On The Portraits Of English Authors On Gardening With Biographi
Chapter 16
Drake, Dr. 114, 115, 128
Drope, 31
Du Fresnoy, xii.
Duncan, 81
Duncan, Dr. A. 190
E.
Elizabeth, the lion hearted, 103
Ellis, of _Gaddesden_, on blossoms and fruit, 64
Epicurus, xxxii.
Essex, his execution, 103 ---- his character, xxvii.
Etienne, an early French writer, viii.
Evelyn, John, xxxii., 41, 59, 97 ---- Charles, 59 ---- John, 59
F.
Falconer, 183
Fairchild, 60
Fleetwood, 114
Fontaine, xviii.
Flowers, 25, 27, 54, 90, 95, 205
Forsyth, 186
Foxley, 191
France, its horticultural writers, see preface
Francis I., xix.
Franklin, rancorously attacked by Wedderburn, and panegyrised by Lord Chatham, 73, 74
Fresnoy, xii.
Fruit blossoms, 41, 53, 64, 121
Fulmer, 79
G.
Gainsborough, Earl of, xxix.
Gardeners, the age of many, 81
Gardens, their pleasures, see preface, and 24, 27, 28, 30, 39, 47, 63, 64, 89, 110, 121, 153 ---- those of antiquity, 1 ---- those of the Saxons, Danes and Normans, xxxv., xxxvi. ---- near Spitalfields, 36 ---- of France, see preface ---- of cottagers, 171
Gardiner, J. 109
Garrick, 137, 158, 172, 178, 181
Garrle, Capt. 35
Garton, 65
Gerarde, xxx., 15, 87, 123
Gerard's Bromley, its once noble mansion, 23, 107
Gerard, Lady, an acquaintance of Pope's, 25
Gibson, J. 33
Gibson, Dr. 67, 210 ---- on the richness of a fruit garden, 64
Gilbert, 107
Gilpin, Rev. W., vii. 159, 173
Girardin entombed Rousseau in his garden, xv. ---- his eloquent effusion to prevent misery, 78 ---- on the calm of evening, xv.
Goldsmith, 199
Gooche, Barn., 12, 48
Gouges de Cessieres, xiv.
Graves, Dr., his tribute to Shenstone, 149
Gray, 80, 129, 158, 159
Greeks, 107, 194
Grindall, xxviii.
Grossetete, Bishop, 201
H.
Halifax, xxviii.
Hanbury, Rev. W., 143
Hartlib, the friend of Milton, 19 ---- on orchards, 21
Harward, 17
Hawkins, Sir J. 8, 102, 103
Haworth, Mr. on Miller, 141
Heath, Mr. of Monmouth, 171
Heeley, 79
Henry IV. patronised Olivier de Serres and Mollet, xiv.
Hereford, its orchards and villages, 23
Hill, Sir John, 141
Hitt, 65, 138
Hogarth, 56
Hollar, his portraits of the Tradescants, 92
Homer, xxx., 1, 2, 47, 187
Housewife, an amiable and pleasant one, 212
Hudson, Lord, xxvii.
Hyll, 85
I
Iliffe, 23
J.
James, 45
Jones, of Nayland, 61
Johnson, the editor of Gerarde, 18 ---- his testimony to Parkinson, 18
Jonson, Ben, his eulogy on Lord Bacon, 86
Johnson, Dr. 48, 70, 114, 116, 154, 178, 179 ---- on portraits, vii. ---- on Charles II., 96 ---- on Sir T. Browne, 95, 96 ---- on Shenstone, 147
Johnson's Eng. Gardening, xxxv., xxxvi., xxxvii., 83, 84, 85, 88, 91, 100, 102, 109, 115, 154, 177, 183, 201 ---- on Sir W. Temple, 113 ---- on Switzer, 209
Justice, 63, 13
K.
Kames, 69, 151
Kennedy, 78
Kent, 132
Knowlton, 52, 61
Knight, R. P. xxvi., 187 ---- on the celebration of high mass, 195 ---- on listening to professors, 196
Kyle, 79
L.
Lamoignon, xxii.
Langford, 33
Langley, 142
Latapie, xvi.
Lawrence, Ant. 33
Lawrence, Rev. J. 120
Lawson, 17, 202, 212
Leibault, viii.
