Part 20

_Australia._--In this island we have vocabularies for the following localities: (1.) Murray Island; (2.) Caledon Bay; (3. 4.) Endeavour River; (5.) the Burrah Burrah tribe; (6.) Limestone Creek; (7.) Port Macquarie; (8.) Port Jackson; (9.) Menero Downs; (10.) Jervis Bay; (11.) Hunter's River, _vide_ Threlkeld's Grammar; (12, 13, 14, 15.) Adelaide,--one of these being Teichelmanns and Schürmann's Grammar; (16.) Gulf St. Vincent; (17, 18, 19, 20.) King George's Sound; (22.) Grey's Vocabulary; and a few others.

_Van Diemen's Land._--Here, as in Australia, everything is Negrito. In the way of Vocabularies, we have for the North,--(1.) Gaimard's Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, taken down from the mouth of a Van Diemen's Land woman at King George's Sound, with an Englishman as an interpreter.--Voy. Astr. Phil. ii. 9. In the South we have (2.) Cook's Vocabulary, collected in Adventure Bay, S. E. of Van Diemen's Land,--nine words. (3.) Dentrecasteaux's, or La Billardière's Vocabulary. (4.) Allan Cunningham's Vocabulary, collected in 1819 at Entrance Island. (5.) Dr. Lhotsky's Vocabulary, derived from Mr. M'Geary, and representing the language of Hobart's Town.--Journ. Geo. Soc. ix. Besides these, there is a Vocabulary procured by Mr. Robert Brown when in Australia. It nearly represents the same state of language as Dentrecasteaux's Vocabulary.

Besides these remarks, another class of facts should be indicated. In the south of Japan, and in the Marianne Isles, there are statements that Blacks _have been_:--Père Cantova (in Duperrey and Freycinet), and Adelung (Mithr. i.). From Rienzi also we learn a statement of Lütke's, viz. that in Pounipet, one of the Carolines, there are abundance of Blacks at this moment. These _may_ be indigenous. The hypothetical presence of Negritos may account also for certain peculiarities of the Polynesian of the Tonga Islands. There are traces of them in the Navigator's Archipelago. Crozet (see Pritchard's Phys. Hist.) mentions Negritos in New Zealand, and Cook speaks to a tradition of aboriginal Negritos in Tahiti.

Such are the notices of the Oceanic Negritos in respect to their distribution and the amount of evidence afforded by the specimens of their language. The current opinion is, that over a certain area Blacks of a certain race or races were aborigines. This opinion there is no reason to disturb or to refine upon; the general question is as to the unity or the multiplicity of these races; but the more specific object of the present paper is to ascertain how far that question is decided by the comparison of their languages. The safe way is to _ascend_ in the classification, and to begin with determining the uniformity of speech over limited areas, and within natural boundaries. The most convenient locality to begin with is--

_New Guinea._--That four out of the seven New Guinea Vocabularies (supposing them to have been collected independently of each other) represent either dialects of one language, or else languages closely allied, appears on the first comparison. These vocabularies are,--_a_) Gaimard's Rawak; _b_) Gaimard's Port Dorey; _c_) Arago's Papua; and _d_) Dentrecasteaux's Waigioo. To these Forest's Vocabulary (supposing always that his words have not been incorporated in the vocabularies that came after him) approaches more closely than to the other two.

ENGLISH. FOREST. DENTRECASTEAUX, &c.

_fish_ een iené, _Malay_? _bird_ moorsankeen mazaukéhéné. _man_ sononman snoné, _Malay_? _woman_ binn biéné, _Malay_? _fire_ for afor. _water_ war ouar, _Malay_? _sand_ yean iené. _house_ rome rouma, _Malay_? _hook_ sofydine sarfedinne. _sun_ rass riass.

Of the two remaining vocabularies the Lobo comes nearer to Forest than the Utanata does. Neither, however, coincide with Forest, as Forest coincides with the first four: nor yet do they coincide so closely with each other.

ENGLISH. FOREST. LOBO.

_arrow_ ekay larakai. _bird_ moorsankeen manoc. _hog_ ben booi, _Malay_? _island_ meossy nusu. _sun_ rass orak. _tree_ kaibus akajuakar. _woman_ binn mawinna, _Malay_? _water_ war malar. _yes_ io oro.

ENGLISH. FOREST. UTANATA.

_bow_ myay amuré. _I_ iya area. _slave_ omini manoki. _tree_ kaibus kai, _wood_. _water_ war warani, _Malay_? _yes_ io aroa.

