CHAPTER XI

_GUARDIANS OF THE SCENE_

In the body of Indian fighters who first entered Yosemite Valley, there appears to have been but one man who sensed the possibilities of public good to be derived from the amazing place just discovered. A year prior to the entry of the Mariposa Battalion, L. H. Bunnell, in climbing the trail from Ridley’s Ferry (Bagby) to Bear Valley, had descried in the eastern mountains an immense cliff which, apparently, loomed, column-like, to the very summit of the range. He looked upon the “awe-inspiring sight with wonder and admiration, and turned from it with reluctance to resume the search for coveted gold.”

When, on March 25, 1851, Bunnell stood at Inspiration Point with other members of Savage’s command and gazed upon the extravagance of natural wonders, he recognized “the immensity of rock” which had, the previous year, astonished him from afar. He writes:

Haze hung over the valley—light as gossamer—and clouds partially dimmed the higher cliffs and mountains. This obscurity of vision but increased the awe with which I beheld it, and as I looked, a peculiar exalted sensation seemed to fill my whole being, and I found my eyes in tears with emotion.

He withdrew from the trail and stationed himself on a projecting rock, where he might contemplate all that was spread before him. Major Savage, bringing up the rear of the column, brought him out of his soliloquy in time to join the battalion in its descent to the floor of the valley.

The party that night discussed the business of naming the valley as they sat about their first campfire, near the foot of Bridalveil Fall. Bunnell comments:

It may appear sentimental, but the coarse jokes of the careless, and the indifference of the practical, sensibly jarred my more devout feelings, while this subject was a matter of general conversation; as if a sacred subject had been ruthlessly profaned, or the visible power of Deity disregarded.

Bunnell’s later discussions with residents of the Mariposa hills and his very tangible evidence in the form of personal funds expended on the Coulterville trail to Yosemite, indicate that he was the first to strive for public recognition of the assets available in the new scenic wonderland. Other men of the region were understandably slow to develop aesthetic appreciation for that which only thrilled and produced no gold.

By 1855 rumor and conjecture regarding the mysteries of the valley had created sufficient interest among the old residents and the many newcomers in the mining camps to prompt fascination in J. M. Hutchings and his story when he returned to Mariposa after his first “scenic banqueting” under Yosemite walls. With the publication of the Hutchings articles and the Ayres drawings, curiosity may be said to have become general, and the trek to the valley was started.

The entire mountain region was, of course, public domain, and, though it had not been surveyed, it was generally conceded that preëmption claims could be made upon it. Homesteaders were establishing themselves in numerous mountain valleys above the gold region, and such “squatting” was done with the assent of state and federal officers. It is hardly surprising that some local aspirants laid claim to parts of Yosemite Valley. The company that expected to develop a water project in 1855 was apparently the first to attempt to establish rights. Then came the series of would-be hotel owners, whose activities have been described. James C. Lamon was a mountaineer who came to Yosemite in 1859 and aided in the building of the Cedar Cottage. While so engaged, he established himself in the upper end of Yosemite Valley and there developed the first bona fide homestead by settlement. For many years his log cabin was a picturesque landmark in the valley, and today two orchards near Camp Curry serve as reminders of his pioneering.

With the advent of the ’sixties California began to recognize the aesthetic value of some of her mountain features. The acclaim of leaders from the East and the expressed wonder of notables from abroad played a part in the development of a state pride in the beauties of Yosemite, and, gradually, it became apparent that only poor statesmanship would allow private claims to affect an area of such world-wide interest.

On March 28, 1864, Senator John Conness,[18] of California, introduced in the U. S. Senate a bill to grant to the State of California tracts of land embracing the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees. On May 17, his bill was reported out of committee. On the occasion of the debate which followed, Senator Conness entered into the record of American conservation the first evidences of national consciousness of park values as we conceive of them today. He started the long train of legislative acts which have given the United States the world’s greatest and most successful system of national parks. It is a fact, of course, that the Senate action of 1864 did not create a national park but it did give Federal recognition to the importance of natural reservations in our cultural scheme, and charged California with the responsibility of preserving and presenting the natural wonders of the Yosemite.

Senator Conness explained to the Senate that it was the purpose of his bill “to commit them [Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees] to the care of the authorities of that State for their constant preservation, that they may be exposed to public view, and that they may be used and preserved for the benefit of mankind.... The plan [of preservation] comes from gentlemen of fortune, of taste, and of refinement.... The bill was prepared by the commissioner of the General Land Office, who also takes a great interest in the preservation both of the Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees Grove.”[19]

The bill was passed by the Senate on May 17, referred to the House Committee on Public Lands on June 2, debated and passed by the House on June 29, and signed by President Lincoln on July 1, 1864. These deliberations, which designated the first scenic reservation for free public use, were consummated under the stress of waging war.

In order to eliminate friction and delays in the operation of legislative machinery, proponents of the Yosemite bill secured its passage without recognition of the private claims made by Yosemite settlers. Lamon, clearly a bona fide homesteader; Hutchings, who had a short time before the passage of the act purchased the Upper Hotel property; Black, the owner of Black’s Hotel; and Ira Folsom, interested in the Leidig property, pressed their claims and involved the new state park in prolonged litigation.

The State Park Act provided that the Yosemite Grant and the Mariposa Big Trees should be managed by a board of commissioners, of whom the governor of the state was to be one. On September 28, 1864, three months after the grant was made, Governor F. K. Low proclaimed that trespassing upon the tracts involved must desist. His board of Yosemite commissioners was appointed in the same proclamation.

Frederick Law Olmsted, even then an accomplished landscape architect, was made chairman of the board. As Brockman (1946, p. 106) has revealed in his article on Olmsted, the chairman was also the first administrative officer of the Yosemite Grant. Olmsted’s statement of 1890 substantiates this fact: “I had the honor to be made chairman of the first Yosemite Commission, and in that capacity to take possession of the Valley for the State, to organize and direct the survey of it and to be the executive of various measures taken to guard the elements of its scenery from fires, trespassers and abuse. In the performance of these duties I visited the Valley frequently, established a permanent camp in it and virtually acted as its Superintendent.”

Legal acceptance of the gift could not be made until the next session of the state legislature. On April 2, 1866, the necessary provisions for administration were secured. The board of commissioners made the best possible selection of a guardian, the Yosemite pioneer, Galen Clark, and invited the settlers of the valley to vacate their holdings.

J. M. Hutchings, as might be expected, was wrathy. It is probable that James Lamon, after eight years of permanent residence on his land, saw no justice in the act. The other claimants held out for what might be in it. Hutchings and Lamon refused to surrender their property, and a test suit was brought against Hutchings, which was decided in his favor. This was carried to the supreme court of the state and then to the federal Supreme Court. In these last actions the commissioners were sustained. That Hutchings and Lamon were deserving of consideration and remuneration cannot be denied, but millions of Americans are today indebted to the board of commissioners who pursued the case to a settlement favorable to the people. Private titles of the type held by the Yosemite Valley settlers would have been disastrous to all administration in the years that were to come.

On the other hand, Hutchings and Lamon were deserving of certain sympathy. No man had done more than J. M. Hutchings to call attention to the fact that the Yosemite was a wonderland, eminently worthy of the distinction bestowed upon it by the state. For a decade prior to the creation of the state park, he had devoted himself to disseminating knowledge on its “charming realities.” Much of this was done through his _California Magazine_ and the lithographic reproductions of the Ayres drawings. Some of it was accomplished with his volume, _Scenes of Wonder_, which ran through several editions. The many published testimonials of his worth as guide and informant while operating his Hutchings House in Yosemite Valley indicate that his efforts to engender a public love for the place were not spared even after his difficulties arose with the state. And, finally, during the ten-year fight for reimbursement he lectured throughout the country, bringing home to the dwellers in Eastern cities the fact that a phenomenally beautiful area in California was worthy of their visit. Some of the manuscripts of these Eastern lectures are possessed by the Yosemite Museum. Their text reveals none of the commercialism and selfishness with which Hutchings sometimes has been charged.

The earnest efforts which Hutchings had expended in interesting the public in Yosemite had not failed to create an interest in him as well. The court had refused further consideration of the claims of the settlers, but the state legislature, influenced by public feeling and the expressed approval of the Yosemite commissioners, appropriated $60,000 to compensate the four claimants. Of this Hutchings received $24,000; Lamon, $12,000; Black, $13,000; Folsom, $6,000, and the remaining $5,000 was returned to the State Treasury. Because of this prolonged litigation, the commissioners did not secure full control of the grant until 1875.

To what extent such troubles would dissipate the best directed efforts of a board of managers of any business can well be imagined. Further difficulties developed when road privileges were granted. The state legislature failed to sustain the position of the commissioners in the matter of exclusive rights for a road on the north side of the valley, and again a controversy arose which directed heated criticism upon the management of the state park. Public hostility alternated with general indifference. The state failed to provide adequate funds with which to accomplish the important work before the commissioners, and the lack of a well-defined policy handicapped the administration to a point of ruin. In 1880 a new law removed the first board and appointed a new one.

The next decade saw important developments take place in the park, but policies adopted were sure to displease someone or some faction. Criticism still prevailed. Gradually the seethings of the press brought about the development of intelligent public interest in Yosemite affairs. Indifference was replaced by discriminating attention, and Yosemite administration arrived in a new era.

In these pages not enough has been said about John Muir. His contributions to the preservation of Yosemite National Park, to the determination of scientific facts regarding it, and to public understanding of its offerings place him in the front rank of conservationists who have been instrumental in saving representative parts of the American heritage. The role he played as explorer, researcher, interpreter, and defender of the public interests in the Yosemite may well become the subject of another book of Muiriana; however, at this juncture, it is only possible to relate him rather inequitably to the field of Yosemite administrative history.

John Muir arrived in Yosemite for the first time in 1868. Intent upon making deliberate studies of all that fascinated him, he determined to remain a resident of the Yosemite region. In order to do so, he attached himself to a sheep ranch. He gave the first winter to work on the foothill ranch and the next summer to herding in the Yosemite Sierra. With the intimate acquaintance so made with sheep and their ways, he was destined to create a wave of public interest in Yosemite that would eclipse all former attentions and revolutionize the administrative scheme.

For eight years after his first Sierra experience, John Muir rambled over his “Range of Light.” He tarried for some time in Yosemite Valley and was employed by J. M. Hutchings, at times, to operate a sawmill, which Muir immortalized merely by inhabiting it.

Some impression of his first employment in Yosemite Valley and his early outlook upon the Yosemite scene may be gained from these paragraphs of his memoirs published by Badè.[20]

“I had the good fortune to obtain employment from Mr. Hutchings in building a sawmill to cut lumber for cottages, that he wished to build in the spring, from the fallen pines which had been blown down in a violent wind-storm a year or two before my arrival. Thus I secured employment for two years, during all of which time I watched the varying aspect of the glorious Valley, arrayed in its winter robes; the descent from the heights of the booming, out-bounding avalanches like magnificent waterfalls; the coming and going of the noble storms; the varying songs of the falls; the growth of frost crystals on the rocks and leaves and snow; the sunshine sifting through them in rainbow colors; climbing every Sunday to the top of the walls for views of the mountains in glorious array along the summit of the range, etc.

“I boarded with Mr. Hutchings’ family, but occupied a cabin that I built for myself near the Hutchings’ winter home. This cabin, I think, was the handsomest building in the Valley, and the most useful and convenient for a mountaineer. From the Yosemite Creek, near where it first gathers its beaten waters at the foot of the fall, I dug a small ditch and brought a stream into the cabin, entering at one end and flowing out the other with just current enough to allow it to sing and warble in low, sweet tones, delightful at night while I lay in bed. The floor was made of rough slabs, nicely joined and embedded in the ground. In the spring the common pteris ferns pushed up between the joints of the slabs, two of which, growing slender like climbing ferns on account of the subdued light, I trained on threads up the sides and over my window in front of my writing desk in an ornamental arch. Dainty little tree frogs occasionally climbed the ferns and made fine music in the night, and common frogs came in with the stream and helped to sing with the Hylas and the warbling, tinkling water. My bed was suspended from the rafters and lined with libocedrus plumes, altogether forming a delightful home in the glorious Valley at a cost of only three or four dollars, and I was loath to leave it.”

When he was not running Hutchings’ mill, he was making lonely trips of discovery or guiding visitors above the valley walls. Perhaps Muir knew of the use he would make of the natural history data he was gathering, but few of his associates sensed the fact that he would soon make the nation quicken with new views of Yosemite values.

He first made his influence felt in the early ’seventies, when he began publishing on Yosemite in journals and periodicals. His material awakened responses everywhere. On February 5, 1876, he published an article in the _Sacramento Record Union_ which was one of the initial steps in his forceful appeal to America to save the Yosemite high country from the devastations of sheep and the incendiary fires of sheepherders.

It is likely that few who today enjoy the Yosemite High Sierra realize that sheep, “hoofed locusts,” were responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park. The people of California, awakened to the danger by the warnings of Muir and others, attempted to secure an enlargement of the state park. Selfish local interests frustrated the plan. In 1889, John Muir allied himself with the _Century Magazine_, and a plan was launched which was designed to arouse a public sentiment that could not be shunted. Muir produced the magic writings, and Robert Underwood Johnson, editor of the _Century_, secured the support of influential men in the East. On October 1, 1890, a law was enacted which set aside an area, larger than the present park, as “reserved forest lands.” Within this reserve were the state-controlled Yosemite and Mariposa Grove grants.

The reactions of residents of the regions adjacent to the new national park to this legislation was typical of the period. Citizens of the counties affected could not foresee the coming of unbroken streams of automobile traffic, which eventually would bring millions of dollars to their small marts of trade. The thought of losing some thousands of acres of taxable land caused county seats to seethe with unrest. The local press painted pictures of dejected prospects and near ruin. The following summary of a lengthy wail from a contemporary paper reveals the fears that prevailed:

Let us summarize the result of our analysis. On the one side, we have 932,600 acres of land taken away from the control and use of the people at large, and of the people of Mariposa, Tuolumne, Mono, and Fresno counties in particular, for the ostensible purpose of preserving timber, mineral deposits, and natural curiosities or wonders within said reservation—for whose benefit, the act does not say, but presumably for the benefit of tourists.

On the other side, we find: That the avowed object of preserving forests appears to be only a false pretense to cover up the real object of the scheme, whatever it may be—that to preserve mineral deposits will prevent untold treasures from being employed in industry and commerce, and prevent the employment of thousands for many years to come in the exploration of these mineral deposits—that to preserve natural curiosities and wonders, it is not necessary to fling away nearly a million acres of land, when all that is necessary can be accomplished by attaching to each wonder as much land, as, through natural formation, contributes in any measure towards its maintenance—that, if on the one hand, these claims are respected, it will condemn hundreds of American settlers to poverty, if, on the other hand, these claims are bought out, it will entail an expense of many millions on the country, whilst the claimants, themselves, will never receive anything like the amount their properties would be worth, in the course of time, if this part of the country is left to its own development without Government interference, and all the settlements now existing will be left to fall into decay and ruin, or will have to be worked by a system of tenantry, a curse, as contemporary history shows, which ought never be allowed to take root in our country.

The preservation of the full watershed of the Yosemite Valley is not only a legitimate, but a desirable object; the same holds good with the Hetch-Hetchy Valley, or any other grand work of nature. Every alienation of land, beyond this, is of evil.

This local feeling resulted in immediate attempts to change the park boundaries. The first attempt was frustrated largely through the efforts of the Sierra Club. This organization came into existence shortly after Yosemite National Park was created and has always been one of the most important agencies that have promoted the safety of Yosemite treasures. Its publication, the _Sierra Club Bulletin_, which first appeared in 1893, is a rich source of Yosemite history. For twenty-two years John Muir was the president of the club. His vim in leaping to the defense of the great natural preserve was no less than had been his vigor in working for its creation. Muir aided in the preservation of national monuments as well. In early May, 1903, Theodore Roosevelt, then president, visited Yosemite via Raymond and the Mariposa Grove. Governor George C. Pardee, Benjamin Ide Wheeler, president of the University of California, and John Muir were among those who interpreted the scene for the President. Conservation matters were discussed by Muir and the legislation which was to become famous as the Antiquities Act of 1906 was given some definition at this time. It was truly an important occasion.

Chief among the Sierra Club defenders of Yosemite who have carried on since the death of Muir is William E. Colby. He served forty-four years as secretary of the organization, two years as president, and is now, as a director, a frequently sought source of counsel. He led the club’s summer outings for more than three decades. Throughout this period Colby has unceasingly built the Sierra Club’s prestige in the field of conservation. For the past six years he has served as a member of the Yosemite Advisory Board, and has been in close touch with past and current park problems.

The failure of the national government to provide funds with which to extinguish private claims within the park involved the administration in difficulties which are being felt even yet. By 1904 relations between administrative officers and the large number of owners of private holdings had become so strained that legal action was imperative. Boundary revisions were required. Major Hiram M. Chittenden headed the commission appointed to investigate possible boundary changes. Upon the recommendation of this commission large areas on the east and west were lopped off. In 1906 a tract on the southwest was cut off, and since that time small changes have been rather numerous. Private lands still exist within the park and constitute an ever-present source of trouble.

From the first the control of Yosemite National Park has been vested in the Secretary of the Interior. Immediately after the passage of the act of creation, military units were detailed to take charge of all national park lands. The state retained its plan of administration of the original Yosemite Grant, and so came about the dual control which for sixteen years colored the Yosemite administration with petty misunderstandings and hindered progress in the maintenance of the entire region.

Galen Clark’s old ranch (Wawona) became headquarters for the Acting Superintendent of the federal preserve. From this eccentric hub, patrols of cavalrymen were sent into the unbounded wilderness area of the new preserve. A trail system and accurate maps did not exist. One of the first undertakings of the early superintendents was to make the rough country accessible by horse trail. The topography was studied, and a good map was prepared. Following the practice established in Yellowstone National Park, patrolling stations were established, and the United States Army had the safety of Yosemite’s fauna and flora fairly within its keeping.

Since pioneer days, sheep and cattlemen had enjoyed unrestricted use of the excellent range which was now forbidden them. Naturally they were reluctant to abandon it. Their trespass was the most formidable threat with which the troopers were confronted, and concerted, ingenious work was necessary to expel the intruders. When the first culprits were taken into custody, it was found that no law provided for their punishment. Congress had failed to provide a penalty for the infraction of park rules. Nothing daunted, the superintendents put the captured herders under arrest and escorted them across the most mountainous regions to a far boundary of the park. There they were liberated. The herder’s sheep were driven out of the reserve at another distant point. By the time the herder had located his animals, his losses usually were so great as to represent a more severe punishment than could have been meted out by the court had the law applied. Several years of this practice caused neighboring ranchers to keep their animals out of the forbidden territory.

