko-ngo _Beard_ minooro _Belly_ imauw kamboro-ngo _Breast-female_ auw } gingo-ngo _Breast-male_ paiety} _Cheeks_ awamu wafiwirio-ngo _Ears_ ianie _Eyebrows_ matata-ngo-waru _Eyes_ mame matatoto-ngo _Fingers_ nima-nga-sori _Foot_ mouw kai-ngo _Hands_ toe-mare nima-ngo-uta _Hair_ oeirie mono-ng-furu _Head_ oepauw mono-ngo or umum _Knee_ iripu kai-ngo-woko _Mouth_ irie orie-ngo _Nose_ birimboe sikaio-ngo _Neck_ ema gara-ng _Tongue_ mare kario-ngo _Thigh_ ai willanima _Teeth_ titi riwoto-ngo _Toes_ nisora

Finally, we have the long, and evidently compound forms of the Corio, Colack, and other Australian dialects; long and evidently compound forms which no hypothesis so readily explains as that of the possessive adjunct; a phenomenon which future investigation may shew to be equally Oceanic and American.

NOTES AND ADDENDA.

The vocabularies of the Rattlesnake are (1) Australian, (2) Papuan.

The former were for the parts about Cape York, _i. e._ the Northernmost part of Australia, and also the part nearest the Papuan area. The Kowrarega was the form of speech best illustrated.

The Papuan vocabularies were for the Louisiade Archipelago; wholly new as _data_ for a very important and interesting area.

The following paper, connected with the remarks on the incorporation of the possessive pronoun with certain substantives, though on an Asiatic language may find place here.

ON A ZAZA VOCABULARY.

READ BEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

MAY THE 23RD.

The following vocabulary is one taken by Dr. H. Sandwith from a Kurd of the Zaza tribe, one of the rudest of the whole Kurd family, and one for which we have no philological specimens.

ENGLISH. ZAZA.

_head_ sèrè-_min_. _eyes_ tchim-_emin_. _eyebrows_ buruè-_min_. _nose_ zinjè-_min_. _moustache_ simile-_min_. _beard_ ardishè-_min_. _tongue_ zoanè-_min_. _teeth_ dildonè-_min_. _ears_ gushè-_min_. _fingers_ ingishtè-_min_. _arm_ paziè-_min_. _legs_ híngè-_min_. _father_ pie-_min_. _mother_ mai-_min_. _sister_ wai-_min_. _brother_ brai _min_. _the back_ pashtiai-_min_. _hair_ porè-_min_. _cold_ serdo. _hot_ auroghermo. _sun_ rojshwesho. _moon_ hashmè. _star_ sterrai. _mountain_ khoo. _sea_ aho. _valley_ derèi. _eggs_ hoiki. _a fowl_ kerghi. _welcome_ tebèxairomè. _come_ bèiri. _stay_ rōshè. _bread_ noan. _water_ āwè. _child_ katchimo. _virgin_ keinima. _orphan_ lajekima. _morning_ shaurow. _tree_ dori. _iron_ asin. _hare_ aurish. _greyhound_ taji. _pig_ khooz. _earth_ ert. _fire_ adir. _stone_ see. _silver_ sém. _strength_ kote. _sword_ shimshir. _a fox_ krèvesh. _stag_ kivè. _partridge_ zaraj. _milk_ shut. _horse_ istor. _mare_ mahinè. _grapes_ eshkijshi. _a house_ kè. _green_ kesk. _crimson_ soor. _black_ siah. _white_ supèo. _sleep_ rausume. _go_ shoori.

The meaning of the termination-_min_ has been explained by Pott and Rödiger in their _Kurdische Studien_. It is the possessive pronoun of the first person = _my_ = _meus_ = ἐμὸς, &c.; so that sèrè-_min_ = caput-_meum_ (or _mei_), and pie-_min_ = pater-_meus_ (or _mei_).

So little was the Zaza who supplied Dr. Sandwith with the list under notice able to conceive a _hand_ or _father_, except so far as they were related to himself, or something else, and so essentially concrete rather than abstract were his notions, that he combined the pronoun with the substantive whenever he had a _part of the human body_ or a _degree of consanguinity_ to name. It is difficult to say how far this amalgamation is natural to the uncultivated understanding, _i. e._ it is difficult to say so on _à priori_ grounds. That the condition of a person applied to for the purpose of making a glossary out of his communications is different from that under which we maintain our ordinary conversation, is evident. Ordinary conversation gives us a certain number of words, and a context as well. A glossary gives us words only, and disappoints the speaker who is familiar with contexts.