Again:

ENGLISH. UTANATA. LOBO.

_basin_ pigani bingau. _cheeks_ awamu wafiwiriongo. _death_ namata namata, _Malay_? _drink (to)_ nemuka makinu, and also _eat_. _evening_ jauw aroă urwawa. _eyes_ mamé matatongo, _Malay_? _feathers_ wiegu wo eru, _Malay_? _great_ napitteki nabitteki. _hands_ toe mare nimango uta, _Malay_? _hog_ oe booi, _Malay_? _handsome_ nata nangewie. _here_ aré inairi. _head_ oepauw umun. _iron_ puruti wurusesi. _knife_ tai toeri, _for chopping_. _lemons_ munda munda. _little_ mimiti netie. _long_ marawas marawas. _lay (to)_ aïkai koekeimanse. _man_ marowane marowane. _mouth_ irie oriengo. _noon_ kameti aroa oertoto, _evening_. _plate_ pigani piring. _rain_ komak komak. _river_ warari napeteki walar nabetik, _water great_. _rope_ warauw waras. _sago_ kinani kakana. _slave_ manoki mooi. _seek_ matigati namitik. _speak (to)_ iwari iwar. _take away (to)_ namatorani motara.

_New Ireland._--As far as we have vocabularies for evidence, the language of New Ireland is one.

ENGLISH. PORT PRASLIN. CARTERET BAY. DALRYMPLE.

_beard_ katissendi kambissek incambesser, _M._ _arms_ limak pongliman, _M._ _bananas_ ounn tachouner, _M._ _belly_ balang bala. _fish_ siss hissou. _fire_ bia eef. _forehead_ poussou nourou posson arong. _buttocks_ kambali kabalik _back_ ptarou tarouk _eye_ matal matak _M._ _ear_ pala tignai pralenhek _foot_ pekendi balankeki kekeign. _finger_ lima oulimak cateling liman. _hair_ epiou iouk _M._ _iron_ siner siner _neck_ kindouroua kondarouak _nose_ mboussou kamboussouk nisson. _shoulder_ kamliman kamlima _tooth_ ninissai insik ysangh, _M._ _water_ moloum maloum _M._ _moon_ calaug kalan.

For the affinities of the dialects of Moa, Moses Island, Cocos Island, Hoorn Island, to those of New Ireland, see Dalrymple's Island Voyages, _ad fin._ That the differences in Manicolo are those of dialect, may be seen from Gaimard's Vocabulary.

_Australia._--That the Australian languages are one, at least in the way that the Indo-European languages are one, is likely from hence-forward to be admitted. Captain Grey's statement upon the subject is to be found in his work upon Australia. His special proof of the unity of the Australian language is amongst the imprinted papers of the Geographical Society. The opinions of Threlkeld and Teichelmann go the same way. The author's own statements are as follows:--

(1.) For the whole round of the coast there is, generally speaking, no vocabulary of sufficient length that, in some word or other, does not coincide with the vocabulary of the nearest point, the language of which is known to us. If it fail to do this it agrees with some of the remoter dialects. Flinder's Carpentarian, compared with the two vocabularies of the Endeavour River, has seventeen words in common. Of these, three (perhaps) four coincide. Eye, _meal_, C.; _meul_, E. R.: hair, _marra_, C.; _morye_, E. R.: fingers, _mingel_, C.; _mungal bah_, E. R.: breast, _gummur_, C.: _coyor_, E. R.

_Endeavour River._--Two vocabularies.--Compared with the vocabularies generally of Port Jackson, and the parts south and east of Port Jackson:--Eye, _meul_, E. R.; _milla_, L. C.: nose, _emurda_, E. R.; _morro_, L. C.: ears, _mulkah_, E. R.; _moko_, P. Macquarie: hair, _morye_, E. R.; _mundah_, B. B.: breast, _coyor_, E. R.; _kowul_, P. J.: fingers, _mungal bah_, E. R.; _maranga_, B. B.: elbow, _yeerwe_, E. R.; _yongra_, Menero Downs: nails, _kotke_, E. R.; _karungun?_ P. J.: beard, _wollar_, E. R.; _wato_, Jervis's Bay; _wollak_, Port Maquarie. The number of words submitted to comparison was twenty-two.

Menero Downs (Lhotsky), and Adelaide (G. W. Earl).--Thirteen words in common, whereof two coincide.