Le Maitre, xiii.
Lestiboudois, his tranquil end, 83
Lesay de Marnesia, xviii.
Liger, Louis, x., 42
Ligne, Prince de, on gardens, xxxiv., 55 ---- on De Lille, xiv. ---- on Antoinette, xxxiv. ---- interview with Voltaire, xxxiv. ---- on Milton, 132 ---- on Walpole, 177
Linant, xiii.
Linnæus, 139, 167, 171, 192
Locke, 113
London and Wise, 35
Louis, xiv., xx.
Loudon's Encycl. of Gardening, xi., xii., xviii., xix., xx., xxxvi., 4, 54, 80, 81, 95, 99, 109, 116, 121, 128, 136, 150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 170, 184, 194 ---- on Whateley, 72 ---- on Bacon, 87 ---- on Miller, 138 ---- on L. Browne, 156
M.
Maddock, 83
Maison rustique, viii., 89
Malherbes, xvi.
Malthus, D. xv., 78
Mapes, Walter, the honest chaplain to Henry II. and an admired poet, 170
Markham, Ger. viii., 88, 211, 213
Marshall, 79, 117, 150, 157
Marie Antoinette, xxxiv., 189
Mary, Queen of Scots, vii., 102
Martyn, Professor, 185 ---- his character of Miller, 138
Mascall, 84
Mason, Geo. xxix., 70, 156, 198 ---- on Kent, 134 ---- on Shenstone, 150
Mason, Rev. W. xv., xxxii., 111, 157 ---- on Pope, 128, 130, 131 ---- on Shenstone, 150
Masson de Blamont, xviii.
Mathias on Boileau, xxiv. ---- on Pope, 127 ---- on Mason, 164
Mavor, Rev. Mr. 34 ---- his admirable edition of Tusser, 6
Meader, 17
Meager, Leonard, 34
Mignon, his skill in painting flowers, 55
Miller, Phillip, 138
Milton, 20, 21, 49, 94, 130, 132, 197 ---- his great poem now magnificently printing in letters of gold, 133
Mollet, Andre, ix.
Mollet, Claude, ix.
Morell, xiv.
Morin, the florist, xi.
Mountmorris, on Sir W. Temple, 111
Morris, Rev. I. G., his powerful appeal on horticultural pursuits, 122
Morris, onornamental scenery, 77
Mountain, Didymus, 12
N.
Nicol, Walter, 82
Nichols, John, 54, 60, 110, 121, 143, 174, 178 ----his friendship for Mr. Cradock, 180
Nôtre, le, tributes to him, xi., xii., xx.
Nourse, 58
O.
Ockenden, 65
Only, Rev. Mr., a lover of gardens, 54
Opium, 168
Orchards, 21, 23, 64, 202, 203
Orrery, Lord, xxvi., 126
P.
Parkinson, 89, 90 ----testimony to his works, 18
Pastoral Scenes, 30
Paulmier de Grenlemesnil, viii.
Percy, Bishop of Dromore, 72
Pennant, 154
Petrarch, xxxi. ----his handsome person, vi. ----on his garden, xxxv.
Plants betray fondness for their native earth, 45
Planting, on zeal for, 66, 69
Platt, Sir Hugh, 13
Plattes, Gabriel, 16
Plimley, 165
Pontchateau, his singular history, xiii.
Pope, xxix., xxxiii., 1, 2, 76, 114, 123, 179, 213
Pope mentions Lady Gerard, 25 ----his noble thought on planting, 68
Powel, 65
Preston, its horticult. society, 123
Price, Sir U. vii., xxvi., 56, 72, 77, 134, 155, 156, 177, 191 ----on De Lille, xv. ----his high opinion of Mason, 163 ----on the sculpture, poetry, and eloquence of the Greeks, 194 ----on Correggio, 202
Priestley, Dr. on Franklin and Wedderburn, 73
Primroses, 30, 50, 54, 55
Pulteney, Dr. 5, 52, 55, 56, 60, 85, 87, 90, 92, 138, 143, 182
Q.
Quarterly Review, 41, 59, 97, 103, 183 ----on Evelyn's _Sylva_, 99
Quintinye, xi., xx., xxvii., 34, 68 ----anecdote of, 67 ----attempt to recover his MSS. 68
R.