If this be true, imperfect contexts, like the combinations _pie-min_, &c. should be no uncommon occurrences. Nor are they so. They are pre-eminently common in the American languages. Thus in Mr. Wallace's vocabularies from River Uapes the list run thus:--

ENGLISH. UAINAMBEU. JURI. BARRÈ. _head_ (_my_) _eri_-bida _tcho_-kereu _no_-dusia _mouth_ (_my_) _eri_-numa _tcho_-ia _no_-nunia. &c. &c. &c. &c.

similar illustrations being found in almost every American glossary.

In his Appendix to Macgillivray's Voyage of the Rattlesnake, the present writer has pointed out instances of this amalgamation in the languages of the Louisiade. He now adds, that he has also found it in some of the samples of the ordinary Gipsy language of England, as he has taken it from the mouth of English Gipsies.

He considers it to be a personal rather than a philological characteristic, certain individuals having a _minimum_ amount of abstracting power, and such individuals being inordinately common amongst the American Indians.

ON THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND NUMERALS OF THE MALLICOLLO AND ERROMANGO LANGUAGES.

BY THE REVEREND C. ABRAHAM.

COMMUNICATED WITH REMARKS TO THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY BY DR. R. G. LATHAM.

April 22. 1853.

MALLICOLO OR SESOK?

MALLICOLO. ENGLISH.

_Inau_, I. _khai-im_, you. _na-ü_, he. _na-mühl_,} we two. exclus. _drivan_ } inclus. _kha-mühl_, you two. _na-taroi_, you three. _na-tavatz_, you four.

_dra-tin_, we three. _dra-tovatz_. we four. _si-kat_, one. _e-ua_, two. _e-roi_, three. _e-vatz_, four. _e-rima_, five. _su-kai_, six. _whi-u_, seven. _o-roi_, eight. _whi-vatz_, nine. _singeap_, ten. _urare_, child. _aramomau_, father. _nebök_, a man. _bauenunk_, a male. _rambaiük_, a female. { the sun, also _marīu_, { their name for { God. _tepe_, worship. _nakambu_, fire. _ewoi_, yes. _emwe_, not. _nelumbai_,} know. _tatanini_,} _dratiban_, go. _utoi_, language. _ampreusi_, see. _tipen agene_, shoot arrows. _to perito na_} throw stones. _bara_, } _no kani wangas_} I eat good food. _isank_, }

ERROMANGO.

ERROMANGO. ENGLISH.

_I au_, I. _kik_, you. _iyi_, he. _enn-iau_, my. _ennun-kik_, thy. _enn-ii_, his. _ennun-kos_, our. _ennun-kimi_, your. _enn-irara_, their. _sai-imou_, this. _sai-nempe_, that. _aramai_, good. _tagraubuki_, bad.

_saitavan_, one. _du-ru_, two. _tesal_, three. _menda-vat_, four. _suku-ring_, five. _sikai_, six. _suku-rimnaro_, seven. _suku-rimtesal_, eight. _suku-rimendarat_, nine. _kosengu_, we. _kimingu_, ye. _irara_, they. _ngaraodlem_, ten.

_nobu_, God. _natamas_, spirit. _etemen_, father. _tan niteni_, son. _tinema_, mother. _etemetallari_, man. _tiamesu_, thing. _ei_, yes. _taui_, no. _navang_, eat. _hamonuki_, drink. _akasè_, see. _nimint_, eyes. _lebetanlop_, finger. _warakelang_, nose. _telangunt_, ear. _lampunt_, hair. _kikome_, name.

REMARKS.

Since these vocabularies were laid before the Society, a "Journal of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific," by Capt. J. E. Erskine, R, N., has been published. This shows the sources of the preceding lists; since the bishop of New Zealand accompanied the expedition, and succeeded in taking back with him, on his return; some youths for the purposes of education.

The class to which these vocabularies belong has never been, sufficiently for the purposes of publication, reduced to writing, nor is any member of it known to scholars in general, in respect to its grammatical structure. This, however, will probably not be the case much longer, since Capt. Erskine has placed the materials for the study of the Aneitum (Annatom) language in the hands of Mr. Norriss, who is prepared for its investigation. Neither has the class been wholly neglected. A grammar of the Tanna (an allied language) was drawn up by Mr. Heath, but it has not been published, and is probably lost. Dr. Pritchard, who had seen extracts from it, writes, that it contained a _trinal_ as well as a _singular_, a _dual_, and a _plural_ number. The present list elucidates this. The _trinal_ number (so-called) of the Mallicolo is merely the personal pronoun _plus_ the numeral 3; each element being so modified as to give the appearance of an inflection.