_hand_ morangan, M. D. murra, Adel. _tongue_ talang, taling.

Adelaide (G. W. Earl) and Gulf St. Vincent (Astrolabe).

_beard_ mutta, A. molda, G. S. V. _ear_ iri, ioure, _foot_ tinna, tenna, _hair_ yuka, iouka, _hand_ murrah, malla, _leg_ irako, ierko, _nose_ mula, mudla, _teeth_ tial, ta.

Gulf St. Vincent (Astrolabe) and King George's Sound (Nind and Astrolabe); fifty words in common.

_wood_ kalla, G. S. V. kokol, K. G. S. _mouth_ ta, taa, _hair_ iouka, tchao, _neck_ mannouolt, wolt, _finger_ malla, mal, _water_ kawe, kepe, _tongue_ talein, talen, _foot_ tenna, tchen, _stone_ poure, pore, _laugh_ kanghin, kaoner.

(2.) The vocabularies of distant points coincide; out of sixty words in common we have eight coincident.

ENGLISH. JERVIS'S BAY. GULF ST. VINCENT.

_forehead_ holo ioullo. _man_ mika meio. _milk_ awanham ammenhalo. _tongue_ talen talein. _hand_ maramale malla. _nipple_ amgnann amma. _black_ mourak pouilloul. _nails_ berenou pere.

(3.) The most isolated of the vocabularies; e. g. the Carpentarian, if compared with the remaining vocabularies, taken as a whole, has certain words to be found in different and distant parts of the island.

ENGLISH. CARPENTARIAN. _eye_ mail milla, L. C. _nose_ hurroo morro, L. C.

The following is a notice of certain words coinciding, though taken from dialects far separated:

_lips_ tambamba, Men. D. tamande, G. S. V. _star_ jingi, ditto tchindai, K. G. S. _forehead_ ullo, ditto ioullo, G. S. V. _beard_ yernka, Adel {arnga, } {nanga, } K. G. S. _bite_ paiandi, ditto badjeen, ditto. _fire_ gaadla, ditto kaal, ditto. _heart_ karlto, ditto koort, ditto. _sun_ tindo, ditto djaat, ditto. _tooth_} tia, ditto dowal, ditto. _edge_ } _water_ kauwe, ditto kowwin, ditto. _stone_ pure, ditto boye, ditto.

In the way of grammatical inflection we find indications of the same unity. We find also differences upon which we should be careful against laying too much stress. The inflection of the number is an instance of the difference. In South Australian--_tinyara_, a boy; _tinyarurla_, two boys; _tinyar-anna_, boys. In Western Australia--_yago_, a woman; _yago-mun_, women; _goolang_, a child; _goolang-gurrah_, children (_gurra_, many); _doorda_, a dog; _doorda-goodjal_, two dogs; _doorda boula_, many dogs (_boula_, many). Here there is a difference where we generally find agreement, viz. in the inflectional (or quasi-inflectional) expression of the numbers. The difference, however, is less real than apparent. The Australian is one of those languages (so valuable in general philology) where we find inflections in the act of forming, and that from the agglutination not of affixes, suffixes and prefixes, but of words. In other terms, inflection is evolving itself out of composition. The true view then of different forms for the same idea is not that the inflections are unlike, but that the quasi-inflectional circumlocutions differ from each other in different dialects. There is no inflectional parallel between _two men_ in English and ἀνθρώπω in Greek.

_Van Diemen's Land, South._--For the south of Van Diemen's Land the language seems radically one. The following is what Cook has in common with Dentrecasteaux (or La Billardière) and Allan Cunningham.

ENGLISH. COOK. 1803. D. C. A. C.

_woman_ quadne cuani quani _eye_ evera nubere nubere nammurruck. _nose_ muidje mugid muigui meoun. {cuegnilia} _ear_ koidgi cuengi-lia {vaigui } gounreek. {ouagui }

Lhotsky's Vocabulary stands more alone. With the Vocabulary of 1803 and Dentrecasteaux's Vocabulary, it has but three (or two) coincidences:--tongue, _mina_ Lh.; _mene_, Voc. of 1803: water, _lugana_, Lh.; _lia_, Voc. 1803: drink, _lugana_, Lh.; _laina_, Voc. 1803. With Allan Cunningham's Vocabulary it has fourteen words in common and three coincident:--nose, _minerana_, Lh.; _meoun_, A. C.: tongue, _mina_, Lh.; _mim_, A. C.: fire, _lope_, Lh.; _lope_. A. C.. Brown and Cunningham coincide a little more than Cunningham and Lhotsky. It is perhaps safe to say, that for the South of Van Diemen's Land the language, as represented by its vocabularies, is radically one.

_Van Diemen's Land, North._--In Lhotsky's Vocabulary seven words are marked W, four E, and one S, as being peculiar to the western, eastern and southern parts of the island. One of the four words marked E is found in the Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, being the only word common to the two, _e. g._ wood, _mumanara_, E.; _moumra_, Port Dalrymple. The coincidence of the North and South is as follows:--

ENGLISH. PORT DALRYMPLE. LHOTSKY.

_ear_ tiberatie pitserata. _eye_ elpina lepina. _leg_ langna langana, _foot_. _hawk_ gan henen henen ingenana. _posteriors_ wabrede wabrede. _man_ lusuina looudouenne. _night_ livore levira. _sea_ legana lugana, _fresh water_. _tooth_ iane yana.

ENGLISH. PORT DALRYMPLE. BROWN & D. C.

_belly_ magueleni lomongui. _bird_ iola oille. _kangaroo_ taramei tara. _lips_ mona mogudilia. _nose_ medouer mugid. _stone_ lenn parene loine. _tooth_ iane canan. _arms_ regoula rilia.

About thirty-five words are common to Lhotsky and the Vocabularies of Brown and Dentrecasteaux. From the foregoing observations we may conclude that for the whole of Van Diemen's Land (as far as represented by the Vocabularies) the language is radically one.

Such are the groups as spread over limited areas and confined within natural boundaries. The affinity of speech between different islands is another question.

Preliminary to this we must eliminate the Malay from the Negrito. The full knowledge that this has been done imperfectly invalidates all that we have arrived at; so that, once for all, it may be stated, that what is asserted respecting the amount of words common to two localities is asserted subject to the condition of their being true Negrito and not Malay.

_Andaman and Samang._--Few words in common; one coincident, and that borrowed in all probability from a third language.

_New Guinea and Waigioo._ By Waigioo is meant the Waigioo of Arago, and the Undetermined Vocabulary of Dentrecasteaux. They have about forty words in common, and the following are coincident:--

ENGLISH. WAIGIOO? NEW GUINEA?

_hand_ cocani, D. konef. _belly_ sgnani, A. sneouar. _cheek_ ganga foni, A. gaiafoe. _breast_ mansou, A. soussou. _eyes_ tagueni, D. tadeni. _eyelids_ inekarnei, A. karneou. _foot_ courgnai, A. oekourae, _heel_. _fire_ clap, A. ap, afor. _hair_ senoumebouran, A. sonebrahene. _knee_ capugi, A. one-pouer. _rain_ mei, D. meker. _sand_ saine, D. iene, _Malay_. _nose_ {sauny, D.} soidon, _mouth_. {soun, A. } _stuff_ made } (of bark }male, D. maran, _Malay_. of tree), }

_New Guinea and New Ireland._--Forest and Dalrymple:--fish, _een_, F.; _hissou_, D. Mal.: fire, _for_, F.; _eeff_, D. Mal.: sand, _yean_, F., _coon_, D.: sun, _ras_, F.; _nass_, D: star, _mak_, F.; _maemetia_, D. Dalrymple and Utanata.--Upwards of twenty-five words in common:--Earth, _taar_, D.; _tiri_ Mal.; Ut.: eat, _nam nam_, D.; _nemuka_, Ut.: tongue, _hermangh_, D.; _mare_, Ut. _Dalrymple and Lobo_.--About thirty words in common:--arms, _pongliman_, D.; _nimango_, Ut., Mal: belly, _balang_, D.; _kanborongo_, Ut.: tongue, _hermangh_, D.; _kariongo_, Ut.

_Port Praslin and Carteret Bay_ (taken together), and _Utanata and Lobo_ (taken together).--For the sake of comparison, the whole of the words that the two (or four) Vocabularies have in common are exhibited, and by their side the equivalents in Latin and in Greek.

ENGLISH. UTAN. LOB. P. P. AND LATIN. GREEK. C. B. _arm_ nimango limak brachium ὠλἐνη. _back_ tergum νῶτον. _belly_ kan-borongo bala venter γαστήρ. _beard_ barba πώγον. _bud_ manok mani avis ὃρνις. _breast_ pectus στῆθος. _black_ ikoko guiam niger μέλας. _cough_ wouru lou-koro tussis βήξ. _dog_ wure poul canis κύων. _dance_ salio χορεύομαι.. _eyes_ matatongo mata oculus ὃφθαλμος. -- _brows_ wura pouli matandi supercilium ὀφρύς. _ear_ auris ὀῦς. _eat_ edo ἐσθίω. _fish_ piscis ἰχθύς. _foot_ kaingo balan keke pes πούς. _finger_ nimango sori lima digitus δάκτυλος. _fire_ ignis πῦρ. _great_ magnus μέγας. _hair_ crinis θριξ. _hand_ manus χεῖρ. _hog_ booi bouri porcus χοῖρος. _head_ oepauw pouklouk caput κεφάλη. _knee_ kairigo-woko {tangoulou } {kekendi }genu γόνυ. {pougaigi } _mouth_ os στόμα. _moon_ luna σελήνη. _neck_ collum τράχηλος. _nose_ nasus ρίς. _no_ non οὐ. _red_ napetiaro tara ruber ἐρυθρός. _run_ curro τρέχω. _sugar-cane_ _tongue_ kariongo kermea lingua γλῶσσα. _thigh_ femur μηρός. _teeth_ dens ὀδόυς. _water_ {malar} moloum aqua ὕδωρ. {waran} _yes_ oro io imo ναιχί.

With thirty-seven words in common, the two Negrito languages have seventeen coincident; with thirty-seven words in common; the two classical languages have nine coincident. The evidence, therefore, of the affinity of the Papua and New Ireland is stronger than of the Latin and Greek, as determined from identical _data_.

_New Ireland and Manicolo._--The Port-Praslin and Carteret Bay Vocabularies being dealt with as one for New Ireland, and the three dialects being treated as one for Manicolo, we have, out of twenty-eight words in common, the following coinciding:--yes, _io_, P. P.; _io_, C. B.; _io_, Manic.: eye, _mata_, P. P.; _matak_, C. B.; _mala_, _maleo_, _mataeo_, Man., _Mal._: banana, _ounn_ C. B.; _pounha_, _ounra_, _ounro_, Man., _Mal._: canoe, _kouan_, C. B.; _naoure_, _goia_, _koure_, Manic, _Mal._: tooth, _ninissai_, P. P.; _insik_, C. B.; _indje_, Tanean: testes, _puen_, P. P.; _boua bouinini_, _boua ini_, Man.: beard, _kam-bissek_, C. B. (_incam besser_, Dalr.); _oungoumie_, _vingoumie_, Man., _Mal._: breast, _boroick_, C. B.; _berenhenham_, Man.; ear, _palalignai_, P. P.; _pralen_, C. B.; _manbalenhi_, Manic.; hair, _nihouge_, D.; _anaoko_, Man.

_Manicolo and Mallicollo._--Eighteen words in common, the following coincident:--Bread-fruit, _baloe_, Man.; _barabe_, Mall.: cocoa-nut, _venoure_, Man.; _naroo_, Mall.: eye, _mataeo_, Man.; _maitang_, Mall., _Mal._: ear, _tagnaini_, Man.: _talingan_, Mall., _Mal._: bird, _menouka_, Man.; _moero_, Mall., _Mal._: head, _batcha_, Man.; _basaine_, Mall.: hog, _boi boi_, Man.; _brrooas_, Mall., _Mal._: no, _tae_, Man.; _taep_, Mall.: water, _ouine_, Man.; _ergour_, Mall.: drink, _kanou_, _nanou_, Man.; _nooae_, Mall.

_Mallicollo and Tanna._--Sixteen words in common:--cocoa-nuts, _naroo_, Mall.; _nabooy_, Tann.: drink, _noaee_, Mall.; _nooee_, Tann., _Mal._: eye, _maitang_, Mall.; _manee maiuk_, Tann., _Mal._: ears, _talingan_, Mall.; _feeneenguk_, Tann., _Mal._: bird, _möeroo_, Mall.; _manoo_, Tann., _Mal._: hog, _brrooas_, Mall.; _boogas_, Tann., Mal.: navel, nemprtong, Mall.; _napeerainguk_, Tann.: teeth, _reebohn_, _warrewuk_, Mall.; _raibuk_, Tann.; water, _ergour_, Mall.; _namawarain_, Tann.: woman, _rabin_, Mall.; _naibraan_, Tann., _Mal._