Raleigh, xxvii., xxxi., 36, 87
Rabutin de Bussy, xxii. xxv.
Rapin, tribute to, xiii. ----on Lamoignon, xxii., xxv.
Ray, xxix., 71, 88, 94, 109, 139
Raynal, 128
Rea, John, his dedication to Lord Gerard, and verses on Lady Gerard, 23
Read, 33
Rench, an aged gardener, 82
Repton, 186, 188
Reynolds, Sir J. 127, 158
Richardson, 84
Rickets, 61
Riviere, la Countess de, xiii., xiv., xxv.
Robin, Jean, xix.
Robinson, Dr. on Mary Queen of Scots, 104
Roscommon, 48
Rose, 101
Rosier, xviii.
Rousseau, his burial at Ermenonville, xv.
Russell, Lord W. his love of gardens, xxvii.
Rutter, 65.
S.
Salmonia, extracts, from, 30, 107
Scarborough, xxix.
Schabol, xvi.
Scott, Sir W. v., 40, 41, 172 ---- on the deaths of _Marat_, and _Robespierre_, xvi. ---- on the garden of _Vanessa_, xxx.
Scotland, its zeal for planting, 69
Serres, Olivier de, viii.
Sevigné, Mad. de, xii., xiv., xx., xxv.
Seward, Miss, vi., 162, 172
Sismondi, xix., 3, 107 ---- on bees, 86
Shakspeare, xi., xxxi, 4, 73, 74, 78, 158, 178, 179, 197, 198, 199, 213
Sharrock, 23
Shenstone, 147
Shepherd, Sir Samuel, 41
Sherard, xxviii.
Spectacle de la Nature, 95
Speechley, 81
Smollet on Chatham, xxix.
Spring, its beauties, 21, 29, 30, 31, 209
St. Bartholomew's massacre, viii.
Stafford, 62, 210
Sterne, xxvi., 170
Stillingfleet, Benj. 8, 191
Stevenson, D. 45
Stevenson, H. 45
Stevenson, M. 45
Sully, ix., 66
Sun, the, its celestial beams, 48
Swinden, 78
Switzer, xxvii., xxxiii., 45, 94, 100, 109, 110, 138, 209 ---- his grateful remembrance of his old master, 36, 39, 102 ---- his enlarged views of gardening, 49 ---- on Rose, 102 ---- on Milton, 133
T.
Taverner, 53
Taylor, 65
Temperance, 169, 170
Temple, Sir W. xxxii., 110 ---- on the garden of Epicurus, xxxii.
Thury, M. le Vic. de, his tribute to Milton, 132 ---- on gardens, xxxv. xxxvi.
Tradescants, 92
Trowel, 63
Trees, ancient ones, 33, 46, 49, 50, 57, 142, 151
Tusser, 6, 13, 34
V.
Vaniere, tribute to, xiii.
Van-Huysum, his skill in painting fruit, 56, 156
Villages, rural, 23, 199
Vineyard at Bethnal-green, 14
Violets, xxxi., 30, 50, 55, 205
Vispré, 157
Voltaire, xi., xiii., xx., xxxiv., 80 ---- his garden interview with the Prince de Ligne, xxxvi.
W.
Wakefield horticultural soc., 122
Walpole, Horace, xxix., 1, 80, 91, 163, 176 ---- on Sir W. Temple, 112 ---- on Kent, 132 ---- on Bridgman, 136
Walpole, Horace, on Browne, 154 ---- on Gilpin, 173
Walton, Isaac, xi., 30, 93, 94, 102, 104
Warton, Thomas, 6, 8, 10, 72, 143, 161
Watelet, xvii.
Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, his zeal for planting, 70
Watson, Sir W. 93, 142
Weymouth, Lord, xxviii.
Weston, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 57, 92 ---- his zeal for planting, 66
Whately, xvi., xviii., 50, 72 ---- brief testimonies to his genius, vii., 72, 74, 75, 195 ---- on spring, 31 ---- his tribute to Shenstone, 150
Wildman, 65
Whitmill, 62
William III. his delight in gardening, xxvii.
Worlidge, his attachment to gardens, 28 ---- on those of France, xxvii. ---- mentions a garden at Hoxton, 61
Wotton, Sir H. 93
Wynn, Sir W. W. his zeal for planting, 69
X, Y.