Captain Abram Epperson Wood was the first superintendent. With detachments from the Fourth Cavalry he arrived in the park on May 19, 1891, and continued in charge until his death in 1894. Each year the troopers came in April or May and withdrew in the fall. During the winter two civilian rangers attempted to patrol the area. With such inadequate winter protection, it is small wonder that poachers grew to feel that the wild life of the reserve was their legitimate prey. It was not until 1896, in fact, that a determined effort was made to keep firearms out of the park at any time of the year.

For twenty-three years the Department of the Interior continued to call upon the War Department for assistance in administering Yosemite National Park. Eighteen army officers took their turn at the helm. Some of them assumed leadership after some years of Yosemite experience as subordinate officers. Others were placed in command with no previous service in the park. Lieutenant (later Colonel) Harry C. Benson and Major W. W. Forsyth were perhaps the most distinguished of the superintendents. Benson was certainly more than a superintendent; he was an explorer, map maker, trail builder, fish planter, and nemesis of the sheepmen. Among the subordinate officers and enlisted men a number left their mark by way of accomplishments. N. F. McClure and Milton F. Davis are remembered for their explorations and excellent map making. William F. Breeze and W. R. Smedberg worked with McClure and Benson in stocking the headwaters of the Yosemite rivers with trout. A. Arndt pioneered in exploration of some of the northern sections of the park. Many others in the military organizations are remembered in place names throughout the Yosemite High Sierra.

Yosemite was fortunate in having within its National Park Service personnel one man, Gabriel Sovulewski,[21] who pioneered with these army units and who was acting superintendent of the park in 1908-1909 and again in 1914. For thirty-five years Mr. Sovulewski was actively engaged in caring for Yosemite. An unpublished manuscript on his National Park Service experiences is preserved in the Yosemite Museum. Within it he comments upon the Yosemite work of United States troops.

National Parks in California, and Yosemite especially, owe much to the late Colonel H. C. Benson. No one who has not participated in those strenuous years of hard riding and incessant fighting of natural and human obstacles can ever realize the need for indomitable spirit and unselfish devotion to a cause that existed during those first years in Yosemite National Park. Sheep and cattle overran the country. They were owned by men who knew every foot of the terrain. We were ordered to eliminate them. There were few or no trails, and maps did not exist. Reliable guides were unobtainable, and we had more than a thousand square miles to cover.

Officers with detachments set out upon patrols that would keep them away from our base of supplies for thirty days at a time. Many times rations were short, and sixteen to twenty hours of action per day, covering sixty miles in the saddle was not unusual. Constant hammering at the offending cattlemen continued for several years, and at last they were convinced that they must vacate the territory set aside for National Park purposes. The would-be poachers and the entire countryside were taught a moral lesson which still has its effect today. Some of the present-day administrative problems are made easier because of the foundation laid in those first years of the park’s existence.

The duplication of effort and expense which resulted from the anomaly of state and federal administration within the reserve brought about controversies which finally caused many Californians to conclude that their Yosemite State Grant of 1864 might well be placed in the hands of the federal government, to be managed by the same officers who controlled the surrounding national park. The Sierra Club and many civic organizations took the lead in urging recession. Not a few citizens felt that the proposed move was an affront to state pride. This group proved to be an obstacle but was overcome in 1905, when the state legislature re-ceded to the United States the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove. A formal acceptance by Congress brought the Yosemite State Park to an end on August 1, 1906. Major Benson removed military headquarters from Camp A. E. Wood (Wawona), and Fort Yosemite came into existence on the site of the present Yosemite Lodge.

For seven years the administrative organization set up by the military continued to function. The succeeding superintendents found their responsibilities increased considerably. Other national parks were coming into existence, and a national conscience was beginning to recognize the value of wilderness preserves. In 1910 the American Civic Association had launched a campaign for the creation of a national park bureau. President Taft favored central administration of the parks, and bills were introduced creating such a bureau. Major William T. Littebrant was in command in Yosemite when Dr. Adolph C. Miller, a civilian, became assistant to Secretary Lane and was placed in charge of the national parks. The next year troops did not come to Yosemite. Mark Daniels was made superintendent, and civilian employees undertook the work that had been done by the troopers.

A few civilian rangers had assumed the care of the park each winter when troops were withdrawn. Archie O. Leonard had been the first of these and he remained in the service when the administrative change was made. In 1914 “park rangers” came into existence under authorization of Secretary Lane. They patrolled the park as had the troopers, but, unlike the troopers, they remained in touch with their problems throughout the year.

In 1916 Congress created the National Park Service. Dr. Miller, in the meantime, had been called to other work, and Stephen T. Mather, who had followed Dr. Miller as assistant to the secretary, was made Director of the National Park Service. He was authorized by law to “promote and regulate the federal areas known as the national parks, monuments, and reservations.” Conservation of scenery and wildlife of the areas was declared by Congress to be a fundamental purpose of the new organization. Mr. Mather’s first undertaking was to balk exploitation schemes. Unfortunately, Yosemite had already been raided. In 1913 Congressman John E. Raker had introduced a bill granting to San Francisco rights to the Hetch Hetchy as a water reservoir. Secretary Garfield had opened the way to this move in 1908. In spite of much opposition, the Raker Bill was passed by the House and Senate and approved by President Wilson. Since that time the Hetch Hetchy dam has become a reality and provides all the administrative difficulties and troubles that were expected.[22]

Private holdings in Yosemite were rather large even after the boundary changes of 1905 and 1906 were made. Timber companies possessing tracts of choice forest constituted the greatest menace. Some of these private lands have been bought up, and others have been exchanged.

During 1930 much progress was made in the acquisition of private holdings in the national park. There were 15,570 acres of land involved, which cost approximately $3,300,000. Half of the cost of purchasing these lands was defrayed by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., the remainder coming from the fund provided by Congress for the acquisition of private holdings in national parks.

The following statements regarding timber holdings in and near Yosemite National Park are taken from the Report of the Director of National Park Service for 1930:

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this Yosemite forest acquisition. It brought into perpetual Government ownership the finest remaining stands of sugar-pine timber in the area and reduced the total area of private holdings in that park to 5,034 acres. This total will be materially reduced when two pending deals are consummated. A tract containing 640 acres is now in course of acquisition with funds contributed by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Indiana, as is another of about 380 acres, half the funds for the latter transaction being contributed through the co-operation of Dr. Don Tresidder, president of the Yosemite Park and Curry Company.

Additional timber holdings in the Tuolumne River watershed—fine stands of sugar and yellow pine—remain in private ownership outside the park. One cannot help regretting that they are imperiled, and it is hoped by all friends of these majestic forests that they may yet be saved.

In order that the beauty of the Big Oak Flat Road may be unimpaired, arrangements have been made between the Sugar Pine Lumber Co., the Forest Service, the State, and the Park Service to preserve the roadsides through selective cutting of the larger trees and careful removal of any trees that are taken out. Particularly interesting and valuable stands of timber which should be preserved untouched will be made the subject of exchanges between the Forest Service and the Sugar Pine Lumber Co.

This land acquisition program was finally assured of success in July, 1937, when legislation authorized the Secretary of the Interior to acquire the Carl Inn Tract, comprising some 7,200 acres of magnificent sugar pine forest bordering the western boundary of the park. After a year and a half of negotiations with the Yosemite Sugar Pine Lumber Company, owner of most of the tract, agreement was reached on a price of $1,495,500 to be paid by the United States. The purchase was consummated early in 1939. Senator William Gibbs McAdoo and Representative John S. McGroarty, both of California, were the ardent supporters who introduced the bills, S. 1791 and H.R. 5394, in their respective houses.

Policies regarding the toll roads by which tourists could enter the park constituted another perplexing problem with which the young National Park Service was confronted. The routes had been privately constructed and were privately owned and controlled by turnpike companies. Government funds were not available with which to purchase them outright. One company was persuaded to turn the Wawona Road over the public in exchange for a grant for the exclusive rights to the route during a certain number of years. The government assumed responsibility for the maintenance of the road during this period. The owners of the Coulterville Road could not be persuaded to agree to such a plan. As a result, that part of it which is within the park has not been maintained and, because of erosion, has fallen into disuse.

The Tioga Road had been constructed in 1882-1883 by the Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Mining Company for the purpose of serving the Tioga Mine. The mining venture terminated in 1884 after an expenditure of $300,000 had been made. The road had become impassable during the many years of neglect, but it was still the property of private owners when the region through which it passes became a national park. Stephen T. Mather and some of his friends bought it privately and in 1915 turned it over to the federal government. The state of California purchased the portions of the route which were outside of the park and extended the road eastward, down Leevining Canyon, so giving Yosemite a remarkable high mountain highway, free from toll, which connects Yosemite Valley with the routes of the Mono basin. Tolls were also removed from the Big Oak Flat route. Every effort was made to put all recognized routes in the best of condition consistent with government appropriations. Travel to the park grew apace, and Yosemite had, indeed, entered a new era.

The first scheme of centralized administration of the national park system was promising in theory but proved faulty in practice. More than a few difficulties appeared on the parks horizon. The national preserves were regarded in Washington somewhat as orphans and were not receiving the specialized attention so necessary for their proper administration. The introduction of Mather ideals and methods was required to bring about coördination.

The story is told that one day in 1915 Stephen Mather walked into the office of Secretary Lane and expressed indignation over the way things were run in Sequoia and Yosemite.

“Steve,” said Lane, “if you don’t like the way those parks are run, you can run them yourself.”

“Mr. Secretary, I accept the job,” was Mather’s rejoinder.

The genial Secretary of the Interior showed him into a little office and said, “There’s your desk, Steve; now go to work.” With that Lane went out and closed the door, but presently opened it and said, “By the way, Steve, I forgot to ask what your politics are.”

With such brief preliminaries did Stephen T. Mather assume directorship of the national parks. He served through the presidential administrations of Wilson, Harding, and Coolidge, but the matter of his politics was never inquired into by any party.

Stephen Mather was born on the Fourth of July, 1867, in San Francisco. His ancestry traces back to Richard Mather, a Massachusetts clergyman of the days of the Pilgrim Fathers. Stephen T. Mather was not a scion of wealth. As a young man, he made his way through college by selling books. He graduated from the University of California in 1887 and for several years was a newspaper reporter. Thereafter, he entered the employ of the Pacific Coast Borax Company and was identified with the trade name, “Twenty-Mule Team Borax,” that became well known around the world. For ten years he engaged in the production of profits for his employers and then organized his own company. It was in borax that he built up his business success and accumulated the fortune which “he later shared so generously with the nation through his investments in scenic beauty on which the people receive the dividends.”

For more than twenty-five years Stephen Mather resided in Chicago, Illinois, but his loyalty to his native state, California, never waned. He was the leading spirit in the organization of the California Society of Illinois and, as its secretary, always secured donations of a carload of choice California fruits to be served at the Society’s annual banquets. Mather then saw to it that these affairs were well written up by the press and telegraphed throughout the country on the Associated Press wires. In this publicity the spirit and motives of the present Californians, Inc., had their birth.

As might well be expected, Mather was a member of the Sierra Club and participated in many of its summer outings. (See Farquhar, 1925, pp. 52-53.) He became acquainted with national park areas on these trips, and it is said that his ideal of a unified administration of the parks resulted from the intimacies so acquired. It was his ambition to weld the parks into a great system and to make them easily accessible to rich and poor alike.

At the time Mather undertook his big task, there were thirteen parks. Some of them were difficult of access and provided few or no facilities for the accommodation of visitors. Government red tape stood in the way of action in the business of park development, but Mather cut the red tape. When government appropriations could not meet the situation, he usually produced “appropriations of his own.” It was such generosity on his part which gave the Tioga Road to the government and saved large groves of Big Trees in the Sequoia National Park. In his own office it was necessary for him personally to employ assistants. Because of the lack of government funds, he expended twice his own salary in securing the personnel needed to set his parks machine in operation. The national benefits derived from the early Mather activity in the parks were recognized by Congress, and that body took new cognizance of national park matters. Larger appropriations were made available, and Mather’s plans were put into effect.

For fourteen years he gave of his initiative and strength, as well as his money. His ideas took material form, and the park system came into being as he had planned. His work was recognized and appreciated. In 1921 George Washington University bestowed upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Law. His alma mater, the University of California, conferred the same degree in 1924. President W. W. Campbell on that occasion characterized him as follows:

“Stephen Tyng Mather, mountaineer and statesman; lover of Nature and his fellow-men; with generous and farseeing wisdom he has made accessible for a multitude of Americans their great heritage of snow-capped mountains, of glaciers and streams and falls, of stately forests and quiet meadows.”

In 1926 he was awarded the gold medal of the National Institute of Social Sciences for his service to the nation in national parks development. The American Scenic and Historical Preservation Society awarded the Pugsley gold medal in recognition of his national and state park work, and he was made an honorary member of the American Society of Landscape Architects.[23]

In the fall of 1928, Mather’s health failed. He suffered a stroke of paralysis which forced his retirement from public service in January, 1929. For more than a year he fought to regain his strength but in January, 1930, he was suddenly stricken and died quickly. Indeed, “the world is much the poorer for his passing, as it is much the richer for his having lived.”

One of Mather’s first acts as Director of the National Park Service was to appoint a strong man to the superintendency of Yosemite National Park. On the staff of the Geological Survey was an engineer of distinction, Washington B. (“Dusty”) Lewis. Mather appointed him to the Yosemite task and he became the first park superintendent on March 3, 1916. The Yosemite problems were complicated and trying from the beginning. The park was, even then, attracting more visitors than had been provided for. Public demands kept steadily ahead of facilities that could be made available through government appropriations. For more than twelve years W. B. Lewis expended his energy and ingenuity in bringing the great park through its formative stages.

Under his superintendency practically all the innovations which today characterize the public service of a national park were instituted in Yosemite. Motor buses replaced horse-drawn stages; tolls were eliminated on all approach roads; the operating companies were reorganized and adequate tourist accommodations were provided at Glacier Point and Yosemite Valley; a modern school was provided for local children; the housing for park employees was improved; the best of electrical service was made available; the park road and trail system was enlarged greatly and improved upon; the construction of an all-year highway up the canyon of the Merced made the park accessible to a degree hardly dreamed of; provision of all-year park facilities met the demands of winter visitors; a new administrative center was developed; the Yosemite High Sierra Camps were opened; and an information service was devised. The ranger force was so organized as to make for public respect of national park ideals and personnel. The interpretive work, which makes for understanding of park phenomena and appreciation of park policies, was initiated in Yosemite and has taken a place of importance in the organization of the entire national park system.

In short, the present-day Yosemite came into existence under the hands of Lewis and his assistants. How well the demands of the period were met and future requirements provided for is evidenced by the continued healthy growth and present success of the Yosemite administrative scheme.

In the fall of 1927 Lewis was stricken by a heart attack. He later returned to his office, but in September, 1928, it became apparent that he should no longer subject himself to the strain of work at the high altitude of Yosemite Valley. He removed to West Virginia, and there partly regained his strength. Director Mather then sought his services as Assistant Director of the National Parks, and in that capacity he functioned until the summer of 1930. His physical strength, however, failed to keep pace with his ambitious spirit, and after another attack, he died at his home in a Washington suburb on August 28, 1930.

Soon after Lewis accepted his Washington appointment, Director Mather experienced the breakdown which brought about his resignation as Director. There was but one man to be thought of in connection with filling the difficult position. That man was Horace M. Albright, who had been Mather’s right-hand man since the National Park Service had existed. A native of Inyo County, California, and a graduate of the University of California, he became an assistant attorney in the Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C., in order to advance his learning, and there took a keen interest in plans then developing for the establishment of the National Park Service. He was detailed to work in connection with park problems and had already become familiar with them when Stephen T. Mather assumed their directorship. The Secretary of the Interior assigned him to Mather as a legal aid, which position quickly grew in responsibilities as the two men became acquainted. From the first, Albright was the Director’s chief reliance, and when the National Park Service was organized in 1916, he was made Assistant Director. In 1917, 1918, and 1919 he aided in the creation of Mount McKinley, Grand Canyon, Acadia,[24] and Zion national parks. At twenty-nine, he was made superintendent of the largest of all parks, Yellowstone, and in addition shouldered the job of Field Director of the Park Service. In that capacity he compiled budgets, presented them to congress, and handled general administrative problems in the West.

Outstanding among his special interests in park problems was his vigorous participation in programs launched to conserve and reëstablish the native fauna of national parks. He gained an intimate understanding of the needs of American wild life and actively engaged in attempts to supply its wants. He allied himself with such organizations as the National Geographic Society, the American Game Protective Association, the American Forestry Association, the American Bison Society, the American Society of Mammalogists, the Boone and Crockett Club, the Save-the-Redwoods League, and the Sierra Club. He became an expressive factor in American conservation and in his own domain, the national parks, practiced what he preached. He recognized the importance of ecological study of the great wilderness areas, with the safety of which he was charged, and pressed into service a special investigator to work on Yellowstone mammal problems. Later he seized upon the opportunity to extend this research to all parks. In keeping with his desire to assemble scientific data for the preservation of fauna and flora, he had an ambition to popularize the natural sciences as exemplified in the varied park wonderlands. He engaged actively in the development of plans for the museum, lecture, and guide service which today distinguishes the national parks as educational centers as well as pleasure grounds.

Upon the resignation of Director Mather in 1929, it was but natural that Albright should succeed him. He entered into the Yosemite administrative scheme by actual residence in the park and study of its problems. From the Yosemite personnel he drew new executives for other parks, field officers for the service at large, and administrative assistants for his Washington office. He turned to Crater Lake National Park to obtain a superintendent who would succeed Lewis. Colonel C. G. Thomson had distinguished himself as the chief executive of Crater Lake and in 1929 was called to Yosemite.

Some of the developments in Yosemite for which Thomson was largely responsible included the construction and improvements of the Wawona Road and Tunnel, improvement of the Glacier Point Road, commencement of the Big Oak Flat Road and Tioga Road realignment, the installation of improved water systems at the Mariposa Big Trees, Wawona, and Tuolumne Meadows, construction of the new Government Utility Building, and many smaller projects. Such important land acquisition programs as the Wawona Basin project and the Carl Inn sugar pine addition constituted heavy administrative responsibilities imposed upon the superintendent’s office during his regime. The establishment of “emergency programs,” C.C.C., C.W.A., W.P.A., and P.W.A., greatly expanded the developmental activities in the park after 1933, and the inclusion of the Devils Postpile National Monument and Joshua Tree National Monument in the Yosemite administrative scheme increased the duties of the superintendent.

In 1937, Colonel Thomson was stricken by a heart ailment and died in the Lewis Memorial Hospital on March 23. In eulogy, Frank A. Kittredge said:

“Colonel Thomson has, through his dynamic personality and energy and the wealth of his experience, been an influence and inspiration not only to the thousands of Park visitors with whom he has had personal contact, but especially to the Park Service itself. His keen sense of the fitness and desire for the harmony of things in the national parks has made itself felt in the design of every road, every structure, and every physical development in the Park. He recognized the importance and practicability of restricting and harmonizing necessary roads and structures into a natural blending of the surroundings. He has set a standard of beauty and symmetry in construction which has been carried beyond the limits of Yosemite into the entire National Park system. The harmony of the necessary man-made developments and the unspoiled beauty of the Yosemite Valley attest to the Colonel’s injection of his refinement of thought and forceful personality, into even the everlasting granite itself of the Yosemite he loved so well.”

