Part 8

[40] In America, the intermixture between Whites, Negroes, and Mulattoes passes differently. The Mulattoes are slaves like the Negroes. A large number of Mulatresses become the concubines of the White: and the Mulattoes are mostly obliged to confine themselves to Negro women. There are, then, relatively few unions between Mulattoes of the same blood. The abolition of slavery neither could, nor will for a long time, sensibly modify this state of things. The prejudice against colour will not soon become effaced; and many Mulatto women prefer to be the mistresses of Whites to being the wives of Mulattoes. In the East Indies, the prejudice of colour does not exist. The Whites are merely considered as an aristocratic class; the Malays are free as well as the Mulattoes, they have always been so. The Mulattoes are proud of having in their veins European blood, as, in our own country, certain citizens are proud of their aristocratic alliances. They form thus, _in the centres of the population_, a sort of intermediate caste between the Whites and the natives.

[41] It is necessary to mention, that the expression of the first degree designates here not merely the individuals issued from the first intermixture, but also the descendants of unions which they form between themselves.

[42] Waitz, _loc. cit._ p. 207.

[43] Mr. Gutzlaff, the Chinese missionary, has been struck with the little fecundity of the Mulattoes of Cambojia, the offspring of the native race and the immigrant Chinese. Cambojia is situated south-west of Siam, south of Anam, between 10° and 14°. “It is remarkable,” he observes, “that the marriages of native females with the Chinese are productive at the first generation, but become gradually sterile, and completely so at the fifth generation. I have seen many such cases; but, I cannot explain such a degeneration between nations so similar in physical conformation, and their mode of life. If it were not so, the Chinese race ought to become predominant, and absorb the native race in a few centuries. Such has not been the case, and the innumerable immigrants which China pours in appear scarce among the population.” (Gutzlaff, _Geography of the Cochin-Chinese Empire, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London_, vol. xix, p. 108, London. 1849.)

[44] It is unknown what is the degree of intermixture in the hybrid populations of Mexico and South America; the observations relative to these crossings are extremely difficult to collect, for the variation of Mulattoes of different degrees is not so apparent as in the Mulattoes, Quadroons, etc., of Negroes and Europeans. With regard to colour, hair, shape of the cranium, the European races, especially those of the south, differ infinitely less from the American races than from the Ethiopian and the intermediate characters; even Mulattoes of the first degree are much less marked in the first than in the second case. Thus the famous Paulistas of the province of Saint-Paul, Brazil, issued from the union of Portuguese and Indians, constitute a vigorous class, brave, and even heroic, though ferocious and turbulent. According to certain authors, the European blood predominates in them; others, on the contrary, maintain that they are pure Indians. These contradictions prove the difficulty of estimating the degree of the intermixture between the Mulattoes sprung from Europeans and Indians. The question whether _Mulattoes of the first degree_ are indefinitely prolific _between themselves_,--whether they are habitually, or only exceptionally so, cannot be solved by travellers. Resident observers, and especially physicians, may ultimately furnish precise facts.

[45] The Chabeins are eugenesic hybrids, while mules, properly so called, are dysgenesic hybrids.

[46] _Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Edinburgh_, vol. xi, p. 301, 1850. [The most flagrant instance of this is to be found amongst the mixed blooded descendants of the Anglo-Saxon, German, Dutch, French, and Irish nations in the Federal States of America, whose “manifest destiny,” according to their own hope, is the “annexation” of the civilised world. The Puritans of New England founded their claims to the colony on the following propositions:--1. That the earth is the Lord’s and the fulness thereof. 2. That God has given the earth to be inhabited by his saints. 3. That we are the saints. The aborigines of the country were accordingly extirpated, to carry out practically these sentiments.--EDITOR.]

[47] We must remember that the Australians have stiff and glossy hair, while the hair of the Tasmanians is woolly.

[48] _Dict. Pittor. d’Hist. Natur._, art. _Homme_, t. iv, p. 11, Paris, 1836. See also vol. iii, _Océanie_, by Rienzi; the history of two Australians, Benilong and Daniel, who after living for some years free, and pampered among Europeans, threw away their clothing, and went to live in the woods.