Xenophon, 198
Young, Dr. on Pope's death, 131
FOOTNOTES:
* * * * *
[1] Few persons have shewn more attachment to family portraits than Miss Seward. This is strongly exemplified in several bequests in her will; not only in her bequest to Emma Sneyd, and in that to Mrs. Powys, but also in the following:--"The miniature picture of my late dear friend, Mr. Saville, drawn in 1770, by the late celebrated artist Smart, and which at the time it was taken, and during many successive years, was an exact resemblance of the original, I bequeath to his daughter, Mrs. Smith, who I know will value and preserve it as a jewel above all prize; and in case of her previous demise, I bequeath the said precious miniature to her daughter, Mrs. Honora Jager, exhorting the said Honora Jager, and her heirs, into whose hands soever it may fall, to guard it with sacred care from the sun and from damp, as I have guarded it, that so the posterity of my valued friend may know what, in his prime, was the form of him whose mind through life, by the acknowledgment of all who knew him, and could discern the superior powers of talent and virtue, was the seat of liberal endowment, warm piety, and energetic benevolence."
Being thus on the subject of portraits, let me remark, that it is not always that we meet with a faithful likeness. A review of Mad. de Genlis's _Petrarch et Laure_, justly observes, that "it is doubtful if any of the portraits of _Petrarch_, which still remain, were painted during his life-time. However that may be, it is impossible to trace in them, either the elevation of his mind, the fire of his imagination, or the pensive melancholy of his soul." In the Essays on Petrarch, by Ugo Foscolo, he informs us, that "_Petrarch's_ person, if we trust his biographers, was so striking with beauties, as to attract universal admiration. They represent him with large and manly features, eyes full of fire, a blooming complexion, and a countenance that bespoke all the genius and fancy that shone forth in his works." Do we yet know one really good likeness of _Mary Queen of Scots_?
[2] It has often struck me (perhaps erroneously), that the attachment which the great Sully evinced for gardens, even to the last period of his long-protracted life, (eighty-two), _might_ in some degree have been cherished or increased from the writings of the great Lord Bacon. When this illustrious duke retired to his country seats, wounded to the heart by the baseness of those who had flattered him when Henry was alive, his noble and honest mind indulged in the embellishment of his gardens. I will very briefly quote what history relates:--"The life he led in his retreat at _Villebon_, was accompanied with grandeur and even majesty, such as might be expected from a character so grave and full of dignity as his. His table was served with taste and magnificence; he admitted to it none but the nobility in his neighbourhood, some of the principal gentlemen, and the ladies and maids of honour, who belonged to the duchess of Sully. He often went into his gardens, and passing through a little covered alley, which separated the flower from the kitchen garden, ascended by a stone staircase (which the present duke of Sully has caused to be destroyed), into a large walk of linden trees, upon a terrace on the other side of the garden. It was then the taste to have a great many narrow walks, very closely shaded with four or five rows of trees, or palisadoes. Here he used to sit upon a settee painted green, amused himself by beholding on the one side an agreeable landscape, and on the other a second alley on a terrace extremely beautiful, which surrounded a large piece of water, and terminated by a wood of lofty trees. There was scarce one of his estates, those especially which had castles on them, where he did not leave marks of his magnificence, to which he was chiefly incited by a principle of charity, and regard to the public good. At _Rosny_, he raised that fine terrace, which runs along the Seine, to a prodigious extent, and those great gardens, filled with groves, arbours, and grottos, with water-works. He embellished _Sully_ with gardens, of which the plants were the finest in the world, and with a canal, supplied with fresh water by the little river Sangle, which he turned that way, and which is afterwards lost in the Loire. He erected a machine to convey the water to all the basons and fountains, of which the gardens are full. He enlarged the castle of _La Chapelle d'Angillon_, and embellished it with gardens and terraces."
These gardens somewhat remind one of these lines, quoted by Barnaby Gooche:
_Have fountaines sweet at hand, or mossie waters, Or pleasaunt brooke, that passing through the meads, is sweetly seene._
That fine gardens delighted Sully, is evident even from his own statement of his visit to the Duke d'Aumale's, at Anet, near Ivry, (where Henry and Sully fought in that famous battle), for he says,--"Joy animated the countenance of Madame d'Aumale the moment she perceived me. She gave me a most kind and friendly reception, took me by the hand, and led me through those fine galleries and beautiful gardens, which make Anet a most enchanting place." One may justly apply to Sully, what he himself applies to the Bishop of Evreaux: "A man for whom eloquence and great sentiments had powerful charms."
I had designed some few years ago, to have published a Review of some of the superb Gardens in France, during the reign of Henry IV. and during the succeeding reigns, till the demise of Louis XV., embellished with plates of some of the costly and magnificent decorations of those times; with extracts from such of their eminent writers whose letters or works may have occasionally dwelt on gardens.--My motto, for want of a better, might have been these two lines from Rapin,
_----France, in all her rural pomp appears With numerous gardens stored._
Perhaps I might have been so greedy and insolent, as to have presumed to have monopolized our Shakspeare's line,--"I love _France_ so well, that I will not part with a village of it; I will have it all mine."
Isaac Walton gives the following lines from a translation of a German poet, which makes one equally fond of England:
We saw so many woods, and princely bowers, Sweet fields, brave palaces, and stately towers, _So many gardens dress'd with curious care_, That Thames with royal Tiber may compare.
[3] The Encyclopædia of Gardening has a rich page (35) devoted to Le Nôtre. The Nouveau Dict. Hist. thus records his genius and his grand and magnificent efforts:--"Ce grand homme fut choisi pour décorer les jardins du château de Vau-le-Vicomte. Il en fit un sejour enchanteur, par les ornamens nouveaux, pleins de magnificence, qu'il y prodigua. On vit alors, pour la premiere fois, des portiques, des berceaux, des grottes, des traillages, des labyrinths, &c. embellir varier le spectacle des jardins. Le Roi, témoin des ces merveilles, lui donna la direction de tous ses parcs. Il embellit par son art, Versailles, Trianon, et il fit à St. Germain cette fameuse terrasse qu'on voit toujours avec une nouvelle admiration. Les jardins de Clagny, de Chantilly, de St. Cloud, de Meudon, de Sceaux, le parterre du Tibre, et les canaux qui ornent ce lieu champêtre a Fontainbleau, sont encore son ouvrage. Il demanda à faire voyage de l'Italie, dans l'espérance d'acquérir de nouvelles connoissances; mais son géniè créateur l'avoit conduit à la perfection. Il ne vit rien de comparable a ce qu'il avoit fait en France."
Notwithstanding the above just and high tribute, I have no hesitation in saying, that it is not superior to the magic picture which the fascinating pen of Mad. de Sevigné has drawn of le Nôtre's creative genius, in her letter of Aug. 7, 1675. Many others of this charming woman's letters breathe her love of gardens.
[4] The Nouveau Dict. Hist. thus speaks of the Pere Rapin:--"A un génie heureux, à un goût sur, il joignoit une probité exacte, un coeur droit, un caractere aimable et des moeurs douces. Il étoit naturellement honnête, et il s'étoit encore poli dans le commerce des grands. Parmi ses différentes Poësies Latinés, on distingue le Poëme des Jardins. C'est son chef d'oeuvre; il est digne du siecle d'Auguste, dit l'Abbé Des Fontaines, pour l'élegance et la pureté du langage, pour l'esprit et les graces qui y regnent." Among the letters of Rabutin de Bussy, are many most interesting ones from this worthy father.
[5] "Rien n'est plus admirable que la peinture naîve que la Pere Vaniere fait des amusemens champêtres; on est également enchanté de la richesse et de la vivacité de son imagination, de l'éclat et de l'harmonie de sa poësie, du choix de la pureté de ses expressions. Il mourut a Toulouse en 1739, et plusiers poëtes ornerent de fleurs son tombeau."--Nouv. Dict. Hist.
[6] La Comtesse de la Riviere, thus alludes to this convent: "Madame de Sevigné a pour ce monastere une vénération qui est audelà de toute expression; elle assure qu'on n'approche pas de ce lieu sans sentir au dedans de soi une onction divine."
[7] The late Sir U. Price, pays a very high compliment to this exquisite poem, in p. 31, vol. i. of his Essays, terming it full of the justest taste, and most brilliant imagery.
[8] In the Earl of Harcourt's garden, at Nuneham, in Oxfordshire, (laid out in some parts under the eye and fine taste of the poet Mason), on a bust of Rousseau are these lines:
Say, is thy honest heart to virtue warm? Can genius animate thy feeling breast? Approach, behold this venerable form; 'Tis Rousseau! let thy bosom speak the rest.
There are attractive pages in this little volume of the Viscount's, which would have interested either Shenstone, or Gainsborough, particularly the pages 59, 143, 145, and 146, (of Mr. Malthus's translation), for in these pages "we feel all the truth and energy of nature." A short extract from p. 131, will enable the reader to judge of the writer's style:--"When the cool evening sheds her soft and delightful tints, and leads on the hours of pleasure and repose, then is the universal reign of sublime harmony. It is at this happy moment that Claude has caught the tender colouring, the enchanting calm, which equally attaches the heart and the eyes; it is then that the fancy wanders with tranquillity over distant scenes. Masses of trees through which the light penetrates, and under whose foliage winds a pleasant path; meadows, whose mild verdure is still softened by the transparent shades of the evening; crystal waters which reflect all the near objects in their pure surface; mellow tints, and distances of blue vapour; such are in general the objects best suited to a western exposure. The sun, before he leaves the horizon, seems to blend earth and sky, and it is from sky that evening views receive their greatest beauty. The imagination dwells with delight upon the exquisite variety of soft and pleasing colours, which embellishes the clouds and the distant country, in this peaceful hour of enjoyment and contemplation."
[9] He was enthusiastically devoted to the cultivation of his gardens, which exhibited enchanting scenery, umbrageous walks, and magnificent water-falls. When thus breathing the pure air of rural life, the blood-stained monsters of 1793 seized him in his garden, and led him to the scaffold. "He heard unmoved his own sentence, but the condemnation of his daughter and grand-daughter, tore his heart: the thought of seeing two weak and helpless creatures perish, shook his fortitude. Being taken back to the _Conciergerie_, his courage returned, and he exhorted his children to prepare for death. When the fatal bell rung, he recovered all his wonted cheerfulness; having paid to nature the tribute of feeling, he desired to give his children an example of magnanimity; his looks exhibited the sublime serenity of virtue, and taught them to view death undismayed. When he ascended the cart, he conversed with his children, unaffected by the clamours of the ferocious populace; and on arriving at the foot of the scaffold, took a last and solemn farewell of his children; immediately after he was dismissed into eternity."
Sir Walter Scott, after noticing "the wild and squalid features" of Marat, who "lay concealed in some obscure garret or cellar, among his cut-throats, until a storm appeared, when, like a bird of ill omen, his death-screech was again heard," thus states the death of another of the murderers of the Malherbes:--"Robespierre, in an unsuccessful attempt to shoot himself, had only inflicted a horrible _fracture on his under-jaw_. In this situation they were found like wolves in their lair, foul with blood, mutilated, despairing, and yet not able to die. Robespierre lay on a table in an anti-room, his head supported by a deal box, and his hideous countenance half-hidden by a bloody and dirty cloth bound round his shattered chin. As the fatal cars passed to the guillotine, those who filled them, but especially Robespierre, were overwhelmed with execrations. The nature of his previous wound, from which the cloth had never been removed till the executioner _tore_ it off, added to the torture of the sufferer. The shattered jaw dropped, and the wretch yelled aloud, to the horror of the spectators. A mask taken from that dreadful head was long exhibited in different nations of Europe, and appalled the spectator by its ugliness, and the mixture of fiendish expression with that of bodily agony."
Mons. Malherbes loved to relate an answer made to him by a common fellow, during his stay at Paris, when he was obliged to go four times every day to the prison of the Temple, to attend the king: his extreme age did not allow him to walk, and he was compelled to take a carriage. One day, particularly, when the weather was intensely severe, he perceived, on coming out of the vehicle, that the driver was benumbed with cold. "My friend," said Malherbes to him, in his naturally tender manner, "you must be penetrated by the cold, and I am really sorry to take you abroad in this bitter season."--"That's nothing, M. de Malherbes; in such a cause as this, I'd travel to the world's end without complaining."--"Yes, but your poor horses could not."--"Sir," replied the honest coachman, "_my horses think as I do_."