In June, 1937, Lawrence Campbell Merriam, a native Californian, was transferred to the superintendency of Yosemite National Park. He had received a degree in forestry from the University of California in 1921, had become a forest engineer, and had later gone into emergency conservation work in the state parks throughout the United States. Upon the death of Thomson, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes appointed Merriam Senior Conservationist in the National Park Service and designated him Acting Superintendent of Yosemite.

During his four years as the chief executive of the park he renewed the service’s efforts to restore the natural appearance of the valley, and modified the master plan to provide suitable areas for the operators’ utilities.

In August, 1941, Merriam became Regional Director of Region Two, National Park Service, with headquarters at Omaha, Nebraska. Frank A. Kittredge succeeded him in Yosemite.

During World War I, Kittredge served as an officer in the Army Corps of Engineers and saw service in France. Afterward, while with the Bureau of Public Roads, he was identified with park work; he made the location survey of the Going-to-the-Sun Highway in Glacier National Park, did the first road engineering in Hawaii National Park, and devoted his attention to national park road matters handled by the Bureau.

In 1927, Kittredge was appointed chief engineer of the National Park Service and continued in that capacity for ten years, when he was made Regional Director, Region Four, a position involving supervision over Park Service programs in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah; Glacier National Park in Montana; and the territories of Alaska and Hawaii. In August, 1940, he was made Superintendent of Grand Canyon National Park, from which position he was transferred in 1941 to the chief executive position in Yosemite National Park. In all this varied experience with the scenic masterpieces of the national park system, Frank Kittredge maintained a sincerity of purpose in safeguarding the natural and historic values of the parks.

As was true of Mather and Albright, succeeding directors of the National Park Service have taken personal interest and active part in the management of Yosemite National Park. On July 17, 1933, Arno B. Cammerer, formerly Associate Director, succeeded Albright in the Washington post. During his incumbency, 1933-1940, the national park system increased from 128 areas to 204 units, and in addition to regular appropriations, nearly 200 million dollars was expended by the Service in connection with the programs of the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Public Works Administration, and the Emergency Relief Appropriation acts. Under Cammerer’s directorship, five C.C.C. camps were established in Yosemite National Park. With the help of C.C.C., C.W.A., and P.W.A., many management and construction projects in the park were advanced far ahead of regular schedule. The Wawona Road tunnel project was completed, and notable progress was made in constructing the Tioga and Big Oak Flat roads on modern standards. Winter use of the park increased mightily, and the Yosemite Park and Curry Company developed the Badger Pass ski center in accordance with Service plans.

Because of failing health, Cammerer resigned as Director in 1940, and Newton B. Drury, a Californian and a member of the Yosemite Advisory Board, was appointed to the position on June 19, 1940. Since 1919, Drury had been a leader in the movement to preserve distinctive areas for park purposes. As executive head of the Save-the-Redwoods League, he had become a nationally recognized authority on park and conservation affairs and was intimately acquainted with the problems of Yosemite National Park through personal study. The normal problems of the park and of the Service, generally, were greatly complicated by the circumstances resulting from World War II, and the years 1942-1945 were probably the most critical in the history of national parks. But in spite of pressure exerted by production interests and those who sought to capitalize on the park’s assets under the guise of “war necessity,” the natural values of Yosemite were held inviolate. And it is to the everlasting credit of Director Drury and his staff and associates in central offices and the field that during the years of all-out warfare serious inroads were nowhere made upon national park values.

Each year, more than a half million people benefit by the great park’s offerings, and each year witnesses new demands for expansion of public utilities provided by the operators and the Government. To meet these demands and at the same time guarantee “benefit and enjoyment” of Yosemite values for future generations of visitors is one of the most exacting tasks engaged in by public servants anywhere.

Two Hundred Years

One hundred fourteen years have elapsed since the explorers in Joseph Walker’s party first made their way to some point on the north rim of Yosemite Valley and beheld a tremendous scene beneath them. It is to be hoped that the Yosemite visitor today will have his enjoyment of Yosemite National Park somehow enhanced by the recorded story of the human events during the past century, particularly by the story of the human effort that made Yosemite accessible to him, but not too accessible.

Yosemite, like other national parks, has its master plan. Upon it is set down in rather definite form the conception of the park staff of needs for physical improvements. This prescription is reviewed by technicians and executives in central offices and made to delimit the maximum development necessary to meet the requirements of staff and public. The master plan also contains an analysis of the inspirational and recreational experiences which attract the multitude of visitors to the park. As might be expected this analysis of Yosemite’s offerings points to the fact that one of the notable values of the reservation is found in its capacity to stimulate pride in and understanding of the heritage of natural beauty preserved within the park’s boundaries. Another important value is indicated in the capacity of the park to serve as a repository of scientific treasures. In this last-named role as “museum of the out-of-doors,” Yosemite National Park reasonably may be expected to become increasingly important as the less protected areas of the Sierra Nevada are more and more encroached upon by exploiters. The exploiters are not always concerned with livestock, minerals, or timber. The aggressiveness of those who cater to recreation seekers—even of the recreation seekers themselves—constitutes a force to be reckoned with, and this group particularly lays siege to the structure of National Park Service conservatism.

It is well that the visitor to this and other national parks extend his ken. We know something of what has happened since 1833. But what will have happened to the Yosemite region by the year 2033 A.D., two hundred years after white man’s first glimpse of the valley? Will the men of great enterprise have built “ladders touching the sky, changing the face of the universe and the very color of the stars?” Or will there still be a remnant of mountain sanctuary, where the handiwork of today’s and tomorrow’s visitors will be as hard to discern as Joe Walker’s footsteps are to trace?

_CHRONOLOGY_

The following outline of the history of the Yosemite region cites the original sources of information used in preparing this book. References are to the pages of publications and manuscripts appearing in the bibliography which follows. Items cited frequently are abbreviated:

SCB _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 1893 to date. USNPS _Annual Report_, United States National Park Service. USWD _Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers_, United States War Department. YNP _Report of the Acting Superintendent_, 1892-1914, Yosemite National Park. YNHA _Yosemite Nature Notes_, Yosemite Natural History Association, 1922 to date. YVC _Biennial Report_, Yosemite Valley Commissioners, 1867-1904.

_CHRONOLOGY, WITH SOURCES_

1776

Garces entered Tulare Valley and named the interior range “Sierra de San Marcos.” Bancroft, 1884, p. 291; Farquhar, 1928, p. 56.

Name “Sierra Nevada” applied to mountains that now carry the name, by Padre Pedro Font. Font, map; Farquhar, 1928, p. 55.

1806

Moraga Expedition explored lower course of Merced River and gave it the name “Merced.” Richman, p. 465; Farquhar, 1928, p. 58.

1826

Jedediah Smith brought first party of trappers from the East. Crossed near Cajon Pass in November. Dale, p. 183; Merriam, 1923, p. 228.

1833

J. R. Walker crossed present Yosemite National Park with a party of trappers. Leonard, Z., p. 174; Bancroft, 1885, p. 390; Farquhar, 1942, pp. 35-49; Watson, P. 57.

1841

Bartleson party was first of immigrants. Crossed Sonora Pass and probably saw Calaveras Grove. Bidwell; Bancroft, 1886, p. 268.

1844

First wagons brought across the Sierra by Stephens-Townsend-Murphy party. Bancroft, 1886, p. 445.

1847

J. B. Alvarado conveyed “Mariposa Grant” to J. C. Frémont for $3,000. California Supreme Court.

1848

Sierra gold discovery. Tinkham, p. 59.

1850

Rush to “Southern Mines” (Mariposa region). Bunnell, p. 315.

Tuolumne County organized. Coy, 1923, p. 288.

Mariposa County established. Coy, 1923, p. 161.

Joseph Screech discovered Hetch Hetchy Valley. Hoffmann, p. 370.

J. D. Savage forced to abandon trading station at mouth of South Fork of Merced. Bunnell, p. 15.

Indians attack Savage’s Fresno River store and his Mariposa Creek Station, Dec. Bunnell, pp. 22, 23.

1851

Organization of Mariposa Battalion under J. D. Savage. Bunnell, p. 29.

Battalion marched toward mountain stronghold of Indians, March 19. Elliott, p. 179

Chief Tenaya and a part of Yosemite tribe surrendered to advancing whites, March 25. Marvin; Bunnell, p. 52.

Battalion viewed Yosemite Valley from Inspiration Point, March 25. Name “Yosemite Valley” applied. Bunnell, pp. 53, 61.

Yosemite Valley and Merced Canyon to Nevada Fall explored by men with Savage, March 26. Bunnell, p. 72.

Battalion withdrew from Yosemite without having found more Indians, March 27. Bunnell, p. 91.

Second entry to Yosemite made by Capt. John Boling’s Company, May 9. Bunnell, p. 142; Boling, June 12; Kuykendall, p. 9.

First letter dispatched from valley, May 15. Boling, June 12; Kuykendall, p. 9.

Boling captured Yosemite Indians at Tenaya Lake, May 22. Indians were escorted to Fresno Reservation, but in winter Tenaya and his family were permitted to return to the mountains. Boling, June 14; Kuykendall, p. 10; Bunnell, p. 228.

1852

Eight prospectors entered valley May 2, and two were killed by Indians. Russell, 1926, p. 332.

Lt. Tredwell Moore entered Yosemite with detachment of 2d Infantry in June. Bunnell, p. 275; Elliott, p. 172; Hutchings, 1862, p. 75.

Yosemite Indians took refuge with Mono Indians and were not found by soldiers. Elliott, p. 172.

In August Lt. Moore found promising mineral deposits east of Sierra crest. Bunnell, p. 277.

Mariposa Grove discovered by party of prospectors. Elliott, p. 172; Russell, 1926, p. 332, YNHA, 1929, p. 51.

1853

Yosemite Indians left Monos and returned to Yosemite, but stole horses, and Monos nearly annihilated the Yosemites for their treachery. Bunnell, pp. 275, 291; Hutchings, 1862, p. 75. Eyewitness account at variance with Bunnell’s (see p. 47).

A number of parties of prospectors entered Yosemite Valley in the fall of 1853. Bunnell, p. 295.

1854

James Capen Adams visited Yosemite to capture grizzlies, which he trained. Hittell, T. H., p. 196.

1855

J. M. Hutchings organized first party of sightseers to enter Yosemite. First Yosemite pictures made by T. A. Ayres in June. Bunnell, p. 304; Hutchings, 1862, p. 77; Hutchings, 1886, p. 79; YNHA, 1944, pp. 21-25.

Trail from South Fork (Wawona) built to Yosemite Valley by Milton and Houston Mann. Finished in 1856. Bunnell, p. 304; Brockman, 1943, pp. 53-54.

Galen Clark engaged in surveying ditch to supply water to Mariposa Frémont Grant. Foley, p. 108.

First house, a shack, built in Yosemite Valley by surveyors, including Bunnell. (Use of Yosemite Valley as a reservoir contemplated.) Bunnell, p. 304; _Country Gentleman_; Whitney, 1870, p. 18.

1856

“Coulterville Free Trail” from Bull Creek to Yosemite built by G. W. Coulter and Bunnell. Bunnell, p. 315.

T. A. Ayres made second trip to Yosemite and made more pencil drawings. Bunnell, p. 310; Farquhar, 1926, p. 111; Ayres.

“Lower Hotel,” first permanent structure, built by Walworth and Hite at base of Sentinel Rock. Bunnell, p. 309.

1857

Rush of miners from Tuolumne, over Mono Trail, to Mono Diggings; Tom McGee, of Big Oak Flat, perhaps blazed Mono Trail. _Bodie Standard_, March 1, 1879; Wasson; Hodgdon.

Beardsley and Hite put up canvas-covered house at Cedar Cottage site. Galen Clark settled at what is now Wawona, and with Milton Mann explored Mariposa Grove. Bunnell, p. 310; Brace, p. 85; Foley, p. 102.

1858

“Upper Hotel” (Cedar Cottage) built. Operated by Mr. and Mrs. John H. Neal. Bunnell, p. 310; Hutchings, 1886, p. 101.

J. L. Cogswell party visited Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees. YNHA, 1937, pp. 60-63.

1859

W. S. Body located mineral deposits in region that later became famous as Bodie. Wasson, p. 5.

First photograph made in Yosemite by C. L. Weed. Subject was Upper Hotel. Hutchings, 1886, p. 101; YNHA, 1929, p. 75.

James C. Lamon preëmpted and took up permanent residence in Yosemite. Hutchings, 1886, p. 134; Corcoran, 1925.

1860

“Sheepherder Mine” (Tioga Mine) located. _Bodie Daily Free Press_, September 10, 1881.

California State Geological Survey established, with Prof. Josiah Dwight Whitney in charge. Whitney, 1865, p. ix; Farquhar, 1925, pp. 15-23.

1861

Nine Bactrian camels taken to Nevada mines. Stopped in Calaveras Grove en route. Farquhar, 1925, p. 26.

Mono County established. Coy, p. 182.

C. E. Watkins, pioneer photographer, visited Yosemite Valley. YNHA, 1936, pp. 17-18.

1863

State Geological Survey made expedition to region between upper Merced and Tuolumne rivers. Whitney, 1865, p. 13.

Artist Albert Bierstadt made first trip to Yosemite. YNHA, 1944, pp. 49-51.

1864

J. M. Hutchings took over Upper Hotel, and it became known as “Hutchings House.” Calif. Legis., p. 323; Hutchings, 1886, p. 102.

Sonora Pass wagon road improved to serve Bodie, etc. Wasson, p. 59.

Florence Hutchings was the first white child to be born in Yosemite. Hutchings, 1886, p. 144.

Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Trees granted to California as public trust. Grant contained 48.6 square miles. Board of eight commissioners created, Frederick Law Olmsted, chairman. Galen Clark, guardian. U. S. Congress, p. 3444; YVC, 1877, p. 5; Matthews, 1906, pp. 382-387; YNHA, 1946, p. 107.

I. W. Raymond, of Central American Steamship Transit Co., New York City, advocated to Senator Conness of California that the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove be reserved as a State Grant for public enjoyment. The members of a proposed board of commissioners were recommended by Raymond and Conness jointly. Raymond, 1864; Farquhar, 1926, p. 77.

1866

First appropriation made for administration of Yosemite Grant. _Calif. Statutes_; YVC, p. 7.

1868

John Muir made his first trip to Yosemite. Badè, 1924, I, p. 185; YNHA, 1938; Wolfe, 1945, pp. 117-122.

1869

George F. Leidig built “Leidig’s Hotel” near Lower Hotel. Churchill, 1876, p. 138; Vivian, p. 376; Calif. Legis., pp. 164, 208, 210; Leidig; YNHA, 1930, p. 4.

Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Black removed Lower Hotel and built “Black’s Hotel” on its site. Hutchings, 1886, p. 101.

Edwin Moore acquired half interest in Clark’s station, and it became known as “Clark & Moore’s.” Ellsworth, p. 44; Greenwood, p. 313; Lester, p. 170.

Mountain View House (Peregoy’s) built on Wawona-Yosemite Valley trail. YNHA, 1929, p. 71.

Central Pacific built from Sacramento to Stockton. Ingram.

1870

Albert Snow built trail to flat between Vernal and Nevada falls. Calif. Legis., p. 170; Minturn, p. 264; Lester, p. 197.

Central Pacific built to Modesto. Ingram.

Copperopolis branch of Central Pacific built. Ingram.

Joseph LeConte made his first trip to Yosemite. LeConte, 1903, p. 247.

La Casa Nevada was built by Albert Snow above Vernal Fall. Buckley, p. 25; YNHA, 1930, p. 4.

John Muir explored the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne. SCB, 1924; Farquhar, 1926, pp. 96-97.

1871

Peregoy built a stopping place at Glacier Point. Peregoy Hotel Register.

John Conway built trail from La Casa Nevada to Little Yosemite; he attempted the ascent of Half Dome. Russell, 1926, p. 340.

Central Pacific built to Berenda. Ingram.

Conway started work on Four Mile Trail to Glacier Point (completed in 1872). Russell, 1926, p. 340; Kneeland, p. 82.

Mount Lyell climbed by J. B. Tileston, Aug. 29 (first ascent). Tileston, pp. 89-90.

1872

Central Pacific built to Merced. Ingram.

Stage road built on north side of Yosemite Valley by Conway. Calif. Legis., p. 198; Russell, 1926, p. 340.

Earthquake in Yosemite. Kneeland, p. 88.

1873

Eagle Peak Trail built to foot of Upper Yosemite Fall by Conway. Russell, 1926, p. 340.

J. C. Smith built his “Cosmopolitan” bath house and saloon in Yosemite Valley. Russell, 1931, p. 207; YNHA, 1933, p. 1; Cosmopolitan House.

1874

Coulterville Road built to valley floor. (Known as “J. T. McLean’s Road.”) Hutchings, 1886, p. 288; U. S. Senate; YNHA, 1930, pp. 73-74; 1943, pp. 59-60.

Big Oak Flat route completed to Yosemite Valley by Yosemite Turnpike and Road Company. Hutchings, 1886, p. 335; U. S. Senate; YNHA, 1943, p. 60.

Wood road built from “Hutchings” up the south side of the valley. Calif. Legis., p. 340.

State of California purchased private claims in Yosemite Valley. Calif. Legis., p. 351; YVC, 1877-78, p. 16.

1875

George W. Coulter and A. J. Murphy leased former Hutchings property. YVC, 1877-78, p. 10.

Harlow Street erected telegraph line from Sonora to Yosemite Valley. A line was built from Yosemite to Bodie also. _Bodie Daily Free Press_, January 29, 1881; Hutchings, 1886, p. 358; Morris, Paul.

Wawona Road built to floor of Yosemite Valley. U. S. Senate; YVC, 1874-75; YNHA, 1843, pp. 60-61.

George G. Anderson made first ascent of Half Dome. Hutchings, 1886, p. 457; Leonard, R. M., 1937, p. 40.

Public School provided for Yosemite. Mariposa County, May, 1875; YNP, 1909, p. 10; Hutchings, 1886, p. 355.

Washburn Brothers purchased Clark & Moore’s. Place has been called “Wawona” since. Vivian, p. 370; Stornoway, p. 72.

1876

Sentinel Hotel built by Coulter and Murphy. Known as Yosemite Falls Hotel for many years. Calif. Legis., p. 238; Jones.

John Muir’s first article on devastation of Sierra by sheep was published. Farquhar, 1925, p. 30; Badè, 1923-24, 2: 58-59.

1877

J. K. Barnard took over “Coulter and Murphy’s” (Sentinel Hotel). Blake, p. 119; YVC, 1877-78, p. 14; Jones.

1878

John L. Murphy settled at Tenaya Lake (exact date doubtful). Jackson, pp. 109-171; Hutchings, 1886, p. 481.