The following tables exhibit the numerals of certain other islands in the neighbourhood. They are taken from Captain Erskine's work, in which reference is made to a "Description of the Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean, by A. Cheyne." This has not been examined by the present writer.

ISLE OF ENG. TANA. FOTUNA[29]. PINES. UEA.

_one_ li-ti ta-si ta tahi _two_ ka-ru rua vo lua _three_ ka-har lo:u ve-ti lolu _four_ ke-fa fa beu fa _five_ ka-rirum rima ta-hue lima _six_ liti (?) ono no-ta tahi _seven_ ka-ru (?) fitu no-bo lua _eight_ ka-han (?) varu no-beti tolu _nine_ ke-fa (?) iva no-beu fa _ten_ ka-rirum? tanga-fieru de-kau lima

ENG. UEA. YENGEN. BALAD. LIFU.

_one_ pacha hets par-ai chas. _two_ lo he-luk par-roo lu-ete. _three_ kuu he-yen par gen kun-ete. _four_ thack po-bits par-bai ek-ete. _five_ thabumb nim pa-nim tibi. _six_ lo-acha nim-wet par-ai chb-lemen. _seven_ lo-alo nim-weluk par-roo luen-gemen. _eight_ lo-kunn nim-weyen par-gen kun-engemen. _nine_ lo-thack nim-pobit par-bai ske-ngemen. _ten_ te-bennete pain-duk pa-nim lue-ipe.

[Footnote 29: Or Erronan. The Nuia or Immer numerals are the same.]

Mr. Abraham's Mallicolo represents the same language with the Mallicolo vocabulary of Captain Cook's Voyages, with which it pretty closely agrees.

His Erromango is more peculiar. _Sikai_ = six = the Mallicolo _sukai_, which is, itself, nearly the _sikai_ = one. The -_ring_ in suku-_ring_, too, is the Mallicolo _rima_. This we know, from the analogies of almost all the languages of Polynesia and the Indian Archipelago, to be the word _lima_ = _hand_. Hence e-_rima_ (Mallicolo), _hand_, and suku-_ring_ (Erromango) = _one hand_. The _vat_ in menda-_vat_ is the Mallicolo -_bats_ in e-_bats_, the Malay am-_pat_ = _four_. Du-_ru_ is the Mallicolo e-_ry_, there being in each case a prefixed syllable. The analysis of _tesal_ and _saitavan_ is less clear. Neither is it certain how _ngaraodlen_ = _ten_. The other numerals are compounds. This, perhaps, is sufficient to show that the difference between the numerals of the Mallicolo and Erromango is a difference of a very superficial kind. So it is with the Tana, Fotuna, and the first Uea specimens. We must always remember that the first syllable is generally a non-radical prefix.

In the Tana of the preceding table, the words for 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, seem to be merely the words for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 repeated, and something of the same kind appears in the first Uea. Perhaps the representation may be imperfect. At any rate the Tanna of Cook's Voyage runs--

ENG. TANNA.

_one_ r-eedee. _two_ ka-roo. _three_ ka-har. _four_ kai-phar. _five_ k-reerum. _six_ _ma_-r-eedee. _seven_ _ma_-ka-roo. _eight_ _ma_-ka-har. _nine_ _ma_-kai-phar. _ten_ _ma_-k-reerum.

The same appears in the Balad of New Caledonia. Now Cooks New Caledonian runs--

ENG. NEW CALEDONIAN.

_one_ _wa_-geeaing. _two_ _wa_-roo. _three_ _wa_-teen. _four_ _wa_-mbaeek. _five_ _wa_-nnim. _six_ _wa_-nnim-geeek. _seven_ _wa_-nnim-noo. _eight_ _wa_-nnim-gain. _nine_ _wa_-nnim-baeek. _ten_ _wa_-nnim-aiuk.

The Yengen and Lifu vocabularies are not so different but that the _lu_ and _kun_ of the one = the _luk_ and _yen_ of the other, as well as the _lo_ and _kiuu_ of the second Uea, and the _roo_ and _gen_ of the Balad.