[49] In 1835, the English of Van Diemen’s Land undertook to get rid altogether of the natives. A regular _battue_ was organised in the whole island, and in a short time all Tasmanians, without distinction of age or sex, were exterminated, with the exception of two hundred and ten individuals, who were transported to the little isle, Flinders (or, Fourneaux), in Bass’s Straits. This was all the remnant of a race which, before the arrival of the English, had occupied a territory nearly as large as Ireland. This dreadful massacre produced a profound horror in the English Parliament, but it was not thought of to send these unfortunates back again to their native soil. Measures were, however, taken to treat them humanely in the isle of Flinders, and to provide them abundantly with victuals; they were also instructed in religion. The island is about thirteen leagues in length by seven in breadth; the refugees had thus no want of space. Nevertheless, of these two hundred and ten individuals, most of them adults, perished rapidly, and Count Strzelecki, who visited them in 1842, found only fifty-four. Within seven years and a few months, only fourteen children wore born. (Strzelecki, _Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land_, pp. 353-357, London, 1845.)

[50] A few months before the extermination of the Tasmanians, an inhabitant of Hobart Town wrote a letter to Rienzi, copied by him in _Océanie_, p. 558. The author foresaw that a conflict was inevitable. He observes, “Several of the children have been sent to the schools of Hobart Town. When once arrived at the age of puberty, an irresistible instinct compels them to return to their solitudes.” We know of no other particulars regarding the attempts made by the English to civilise the natives. This fact, similar to those of Australia, comes from a source which cannot be suspected, since the writer of the letter, as well as M. Rienzi, are well disposed towards the natives.

[51] D’Omalius d’Halloy, _Des Races Humaines ou Éléments d’Ethnographie_, p. 108, Paris, 1859.

[52] Quoy et Gaimard, _Voy. de l’Astrolabe en 1826-29_, t. i, p. 46, Paris, 1836.

[53] Gliddon, _The Monogenists and the Polygenists_, 443.

[54] _Voyage au Pole et dans l’Océanie_, t. ii, p. 109, Paris, 1846.

[55] _Loc. cit._, p. 109.

[56] Cunningham, _Two Years in New South Wales_, 3rd edit., v. ii, p. 17, Lond., 1828.

[57] Lessen, _Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette la Coquille_, executed by order of the French Government, t. ii, p. 278, Paris, 1830. The description of New Holland and its inhabitants fully occupying nearly eighty pages.

[58] It would be superfluous to indicate the origin of these various nicknames. We may however mention, that _sterlings_ are the free settlers born in Europe, and the _currencies_ such as are born in the colony. The pound sterling was formerly of more value than the pound currency. _V._ Cunningham, p. 46.

[59] These names have here a special acceptation, and designate by no means natural or legitimate children.

[60] The _canaries_ are recently arrived convicts, the _government men_ established convicts, the _emancipists_ liberated convicts, the _bushrangers_ fugitive convicts.

[61] _Loc. cit._, p. 108.

[62] MacGillivray, _Narration of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake_, vol, i, p. 151, 1852, cited in Waitz, _Anthropologie_, p. 203.

[63] Malte-Brun, _Abrégé de Géographie Universelle_, p. 883, Paris, 1844.

[64] Cunningham, _loc. cit._, vol, ii, p. 65.

[65] Malte-Brun, _Abrégé de Géographie_. In reality the disproportion between the free individuals of the two sexes was more considerable than is indicated in the above account, for children are included. But the number of the children of the free population amounted in 1828, to 6,837, according to Wentworth (Rienzi, _l’Océanie_, p. 543). Supposing that this number only amounted to 7,000 in 1830--say 3,500 boys and 3,500 girls--there would remain for the adult free population about 10,000 men and 4,000 women,--two women for five men.

[66] Henricq, _Histoire de l’Oceanie_, Paris, 1845.

[67] Lesson, _Voyage autour du Monde_, t. ii, p. 291. It was in 1824 that the author lived in New South Wales. Under the name of Port Jackson he comprises all the region of which Sydney is the capital.

[68] Cunningham, _loc. cit._, vol. ii, p. 7.

[69] M. Lesson has received such an answer from Bongarri. Cunningham cites it as a standing joke of the chief, who, he adds, “still keeps on repeating it.” Lesson, _loc. cit._; Cunningham, _loc. cit._, vol, ii, p. 18.