High Sierra country surveyed by Lieut. M. M. Macomb of Wheeler Survey. USWD.

Bodie and Lundy mining excitement reached height. Tioga came into prominence. _Bodie Daily Free Press_, Dec. 29, 1880; Whitney, H. A.

A. Harris established first public campgrounds in Yosemite Valley. Harris Register; Calif. Legis., p. 232; Hutchings, 1886, p. 355.

Tunnel in Big Tree of Tuolumne Grove made in June. Marshall, p. 341.

Mountain House built at Glacier Point. Gordon-Cumming, p. 174.

1879

Homer District (Lundy) organized. Was discovered by C. H. Nye. _Mammoth City Herald_, Sept. 24, 1879; _Homer Mining Index_, 1880.

Yosemite chapel built by Sunday School Union. Hutchings, 1886, p. 355; Glass, pp. 114-118.

1880

Legislation ousted Board of Yosemite Commissioners. New board appointed J. M. Hutchings guardian. YVC, 1880, p. 3.

Charles D. Robinson, artist, maintained studio in the valley (1880-1890). YNHA, 1944. pp. 38-40.

L. H. Bunnell, of Yosemite discovery party, published _Discovery of the Yosemite Valley_.

1881

Silver found on Mount Hoffmann. Mount Hoffmann Mining District organized, but amounted to nothing. YNHA, 1925, p. 83.

Tunnel cut through Wawona Tree. YNHA, 1925, p. 83.

1882

“Anderson Trail” (Happy Isles to bridge below Vernal Fall) built. Calif. Legis., pp. 311, 367; YVC, 1880-82, p. 5.

Construction of Tioga Road started. (Completed in 1883 at cost of $62,000). Calif. State Mineralogist; U. S. Senate.

Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Mining Company (Tioga Mine) incorporated. Calif. State Mineralogist.

John Conway built road to Glacier Point. Conway.

1883

President Hayes with party of twelve visited Yosemite Valley.

1884

Tioga Mine closed after expenditure of $300,000 and no production. Calif. State Mineralogist.

Mr. and Mrs. John Degnan established bakery and store, the oldest business among Yosemite concessions. USNPS, 1941, p. 9; Degnan, p. 1.

Hutchings removed as guardian, and W. E. Dennison appointed. YVC, 1883-84, p. 14.

1885

Legislature appropriated $40,000 to build Stoneman House. YVC, 1885-86, p. 6.

John B. Lembert took up homestead in Tuolumne Meadows. Stornoway, p. 64; Farquhar, 1925, pp. 40-41; YNP, 1903, p. 23.

“Echo Wall Trail” (Nevada Fall to Glacier Point) built. YVC, 1885-86, p. 9.

Log Cabin built in Mariposa Grove. YVC, 1885-86, p. 10.

1886

John L. Murphy preëmpted 160 acres at Tenaya Lake. YNP, 1903, p. 23.

1887

Mark L. McCord made guardian. YVC, 1887-88.

A tramway to Glacier Point considered and surveyed. Calif. Legis., p. 341.

1888

Stoneman House leased to J. J. Cook. YVC, 1887-88, p. 14; Calif. Legis., pp. 263, 336; Stornoway, p. 24.

Commissioners removed Black’s and Leidig’s hotels. Calif. Legis., p. 210; YVC, 1887-88, p. 17.

1889

Galen Clark again made guardian. YVC, 1889-90, p. 5.

Mirror Lake dam built to increase area of lake. YVC, 1889-90, p. 5.

1890

Yosemite National Park created, Oct. 1. John Muir’s writings were important in bringing this about. YVC, 1889-90, p. 27.

1891

Capt. A. E. Wood, first Acting Superintendent, arrived with federal troops to administer park, May 19; headquarters at Wawona. YNP, 1891, p. 3; YNHA, 1944, p. 54.

First telephones installed in Yosemite Valley. YVC, 1891-92, p. 6.

1892

Sierra Club organized, with John Muir as president, to aid effort to secure federal administration of entire Yosemite region. SCB, 1893.

First plant of trout (rainbow) made in Yosemite by California Fish and Game Commission. YNP, 1893, p. 8; YNHA, 1934, p. 58.

1893

Sierra Forest Reservation established, Feb. SCB, 1896, pp. 257-259.

1894

Capt. G. H. G. Gale made Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1894.

1895

Capt. Alex. Rodgers appointed Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1895.

Wawona fish hatchery erected. Operated by state. YNP, 1895, p. 5.

1896

Stoneman House destroyed by fire, Aug. 24. YVC, 1895-96, p. 9.

Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young appointed Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1896; Farquhar, 1926, p. 109.

First effort made to keep firearms out of park. YNP, 1896, p. 4.

1897

Miles Wallace made guardian. YVC, 1897-98.

Wooden stairs at Vernal Fall removed and replaced by rock steps. YVC, 1897-98, p. 6.

Capt. Alex. Rodgers again made Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1897.

1898

Camps rented to visitors by state. YVC, 1897-98, p. 5.

Archie O. Leonard, first civilian park ranger. YVC, 1897-98, p. 12; YNP, 1898, p. 3.

Both J. W. Zevely, special inspector, and Capt. J. E. Caine were acting superintendents. YNP, 1898.

1899

Lt. Wm. Forse and Capt. E. F. Wilcox were acting superintendents. YNP, 1890.

Curry Camping Company established. Tresidder, D. B.; Tresidder, M. C., MS; YNP, 1908, p. 12.

Chris Jorgensen maintained artist’s studio in the valley (1899-1918). YNHA, 1944, PP 94-97.

1900

Major L. J. Rucker, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1900.

Holmes brothers, of San Jose, drove first auto into Yosemite. Holmes.

1901

Camp Yosemite (Lost Arrow) established. YVC, 1901-02, p. 6; YNP, 1908, p. 12; 1910, p. 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 35.

Major L. A. Craig, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1901.

First of the annual outings of the Sierra Club took place in Tuolumne Meadows. Farquhar, 1925, pp. 52-53.

1902

Power plant at Happy Isles built by state. YVC, 1901-02, p. 4.

Major O. L. Hein, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1902.

J. M. Hutchings killed on Big Oak Flat Road near Yosemite Valley, Oct. 31. Foley, p. 6; Godfrey, 1941, MS, p. 14.

Harry Cassie Best established artist studio in valley. (Maintained business until his death, 1936.) YNHA, 1945, pp. 42-44.

1903

LeConte Memorial Lodge built in Yosemite Valley by Sierra Club. SCB, 1904, pp. 66-69; 1905, pp. 176-180.

San Francisco’s first application for use of Hetch Hetchy denied by Secretary Hitchcock, U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1908, 1910, 1914.

George T. Harlow, guardian. YVC, 1903-04.

U. S. Weather Bureau installed instruments in Yosemite. YVC, 1903-04, p. 7.

Lt. Col. Jos. Garrard, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1903.

John Muir, Theodore Roosevelt, and Gov. George C. Pardee discuss Yosemite Grant recession in Yosemite. Badè, 1923-1924, 2: 355.

1904

Major John Bigelow became Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1904.

Arboretum established, and first plans for a Yosemite Museum made at Wawona. YNP, 1904, p. 20; YNHA, 1930, pp. 17-18.

1905

Area of Yosemite National Park reduced. Mount Ritter region and Devils Postpile eliminated. Yosemite Park Commission; YNP, 1905, p. 5; 1906, p. 8.

Capt. H. C. Benson, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1905; SCB, 1925, pp. 175-179.

Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove re-ceded to United States. Superintendent’s headquarters (Major H. C. Benson) moved to Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1905, pp. 5-6; 1906, p. 6; Badè, 1923-1924, 2: 355; Colby, 1938, pp. 11-19.

Last “hold up” of a Yosemite stage (Raymond-Wawona run). Yosemite Tourist, 1906.

1907

Yosemite Valley Railroad opened to travel. YNP, 1907, p. 5; Radcliffe; Bartlet. Del Portal, the railroad hotel at El Portal, shown in Williams, p. 143.

Extensive telephone system installed in park. YNP, 1907, p. 8.

Yosemite cemetery given permanent marking with boundary of trees. YNHA, 1932, pp. 1-4.

1908

Hetch Hetchy rights granted to San Francisco. YNP, 1908, p. 14.

Camp Ahwahnee established at foot of Sentinel Rock by W. M. Sell. YNP, 1908, pp. 11, 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 37.

Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. built telegraph line from El Portal to Sentinel Hotel. YNP, 1908, p. 9.

Supervisor Gabriel Sovulewski, Acting Superintendent, Oct. 25 (to April 27, 1909). YNP, 1909, p. 5.

1909

Major W. W. Forsyth, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1909.

1910

Death of Galen Clark, March 24, age 96. YNP, 1910, p. 15; 1911, p. 8.

1911

Tenaya Lake Trail completed. YNP, 1910, p. 10; 1911, p. 8.

Devils Postpile made a national monument by President Taft. SCB, 1912, pp. 170-173, 226-227.

Galen Clark Memorial Seat built. YNP, 1911, p. 12.

1912

Yosemite hospital built by U. S. troops. YNP, 1912, p. 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 157.

Sierra Club purchased Soda Springs property at Tuolumne Meadows. Farquhar, 1926, p. 58.

1913

Major William T. Littebrant, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1913.

Automobiles admitted to Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1913, p. 12.

Raker Act authorized use of Hetch Hetchy Valley as reservoir; approved by President Wilson, Dec. 19. Farquhar, 1926, p. 39; Johnson, R. U., pp. 307-313; Wolfe, 1945, pp. 339-346.

1914

Civilian employees replaced the military in administration of Yosemite. Mark Daniels, first superintendent. USNPS, 1916, p. 4; Calif. State Mineralogist, p. 61.

Museum of Vertebrate Zoölogy, University of California, began 5-year field study of animal life in Yosemite, which culminated in publication of 752-page treatise. Grinnell and Storer; YNHA, 1924, p. 2.

John Muir died in a Los Angeles hospital, December 24. Badè, 1923-1924, II, pp. 390-391.

1915

Parsons Lodge built by Sierra Club in Tuolumne Meadows. SCB, 1916, pp. 84-85.

First appropriation for the John Muir Trail approved by Governor Johnson. Rensch, 1933, p. 484; Wolfe, 1945, p. 364.

Yosemite Lodge established in Yosemite Valley. Tresidder, D. B., p. 37.

Stephen T. Mather purchased Tioga Road and presented it to U. S. Government. Farquhar, 1926, p. 94.

Mather became assistant to Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior. Albright, 1929, pp. 10-11; Cramton, 1929, p. 13.

Yosemite horse-drawn stages replaced by motor stages. Tresidder, D. B., p. 33.

R. B. Marshall made superintendent of all national parks. USNPS, 1916, p. 5.

1916

National Park Service Act passed August 25. Stephen T. Mather made Director. USNPS, 1916, p. 81; 1917, p. 1; Farquhar, 1926, p. 63.

W. B. Lewis made Superintendent of Yosemite National Park. USNPS, 1916; Farquhar, 1926, p. 114.

Tuolumne Meadows Lodge installed; also Tenaya and Merced camps opened. Tresidder, D. B., p. 76.

1917

Stephen T. Mather became first Director, National Park Service. Albright, 1929, p. 12; Cramton, 1929, p. 13.

Glacier Point Hotel completed. USNPS, 1917, p. 59; Tresidder, D. B., p. 61.

Wawona Road and Glacier Point Branch turned over to federal government. USNPS, 1917, p. 62.

Parts of park opened to grazing. USNPS, 1917, p. 153.

Modern school buildings constructed. USNPS, 1920, p. 237.

David A. Curry dies; Mrs. Curry continues operation of Camp Curry. Tresidder, Mary C., MS.

1918

Cascade power plant completed at cost of $215,000. USNPS, 1917, pp. 61, 143; 1918. pp. 45, 134.

Ledge Trail built. USNPS, 1918, p. 47.

1919

First airplane landed in Yosemite Valley, May 27. Lt. J. S. Krull, pilot, alone. USNPS, 1919, pp. 183, 190.

LeConte Memorial Lectures instituted. USNPS, 1919, p. 194.

1920

Construction started on all-year highway up Merced Canyon. USNPS, 1920, p. 110.

Rangers’ Club House built. USNPS, 1920, pp. 113, 250.

Yosemite National Park Co. founded. USNPS, 1920, p. 248.

Yosemite educational work started by H. C. Bryant, A. F. Hall, L. H. Miller, and Enid Michael. Yosemite Museum planned. USNPS, 1920, pp. 113, 245, 253; Hall, 1930; YNHA, 1932, pp. 2-3.

California valley elk brought to Yosemite. USNPS, 1920, p. 250; 1921, p. 196.

Big Trees Lodge built at Mariposa Grove. Tresidder, D. B., p. 72.

1921

First Yosemite Museum installations made. USNPS, 1921, pp. 72, 196, 202; Yosemite Park Naturalist, July, 1921; Hall, 1930.

1922

Yosemite Educational Department created. USNPS, 1922, pp. 113, 115; 1923, p. 20.

_Yosemite Nature Notes_ first published (mimeographed through 1924, then printed). YNHA, 1925, p. 1.

1923

Hikers’ camps installed. USNPS, 1923, p. 54; 1924, pp. 37, 109; YNHA, 1923; Tresidder, D. B., p. 80; Adams, 1940, pp. 79-83; Russell, 1925.

Educational Department for all national parks created. Yosemite Park Naturalist; USNPS, 1923, p. 20; 1925, p. 10; 1926, p. 7; Burns, N. J., pp. 4-25.

1924

Hoof and mouth disease epidemic in Yosemite deer. USNPS, 1924, pp. 36, 108; 1925, pp. 6, 93; 1926, p. 14.

New administration center and village developed. USNPS, 1924, pp. 37, 108; 1925, p. 87.

1925

Yosemite Park and Curry Co. formed by consolidation of Curry Camping Co. and Yosemite National Park Co. Tresidder, D. B., p. 37; USNPS, 1925, p. 27.

Yosemite School of Field Natural History organized. USNPS, 1925, pp. 11, 90; YNHA, 1925, pp. 9-10, 16, 66.

Glacier Point branch of Yosemite Museum opened. Yosemite Park Naturalist, June, 1925, YNHA, 1925, p. 55.

1926

All-year highway dedicated July 31. USNPS, 1926, pp. 30, 102.

Yosemite Museum opened, May 29. USNPS, 1924, pp. 8, 105; 1925, pp. 12, 89; 1926, pp. 31, 99; YNHA, 1924, 1926, p. 95.

1927

Ahwahnee Hotel opened by Yosemite Park and Curry Co. USNPS, 1926, pp. 31, 101.

1928

Board of expert advisors, Frederick Law Olmsted, Duncan McDuffie, and John P. Buwalda, appointed by authority of Congress to study and assist in the solution of Yosemite problems. USNPS, 1928, p. 173.

Maria Lebrado, one of the last of the original Yosemite Indians, gives firsthand account of Yosemite Valley discovery. YNHA, 1928, pp. 41-46; 1929, pp. 69-70, 85-86.

Wildlife research in national parks instituted by George M. Wright, of Yosemite naturalist organization. YNHA, 1929, p. 66; Russell, 1939, p. 10; Wright, Dixon, and Thompson.

W. B. Lewis transferred to Washington; became Assistant Director, National Park Service. E. P. Leavitt designated Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1929.

1929

A hospital, which after the death of Assistant Director Lewis, 1930, was named the W. B. Lewis Memorial Hospital, was constructed in Yosemite Valley at cost of $50,000. USNPS, 1929, p. 144.

Col. C. G. Thomson appointed Superintendent. YNP, 1929.

1930

Stephen T. Mather dies, January 22. Story.

“Live Indian Exhibit” instituted on Yosemite Museum grounds; project made possible by the coöperation of the Yosemite Natural History Association.

Maggie Howard, “Ta-bu-ce” of the Monos was engaged to demonstrate modes of Indian life. USNPS, 1930, p. 168; YNHA, 1933, pp. 14-16.

Sugar pine forest on west side of park acquired through private gift and government appropriation. YNHA, 1930, pp. 65-66.

W. B. Lewis died August 28 in Chevy Chase, Maryland. USNPS, 1931.

High Sierra snow surveys organized on consolidated basis. Brockman, 1946, pp. 105-109; YNHA, 1927, p. 19; Russell, 1928, pp. 36-38.

1931

Marjorie Montgomery Ward presented $4,000 with which to develop a living exhibit of native flowers at the rear of the Yosemite Museum. USNPS, 1931; YNHA, 1931, p. 64; 1932, pp. 4-5.

Research Reserves established (White Mountain, Boundary Hill, and Swamp Lake). USNPS, Master Plan, 1942, Sheet 7, map; YNHA, 1927, pp. 46-48.

Glacier measurements instituted in the Yosemite High Sierra. YNHA, 1934, pp. 44-46; 1935, pp. 93-96; 1942, pp. 89-91.

1932

Wawona Basin, 8,785 acres, added to Yosemite National Park. Half of the funds required were donated; the Department of Interior was authorized by Congress to match the donation with federal funds. USNPS, 1932, p. 61.

Mariposa Grove Museum established. USNPS, 1932, p. 63; YNHA, 1932, p. 4.

Big Trees Lodge constructed in Mariposa Grove at Sunset Point. Earlier tent camp eliminated from upper grove. USNPS, 1932, p. 64.

Cosmopolitan House, built in 1873, destroyed by fire, Dec. 8. YNHA, 1933, p. 1-2.

Sierra Club Rock-Climbing Section organized. Leonard, R. M., 1938, p. ii.

1933

Devils Postpile National Monument placed under supervision of the superintendent, Yosemite National Park. YNHA, 1935, pp. 45-57.

Tule elk herd (27 animals) removed from Yosemite Valley to Owens Valley, east of Sierra. YNHA, 1933, pp. 107-109.

Arno B. Cammerer made Director of National Park Service upon resignation of Horace M. Albright. USNPS, 1933, p. 153.

Wawona Road and tunnel dedicated June 10, 1933. YNP, 1933, p. 1.

“Emergency programs,” C.C.C., C.W.A., and P.W.A. advanced the construction and management projects of the park. Five C.C.C. camps were established at Wawona, Crane Flat, and Eleven Mile Meadow. YNP, 1933, pp. 26-32.

1934

First ascent of Higher Cathedral Spire, April 15; Lower Cathedral Spire, August 25. Leonard, R. M., 1934, p. 178.

Hetch Hetchy water flows into San Francisco. YNHA, 1934, pp. 89-91; YNP, 1935, pp. 11-12.

Radio replaced mountain telephone lines in Yosemite administration. YNP, 1934, p. 11.

Outdoor church bowl in Yosemite Valley improved by C.C.C. YNP, 1934.

1935

Ski house built at Badger Pass by Yosemite Park and Curry Co. YNP, 1936, p. 6.

1936

Thomas Moran art collection acquired by the Yosemite Museum. YNP, 1936, p. 4; YNHA, 1936, pp. 57-64; 1944, pp. 64-68.