The importance of these non-radical syllables in the numerals has been indicated by the present writer in the appendix to Mr. M'Gillivray's 'Voyage of the Rattlesnake.' There we find several well-selected specimens of the languages of the Louisiade archipelago. The fact of certain affinities between these and the New Caledonian is there indicated. Each has its prefix. In each the prefix is a _labial_.

ENGLISH. TWO.

Louisiade _paihe_-tuan. New Caledonia _wa_-teen &c.

Now the Tana and Mallicolo tongues have a prefix also, but this is not a labial. It is rather a vowel or _k_ (guttural or palatal). Here lies a difference--a difference of detail. Yet the same change can now be shown to be within the pale of the New Caledonian itself, as may be seen by comparing _par_-roo and _par_-gen (_pah_-gen?) with _he_-luk and _he_-yen.

The change from _r_ to _l_ creates no difficulty. In one of the Tana vocabularies _one_ = _li_-ti, in another _r_-eedee.

These points have been gone into for the sake of guarding against such exaggeration of the differences between the languages of the parts in question as the _apparent_ differences in the numerals have a tendency to engender.

AMERICA (NORTH).

ON THE LANGUAGES OF THE OREGON TERRITORY.

READ BEFORE THE ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY ON THE 11TH DECEMBER 1844.

The languages dealt with are those that lie between Russian America and New California. It is only, however, such as are spoken on the sea-coast and on the American frontier that are fairly known to us. Concerning some of the latter, such as the Blackfoot, the notices are deferred. Little, in the present state of our knowledge, can be attempted beyond the mere verification of vocabularies. In his list, however, of these, the writer has attempted to be exhaustive.

It is convenient to enumerate these vocabularies separately and to proceed from North to South.

_Queen Charlotte's Island._--The two chief vocabularies are Mr Tolmie's and Messrs Sturgin and Bryant's, in the Journal of the Geographical Society and the Archæologia Americana respectively. They represent different dialects.

ENGLISH. STURGIN & BRYANT. HAIDAHOF, TOLMIE.

_Man_ keeset kleilhatsta _Woman_ kna, ana tsata _Canoe_ cloo kloo _Tobacco_ qull quil _Water_ huntle huntle _Sun_ tzue shandlain _Moon_ kuhn khough _Rain_ tull tull _Snow_ tull hatter dhanw _Dog_ hah hootch _Bear_ tunn tann _T._ cagen teea _Thou_ tinkyah tungha

With these, the few words in the Mithridates coincide

MITHRIDATES. TOLMIE.

_One_ sounchou squansung _Two_ stonk stung _Three_ sloonis klughunnil

_Chimmesyan._--Mr Tolmie's vocabulary--Journal of Geographical Society. Spoken between 53° 30´ and 55° 30´ N. L.

_Billechoola._--Mr Tolmies vocabulary; _ibid._ Spoken on the Salmon River.

_Friendly Village._--In Mackenzie's Travels, we find a few words from a tribe on the Salmon River. Their locality is called by Mackenzie the _Friendly Village_. By the aid of Mr Tolmie's vocabularies, we can now place this hitherto unfixed dialect. It belongs to the Billechoola tongue.

ENGLISH. FRIENDLY VILLAGE. BILLECHOOLA.

_Salmon_ zimilk shimilk _Dog_ watts watz _House_ zlaachle shmool' _Bark-mat_ zemnez _Cedar-bark-blanket_ tzummi _Beaver_ couloun couloun _Stone_ dichts quilstolomick _Water_ ulkan kullah _Mat_ gistcom stuchom _Bonnet_ ilcaette kayeete

_Fitz-Hugh Sound._--For these parts we possess only the numerals. They coincide most with the Haeltzuk, a language that will next be noticed. The termination in _skum_ is common to the Fitz-Hugh Sound and the Blackfoot numerals.

English, _two._ _F. Sound,_ malscum. _Haeltzuk_, malook.

English, _three._ _F. Sound_, utascum. _Haeltzuk_, yootook.

English, _four._ _F. Sound_, moozcum. _Haeltzuk_, moak. _Billechoola_, moash.

English, _five._ _F. Sound_, thekaescum. _Haeltzuk_, skeowk. _Billechoola_, tzeiuch.

English, _six._ _F. Sound_, kitliscum. _Haeltzuk_, katlowk.

nglish, _seven._ _F. Sound_, atloopooskum. _Haeltzuk_, malthlowsk.