[70] Lesson, _loc. cit._, relates that Bongarri had his arm broken, that the fracture was not consolidated, nevertheless, the Australian chief used his arm either for rowing or for handling his weapons.

[71] Cunningham, _loc. cit._, vol. ii, p. 8.

[72] MacGillivray, _loc. cit._, vol. i, p. 151. Waitz, _loc. cit._, p. 203.

[73] This passage. extracted from the _Voyage de l’Uranie_, is textually reproduced in the _Zoologie_ of M. Jacquinot, t. ii, p. 353.

[74] I cannot say whether this is also the case in Van Diemen’s Land. The subjoined documents have been collected in Australia since 1835, namely, at a period when there were no longer any Tasmanians in Tasmania. M. de Rienzi who had terminated his voyages before that time, said that the Tasmanian women sometimes quitted their husbands to live with the European fishermen established on the coasts, _L’Oceanie_ t. iii, p. 547; this is, however, an isolated fact.

[75] P. E. Strzelecki, _Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land_, p. 346, London, 1845.

[76] _Monthly Journal of Med. Science, Edinburgh_, 1850, vol. xi, p. 304.

[77] Alexander Harvey (of Aberdeen) on the _Fœtus in Utero_, as inoculating the maternal with the peculiarities of the paternal organism, and on the influence thereby exercised by the males on the constitution and the reproductive power of the female. In the _Monthly Journal of Med. Science of Edinburgh_, vol. ix, p. 1130; vol. xi, p. 299; and vol. xi, p. 387 (1849-1850).

[78] Carpenter, art. “Varieties of Mankind,” in Todd’s _Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology_, vol. iv, p. 1341 and 1365.

[79] A mare of Lord Morton, covered by a zebra, produced at first a zebra mule; covered subsequently by an Arab horse she produced successively three zebra foals like the first mule.

[80] Thomas R. Heywood Thomson, on the “Reported Incompetency of the Aboriginal Females of New Holland to Procreate with Native Males after having Children by a European or White,” in _Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Edinburgh_, Oct. 1851, vol. xii, p. 354.

[81] Some genera in existing faunas, containing only _one_ species, are in anterior faunas represented by a number of species now extinct, and evidently differing from the one species actually existing. [Compare the two species of existing elephants with the twelve species of _Elephas_ and thirteen of Mastodon which existed in tertiary times.--EDITOR.]

[82] There exist at present in northern Africa, down to the Sahara, a fair-haired race of men, who have been held to be the descendants of the Vandals. It is certain that no white race has been established in these parts since the time of Genserich, that is to say, some fourteen centuries. If so, there would result from it that a sojourn of fourteen centuries upon the African soil was not sufficient to darken the hair of the white race. But Dumoulin, taking the text of Procopius for his guide, had already demonstrated that the light-haired race of northern Africa had nothing in common with the Vandals; and I have recently found a passage in the _Périple de la Méditerranée de Syclax_, a work anterior to Alexander the Great, in which mention is made of a tribe of _light-haired_ Lybians, who occupied the littoral of the Minor Syrtis, not far from Mount Auress, where to this day one of the principal tribes of light-haired Kabyles resides. (See _Bulletins de la Soc. d’Anthropologie, séance du 16 Février, 1860_.)

[83] [Compare on this subject Professor R. Owen on _The Power of God as manifested in his Animal Creation_, 12mo, London, 1863, in which the relations of science to theology are excellently stated.--EDITOR.]

[84] J. Pye Smith, _Relations between the Holy Scriptures and Geology_, third edition, pp. 398-400. This passage is textually reproduced by Morton in a letter to the Rev. John Bachmann, on Hybridity, Charleston, 1850, in 8-15. Carpenter, art. “Varieties of Mankind,” in Todd’s _Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology_, vol. iv, p. 1317, London, 1852. Eusèbe de Salles, _Histoire générale des Races Humaines_, p. 328, Paris, 1849.

[85] P. Sagot, _Opinion générale sur l’Origine de la Nature des Races Humaines; Conciliation des Diversités indélibles avec l’Unité Historique du Genre Humain_, Paris, 1860.

[86] [Germs of the polygenist doctrine are, however, as old as Empedocles. See Julius Schvarcz, _Geological Theories of the Greeks_, 4to, London, 1862, for the most philosophical account of these early attempts.--EDITOR.]

[87] We may be permitted to reproduce here some passage from a dissertation of this pious slave owner; we extract them from the _Charleston Medical Journal and Review_, Sept. 1854, vol. ix. pp. 657-659: “All races of men including the Negroes, are of the same species and origin. The Negro is a striking variety, and at present permanent, as the numerous varieties of domestic animals. The Negro will remain what he is, unless his form is altered by intermixture, the simple idea of which is revolting; his intelligence is greatly inferior to that of the Caucasians, and he is consequently, from all we know of him, incapable of governing himself. He has been placed under our protection (a very pretty word). The vindication of slavery is contained in the scriptures. The Bible teaches the rights and duties of masters, in order that the slaves should be treated with justice and goodness, and it enjoins obedience to slaves.... The Bible furnishes us with the best weapons of which we can avail ourselves. It shows us that the ancient Israelites possessed slaves. It determines the duties of masters and slaves; and Saint Paul writes an epistle to Philemon to request him to take back a runaway slave. Our representatives in Congress have drawn their arguments from Holy Writ, and their adversaries have not ventured to tell them that the historical part of the Bible (and all that concerns slavery is historical) is false and uninspired;” and, adds the Rev. John Bachmann, “we can effectually defend our institutions from the word of God.”

[88] [See, for many valuable hints on this subject, _Savage Africa_, by W. Winwood Reade, 8vo, London, 1864.--EDITOR.]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abyssinian, 9