Yosemite Museum acquired 198 oil and water-color paintings by the Yosemite artist, Chris Jorgensen. YNP, 1937, p. 7.

First ski ascent of Mount Lyell, March 2, by Bestor Robinson, David R. Brower, Lewis F. Clark, Boynton S. Kaiser, and Einar Nilsson. Brower, 1938, pp. 40-45.

Harry Cassie Best dies in San Francisco, October 14. Virginia Best Adams and Ansel Adams take over operation of Best Studio, Yosemite Valley. YNHA, 1936, p. 88_a_, back cover; 1945, p. 44.

1937

Lawrence C. Merriam appointed to superintendency in June following death of C. G. Thomson. YNP, 1937, p. 2; YNHA, 1937, pp. 36-38.

1938

Hetch Hetchy Dam enlarged by addition of 85 feet to its height. YNP, 1938, p. 9.

Tenaya Lake High Sierra Camp removed and new camp established at May Lake. YNP, 1938, p. 14.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove, July 15. YNP, 1939, p. 6.

Sentinel Hotel, River Cottage, and Ivy Cottage torn down in Dec. YNP, 1939, p. 21.

Gabriel Sovulewski died Nov. 29. YNP, 1939, p. 11.

1939

Vegetation type map of the park prepared by Branch of Forestry, National Park Service. USNPS, Master Plan, 1942, two maps and key.

Newton B. Drury appointed to Yosemite Advisory Board, Feb. 24. YNP, 1939, p. 10.

1940

Newton B. Drury appointed Director of the National Park Service in June, when Arno B. Cammerer requested that he be relieved of his duties as Director for reasons of health. USNPS, 1940, p. 204.

Tioga Road, Crane Flat to McSwain Meadows, and Big Oak Flat Road, from Crane Flat to El Portal Road, constructed on modern standards; opened with ceremonies, June 23. YNP, 1940, p. 1. USNPS, Master Plan, 1942.

Cedar Cottage (Upper Hotel) and Oak Cottage razed. YNP, 1941, pp. 3-4; 1942, p. 6.

C. A. Harwell vacated the Yosemite Park Naturalist position Sept. 7. YNHA, 1941, p. 37.

Ski-touring accommodations provided at Ostrander Lake, under slopes of Horse Ridge. YNP, 1941, p. 2.

William E. Colby appointed to membership on Yosemite Advisory Board effective November 15. Maulding, Mrs. J. Atwood.

Mrs. John Degnan, pioneer park operator, died Dec. 15. YNP, 1941, p. 9.

1941

Arno B. Cammerer, Director of National Park Service, 1933-1940, died April 30. USNPS, 1942.

C. Frank Brockman appointed Yosemite Park Naturalist, Mar. 27. YNHA, 1941, p. 37.

Bear-feeding programs in Yosemite Valley discontinued. YNP, 1941, p. 3.

Superintendent Lawrence C. Merriam appointed Regional Director, National Park Service, Region Two (Omaha, Nebraska), July 31. Frank A. Kittredge transferred from Grand Canyon National Park to the Yosemite superintendency, Aug. 1. YNP, 1942, pp. 1, 5.

Cosie Hutchings Mills visited Yosemite Valley, Aug. 20, after absence of 42 years. YNHA, 1941, p. 111; 1942, pp. 37-40.

1942

Yosemite School of Field Natural History and Junior Nature School discontinued for duration of war. YNHA, 1942, p. 30; YNP, 1942, p. 7.

Activities of C.C.C. in Yosemite National Park discontinued in July. YNP, 1943, p 1.

U. S. Army Signal Corps units utilized National Park Service facilities at Wawona and Badger Pass as special summer training schools. YNP, 1943, p. 1; 1944, pp. 1-2; 1945, p. 2.

Armed-forces men who came to Yosemite National Park for recreation or conditioning totaled 23,272 in the fiscal year ending June 30. (This total reached 89,686 during the war years.) YNP, 1943, p. 1; 1944, p. 2.

J. N. LeConte appointed Collaborator, Yosemite Advisory Board. YNP, 1943, p. 2.

1943

Ranger-naturalist program discontinued as a war measure. YNHA, 1943, pp. 46-47.

Death of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, of the National Park Service Advisory Board, June 21. YNHA, 1943, pp. 97-101.

Death of John Degnan, pioneer resident and operator, Feb. 27. Mary Ellen Degnan, daughter, continued operation of Degnan store. YNP, 1943, p. 10.

Death of Mrs. Mabel Sweetman Boysen, longtime operator and resident, May 10. YNP, 1943, p. 11.

Ahwahnee Hotel converted to hospital use by U. S. Navy, June 23 (to Dec. 15, 1945). YNP, 1944, p. 1; YNHA, 1946, p. 75; Yosemite Park and Curry Co., 1946, pp. 1-76.

Death of Chief Ranger Forest S. Townsley, Aug. 11. YNP, 1944, p. 6; YNHA, 1943, p. 75.

1944

Transfer of Acting Chief Ranger John H. Wegner to Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks. YNHA, 1944, pp. 32-33.

Oscar A. Sedergren appointed Chief Ranger. YNHA, 1944, pp. 37-38.

M. E. Beatty, Associate Park Naturalist, transferred to Glacier National Park, Montana. M. V. Walker appointed _vice_ Beatty. YNHA, 1944, pp. 58, 60.

1945

First consideration given to the removal of some of the physical developments from Yosemite Valley and the establishment of new centers of operations in less precious localities. Vint, 1945.

Elizabeth H. Godfrey, a student and writer of Yosemite history, transferred from Yosemite to Region Four, National Park Service. YNHA, 1945, p. 97.

Meadows and vista restoration program initiated in Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1945, p. 10.

Yosemite Valley Railway abandoned August 27. YNP, 1946, p. 5.

1946

Park Naturalist C. Frank Brockman resigns from National Park Service. YNHA, 1946, pp. 110-111.

Lost Arrow ascended by Jack Arnold, Anton Nelson, Fritz Lippmann, and Robin Hansen, September 2. YNHA, 1946, pp. 113-116; Brower, 1946, pp. 121-122.

Constam T-bar lift for skiers constructed at Badger Pass in fall. YNP, 1947.

1947

Maggie Howard, “Ta-bu-ce,” a principal character in Yosemite Indian demonstration, died at Mono Lake. Kittredge, 1947.

_BIBLIOGRAPHY_

The following references are to pertinent titles in the bibliography of Yosemite history. A comprehensive bibliography is to be found in the Yosemite section, pages viii to 134, of _A Bibliography of National Parks and Monuments West of the Mississippi River_, National Park Service, Western Museum Laboratories, Berkeley, California, 1941. No attempt has been made here to list all items descriptive of the park.

Adams, Ansel. _Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail_ [“Transmission of emotional experience”] (Berkeley, 1938), 50 plates.

Adams, Virginia, and Ansel Adams. _Illustrated Guide to Yosemite Valley_ (San Francisco, 1940), 128 pp., illus., maps.

Albright, Horace M. “How the National Park Service Came into Being: A Reminiscence,” _American Civic Annual_, 1929, pp. 9-12.

——. “Yosemite on the Way to Protection,” _American Civic Annual_, 1929, pp. 23-25.

_American Motorist._ “Yosemite Motor-Conquered,” September, 1916, p. 37.

American Planning and Civic Association. Portfolio on the national park and monument system (Washington, D. C., n.d.), four booklets, 32 pp. each.

Anonymous. _Mono County_ (F. W. McIntosh, Reno, 1908), 96 pp., illus.

Archibald, J. F. “A Cavalry March to the Yosemite,” _Illustrated American_, November, 1896.

Ayres, Thomas A. Original pencil drawings made in Yosemite Valley, 1855 and 1856 (Yosemite Museum exhibits).

Badè, W. F. “The Hetch Hetchy Situation [editorial],” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 9 (1914): 3, 174-176.

——. “John Muir in Yosemite,” _Natural History_, March-April, 1920.

——. _The Life and Letters of John Muir_ (2 vols., Boston and New York, 1924).

Bailey, C. A. “The Vantage Points of Yosemite,” _Sunset_, April, 1899.

——. “Unfrequented Paths of Yosemite.” _Overland Monthly_, July, 1886, pp. 88-92.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. _Tourists’ Guide_ (1871).

——. _History of California_, I, 1542-1800 (San Francisco, 1884), 744 pp.; III, 1825-1840 (1885), 792 pp.; IV, 1840-1845 (1886).

Barrus, C. “In the Yosemite with John Muir,” _The Craftsman_, December, 1912.

Bartlet, L. “By Rail to the Yosemite.” _Pacific Monthly_, June, 1907, pp. 730-738.

Beadle, J. H. _The Undeveloped West_ (Philadelphia, 1873), 824 pp., illus.

Beatty, M. E. “History of the Firefall,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1934, pp. 41-43.

——. “Glaciers of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1934, pp. 44-46.

——. “C. E. Watkins, One of the Early Photographers of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1936, pp. 17-18.

——. “A Brief Story of the Geology of Yosemite Valley,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1943, pp. 33-40.

——. “Bears of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1943, pp. 1-16.

Beatty, M. E., and C. A. Harwell. “Birds of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1938, pp. 1-36.

Belden, C. J. “The Tioga Road across the Sierra Nevada,” _Geographical Review_, June, 1919.

Bell, Major Horace. _Reminiscences of a Ranger_ (Santa Barbara, 1927), 500 pp., illus.

Bidwell, John. _John Bidwell’s Trip to California_, 1841 (St. Louis, 1842), 32 pp.

——. “First Emigrant Train to California,” _Century Magazine_, November, 1890.

Blackwelder, Eliot. “Pleistocene Glaciation in the Sierra Nevada and Basin Ranges,” _Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer._, 42 (1931), 865-922.

Blake, Mary E. _On the Wing_ (Boston, 1883), 236 pp.

Boddam-Whetham, J. W. _Western Wanderings_ (London, 1874), 364 pp., illus.

_Bodie Daily Free Press_, November 3, 1879; January 26, 1884.

_Bodie Standard_, November 7, 1877; June 6, 1881.

Boling, Captain John. “Letter from Yosemite Valley,” _Alta California_, June 12, 1851.

——. “Letter from Camp on Fresno River,” _Alta California_, June 14, 1851.

Bolles, Ida Savage. “Sidelights on Major James Savage,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1929, pp. 15-16.

Borell, Adrey E. “History of Fishing in Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1934, pp. 57-60.

Bowles, Samuel. _Our New West_ (New York, 1869), 524 pp., illus.

Brace, Charles Loring. _The New West_ (New York, 1869), 374 pp.

Branson, I. R. _Yosemite against Corporation Greed_ (Aurora, Neb., 1909), 30 pp.

Breitenstein, A. J. “The Park-to-Park Highway,” _New West_, May, 1917, pp. 17-20.

Brewer, William H. _Up and Down California in 1860-1864_ (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1930).

Brewster, E. T. _Life and Letters of J. D. Whitney_ (Boston, 1909), 412 pp.

Brockman, C. Frank. “Contributions of the Naturalist to Winter Recreation,” _Proceedings, Second Park Naturalist Conference_ (Washington, D. C.), pp. 74-80 [mim.].

——. “Little Change in Yosemite’s Glaciers,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1942, pp. 89-91.

——. “Development of Transportation to Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1943, pp. 49-63, 69-72, 76-79, 81-86, 91-96, 101-103.

——. “Administrative Officers of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1944, pp. 53-57.

——. “Principal Waterfalls of the World and Their Relation to Those in Yosemite National Park,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1945, pp. 1-32.

——. “Yosemite and the Mother Lode Country,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 81-85.

——. “The ‘Why’ of Snow Surveys,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 57-61.

——. “The Great Sierra Snow Survey,” _Natural History_, March, 1946, pp. 105-109.

——. “Introduced Trees in Yosemite National Park” [Landmarks of pioneer activities], _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 90-92.

——. “Principal Administrative Officers of Yosemite: Frederick Law Olmsted,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 106-110.

——. “Broadleaved Trees of Yosemite National Park,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1947, pp. 1-40.

Bromley, I. H. “The Big Trees and the Yosemite,” _Scribner’s Monthly_, January, 1872.

Brower, David R. “Beyond the Skiways,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 23 (1938): 2, 40-45. [First ski ascent of Mount Lyell.]

——. “Winter Sports Dilemma,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 31 (1946): 5, 6-7.

——. “Lost Arrow,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 31 (1946): 6, 121-122.

——. “Skiing the Sky-Land,” _American Ski Annual_, 1947, pp. 49-59.

Brower, David R., with Richard M. Leonard, “A Climber’s Guide to the High Sierra: Part IV, Yosemite Valley,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 25 (1940): 1, 41-63.

Bryant, Harold C. “A School for Nature Guides,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1925, pp. 9-10, 16.

——. “Recollections,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1932.

—— and Wallace W. Atwood, Jr. _Research and Education in the National Parks_ (Washington, D. C., 1932), pp. 1-66.

——. “A Nature Preserve [Research Reserve] for Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1927, pp. 46-48.

——. “Trails and Trail Use,” _Proceedings of Eighth Appalachian Trail Conference_, 1938, pp. 26-30.

Bryce, James. National Parks—The Need of the Future. University and historical addresses (1913), 434 pp.

Buckley, J. M. _Two Weeks in the Yosemite and Vicinity_ (New York, 1884), 36 pp.

Bunnell, L. H. _Discovery of the Yosemite_ (Chicago, 1880), 332 pp., portrait, map.

Burns, J. “Yosemite,” in T. Cook’s _Letters from the Sea and Foreign Lands_ (1873), 124 pp.

Burns, Ned J. _Field Manual for Museums_ (National Park Service, Washington, D. C., 1941), xii + 426 pp.

Burroughs, John. “The Spell of the Yosemite,” _Century Magazine_ (Nov., 1910), pp. 47-53.

California Alpine Club. _Trails_ (San Francisco, 1920 to date).

California Fish and Game Commission. _California Fish and Game_ (Sacramento, 1914 to date).

California Legislature. _Investigations of Yosemite Commissioners; Assembly Hearings_, 1889, 430 pp.

California State Board of Trade. _Yosemite Valley: History, Description and Statement of Conditions Relative to the Proposed Recession to the National Government_, Circular 13 (Sacramento, 1904), 34 pp., map.

California State Mineralogist. _Report, 1888_, pp. 367-371.

_California, Statutes of_, chap. dxxxvi, 1865-66.

California Supreme Court. Frémont Decision (Burnett). Case of _Biddle Boggs_ vs. _Merced Mining Company, 14th California Report_, January term, 1858.

_Century Magazine._ Editorial, “The Care of the Yosemite Valley,” January, 1890.

——. Editorial, “Amateur Management of the Yosemite Scenery,” September, 1890.

Chamberlain, A. “Scenery as a National Asset,” _Outlook_, May, 1910, pp. 157-169.

Chamberlain, Newell D. _The Call of Gold: True Tales of the Gold Road to Yosemite_ (Mariposa, 1936), 184 pp., illustrations, maps.

Chapman, C. E. _History of California: The Spanish Period_ (New York, 1921), 528 pp., illus.

Chase, J. S. _Yosemite Trails_ (Boston and New York, 1911), 354 pp., illus.

Churchill, C. M. _Over the Purple Hills_ (Denver, 1876), 336 pp., illus.

——. _The Big Trees of California_ (Redondo, Calif., 1907), 104 pp., illus.

Clark, Galen. _Indians of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity_ (Yosemite, 1904), 110 pp., illus.

——. _The Yosemite Valley: Its History, Characteristic Features, and the Theories Regarding Its Origin_ (Yosemite Valley [Nelson L. Slater], 1910), 108 pp., illus.

——. “Yosemite: Past and Present,” _Sunset_, April, 1909, pp. 394-396.

Clark, W. A. “Automobiling in Yosemite Valley,” _Overland Monthly_, August, 1902, pp. 104-110.

Clarke, Clinton C. “Story of Building the Pacific Crest Trailway, 1932-1942,” bulletin of the Pacific Crest Trail System Conference, Pasadena, Calif., 1942, pp. 1-6.

——. _The Pacific Crest Trailway_ (Pasadena, Calif.: Pacific Crest Trail System Conference, 1945), 126 pp., maps.

Cleland, R. G. _Pathfinders_, of the series, “California” (Los Angeles, 1929), 452 pp., illus.

Clemens, Samuel L. _Roughing It_ (Hartford, 1872), 592 pp., illus.

Cloos, Ernst. “Structure of the Sierra Nevada Batholith,” in _Guidebook 16_, International Geological Congress (Washington, D. C., 1932), pp. 40-45, map, bibliog.

Coffman, John D. “How Much and What Kind of Forest Land Should Be Devoted Exclusively to Recreation and Aesthetics?” _Journal of Forestry_ (February, 1937), pp. 210-214.

Colby, William E. “The Completed LeConte Memorial Lodge,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 5 (1904): 1, 66-69, illus.

——. “The Sierra Club,” _Forestry and Irrigation_, August, 1905, pp. 391-393.

——. “The Soda Springs Purchase,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 8 (1912): 4, 272-274.

——. “The John Muir Trail,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 10 (1916): 1, 86-92.

——. “Yosemite and the Sierra Club,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 23 (1938): 2, 11-19.

——. “Yosemite’s Fatal Beauty,” _National Parks Magazine_ (January-March, 1947), pp. 4-11.

Cole, James E. “Origin of the Name, ‘Yosemite,’” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1936, pp. 49-54.

——. “Museum [Yosemite] Scientific Collections,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1936, pp. 27-32, 37-40.

Commonwealth Club of California. “Should We Stop Building New Roads into California’s High Mountains?” _The Commonwealth_ 12 (June 2, 1936): 22, 325-386, illus.

Cone, Mary. _Two Years in California_ (Chicago, 1876), 238 pp., illus.

Conway, John. Time Book, Glacier Point Road Construction (in Yosemite Museum).

Cook, Lawrence F. _The Giant Sequoias of California_ (Washington, D. C., 1942), 28 pp., illus.

——. “Forest Fire Prevention,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1945, pp. 57-61.

Corcoran, May Stanislas. “Wilderness Odds,” _Oakland Tribune_, July 5, 1925.

——. “Mariposa, the Land of Hidden Gold” (MS in Yosemite Museum).

_Cornhill Magazine_, “Early Spring in California,” April, 1883.

Cosmopolitan House. Grand Register, 1873. [A massive record of visitors during the stagecoach days. Lent to the Yosemite Museum by the Utter family.]

_Country Gentleman_, October 9, 1856.

Coy, O. C. _California County Boundaries_ (Sacramento, 1923), 336 pp., maps.

——. _Gold Days_, of the series “California” (Los Angeles, 1929), 382 pp., illus.

Cramton, Louis C. “The National Parks under Stephen T. Mather,” _American Civic Annual_, 1929, pp. 13-16.

Crane, Agnes. “Staging to the Yosemite,” _Leisure Hour_, August, 1883.

Crocker, H. S. and Co. _Yosemite Illustrated in Colors_ (San Francisco, 1890).