English, _ten._ _F. Sound_, highioo. _Haeltzuk_, aikas.

_Haeltzuk._--Mr Tolmie's vocabulary. Spoken from 50° 30´ to 53° 30´ N. L.--_Journal of Geograph. Soc._

_Quadra and Vancouver's Island_--_Nootka Sound_.--For these parts we have several vocabularies.

1. The Numerals.--From Dixon--_Mithridates_, iii., 2, 115.

2. King George's Sound.--The Numerals, _Mith._, iii., 2; 115.

3. _Mozino's_ MS. _Vocabulary_.--See _Mith._, iii., 2.

4. _Captain Cook's Vocabulary._--This is comparatively copious. It represents the same language with the three preceding.

5. The Tlaoquatch vocabulary of Mr Tolmie. _Journ. of Geog. Soc._--This certainly represents, as is truly stated by Dr. Scouler, the same language as the Nootka-Sound vocabulary of Cook.

ENGLISH. COOK'S NOOTKA. TOLMIE'S TLAOQUATCH.

_Sky_ naas naase _Mountain_ noohchai notcheh _House_ mahtai maas _Paddle_ oowhabbie oowhapie _Canoe_ shapats tshappits _Water_ chauk tchaak _Go_ cho tcha-alche _Run_ kummiitchchut kumitkok _Bow_ moostatte moastatit _Arrow_ tseehatte tzehatite _Knife_ kotyok tzokquaeek _Man_ tanass tanais

6. Straits of Fuca.--A short vocabulary taken during the voyage of the _Sutil y Mexicana_--_Archæol. Amer._, ii., 306. Is not this Mozino's?

7. The Wakash vocabulary of Jewitt.--_Archæol. Amer._, ii. 306.

ENGLISH. FUCA. TLAOQUATCH. WAKASH.

_Water_ ihaac tchaak chahak _Sky_ tacuihamach naase sieyah _Stars_ uliusac taastass tartoose _Moon_ ilajudshashitle hopulh oophelth _Sun_ dagina tlopil oophetlh _Ear_ pipi parpee

_Kawitchen._--Spoken at the entrance of Trading River opposite Vancouver's Island. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary.--See _Journal of Geograph. Societ_.

_Noosdalum._--Spoken in Hood's Channel.--_Ibid._

_The Atna of Mackenzie._--This we may now place. It resembles the Noosdalum, with dialectal differences.

ENGLISH. ATNAH. NOOSDALUM.

_Man_ scuynlouch sohwieken _Woman_ smosledgensk sheeakatso _Beaver_ schugh skyauw _Dog_ scacah skacha _Water_ shaweliquoih kah _Plains_ spilela spilchun _Here_ thlaelych lilkaa _Iron_ soucoumang halaitan _Bow_ isquoinah schomotun _Arrow_ squaili ytsh tzimaan

In Baer's _Statistische und Ethnographische Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika_, we find a second vocabulary named _Atna_. This is spoken on the Copper River in Russian America, and represents a different language from the Atna of Mackenzie. Both, however, belong to the same[30] group. The plausible mode of accounting for this coincidence, is to suppose that two tribes named themselves _men_, which throughout the Athabascar languages is expressed by the root _t-n_, as _dinnie_, _tenni_, _tnain_, &c.

[Footnote 30: This is inaccurate--See following papers.]

_Squallyamish._--Spoken at Puget's Sound. Mr Tolmie in T. G. S.

_Chenook._--For the important languages of the Chenook or Flathead Indians on the river Columbia, we have the following _data_:

1. Franchere's vocabulary; _Archæol. Americana_, ii., 379.

2. Parker's vocabulary; communicated in M. S., by A. Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

3. Cathlascou of Tolmie, J. G. S.

4. Chenook of Tolmie, _ibid._

Of these vocabularies the Chenook of Parker and Franchere coincide closely. Parker's Chenook, compared with the two vocabularies of Tolmie, agrees most with the Cathlascou.

_Kalapooiah._--This tribe is placed by Parker on the Multomah river. According to Tolmie, their language is spoken on the Wallamat Plains.

1. Tolmie's vocabulary. J. G. S.

2. Parker's vocabulary. M. S. from Gallatin to Dr Prichard.

The two vocabularies represent one and the same language.

_Okanagan._--Spoken on Fraser's River. Mr Tolmie's vocabulary. The Okanagan vocabulary enables us to fix the following one: