Part 21

_Tanna and Mallicollo_ (taken together) _and New Caledonia_.--Neither with Mallicollo or Tanna alone, nor with Mallicollo and Tanna taken together, as compared with New Caledonia, do we find more words coincident than the following:--Cocoa-nut, _naroo_, M.; _nabooy_, T.; _neeoo_, N. Cal., _Mal._: drink, _noaee_, M.; _nooee_, T.; _oondoo_, N. Cal.: head, _noogwanaium_, T.; _garmoin_ (Cook), _vangue_, (L. B.), N. Cal.: yams, _oofe_, Tann.; _oobe_, N. Cal., Mal.: yes, _eeo_, Tann.; _elo_, N. Cal.: no, _taep_, Mall.; _nda_, N. Cal.

Next in order comes the comparison between the Vocabularies of Van Diemen's Land and South Australia.

_Port Dalrymple and King Georges Sound_ (_Nind and Astrol._):--Wound, _barana_, P. D.; _bareuk_, N.: wood, _moumbra_, P. D.; _pourn_, N.: hair, _kide_, P. D.; _kaat_, N.: thigh, _degagla_, P. D.; _tawal_, N.: kangaroo, _taramei_, P. D.; _taamour_, N.: lips, _mona_, P. D.; _mele_, K. G. S.: no, _poutie_, P. D.; _poualt_, _poort_, K. G. S.: egg, _komeka_, P. D.; _kierkee_, K. G. S.: bone, _pnale_, P. D.; _nouil_, K. G. S. (bone of bird used to suck up water) N.: skin, _kidna_, P. D.; _kiao?_ K. G. S.: two _kateboueve_, P. D.; _kadjen_, K. G. S. (N.). Fifty-six words in common.

_Port Dalrymple and Gulf St. Vincent._--Mouth, _mona_, P. D.; _tamonde_, G. S. V. (a compound word, since _taa_ is mouth, in K. G. S.): drink, _kible_, P. D.; _kawe_, G. S. V.: arm, _anme_, P. D.; _aondo_ (also shoulder), G. S. V.: hawk, _gan henen henen_, P. D.; _nanno_, G. S. V.: hunger, _tigate_, P. D.; _takiou_, G. S. V.: head, _eloura_: P. D.; _ioullo_, G. S. V.: nose, _medouer_[20], P. D., _modla_, G. S. V.: bird, _iola_, _pallo_, G. S. V.: stone, _lenn parenne_, P. D.; _poure?_ G. S. V.: foot, _dogna_, P. D.; _tenna_, G. S. V.: sun, _tegoura_[21], P. D.; _tendo_, G. S. V. Seventy words in common.

[Footnote 20: Mula.]

[Footnote 21: Also Moon.]

_Port Dalrymple and Jervis's Bay._--Wound, _barana_, P. D.; _karanra_, J. B.: tooth, _iane_, P. D.; _ira_, J. B.: skin, _kidna_, P. D.; _bagano_, J. B.: foot, _dogna_, P. D.; _tona_[22], J. B.: head, _eloura_, P. D.; _hollo_, J. B. Fifty-four words in common. What follows is a notice of some miscellaneous coincidences between the Van Diemen's Land and the Australian.

[Footnote 22: Tjenne, tidna, jeena.]

ENGLISH. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. AUSTRALIA.

_ears_ cuengilia, 1803 gundugeli, Men. D. _thigh_ tula, Lh. dara, Men. D. {pure, Adel. } _stone_ {voye, K. G. S.} lenn parene, P. D. _breast_ pinenana, Lh. voyene, Men. D. _skin_ kidna, P. D. makundo, Teichelman. _day_ megra, Lh. nangeri, Men. D. _run_ mella, Lh. monri, Men. D. _feet_ perre, D. C. birre[23]. _little_ bodenevoued, P. D. baddoeen, Grey. _lip_ mona, P. D. tameno (_upper lip_), ditto. _egg_ komeka, P. D. muka, _egg_, _anything round_, Teichel. _tree_ moumra, P. D. worra (_forest_), Teichel. _mouth_ } _tongue_ }kamy, Cook.} {_speak._} _tooth_ }kane, P. D.} kame {_mouth._} J. B. _speak_ } {_cry._ } _leg_ darra, P. J. lerai. _knee_ gorook, ditto. ronga, D. C. _moon_ tegoura, P. D. kakirra, Teichelman. _nose_ medouer, P. D. {mudla, ditto. {moolya, Grey. _hawk_ gan henen henen, P. D. gargyre, ditto. _hunger_ tegate, P. D. taityo, Teichelman. _laugh_ pigne, P. D. mengk, Grey. _moon_ vena, 1835. yennadah, P. J. _day_ megra, 1835. karmarroo, ditto. _fire_ une, 1803. yong, ditto. _dew_ manghelena, _rain_ menniemoolong. {neylucka, Murray, P. D. _water_ boue lakade {bado, ditto. {lucka, Carpentarian.

[Footnote 23: Generally toe-nail.]

Such is the similarity amongst the Negrito languages, as taken in their geographical sequence, and as divided into three groups. Between the Andaman and Samang there is no visible similarity or coincidence. From New Guinea to New Caledonia there is a series of coincidences; and there is also similarity between the Australian and Van Diemen's Land. But it is far from following that, because languages will form groups when taken in geographical succession, they will also form groups when the sequence or succession shall be interrupted. Tested by another method there is an affinity as follows:

ENGLISH. MANICOLO. NEW GUINEA.

_arms_ me, menini, maini nimango, L., _Mal._ _belly_ tchan-hane, tchaene {kanborongo, L. {sgnani, W. _bow_ ore amure, Ut. _drink_ canou {makinu, L. }_Mal._ {quinenne, A.} _eye_ mala, mateo mame, U.; matatongo, U., _Mal._ _sun_ ouioia jauw, U. _tongue_ mia, mimeaeo mare, Ut. _woman_ venime, vignivi {mawina. L.} _Mal._ {viene, A. } _yes_ io aroa, U., oro, L. _ear_ tagnaini, ragnengo {kanik, kananie, A.} _Mal._ {tantougni, W. } _fish_ ane, gniene iene, A., _Mal._ _nose_ n-hele nony, A. _water_ ouire {ouara, A., _Mal._ {war, F. _teeth_ ongne oualini, analini, W. _shoulders_ outalen-buien-hane poupouni, _Waig._

ENGLISH. NEW CALEDONIA. NEW IRELAND.

_ant_ kinki akan, P. P. _tooth_ inouan insik, C. B., _Mal._ _birth_ manou mane, C. B., Mal. _cheeks_ poangue paring, D. _eyebrows_ poutchie-banghie pouli-matandi, P. P. _fire_ afi, hiepp bia. _foot_ bakatiengue {kekeign, D. {balankeke, C. P. _knees_ bangueligha pougaigi, P. P. _tongue_ coubmeigha, coumean kermea. _moon_ ndan kalan, P. P. _walk_ ouanem inan. _rain_ oda ous, D., _Mal._ _nose_ mandee mboussou, P. P. _sleep_ kingo heim, D. _black_ ganne guiam. _sun_ niangat naas, D. _navel_ padan-bourigne, pamboran pouta, P. P., _Mal._ _sea_ dene dan (_water_), D., _Mal._ _weep_ ngot ignek, C. B.

ENGLISH. NEW CALEDONIA. MANICOLO.

_back_ donnha dienhane diene. _ear_ guening ragnengo. _good_ kapareick kapai. _head_ bangue batcha. _moon_ manoc mele. _no_ nda taie. _testes_ {quienbeigha bona. {yabingue bouenini. _water_ oe ouire, _Mal._

ENGLISH. NEW CALEDONIA, D. C. WAIGIOO, D. C., &C.

_ear_ guening guenani. _fish_ ica icanne, _Mal._ _teeth_ inouan analiné, Undetermined, D. C.

* * * * *

Notwithstanding doubtful words certain, it seems that there is evidence of the most unlike of the languages between Waigioo and New Caledonia (inclusive) being not more unlike than the most dissimilar of the Indo-European tongues. That this statement may be enlarged seems probable by the following parallels:--

_feet_ {perre, V. D. L. }petiran, C. B. {perelia (_nails_), do. } _beard_ kongine, V. D. L. {gangapouni, _Waig._ {yenga, _Mal._ _bird_ mouta, V. D. L. manouk, _Mal._ _chin_ kamnena, V. D. L. gambape, _Waig._ _eye_ menl, Austr matta, _Pap._ and _Mal._ {canan} {gani, _mouth_, _Waig._, D. _tooth_ {iane } V. D. L. {insik, _teeth_, P. P., _Mal._ {yane } _forehead_ caberra, Port Jackson kabrani, _Waig._ _sand_ gune, V. D. L. coon, yean. _wood_ }gui, V. D. L. kaibus, _Pap._ and _Mal._ _tree_ } _hair_ {yoka } Australia nihouge, New Ir. {rouka} _sun_ jinji } Australia niangat, N. C. _star_ tchindai} _ear_ koyge, V. D. L. gaaineng, N. C.

VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, ENGLISH. D. C. L. B. NEW CALEDONIA, D.C., L.B.

_mouth_ mougui wangue and mouanguia. _arm_ houana, gouna pingue. _shoulders_ {bagny} bouheigha. {baguy} _fire_ nuba afi, hiepp, nap, _Mal._ _knees_ {rangalia} banguiligha. {rouga } _dead_ mata mackie. _no_ neudi nola. _ears_ cuegni-lia guening. _nails_ pereloigni pihingui. _hair_ pelilogueni bouling, poun ingue. _teeth_ pegui {penoungha. {paou wangue. _fingers_ beguia badouheigha. _nose_ mongui mandec, vanding. _sleep_ makunya kingo.

ENGLISH. ANDAMAN. MISCELLANEOUS.

_ear_ quaka {cuengi, V. D. L. {gueening, N. C. _hand_ gonie gong, Aust., or V. D. L. _mouth_ morna mona, V. D. L. _nose_ mellee {mudla } V. D. L. {medouer} _sun_ ahay jauw, Utan. _thighs_ poye pengue paan, N. C. _wood_ kiante tanghee, N. C.

The author concluded his paper with the following observations:--

1. For all that is known to the contrary, the Negrito tongues of Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, the Moluccas, Formosa and several smaller islands of whose languages we have no specimens; may be in any relation whatever to any other language, and to each other.

2. The Andamanee and Samang may be in any relation to any other Negrito tongue, or to each other, beyond that of mere dialect.

3. The languages hitherto known of New Guinea, New Ireland, the Solomon's Isles, New Caledonia, Tanna, and Mallicollo, are related to each other, _at least_ as the most different languages of the Indo-European tribe are related.

4. The known languages of Australian are related to each other, _at least_ in the same degree.

5. The Van Diemen's Land and Australian are similarly related.

6. Classified in divisions equally general with the Indo-European, the Negrito dialects (as far as they are known by their vocabularies) cannot fall into more than four, and may possibly be reducible to one; the data being up to a certain point sufficient to determine radical affinities, but nowhere sufficient to determine radical differences.

7. The ethnographical division, according to physical conformation, coincides with the ethnographical division according to language, only so far as the former avoids the details of classification. With the minute subdivisions of the French naturalists the latter coincides least.

8. The distinction between the Negritos and the Malays seems less broad when determined by the test of language, than it does when measured by physical conformation.

9. The notion of the hybridism of the Papuas, arising from the view of their physical conformation, is in a degree confirmed by the nature of their language; although even the physical evidence is not absolute, _i. e._ on a par with that respecting the hybridism of the Griquas and Confusos.

10. With two[24] (if not more) Negrito tribes, whereof the evidence of language is wholly wanting, physiological differences indicate a probability of difference of language, equal to the difference between any two Negrito languages of which we have specimens.

11. Even in the physiological classifications we are far from being sure that the whole number of Negrito tribes has been described.

[Footnote 24: The Blacks of the Philippines and the Blacks of the South of New Guinea.]

NOTE A.

[PART I]

ENGLISH. OMBAY. NEW ZEALAND. MALAY. _Arago._ _Astrolabe._ _Astrolabe._

_nose_ imouni hihiou idong _eyes_ inirko kanohi mata _head_ imocila kadou, oupoko kapala _mouth_ ibirka mangai moulout _teeth_ vessi niho guiguit _chin_ irakata kouai djengot _hair_ inibatalaga oudou rambout _ear_ iverlaka taringa kouping _neck_ tameni ?kaki tengkok _breast_ tercod ouma dada _belly_ [25]tekapana kopore prout _posteriors_ tissoukou ---- ---- _pudendum_ glessi ---- ---- _bosom_ ami ou pankou _shoulders_ iklessine poko iwi bahou _arm_ ibarana ---- ---- _hand_ ouine dinga tanghan _finger_ tetenkilei ---- ---- _thumb_ setenkoubassi koro-matoua djempol _thigh_ itêna owha paha _leg_ irnka wae wae vetis _knee_ icieibouka touri loukout _foot_ makalata ---- kaki _tail_ imbilitaka ikou bountot _bow_ mossa ---- ---- _arrow_ dota ---- pana _knife_ pisso koti koti pissau

[PART II]

ENGLISH. TICOPIA. TIMOR. SAVOO. _Astrolabe._ _Raffles._ _Parkinson._

_nose_ issou enur swanga. _eyes_ mata mata madda. _head_ ordou ulu katow. _mouth_ nhoutou ---- lara voulou. _teeth_ nifo nehan ---- _chin_ kaoue ---- pagave. _hair_ raoulou ---- row. _ear_ tarinha ---- coodelou. _neck_ teoua ---- lacoco. _breast_ ou ---- ---- _belly_ mimi, laha kabon duloo. _posteriors_ ---- ---- voorai. _pudendum_ ---- ---- ---- _bosom_ fata fata ---- sousou. _shoulders_ touaga oupoko ---- kooloogoono. _arm_ ---- ---- ---- _hand_ rima ---- wulaba. _finger_ ---- ---- ---- _thumb_ maikao ---- ---- _thigh_ faci ---- tooga. _leg_ vae ---- aen-vaibo. _knee_ poko touri ---- routou. _foot_ vai ---- dureala. _tail_ ---- ---- ---- _bow_ ten hassaou ---- ---- _arrow_ fana ---- ---- _knife_ koffe ---- bussee, _iron_.

[Footnote 25: Kibou, Mad., opou, Owhywhee.]

NOTE B.

_arm_ kapiani, A.; capiani, D. _buttock_ seni and senidokaouri, A.; tiaugapoui, D. _belly_ sgnani, A.; iani, D. _back_ kouaneteni, A.; cateni, D. _chin_ gambapi, A.; capapi, D. _dugs_ mansou, A.; sou (_bosom_), D. _eyes_ jadjiemouri, A.; taguini, D. _fingers_ cantoulili, D. -- _fore_ konkant-ili, A. -- _middle_ kouanti-poulo, A. -- _ring_ kouanti-ripali, A. -- _little_ kouanti-lminki, A. _foot_ kourgnai, A.; caloani, D. _hair_ sénoumébouran, A.; pia, D. _hand_ konk afaleni, A.; cocani, D. _heel_ konk abiouli, A. _knee_ konk-apoki, A.; capougui, D. _leg_ konkanfai, A.; anga fuini, D. _nose_ soun, A.; sauny, D. _nails_ cambrene, A.; cabrene, D. _teeth_ oualini, A.; analini, D. _toe_, _great_ kouanti-hel, A. --, _second and fourth_ kouanti-bipali, A. --, _third_ kouanti-poulo, A. --, _little_ kouanti-lminki, A. _thigh_ affoloni, A.; enfoloni, or anfoloni, D.

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA (1859).

_Andaman_--The _Andaman_ Language is monosyllabic, and allied to the Burmese of the opposite continent.

_Nicoaar_ &c.--The statement that there are Blacks in the _Nicobar Islands_ is inaccurate. The tribes further from the coast are the rudest. In the Nicobar vocabulary of the Voyage of the Galathea (_Steen Bille_--_Galathea's Reise omkring Jorden_), the language most especially represented is that of the island Terressa; the words from Nancovry being marked _N_, and those from Cariecobar _C. N._ No difference, beyond that of dialect, is recognized as existing between them. At the same time it is, by no means, certain, that every form of speech belonging to the Archipelago is known to us.

_Samang &c._--The statement that these are the Orang Udai is inaccurate. For further notice of the Samang see Newbold's Indian Archipelago; a work not known to me when my paper was written. The ethnology of the Orang Benua is fully illustrated in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago. They are all Malay.

_Sumatra._--This island gives us certain tribes ruder than others--not blacker; at any rate no Negritos.

The same applies to _Borneo_; where there is plenty of barbarism but nothing Negrito.

The same to the _Sulu_ Archipelago.

The _Manillas_.--Specimens of four of the so-called Negrito languages are to be found in Steen Bille's Voyage of the Galathea (Vol. III.); headed, (1) Umiray, (2) St. Miguel; (3) St. Matheo and (4) Dumagat. They evidently belong to the same group as the Tagal.

_Formosa and Loocho._--The criticism that applies to Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago applies here.

For _Timor_, _Ombay_ &c. see the next paper.

The language of the _Arru_ islanders is not mentioned; indeed in 1843 no specimens of their language had been published. Since, however, a good account of them has been given by Windsor Earl. Their language contains much in common with the languages of the islands to the west of them, whilst in physical appearance they approach the Papuans. They present, in short, transitional characters--_Journal of Indian Archipelago, and The Papua Races_.

_New Britain_ &c.--For Louisiade forms of speech see the next paper but one; for those of New Caledonia &c. see the fourth.

_The Fijis._--The language of the Fijis is Polynesian.

_Cocos Island._--The vocabulary of the island so-named seems to me to be that of Ticopia; and, as such, anything but Negrito.

In Braim's Australia we find specimens of five _Tasmanian_ forms of speech. The additions to the philology of Australia since 1843 are too numerous to find place in a notice like the present. The fundamental unity of all the languages of that continent is, now, generally recognized.

Of the _Micronesian_ Islanders (natives of the _Marianne_ and _Caroline_ Archipelagos) some tribes are darker than others. They chiefly occupy the coral, as opposed to the volcanic, formations. The same is the case with the supposed Negritos of Polynesia.

ON THE GENERAL AFFINITIES OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE OCEANIC BLACKS.

APPENDIX TO JUKES'S VOYAGE OF HMS FLY.

1847.

For philological purposes it is convenient to arrange the Blacks of the Asiatic and Oceanic Islands under five divisions.

I. The Blacks of the Andaman Islands.--These are, comparatively speaking, isolated in their geographical position; whilst the portion of the continent nearest to them is inhabited by races speaking a monosyllabic language.

II. The Blacks of the Malay area.--With the exception of Java, all the larger, and many of the smaller Malay Islands, as well as the Peninsula of Malacca, are described as containing, in different proportions, a population which departs from the Malay type, which approaches that of the Negro, which possesses a lower civilization, which generally inhabits the more inaccessible parts of the respective countries, and which wears the appearance of being aboriginal to the true Malay population. These tribes may be called the Blacks of the Malay area.

III. The Papuan Blacks of New Guinea.--Under this head may be arranged the tribes of New Guinea, New Ireland, the New Hebrides, Tanna, Erromango, Annatom, New Caledonia, &c.

IV. The Blacks of Australia.

V. The Tasmanian Blacks or the Blacks of Van Diemen's Land.

I. The Andaman Blacks will not be considered in the present note.

II. With respect to the languages of the Blacks of the Malay area, it may be stated unequivocally, that the dialects of each and every tribe for which a vocabulary has been examined, are Malay.

A. Such is the case with the Samang, Jooroo, and Jokong vocabularies of the Peninsula of Malacca.--See Craufurd's Indian Archipelago, Asiatic Researches, xii. 109, Newbold's British Settlements in Malacca.

B. Such is the case with every vocabulary that has been brought from Sumatra. The particular tribe sufficiently different from the Malay to speak a different language has yet to be found.

C. Such is the case with the eight vocabularies furnished by Mr. Brooke from Borneo; notwithstanding the fact that both the Dyacks and the Biajuks have been described as tribes wilder and more degraded than the Malay: in other words, as tribes on the Negro side of the dominant population.

D. Such is the case with every vocabulary brought from any of the Molucca, Key, Arru, or Timorian Islands whatsoever; no matter how dark may be the complexion, or how abnormal the hair, of the natives who have supplied it.

E. Such is the case with the so-called Arafura vocabularies of Dumont Durville from Celebes, and of Roorda van Eysinga from Amboyna and Ceram.

F. Such is the case with the languages of the Philippine Islands. In no part of the great Malay area has the difference between the higher and lower varieties of the population, been more strongly insisted on, and more accurately explained than here. Yet the testimony of the early Spanish Missionaries, as to the fundamental identity of the Black with the other languages is unanimous; and, to put the matter further beyond doubt, the few words of the Igorot negroes, near Marivèles, which are supplied by Lafond Luray, who visited them, are Malay also.

Now, on these grounds, and laying the Andaman Islands out of the question, it may be safely predicated, that, until we reach either New Guinea, or Australia, we have no proofs of the existence of any language fundamentally different from the Malay; whatever may be the difference in physical appearance of those who speak it.