Crofutt, G. A. _Trans-continental Tourist’s Guide_ (New York, 1872), 224 pp.

——. _New Overland Tourist and Pacific Coast Guide_ (1878), 322 pp., illus.

Curtis, W. B. “Our National Parks and Reservations,” _Annals, American Academy of Political and Social Science_, March, 1910, pp. 15-24.

Dale, H. C. _The Ashley-Smith Explorations, 1822-1829_ (A. H. Clark Co., 1918), 352 pp., 3 pls.

Daniels, M. “The National Parks of California,” _California’s Magazine_, July, 1915.

Davidson, G. “The Occupation Of Mount Conness,” _Overland Monthly_, February, 1892.

Degnan, Mary Ellen. “Early Day Experiences in Yosemite” (MS [1941] in Yosemite Museum).

Dequille, Dan. “The Perils of the High Sierras,” _Overland Monthly_, March, 1887, pp. 311-322.

Dickensen, Luella. _Reminiscences of a Trip Across the Plains in 1846, and Early Days in California_ [Yosemite Valley in 1854] (San Francisco, 1904), 118 pp.

Dixon, Joseph S. “A Study of the Life History and Food Habits of Mule Deer in California,” _California Fish and Game_, 20 (1934): pp. 181-282, 315-354.

Doerr, John E. “An Appraisal of the Winter Use in Snow Areas of the National Park Service,” MS, pp. 1-10, with tabular summary of character of areas, extent of use, accommodations, and installations of winter sports facilities, pp. 1-8 [Yosemite, pp. 8-10 of “Appraisal,” and p. 8 of Summary], 1946.

Drury, Aubrey. _California: An Intimate Guide_ (New York, 1935) [Yosemite region, pp. 408-418, 445-478].

Drury, Newton B. “Preserving the Native Landscape in California,” _National Parks Bulletin_, 15 (1940): 68, 11-15.

——. “Half a Century and the National Parks,” _Park Service Bulletin_ (September-October, 1940), pp. 1-6.

——. “The National Parks in Wartime” (Chicago: National Park Service, 1943; included with “Justifications for Appropriations for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1944”), pp. 1-14, mimeographed [see also _American Forests_ (August, 1943), pp. 374-378, 411, for another article, same title].

——. “What the War Is Doing to National Parks and Where They Will Be at Its Close,” _Living Wilderness_, 9 (1944): pp. 11-15.

——. “National Park Service Grazing Policy,” _National Parks Magazine_ (July-September, 1944), pp. 16-17.

——. “The National Park Service: The First Thirty Years,” _American Planning and Civic Annual_ (1945), pp. 29-37.

——. “Policy of the National Park Service Regarding Winter Use,” Memo. of March 21, 1946, mimeographed, pp. 1-3.

Dudley, W. R. “Report on the Big Trees of California,” U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Div. of Forestry, Bulletin 28, 1900, pp. 1-30, illus., maps.

Dumbell, K. E. M. _Seeing the West_ (New York, 1920), 206 pp., illus.

Elliott, Wallace W. _History of Fresno County, California_ (San Francisco, 1881), 246 pp., illus.

Ellsworth, Rodney Sydes. _The Giant Sequoia_ (Oakland, 1924), 168 pp., illus.

Ernst, Emil F. “The Cause of Ghost Forests in Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1936, pp. 25-27.

Evans, Willis A. “Fishes of Yosemite National Park,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1944, pp. 1-20.

Farquhar, Francis P. “Northward over the John Muir Trail,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 11 (1920): 1, 34-48.

——. “Exploration of the Sierra Nevada,” _California Historical Society Quarterly_, March, 1925.

——. “Colonel Benson,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 12 (1925): 2, 175-179.

——. _Place Names of the High Sierra_ (Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1926), 128 pp.

——. “Spanish Discovery of the Sierra Nevada,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 13 (1928): 1, pp. 54-61.

——. “Frémont in the Sierra Nevada,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 15 (1930): 1, pp. 73-95.

——. “Walker’s Discovery of Yosemite,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 27 (1942): 4, pp. 35-49.

——. “Jedediah Smith and the First Crossing of the Sierra Nevada,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 28 (1943): 3, 35-52.

Finck, H. T. _The Pacific Coast Scenic Tour_ (1890), 310 pp., illus.

Foley, D. J. _Foley’s Yosemite Souvenir & Guide_ [Galen Clark’s description of exploration of the Mariposa Grove] (1915), 116 pp., illus.

Font, Pedro. Mapa del Viage que Hizo el P. F. Pedro Font a Monterey, y puerto de San Francisco; y del Viage que Hizo el P. F. Francisco Garces por El Rio Colorado hasta su Desemboque, y para arrira Hasta P. F. Petrus Font fecit Tubutama anno 1770. [Original in Seville; copy in Yosemite Museum.]

Fountain, Paul. _The Eleven Eaglets of the West_ (New York, 1906), 362 pp.

Fry, Walter, and John R. White. _Big Trees_ (Stanford University Press, 1930), 114 pp., illus.

Fryxell, F. M. “The Thomas Moran Art Collection of the National Parks,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1936, pp. 57-60.

——. “A Painter of Yosemite” [Chris Jorgensen], _The American Scandinavian Review_, winter, 1939, pp. 329-333, illus.

Garfield, J. R. Decision of Secretary of Interior Garfield, May 11, 1908, approving the application of San Francisco for the Hetch Hetchy reservoir site, in Proceedings before the Secretary of the Interior in re Use Of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Site in the Yosemite National Park by the City of San Francisco (Washington, D. C., 1910), pp. 1-6.

Glass, Alfred. “Brief History of the Village Chapel,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1945, pp. 114-118.

Glassford, W. A. “Climate of California and Nevada,” 51st U. S. Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. 287, Appendix 67 (Washington, D. C., 1891), pp. 333-356.

Gleadell, W. H. “Yosemite Memories,” _Electric Magazine_, December, 1896.

Godfrey, Elizabeth H. “Chronicles of Cosie Hutchings Mills” (1941 MS in Yosemite Museum), pp. 1-14.

——. “Yosemite Indians Yesterday and Today,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1941, pp. 49-72.

——. “Thumbnail Sketches of Yosemite Artists” [T. A. Ayres, Thomas Hill, Charles D. Robinson, Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Moran, William Keith, Chris Jorgensen, Gunnar M. Widforss, Harry C. Best, Ferdinand Burgdorff], _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1944, pp. 21-97, _passim_; 1945, pp. 37-76, _passim_.

——. “Joseph N. LeConte,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 66-69.

Godfrey, William C. “Among the Big Trees in the Mariposa Grove,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1929, pp. 37-50 [illus. with 15 original pen and ink drawings].

Goethe, C. M. “Nature Guides,” _Survey_, 44 (April, 1920): 145.

——. “Yosemite Nature Guides,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 11 (1921): 2, 167-170.

Gompertz, H. M. “A Closer Acquaintance with Yosemite,” _Sunset_, 1900.

Gordon-Cumming, Constance F. _Granite Crags of California_ (Edinburgh, 1886), 374 pp., illus.

Graves, J. A. _California Memories_ (Los Angeles, 1930), 330 pp., illus.

Greeley, Horace. _Recollections of a Busy Life_ (New York, 1868), 624 pp.

Greenwood, Grace. _New Life in New Lands_ (New York, 1873), 414 pp.

Grinnell, Joseph, and Tracy Irwin Storer. _Animal Life in the Yosemite_ (University of California Press, 1924), xviii + 752 pp., map and illus.

Gunnison, A. _Rambles Overland_ (1884), 246 pp.

Hall, Ansel F. _Guide to Yosemite_ (San Francisco, 1920), 98 pp.

—— (Ed.). _Handbook of Yosemite National Park_ (New York, 1921), 348 pp., illus.

——. “The Early Days in Yosemite,” _California Historical Society Quarterly_, January, 1923.

——. “The Educational Development of Yosemite National Park,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 11 (1923): 4, 411-416.

——. “Educational Activities in National Parks,” _Proc. First Pan Pacific Conf._ (Washington, D. C., 1927), pp. 397-413.

——. _Yosemite Valley: An Intimate Guide_ (Berkeley, 1929), 80 pp.

——. Letter, 1930, to C. P. Russell concerning Yosemite Museum History (in Yosemite Museum).

Hall, Harvey N., and Carlotta C. Hall. _A Yosemite Flora_ (San Francisco, 1912), 282 pp.

Hamilton, E. H. “The New Yosemite Railroad,” _Cosmopolitan Magazine_, September, 1907.

Hamlin, Chauncey J. “Yosemite Museum Formally Presented to Park Service,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1926, p. 95.

——. “Studying Nature in Place,” _Proc. First Pan Pacific Conf._ (Washington, D. C., 1927), pp. 435-443.

Hanna, Phil Townsend. “Yosemite Re-born,” _Touring Topics_, July, 1926, pp. 16-19.

_Harper’s Magazine._ “The Yosemite Valley,” May, 1866, pp. 697-708, illus., map.

Harris Yosemite Camp Grounds, Register of Yosemite Campers, 1878.

Harwell, C. A. “The Stephen Tyng Mather Appreciation Memorial Plaque Dedication,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1932, p. 1.

——. “Beginning of Nature Guiding,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1932, pp. 2-3.

Hildebrand, Joel H. “A Nation of Onlookers?” [Advocates that skiers get away from “the merry-go-round of packed slope and ski tow.”] _American Ski Annual_, 1945-46, pp. 145-150.

Hill, H. A. “A Trip to Yosemite Valley,” _Penny Monthly_, July, 1871.

Hittell, J. S. _The Resources of California_ (San Francisco, 1867), 462 pp.

——. _Bancroft’s Pacific Coast Guide Book_ (San Francisco, 1882), 270 pp., illus.

——. _Hittell’s Hand-book of Pacific Coast Travel_ (San Francisco, 1887), 264 pp., illus.

Hittell, T. H. _The Adventures of James Capen Adams_ (San Francisco, 1860), 378 pp., illus.

——. _History of California_ (San Francisco, 1897), 982 pp.

Hodgdon, T. J. MS by C. P. Russell on interview with Mr. Hodgdon (in Yosemite Museum).

Hoffmann, C. F. “Notes on Hetch Hetchy Valley,” _Proceedings California Academy of Natural Sciences_, 3 (1868): 5, 368-370.

Holder, C. F. “Famous Basaltic Columns,” _Scientific American_, February 2, 1901.

Holmes, A. E. Letter to J. V. Lloyd (in Yosemite Museum).

_Homer Mining Index_ (Lundy), June 12, 1880; July 22, 1882.

Howard of Glossop, Winifred Mary (De Lisle) Howard. _Journal of a Tour in the United States, Canada, and Mexico_ (London, 1897), 356 pp., illus.

Huber, Walter L. “The John Muir Trail,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 15 (1930): 1, 37-46.

Hudson, T. S. _A Scamper through America_ (New York, 1882), 290 pp.

Huntington, E. _The Secret of the Big Trees_ (1913), 24 pp., illus.

Hussey, John A. “Discovery of the Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1937, pp. 60-63.

Hutchings, J. M. _Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California_ (San Francisco, 1862), 268 pp., illus.

——. _In the Heart of the Sierras_ (Oakland, Calif., 1886), 496 pp., illus.

——. _Souvenir of California_ (San Francisco, 1894), 102 pp., illus.

Hutchinson, J. S. “A New Link in the John Muir Trail,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 11 (1923): 4, 357-367.

Huth, Hans. “The Evolution of Preservationism in Europe,” _Journal of the American Society of Architectural Historians_ (July-October, 1941), pp. 5-12 [Yosemite on pp. 5, 12].

Ingram, K. C. Letter to C. P. Russell (in Yosemite Museum) regarding Southern Pacific records of railroad building.

Irving, Washington. _The Rocky Mountains_ (Philadelphia, 1837). Two vols., frontis., maps.

Jackson, Helen Hunt. _Bits of Travel at Home_ (Boston, 1878), 414 pp.

James, Harlean. _Romance of the National Parks_ (New York, 1939), xiv + 240 pp., illus.

Jeffers, L. R. “Memories of the Mountains of California,” _Scribner’s Magazine_, May, 1919.

——. _The Call of the Mountains_ (1922).

Johnson, Clifton. _Highways and Byways of the Pacific Coast_ (1907), 324 pp., illus.

Johnson, Robert U. _Remembered Yesterdays_ (Boston, 1923), 624 pp., illus.

Johnstone, E. McD. _West by South, Half South_ (Buffalo, 1890), 98 pp., illus.

Jones, Fannie Crippen. “The Barnards in Yosemite” (MS in Yosemite Museum).

King, Clarence. _Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada_ (Boston, 1872), 292 pp. [Several subsequent eds., the latest edited by F. P. Farquhar (New York, 1935, 2d printing, 1946), 320 pp., illus.]

Kittredge, Frank A. “Trails of the National Parks,” _American Civic Annual_, 1931, pp. 18-22.

——. “His [Col. C. G. Thomson’s] Contribution to the National Parks,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1937, pp. 37-38.

——. “Yosemite During the War Years,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 73-77.

——. “The National Park Service: The Thirtieth Anniversary,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 86-88.

——. “Death of Maggie Howard, ‘Tabuce,’ Participant in Yosemite Indian Demonstration, Yosemite Interpretive Program,” Memo., Superintendent to Director, January 29, 1947, 2 pp.

Kneeland, Samuel. _The Wonders of the Yosemite Valley_ (1872), 98 pp., illus.

Knowlton, E. “Yosemite on Foot,” _Overland Monthly_, July, 1870, pp. 84-89.

Kroeber, A. L. “California Place Names of Indian Origin,” _University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology_, 12 (1916): 2, 31-69.

——. “Indians of Yosemite,” in _Handbook of Yosemite National Park_ (Ansel F. Hall, ed.; New York, 1921), pp. 49-73.

——. “Handbook of the Indians of California,” Bulletin 78, Bureau American Ethnology (Washington, D. C., 1925).

Kuykendall, R. S. _Early History of Yosemite Valley_ (Washington, D. C., 1919).

Kyle, C. W. _Yosemite: The World’s Wonderland_ (1915).

Laidlaw, Walter. “A Camping Tour to Yosemite,” _Outlook_, June 5, 1897, pp. 319-324.

Layton, G. I. _Two Years in the Life of the Felon, Grovenor I. Layton, Lynched at Sonora, 1852_ (A. R. Orton, 1852), 40 pp., illus.

LeConte, J. N. _Alpina Americana, No. 1: The High Sierra of California_ (American Alpine Club, New York, 1907).

——. “The Soda Springs Property in the Tuolumne Meadows,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 9 (1913): 1, 36-39.

LeConte, Joseph. _A Journal of Ramblings through the High Sierras of California by the “University Excursion Party”_ (San Francisco, 1875). [Reprinted, _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 3 (1900): 1, pp. 1-107. New ed., San Francisco, The Sierra Club, 1930, xviii + 152 pp., illus.]

——. “Rough Notes of a Yosemite Camping Trip,” _Overland Monthly_, October, November, December, 1885.

——. “Yosemite,” _Sunset_, 2 (1899): 119-120, illus.

——. The Autobiography of Joseph LeConte (1903), 338 pp., illus.

Leidig, Charles T. “The Leidig Family in California” (MS).

——. “President Roosevelt’s Visit to Yosemite in May, 1903” [a report by the President’s guide and cook], 4 pp., 1941, typed MS in Yosemite Museum.

Leonard, Richard M. “Piton Technique on the Cathedral Spires,” _Appalachia_, December, 1934, p. 178.

——. “Rock Climbing in Yosemite,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 23 (1938): 2, 116-119.

——. “Use of Wilderness Areas,” _American Planning and Civic Annual_, 1939, pp. 227-231.

Leonard, Richard M., and David R. Brower. “A Climber’s Guide to the High Sierra: Part IV, Yosemite Valley,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 25 (1940): 1, 41-63.

Leonard, Richard M., et al. _Mountain Records of the Sierra Nevada_ (Sierra Club, San Francisco, 1937), 118 pp. (mim.).

Leonard, Zenas. _Leonard’s Narrative, 1831-1836_ (Cleveland, 1904), 318 pp., illus.

Lester, J. E. _The Yo-Semite_ (an address, Providence, 1873), 40 pp.

——. _The Atlantic to the Pacific_ (Boston, 1873), 366 pp.

Lewis, Ralph H. “A Survey of National Park Service Museums,” _Museum News_, 19 (1941): 7, 10-12.

——. “Park Museums—State and Local” [Part I, Trailside Museums; Part II, Historic House Museums; Part III, Museums in the Survey], _Museum News_, 23 (1945): 10, 7-12; 11, 7-12.

Lewis, W. B. “Yosemite as a Playground,” _California Forestry_, June, 1917, pp. 12-13.

——. “Yosemite Timber Lands Saved,” _American Civic Annual_, 2 (1930), 7-9.

_Littell’s Living Age_, “The Yo-Hamite Valley of California,” January, 1860.

Lloyd, James D. “The Removal of the Old Yosemite Village,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1926, pp. 26-31.

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FOOTNOTES

[1]The first legislature of the state appointed a committee to report on the derivation and definition of the names of the several counties of California. The report is dated April 16, 1850, and from it is quoted the following:

“In the month of June, 1806 (in one of their yearly excursions to the valley of the rushes—Valle de los Tulares—with a view to hunt elks), a party of Californians pitched their tents on a stream at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, and whilst there, myriads of butterflies, of the most gorgeous and variegated colors, clustered on the surrounding trees, attracted their attention, from which circumstance they gave the stream the appellation of Mariposa. Hence Mariposa River, from which the county (also heavily laden with the precious metal) derives its poetical name.”

[2]Foremost among the references is L. H. Bunnell’s _Discovery of the Yosemite_, published in 1880. Bunnell was closely associated with Savage during three of his most active years in the Mariposa region; his account is intimate and rich in detail and unprejudiced. We catch an interesting glimpse of Savage, the ’forty-niner, through the pages also of George H. Tinkham’s _California Men and Events_. Something additional of his gold mining and trading is gleaned from the writings of W. E. Wilde and S. P. Elias. Elliott’s _History of Fresno County_ contributes a number of authenticated incidents, and J. M. Hutchings reveals matters regarding influences that undoubtedly figured in his tragic death. United States Senate documents record his official dealings with the Indians; L. A. Winchell gives some information on his enemies; contemporary newspapers describe his meeting with death; and finally _Depositions from the Papers of Geo. W. Wright, One of Two First Congressmen from California_, provides papers pertaining to the Court of Claims, 1858, in which appears sworn testimony regarding the shooting of Savage. This last paper formed a part of the Boutwell Dunlap Collection.

[3]Bell (1927) records that the photographer, Vance, made pictures of Savage and his Indians on this occasion.

[4]A muster roll of the Mariposa Battalion appears in Elliott, 1881, and in Russell, 1931, pp. 186-191.

[5]The Walker party, 1833, may have been the first to see the Merced Grove. See p. 8. See also Wegner, J. H., _Yosemite Nature Notes_ (1930), p. 67.

[6]See Fannie Crippen Jones, “The Barnards in Yosemite,” MS in Yosemite Museum.

[7]See Harwell, C. A., _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1933, Vol. XII, No. 1.

[8]See Taylor, Mrs. H. J., _Yosemite Nature Notes_ (1929).

[9]Beatty, M. E. “History of the Firefall,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_ (1934), pp. 41-43; and Yosemite Park and Curry Co., 1940, _The Firefall, Explanation and History_, Yosemite National Park, pp. 1-5.

[10]Camps at these spots first were established in the days of the Desmond Park Service Company, 1916-1918.

[11]A road of sorts crossed Sonora Pass prior to this construction work. Hittell (1911, p. 218) tells of Grizzly Adams’s trip through the pass with a wagon in the Spring of 1854.

[12]See Farquhar, 1926, pp. 15-23.

[13]Joseph LeConte became a faculty member at the University of California in 1869 and made his first trip to Yosemite in 1870. Of that experience, he wrote, “This trip was almost an era in my life.” For the rest of his life, he devoted much time to Sierra studies. He died suddenly in the valley, July 6, 1901. The LeConte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite Valley, built by the Sierra Club in 1903, commemorates his work (see _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 1904, 1905; Farquhar, 1926, pp. 30-32).

[14]Lt. Montgomery Meigs Macomb, assisted by J. C. Spiller and F. O. Maxson, explored the Yosemite region in 1878 and 1879. Their work was a part of the program of the U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, Capt. George M. Wheeler in charge. This program received the general direction of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army. Macomb's field work yielded the data for a map which was standard in the Yosemite region for many years (see U. S. War Dept., 1879).

[15]In 1879, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey sent a reconnaissance party into the Yosemite high country under the leadership of George Davidson. Mount Conness was occupied on that occasion and again in 1887 and 1890 (see p. 72; also Davidson, 1892).

[16]The United States Geological Survey was organized in 1879 under the direction of Clarence King. In 1882 and 1883, a thorough study was made of the Yosemite high country west of Mono Lake. Israel C. Russell was in charge of this field work. Willard D. Johnson and Grove Karl Gilbert assisted him. These men confirmed some of the original work done by Muir and Joseph LeConte (See U. S. Geological Survey, 1883-84, pp. 31-32, 303-328; 1886-87, I: 261-394; I. C. Russell, 1897, pp. 37-54; Farquhar, 1926, p. 42).

[17]See Ralph H. Lewis, 1941 and 1945; Robert C. Robinson, 1940.

[18]Mount Conness, one of the outstanding peaks in the Tuolumne Meadows region, was named for Senator John Conness by Clarence King, later first director of the United States Geological Survey, but at the time a member of the Whitney Survey. King and James T. Gardiner were the first to climb the peak, making the ascent in 1864. Referring to the mountain, King said that because of its “firm peak with titan strength and brow so square and solid, it seems altogether natural we should have named it for California’s statesman, John Conness.”

[19]_Congressional Globe_, May 17, 1864, p. 2301.

[20]_The Life and Letters of John Muir_, I: 207-208.

[21]Gabriel Sovulewski was born in Poland in 1866; he died Nov. 29, 1938. For a synopsis of his work and the activities of others in the military administration, see “Administrative Officers of Yosemite,” by C. Frank Brockman, _Yosemite Nature Notes_ (1944).

[22]Taylor, Mrs. H. J. “Hetch Hetchy Water Flows into San Francisco.” _Yosemite Nature Notes_ (1934), pp. 89-91, Badè, W. F., “The Hetch Hetchy Situation [Editorial],” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 9 (1914): 3, 174.

[23]See Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1933, pp. 158-159, for account of the Stephen T. Mather Appreciation and the dedication of Mather Memorial Plaques, presented by that organization.

[24]At that time called Lafayette National Park and since re-named when it was extended to include a portion of the mainland.

_INDEX_

The following entries refer particularly to narrative pages. For further references, see under appropriate date in Chronology.

_INDEX_

A Abrams, LeRoy, 134 Acknowledgments, ix-xi Adams, James Capen, 127, 134, 180 Adams, Virginia and Ansel, 73, 191 Administration, Yosemite, 146-175 Agua Fria, first Mariposa County seat, 12, 20, 24 Ahwahnee, Indian name for Yosemite Valley, 37. _See also_ Camp Ahwahnee Ahwahnee Hotel, 101, 115-116 Airplane, first in Yosemite Valley, 188 Albright, Horace M., biographical notes, 169-170 All-Year Highway, 86, 169-170, 188-189 _Alta California_, quoted, 26, 28, 38-39; another use, 103 American Association of Museums, x-xi. _See also_ Yosemite Museum American [Planning and] Civic Association, 161 Anderson, George G., 79; Trail of, 109 Arboretum, Wawona, 187 Aurora, mining town, 124, 127 Automobiles in Yosemite, 69 Ayres, Thomas, Yosemite sketches by, 48, 58, 147, 181

B Badè, W. F., writings of, 153-154 Badger Pass, 91, 173, 191, 193 Ball, George A., 162 Barnard, J. K., 98. _See also_ Sentinel Hotel Barrett, Samuel A., 132 Beadle, J. H., quoted, 53-55, 103 Beardsley, Buck, 96 Beardsley and Hite. _See_ Upper Hotel Beatty, M. E., 131, 136, 193 Bennetville. _See_ Tioga Benson, Col. Harry C., 77, 159, 160; quoted, 83 Benton, California, 124 Best, Harry C., 186, 191 Bierstadt, Albert, 181 Big Oak Flat: Trail, 52; Road, 164-170 Big Oak Flat and Yosemite Turnpike Company, 63 Big Tree Room, 58 Big Trees: discovery, 8; Mariposa Grove, 8; Merced Grove, 8, 62; writings about, 133-134; Tuolumne Grove, 184 Big Trees Lodge, 113, 189, 191 Bigelow, Maj. John, 187 Black, A. G., 95, 96 Black Bart. _See_ Highwaymen Black’s Hotel: Bull Creek, 101; Yosemite Valley, 56, 96, 101, 123-128 _passim_ Bloody Canyon, 46, 74, 118, 119 Bodie: boom days of, 64-65, 118, 124; mining district organized, 126; relics, 128 Body, W. S., 125, 127 Boling, Captain John: and Mariposa Battalion, 25, 36, 180; first entrance into Yosemite Valley of, 37; first letter from Yosemite Valley by, 38, 180; quoted, 38-39; second entrance into Yosemite Valley of, 180 Bolles, Ida Savage, 16 Botanical studies in Yosemite, 133-134 Boutwell Dunlap collection, 16 n., 30 Bowditch, Mrs. Ernest W., 48 Boysen, J. T., 69, 193 Brace, Charles Loring, 97, 99; quoted, 97-98, 99-100 Brewer, William H., 71, 78, 129, 130 Brockman, C. Frank, x, 136, 144; quoted on trails, 82 Brooks, Joel H., investigated Savage killing, 30-32 Brower, David R., xi; quoted, 87-91 Brusky, William, 118 Bryant, H. C., 136, 138-143 _passim_; quoted, 140 Bumpus, H. C., 142, 193 Bunnell, L. H.: quoted on Walker, 7; writings of, 14, 16; quoted on Savage, 19-20; quoted on mistreatment of Indians, 27; and naming of Yosemite Valley, 37; and naming of Tenaya Lake, 39; Yosemite Valley surveyed by, 92; trail built by Coulter and, 92; and first house built in Yosemite, 55, 93; quoted on first view of Yosemite, 146; quoted on aesthetic appreciation of Yosemite, 147; influence on Yosemite reservation, 147 Bureau of American Ethnology, 132 Burney, James, with volunteer Indian fighters, 24 Buwalda, John P., 131, 190

C Cain, Mr. and Mrs. D. V., 128 Caine, Capt. J. E., 186 California Fish and Game Commission, 138, 140, 143, 185 _California Magazine._ _See_ J. M. Hutchings California State Geological Survey, 71, 129. _See also_ J. D. Whitney Calkins, F. C., 131 Cammerer, Arno B., 173 Camp Ahwahnee, 112 Camp Curry, 111-113 Camp Lost Arrow, 112 Camp Yosemite, 112 Campbell, William J., and mistreatment of Indians, 28, 29 Camps, High Sierra. _See_ High Sierra Camps Carl Inn Tract, 163, 171 Caton, J. D., quoted, 98 Cedar Cottage. _See_ Upper Hotel Central Pacific Railroad, 63, 182 Chandler, Mrs. A. E., 40 Chapel, Yosemite Valley, 102 Chittenden, Hiram M., 157 Church Bowl, Yosemite, 191 Churchill, Caroline M., quoted, 102 Civilian Conservation Corps, 191, 192 Clark, Galen: papers of, 40; established station now known as Wawona, 50-51; as geologist, 130; writings of, 133; first Yosemite guardian, 150; as surveyor, 180; death of, 187; memorial to, 187 Clark and Moore’s Hotel, 100 Clark’s (Galen) Ranch: as a resort, 99-101; as headquarters, U. S. Army, 157. _See also_ Wawona Coarse Gold, 26 Colby, William E., 156-157 Cole, James E., 136 Commonwealth Club of California, 86 Conness, Mount, 72, 148 Conness, Senator John, 148 Conway, John, trail builder, 79, 80, 104, 108, 182, 183 Cook, J. J., 111 Cook, L. F., 134 Corcoran, May Stanislas, 11 Cosmopolitan saloon, 103-104 Coulter, George W., 52 Coulter and Murphy, 98. _See also_ Sentinel Hotel Coulterville: Trail, 52, 181; Road, 53, 62, 63, 163-164 Coulterville and Yosemite Turnpike Company, 61, 62 Craig, Maj. L. A., 186 Cunningham, S. W., 93-96 _passim_ Curry, Mr. and Mrs. D. A., 111-113

D Daniels, Mark, 161, 188 Davidson, Professor George, 71-72, 130 Davis, Milton F., 77, 159 Deer, hoof and mouth disease epidemic in, 189 Degnan’s bakery and store, 110 Del Portal Hotel, 187 Dennison, W. E., 184 Desmond Park Service Company, 109, 112 Devils Postpile, 171, 187 Dill, William, 25, 36 Dixon, Joseph, 135 Dodd, Derrick, 108-109 Drury, Newton B.: quoted, vii-viii; and National Park Service wildlife policy, 137; and Save-the-Redwoods League, 173; appointed to Yosemite Advisory Board, 173; Director, National Park Service, xii, 173-174

E Eagle Peak Trail, 80 Earthquake in Yosemite Valley, 183 Echo Wall Trail, 185 Education Department. _See_ Yosemite Education Department, and Park Naturalists Electric power plant: Cascades, 168; Happy Isles, 186 Eleven-Mile Trail, 104, 109 Elias, S. P., 16 n; quoted, 17 Elk, California Valley: introduced into Yosemite, 189; removed, 191 Elliott’s _History of Fresno County_, 16 n; quoted, 29, 30 El Portal, 68. _See_ All-Year Highway Ernst, Emil, 134 Esmeralda Mining District, 126 Ethnological studies, 132-133 Eustis, Mrs. A. H., 49 Ewing, Frank B., 85 Exploration of Yosemite, 71-91

F Farquhar, Francis P.: acknowledgment to, xi; evaluation of Walker’s discovery of Yosemite, 7 Farrow, T. E., 113-114 Firefall, Glacier Point, 108, 112 First mountaineering ascents: Cathedral Peak, 78; Mount Clark, 78; Mount Conness, 78; Mount Dana, 78; Mount Hoffmann, 78; Mount Lyell, 78, 191; Half Dome, 79; Cathedral Spires, 88; routes on valley walls, 88; Lost Arrow, 89 Fish. _See_ California Fish and Game Commission Fiske, George, photographer, 40 Flood, Yosemite, 69-70 Foley, D. J., quoted, 66-68 Force, Lieut. Wm., 186 Forsyth, Major W. W., 77, 159 Fort Miller, 29, 46 Fort Yosemite, 160 Four-Mile Trail, 80-81, 108 Frémont, John Charles: visit to Yosemite region, 12; home in Bear Valley, 13; and Frémont Grant, 13; Bear Flag party of, 18 French Company, the, 12, 13 Fresno Flats, 123, 124

G Gale, Capt. G. H. G., 185 Gardiner, James T., 71, 78, 148 n Garrard, Lt. Col. Jos., 187 Geological studies, 129-132 Gifford, E. W., 132 Glacier measuring, 190 Glacier Point: Mountain House, 107-109; Hotel, 109; passenger lift proposal, 109; Road, 109, 170 Godfrey, Elizabeth H., x, 60, 133, 193 Goethe, C. M., 137, 138 Gold discovery, influence on Yosemite history, 10-13 Golden Crown Mine, 122 Gordon-Cumming, Lady, quoted, 108 Government Center, 189 Grazing: permitted in Yosemite, 188. _See also_ Yosemite National Park, exploitation of Great Sierra Mining Company, 119, 120 Greeley, Horace, 58 Grinnell, Joseph, 135 Grover, Stephen F., 40; quoted, 40-45 Guidebooks, 73-74, 89

H Habitation, first in Yosemite, 55, 93 Hall, Ansel F., xi, 135; and establishment of Yosemite Museum, 140-141, 144 Hall, Harvey M. and Carlotta C., 134 Hall, Tommy, 104 Hamlin, C. J., and establishment of Yosemite Museum, 141 Harlow, Geo. T., 186 Harris, A., and Harris Camp Grounds, 106-107 Harvey, Walter H.: and death of Savage, 30-32; and mistreatment of Indians, 28, 29 Harwell, C. A., x, 136, 144 Hein, Maj. O. L., 186 Hetch Hetchy Valley: rights granted to San Francisco, 161, 187, 188; as a reservoir, 161-162; fight for preservation of, 162 n, 186; discovery of, 179; dam enlarged, 191 High Sierra Camps, 87, 113-115, 167, 191 High Sierra snow surveys, 190 High Sierra trails, 81, 82, 83-85 Highwaymen: Black Bart, 66; of the Chowchilla, 66-68 Hite, John, 52 Hite’s Cove route, 52, 93 Hoffmann, Charles F., 71, 78 Holbrook, J. C., quoted, 94 Holmes, A. E., quoted, 69 Holmes, L. A., editor, _Mariposa Gazette_, 50 Homer, L. L., 121 Homer Mining District, 121 _Homer Mining Index_, 119, 121, 122; quoted, 119-120, 122 Hospital. _See_ Lewis Memorial Hospital, Ahwahnee Hotel (U. S. Navy), and Yosemite Hospital (U. S. Army) Hotels. _See_ Ahwahnee, Barnard’s, Big Trees Lodge, Black’s, Camp Ahwahnee, Camp Curry, Camp Lost Arrow, Camp Yosemite, Cedar Cottage, Clark and Moore’s, Clark’s Ranch, Cosmopolitan, Coulter and Murphy, Del Portal, Glacier Point, Harris Camp Grounds, High Sierra Camps, Hutchings House, La Casa Nevada, Leidig’s, Lower, Oak Cottage, Peregoy’s, River Cottage, Rock Cottage, Sentinel, Stoneman House, Tuolumne Meadows Lodge, Upper, Wawona, Yosemite Falls, Yosemite Lodge Hotels and their keepers, 92-116 Howard, Maggie, 190, 193 Hubbard, Mrs. C. W., 48 Huntington, Ellsworth, 134 Hutchings, Emily A., quotation from, 59-60 Hutchings, Florence, 182 Hutchings, James Mason: writings of, 16, 50, 56, 57; quoted, 35, 56, 78; and first interest in Yosemite, 48, 56, 80, 91, 96-98; Yosemite publicity, 50, 147, 151; home in Yosemite of, 57, 98; as hotel proprietor, 58; as guardian of Yosemite Grant, 59, 152, 184; death of, 59; and trails, 80; and litigation concerning Yosemite holdings, 96, 98, 149-152; orchard, 98; as guide, 107 “Hutchings,” Tom, 48 Hutchings House: applied to Cedar Cottage, Oak Cottage, River Cottage, Rock Cottage, Sentinel Hotel, Upper Hotel, which see

I Indian Canyon Trail, 80 Indian Commissioners, 36 Indian exhibit in Yosemite, 190, 193 Indian trails, 74-77 Indian tribes of Yosemite region: Ah-wah-nee-chees, 12, 132; Chowchillas, 22, 76, 77; Chukchansi, 22, 75, 76, 77; Miwoks, 74, 75, 76, 132; Mono, 46, 47, 76; Nuchu, 36, 99; Southern Miwok, 75; Yokuts, 75, 76 Indians of Yosemite region: first clash between whites and, 24-25; murders preceding Yosemite Indian War by, 24; and Mariposa Indian War, 24; treaties with, 26; reservations for, 26, 28, 35, 36, 40; mistreatment of, 27, 28; effect of Savage’s death upon, 33-34; dealings with Indian agents, 36; Wawona campsite of Nuchus, 36, 99 Indians of Yosemite Valley: attack on Savage’s trading post, 24; participation in Mariposa Indian War, 24; and failure to sign treaty, 26, 36; first surrender to whites, 36; return to Yosemite Valley, 40; attack on prospectors, 40-45; strife with Mono Indians, 46-48; second surrender to whites, 180; interview with last survivor of original band of, _see_ Lebrado Ireland, Louise Savage, 16, 34

J Jepson, Willis L., 133, 134 John Muir Trail, 83-85 Johnson, Robert Underwood, editor of _Century Magazine_, 155 Johnston, Adam, quoted, 77 Jorgensen, Chris, 186, 191 Juarez, Chief José, 22-24

K Kat, William, 88 Kemp, J. C., 119 “Kenneyville” property, 101 King, Clarence: as geologist, 71, 129; as mountaineer, 78; as mapper, 95, 148 n; quoted, 95-96 Kittredge, Frank A.: acknowledgment to, xi; quoted, 171; biographical notes, 172-173 Kroeber, A. L.: cited, 75; writings of, 132 Kuykendall, John J., 25, 36

L La Casa Nevada, 80, 104-105 Lake, W. B., quoted, 106-107 Lake Mining District, 123 Lamon, James C., first homesteader, 147-150 _passim_ Lebrado, Maria, last survivor of Yosemites, 25, 47-48 LeConte, J. N., 72, 84, 130, 182, 193 LeConte, Joseph: as geologist, 130; first Yosemite trip, 205; memorial lectures, 188 LeConte Memorial Lodge, 83, 130, 186 Ledge Trail, 107, 188 Leevining Canyon, 46, 122 Leidig, G. F., 95, 101 Leidig’s Hotel, 101-103 Lembert, John B., 119, 185. _See also_ Tuolumne Soda Springs Leonard, Archie, 122, 161 Leonard, Richard M., 89 Leonard, Zenas: as trapper, 4-5; clerk of Walker party, author of earliest Yosemite document, 5, 6-7, 8 Lewis, Washington B., biographical notes, 167-169 Lewis Memorial Hospital, 190 Littebrant, Major William T., 161 Little Yosemite Trail, 104 Lodges. _See_ Hotels Longhurst, Peter, 95 Lower Hotel, 56, 93-96 Lundy, 119, 121, 122 Lundy, W. J., 121

M McCauley, James: and Glacier Point Mountain House, 108-109; originator of firefall, 108; trail builder, 79, 80, 107-108 McClure, Lieut., N. F., 77, 159 McCord, Mark L., 185 McDuffie, Duncan, and Yosemite Advisory Board, 190 McHenry, Donald Edward, 144 McLean, Dr. John T., 61, 62, 63; quoted, 62 Macomb, Lieut. M. M., 71, 130 Mammoth City, 123, 124 Mammoth City-Fresno Trail, 123-124 _Mammoth City Herald_, 123, 125 _Mammoth City Times_, 123 Mann Brothers, Houston and Milton, 50, 51, 92 Maps, 71-73, 77 Maria, last of Yosemites. _See_ Lebrado Mariposa: history of, 11, 179; origin of name, 11-12 n; pioneers of, 11-12 Mariposa Battalion, 25-26, 36 Mariposa-El Portal-Yosemite Valley Road. _See_ All-Year Highway Mariposa Estate, 13, 92, 179 _Mariposa Gazette_ and first printed description of Yosemite, 50 Mariposa Grove of Big Trees: in State Park, 148-149; discovery, 180; explored by Galen Clark, 181; log cabin, 185; Museum, 190 Mariposa-Hite’s Cove Road, 52 Mariposa [Indian] Trail, 51, 52, 99 Mariposa Indian War. _See_ Indians of Yosemite Valley Mariposa-Wawona-Yosemite Valley Road, 63 Marshall, James W., 10 Marshall, R. B., 72, 188 Marvin, Judge John G., 30, 31, 32 Master Plan of Yosemite National Park, 80, 86, 174-175 Mather, Stephen T.: Mountain Party of 1916, 85; and John Muir Trail, 85; and National Park Service educational program, 137-138; appointed Director of National Park Service, 161; Tioga Road purchased by, 164; biographical notes, 164-167, 168-173 _passim_ Matthes, François E., 73, 131 May Lundy Mine, 122 Memorials: J. D. Savage placque, 35; LeConte Lodge, 130; Galen Clark seat, 187; LeConte lectures, 188; Parsons Lodge, 188; Lewis Hospital, 190 Merced Grove of Big Trees, 8 Merced-Wawona Road, 101 Merriam, C. Hart, 132 Merriam, John C., 142 Merriam, Lawrence C., 171-172, 192 Michael, Charles, 88 Michael, Enid, 134-135, 189 Miller, Adolph C., 161 Miller, Loye H., 138; quoted, 138-140 Mills, Cosie Hutchings (Mrs. Gertrude Hutchings), 59, 60 Mining Districts. _See_ Bodie, Esmeralda, Homer, Lake, Montgomery, Mount Hoffmann, Tioga Mono Diggings, 118 Mono Indians, strife with Yosemites, 46-48 Mono region mining, 117-128 Mono Trail, 46, 74, 118 _Mono Weekly Messenger_, 125 Monoville, 118 Montgomery Mining District, 124 Moore, Edwin, 100 Moore, Lieut. Tredwell: and attack on Yosemite Indians, 46; Mono explorations of, 46, 117 Moran, Thomas, art collection, 191 Motor vehicles. _See_ Automobiles Mountain View House. _See_ Peregoy’s Mountaineering, 26, 78-79, 87-89; National Park Service policy on, 89. _See also_ First mountaineering ascents Mount Dana Summit Mine, 120-121 Mount Hoffmann Mining District, 184 Muir, John: as mountaineer, 78, 79, 88; quoted, 79; as explorer, 84, 182; death, 84, 188; as geologist, 130; writings, 133-134, 155, 183; as teacher of Yosemite values, 138, 152-156; as sheepherder in Yosemite, 152-153; “lumbering operation” of, 153; in the employ of Hutchings, 153-154; quoted on his Yosemite cabin by Badè, 153-154. _See also_ Sierra Club Muir Trail. _See_ John Muir Trail Murphy, John L., 184, 185 Museum of Vertebrate Zoölogy, University of California, 135

N Nature guiding, 138-141 Neal, Mr. and Mrs. John H., 94 Nuchu Indian camp, 36, 99

O Oak Cottage, 98 Oastler, Frank R., 141 Olmsted, Frederick Law (elder): as superintendent of Mariposa Estate, 13; as chairman, first Board of Yosemite Commissioners, 13, 149; quoted, 149 Olmsted, Frederick Law (younger): as National Park Service Collaborator, 14; appointed to Yosemite Advisory Board, 14 Orchards in Yosemite Valley: Hutchings’, 98; Lamon’s, 148 Ostrander Lake Ski Hut, 91, 192 Ostrander’s, 51

P Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co., 187 Packing (animals), 53, 87 Pardee, Gov. Geo. C., 187 Park Naturalists of Yosemite, 144 Parker, Harry C., 136 Parsons Memorial Lodge, 188 Passes used by Indians, 76 Peregoy, Charles E., 51, 105, 107 Peregoy’s Hotel, 51, 105-106 Photographs, first of Yosemite Valley, 56-57 Pilgrim Society, 126 Pine City, 123 Porter, Mrs. Sarah Seton, 17 Presidents visiting Yosemite: Theodore Roosevelt, 156, 187; Hayes, 184; Franklin D. Roosevelt, 192 Presnall, C. C., 136 Private lands. _See_ Yosemite National Park, private lands

R Radio communications, 191 Railroads: Central Pacific, 63; connections with stage routes, 63; Yosemite Valley, 68, 69-70 Raker, John E., 161-162 Rangers, 158; organization of, 161; club house, 189 Raymond, I. W., and Yosemite Grant, 182 Research Reserves, 190 River Cottage, 98 Road policy: and realignment, 86; obliteration, 86; and mountain wilderness values, 86 Roads. _See_ All-Year Highway, Big Oak Flat, Coulterville, El Portal-Yosemite Valley, Glacier Point, Mariposa-Hite’s Cove, Mariposa-Wawona-Yosemite Valley, Sonora Pass, Tioga, Wawona-Merced Robinson, Charles D., 184 Rock Cottage, 98 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 162 Rockefeller, Laura Spelman Memorial. _See_ Yosemite Museum Rodgers, Capt. Alexander, 77, 185 Roosevelt, Theodore, and Antiquities Act of 1906, 156 Rosenblatt, Arthur, 57 Rucker, Maj. L. J., 186 Russell, Carl P., 135, 144 Russell, I. C., 130

S Saddle parties, 50-60 _San Francisco Daily Herald_, quoted, 29, 32, 33-34 Savage, James D.: as trader, 14; trading posts, 14, 19, 20-21, 23, 24, 25, 26; role as discoverer of Yosemite Valley, 15; boyhood, 17; marriage, 17, 21; arrival in California, 18; champion of Indians, 18, 29; intimacy with Indians, 18, 21; as white chief of the foothills, 18-35; associated with Rev. James Woods, 19; Bunnell quoted on, 19-20; quoted, 20, 27; trouble with Indians, 21-27; described by old Indian, 25; in command of the Mariposa Battalion, 25, 36, 146; aid to Indian agents, 26; as military leader and trailfinder, 26, 75; quarrel with Harvey, 30-32; death of, 30-35; burial, 34 School, Yosemite Valley public, 183 Second U. S. Infantry. _See_ Lieut. Tredwell Moore Sell, W. M., 187. _See also_ Camp Ahwahnee Sentinel Hotel, 98, 112 _Sequoia gigantea._ _See_ Big Trees Sharsmith, Carl W., 134 Sheepherder Mine. _See_ Tioga Mine Sheepmen, trails used by, 77 Sherman, E. A., editor, _Esmeralda Star_, 126 Shirley, James C., 134 Sierra Club: acknowledgment to, xi; and mapping, 72; and trails, 84, 85-86; outings, 84, 186; purposes, 86, 156; Rock-Climbing Section, 88; lodges, 130, 186, 188; and U. S. Geological Survey, 131; and study of fauna, 135; and John Muir, 156; and creation of Yosemite National Park, 156; and Antiquities Act, 156; and William E. Colby, 156-157; and Yosemite recession, 160, 185; Soda Springs property of, 187 _Sierra Club Bulletin_, xi, 156 Sierra Telegraph Company, 121 Skiing, 90-91, 173, 191, 193 Smedberg, W. R., 159 Smith, C. E., 103 Smith, Jedediah S.: in ranks of “Fur Brigade,” 1; trip to California by, 1, 2; first white to cross Sierra Nevada, 2, 179 Snow, Albert, 79, 104, 123; trail built by, 80, 104 Snow surveys of High Sierra, 190 Sonora Pass: Road, 127; Trail, 10, 75, 76, 80, 118 Southern Mines, 11 Sovulewski, Gabriel, 159, 187; quoted, 83, 159-160; death of, 159, 192 Stagecoach days, 61-70 Stagecoaches: types of, 64; replaced in Yosemite by automobiles, 69 Staging, unknown author quoted on, 64-65 Starr, W. A., Jr., guidebook, 73-74 Stoneman House, 101, 111 Storer, Tracy I., 135 Street, Harlow, 183 Sudworth, George B., 133 Survey parties, 71-73 “Ta-bu-ce.” _See_ Howard, Maggie

T Taylor, Mrs. H. J., x, 132 Telegraph lines, 183, 187 Telephone: first in Yosemite, 185; first adequate system in Yosemite, 187 Tenaya, Chief of the Yosemites: first surrender to whites, 36; captured by whites, 37, 39; death of, 46-48; and Mono Indians, 46-48. _See also_ Indians of Yosemite Valley Tenaya Lake: origin of name, 39; trail, 46, 187; and John L. Murphy claim, 184, 185 Thomson, Col. Charles G., 86, 170-171 Tileston, John Boies, 78 Tinkham, George G.: quoted, 19; writings of, 16 n Tioga (settlement), 118, 119 Tioga-Lundy Trail, 121-122 Tioga Mine (Sheepherder), 118, 119 Tioga Mining District, 119, 120, 121 Tioga Road, 81, 120, 164, 170, 192 Toll roads, policy, 163 Toll trails, policy, 79, 80-81, 82, 163 Trading posts. _See_ Savage Trail policy, 87 Trails. _See_ Anderson’s, Big Oak Flat, Coulterville, Eagle Peak, Echo Wall, Eleven-Mile, Four-Mile, High Sierra, Hite’s Cove, Indian Canyon, John Muir, Ledge, Little Yosemite, Mammoth City-Fresno, Mariposa, Mono, Sonora Pass, Tenaya Lake, Tioga-Lundy, Yosemite Falls Trask, John B., 129; quoted, 117 Tresidder, Donald B., 113, 162; Mary Curry, xi, 113, 134 Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees, 8, 181, 184 Tuolumne Meadows Lodge, 114, 188 Tuolumne Meadows Soda Springs, 119; purchased by Sierra Club, 187 Tuolumne Meadows trail, 46 Turner, H. W., 130 Twain, Mark, 127

U U. S. Army: pioneer activity in Yosemite, 77-78; in charge of Yosemite National Park, 77, 157-161; and building of trails, 78; Wawona headquarters, 157, 185; and Fort Yosemite, 160; and Yosemite Arboretum, 187; first plans for Yosemite Museum made by, 187; Signal Corps in Yosemite, 192 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 72 U. S. Forest Service and John Muir Trail, 84, 85 U. S. Geological Survey, 71, 72, 73, 85, 131 U. S. National Park Service: administration of Yosemite, vii-viii, 161-175 _passim_; and trails, 84; establishment of, 161 U. S. Navy and Special Hospital (Ahwahnee Hotel), 116 U. S. Weather Bureau, 187 Upper Hotel, or Hutchings House, 56, 57, 58, 93, 96-99; Big Tree Room, 58

V Vegetation type map, 192 Vining, Lee, 46 Vivian, A. P., quoted, 100-101, 102

W Wagon: first, 55, 179; freight, 64; mud, 64 Walker, Joseph R.: with Bonneville, 3, 4, 5; biographical notes, 3-8; discovery of Yosemite by, 5, 6-8; grave, 7; discoverer of Big Trees, 8 Walker, M. V., 136 Wallace, Miles, 186 Walworth and Hite Hotel, 56, 93 Ward, Marjorie Montgomery, 190 Wartime problems in Yosemite, xii, 116, 149, 173-174, 192, 193 Washburn, Coffman, Chapman, and Company’s: Mariposa Road, 63; Wawona Hotel, 99-101 Watkins, C. E., 181 Wawona: U. S. Army headquarters, 157, 160; as a Nuchu Indian campsite, 36; Galen Clark’s ownership, 50-51; Hotel, 99-101; Fish Hatchery, 185; first Yosemite museum planned for, 187. _See also_ Clark’s Ranch, Clark and Moore’s Wawona basin, acquisition of, 190 Wawona Road, 170, 191 Wawona Tree, 184 Wawona Tunnel, 170, 191 Weed, C. L., photographs by, 55-56 Westfall’s, 51 Wheeler Survey, 71 Whitney, Josiah D., 71, 78, 129-130; quoted, 79 Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 142 Wilcox, Capt. E. F., 186 Wildlife studies, 134-137 Winchell, L. A., writings of, 16 n Winter sports, 90-91, 173 Wolfe, Linnie Marsh, 98 Wood, Capt. Abram Epperson, 158 Wright, George M., 134, 135, 136, 143

Y Yelverton, Therese, Viscountess Avonmore, 98 Yosemite Advisory Board, 14, 157, 173, 190, 193 Yosemite Chapel, 102, 184 Yosemite Church Bowl, 191 Yosemite Commissioners, Board of: first chairman, 13, 149; action on road rights, 62-63, 151-152; failure of legislation to support, 63, 151-152; action on trails, 79; action on homestead claims by, 149-152; effect upon, of National Park bill, 157; termination of authority of, 160 Yosemite Education Department: origin of, 137-145; objectives, 137-138; and Yosemite Arboretum, 187. _See also_ Yosemite Museum, Yosemite Natural History Association, _Yosemite Nature Notes_, Yosemite School of Field Natural History Yosemite Falls Hotel. _See_ Sentinel Hotel Yosemite Falls Trail, 80 Yosemite Grant. _See_ Yosemite State Park Yosemite Hospital (U. S. Army), 187 Yosemite Lodge, 112, 188 Yosemite Master Plan, 80, 86, 174-175 Yosemite Museum: acknowledgments to, ix-xi; and story of Savage, 15; and Ayres sketches, 48-49; exhibits in, 104, 133; organization of, 141-145, 189; first plans made at Wawona, 187; new building opened, 189; Glacier Point branch of, 189; Garden, 190; “Live Indian Exhibit,” 190; and Thomas Moran Collection, 191; and Chris Jorgensen paintings, 191 Yosemite Museum Association, 144 Yosemite National Park: exploitation of region of, vii-viii, 154-156, 158, 160, 161-162, 175, 180, 181; private lands, 149-151, 157, 162-163; established, 154-157; State Park within, 155; championed by Sierra Club, 156-157; military in charge, 157-161; boundary revision of, 157, 187 Yosemite National Park Company, 112, 113 Yosemite Natural History Association, 137, 144-145 Yosemite Naturalist Department, 144-145 _Yosemite Nature Notes_, ix, 144 Yosemite Park and Curry Company: acknowledgment to, xi; and Wawona Hotel, 101; and Glacier Point Hotel, 109; origin, 112-113; and Big Trees Lodge, 113; and High Sierra Camps, 114; and Ahwahnee Hotel, 115-116 Yosemite School of Field Natural History, 143-144, 192 Yosemite State Park, 148-150, 154-155, 160, 182; first appropriations for, 151, 152; established, 155; encompassed by National Park, 155; re-ceded to United States, 160 Yosemite Sugar Pine Lumber Company and Carl Inn tract, 70, 162-163 _Yosemite Tourist_, D. J. Foley quoted in, 66-68 Yosemite Valley: reserved as State Park, vii, 155, 182; re-ceded to United States, vii, 160; discovery by whites, 5, 6-8; origin of name, 37; as proposed reservoir site, 92, 147; homesteads in, 148-151; dual management of, 157, 160 Yosemite Valley Railroad: built, 68, 187; flooded, 69-70; abandoned, 70 Young, Col. S. B. M., 185, 186

Z Zevely, J. W., 186

One Hundred Years in Yosemite

is a clear story—sometimes dramatic, sometimes humorous, always fascinating—of the struggles of the many men who brought about the development of a great national park from an unknown wilderness. It is an account of the men who first battled with Yosemite Indians, of those who excited the curiosity of the first tourists and played critical roles in heralding the valley of waterfalls, the back-country haven of peaks, glacial lakes, and Big Trees.

To this narrative is added the story behind the later works of men in the valley—its trails, roads, hotels, camps, climbs, and ski runs, and the tale of the legislative battles over fixing the park’s boundaries and preventing the overdevelopment and ruin of an irreplaceable scenic treasure.

This is not a guidebook to Yosemite, but a story of men who made possible the existence and enjoyment of the great park we know today—a story which can immeasurably increase the visitor’s enjoyment of Yosemite. For those who would pursue this aspect of Californiana further, there is appended the most nearly complete of published bibliographies on Yosemite.

Dr. Russell was for many years the Yosemite Park Naturalist, charged with representing Yosemite to the public. He is now Chief Naturalist of the National Park Service. His long list of publications has established him as an authority in this field.

ONE HUNDRED YEARS IN YOSEMITE CARL PARCHER RUSSELL UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRICE, $3.75

_Other Books of Californiana from the University of California Press_

THE LOS ANGELES STAR, 1851-1864. By William B. Rice. Edited by John Walton Caughey. FRANCIS DRAKE AND THE CALIFORNIA INDIANS, 1579. By Robert F. Heizer. 52 pages. Illustrated. 1947. THE REDWOODS OF COAST AND SIERRA By James Clifford Shirley. 84 pages. 24 plates. Fourth edition, 1947. Boards, $2.00. Paper $1.00 MANUAL OF SKI MOUNTAINEERING. Edited by David Brower. 228 pages. Frontispiece and 25 text illustrations. Second edition, second printing, 1947. $2.50 AN ILLUSTRATED MANUAL OF PACIFIC COAST TREES. By Howard E. McMinn and Evelyn Maino. 410 pages. Illustrated. Second edition, third printing, 1947. $4.00 A SCOTCH PAISANO: HUGO REID’S LIFE IN CALIFORNIA, 1832-1852, Derived from His Correspondence. 312 pages. Illustrated. 1939. $2.50 CORONADO’S QUEST: THE DISCOVERY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. By A. Grove Day. 420 pages. Illustrations, map. 1940. $5.00 CITY OF THE GOLDEN ‘FIFTIES. By Pauline Jacobson. 290 pages. Illustrated. 1938. $3.00

Transcriber’s Notes

—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.