Adam, 67

Alexandria, 2

Americans, 8, 9, 32

Anglo-Saxon race, 2

Antæus, 64

Apollo de Belvedere, 8

Arabs, 7, 12, 17, 29

Araucanos, 55

Asia Minor, 17

Australians, 10, 14, 45, 49

Autochthones, 11

Basques, 7

Bass’s Straits, 11

Bastaards, 3

Berber, 10, 12

Bergmaars, 4

Bible, The, 62

Bitches, 25

Blacks, 9

Bongarri, 52

Bosjesmen, 3

Cabres, 29

Cain, 67

Cairo, 20

Caffres, 12, 14

Cafusos, 3

Cambyses, 16

Carolina, South, 33

Caucasian race, 8, 9, 32, 69

Caucasus, 20

Celts, 7, 10, 12, 14

Charruas, 11

Children of Mulattoes, 37

Chinese Mulattoes, 43

Christian faith, 67

Cohabitation with White, 57

Conclusions regarding hybridity, 60

Confederate States of America, Mulattoes in, 33, 69

Convict population, 50

Crossing in human races, 1

Darfour, 29

Debauchery, 52

Deluge, 62, 67

Dutch, 3

Egyptian paintings, 62

Ethiopian race, 30, 32

Ethiopian right, 71

Ethnology of France, 17, 22

Eugenesic breeds, 13; hybridity, 16, 19, 21, 26

Exotic, 11

Ezekiel, 2

Fecundity, 23, 40

Fellahs of Egypt, 16

Flinders island, 11, 46

Foulah, 10, 29

France, 18; ethnology of, 22

Galatia, 17

Gauls, 17, 22

Genus _Homo_, 7

Germans, 7, 12, 14, 18

Georgia, 21

Gins, 51

Great Britain, 18

Greece, 17

Greeks, 17

Griffes, 29

Griquas, 3, 4

Guanches, 11

Hayti, 30

Hobart Town, 51

Homœogenesis, 15, 66

_Homo_, genus, 7

Homogenesic, 26

Hottentots, 3, 45, 49

Hurons, 75

Hybridity, 16

Intermixture of certain races of men not eugenesic, 25

Italy, 18

Jamaica, 35

Japan, 11

Java, Mulattoes in, 39

Jews, 7, 62

Kabyles, 7

Kaffirs, 3

Kimris, 12, 14, 17, 22

Koranas, 4

Lapps, 14

Lipplappen, 40, 41

Macedonians, 17

Malayo-Polynesians, 8

Malays, 4, 14, 42

Mamelukes, 17, 20

Marabouts, 29

Mares and mules, 56

Massacre of mongrels (alleged), 52

Mastiff, 25

Mehemet Ali, 16

Mestizoes, 3

Mexico, 33

Mingrelia, 21

Mixed races, 1, 13

Mongrel breeds, 2, 54

Mongolians, 8, 9

Monogenists, 9, 25, 63

Mop-headed Papuans, 34

Moravian brothers, 45

Mosaic narrative, the, 67

Mulattoes, 2, 29, 30, 33, 42, 54

Mules, 2

Namaquas, 3

Native women ugly and dirty, 49

Negroes, 6, 10, 14, 29

New South Wales, 51

Nicaragua, 39

Nigritia, 9

Nile, 20

Noah, 67

No Mixed races can subsist, 13

Ottomans, 21

Panamá, Mulattoes at, 39

Papuans, 3, 4, 5, 12

Penis in Negro, 28

Pentagenists, 12

Persians, 17

Peru, 39

Pharaonic epoch, 16

Polygenists, 9, 25

Polynesians, 75

Pondicherry, Mulattoes at, 39

Populations, 50

Port Jackson, the chief at, 52

Pou-Endeménés, 5

Prognathous race of Japan, 11

Protestant missions, 3

Puritans of New England, 44

Quadroons, 29

Quinteroons, 29

Race, human, 1

Recapitulation and Conclusion, 61

Roman republic, 1

Romans, 17

Sclaves, 7

Seminoles, 55

Senegal, 29

Slavery and slave-owners, 67

Species of animals, mongrels between, 65

Sterility of cross-breeds, 20

Sterility of Australian women, 55

Syllogism, absurd, of the monogenists, 64

Tasmanian, 45, 49

Terzeroons, 29

Turks, 17

Twins murdered, 53

Type, definition of, 8

Unilateral hybridity, 27

Unitarians, 10

Uterine canal, 28

Van Diemen’s Land, 11, 46, 49, 50

Varamas, 3

Visigoths, 17

United States of America, 2

Waigiou, 3, 6

West Indies, Mulattoes in, 37

Whites, 9, 29

Wolf-dogs, 25

Yellow fever, 33

Zamboes, 39

INDEX OF AUTHORS REFERRED TO.

Bachmann, Reverend John, 68

Bendyshe, Thomas, 2

Bérard, Paul, 8, 10, 16

Bille, Steen, 41

Blumenbach, 8

Bory de St. Vincent, 10, 11

Boudin, 39, 40

Burchell, 4

Campbell, 3

Carmichael, 55

Carpenter, 56

Collingwood, J, Frederick, 29

Cunningham, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54

Cuvier, 8

Dampier, 6

Davis and Thurnam, 3, 7

Desmoulins, 10, 11

Dumont d’Urville, 6, 31

Dumoulin, 63

Earle, 5

Empedocles, 69

Freycinet, 54

Garnat, 45

Gaimard, 47

Gerdy, 16

Gliddon, 20, 47

Gobineau, A. de, 1

Goodsir, 55

Görtz, 40

Gützlaff, 43

Harvey, 44, 55, 56

Havorinus, 40

Henricq, 51

Henricy, 6

Hotze, Henry, 1

Jacquinot, 31, 32, 33, 47, 54

Knox, Robert, 2, 22

Kolbe, 4

Latham, Dr. R. G., 5, 6, 11

Lesson, 5, 6, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53

Lewis, 37

Lichtenstein, 3

Long, 36

Malte-Brun, 4, 49, 50

Maunsel, 55

Maury, A., 5

McGillivray, 49, 54, 56

Mohammed-el-Tounsy, 29

Mollien, 29

Morton, 10, 67

Morton (Lord), 56

Mulattoes, 33

Nott, Dr., 2, 32

Omalius d’Halloy, 46

Owen, Richard, 67

Peteam, Father, 4

Philips, Jean, 3, 4

Pouchet, Georges, 2, 20, 40

Prichard, Dr., 2, 4, 5, 7, 13

Quoy et Gaimard, 3, 4, 6

Quatrefages, 41

Rafnel, 29

Reade, W. Winwood, 71

Rienzi, De, 5, 6, 45, 46

Sagot, P. de, 68

Salles, Eusèbe de, 68

Schvarcz, Julius, 69

Seemann, Berthold, 39

Serres, Marcel de, 28

Smith, Hamilton, 38

Smith, Pye, 67

Spix and Martius, 3

Squier, 40

Strzelecki (Count), 46, 54, 57

Ten Rhyne, 3

Thomson, 57

Thompson, 3

Thunberg, 4

Truter and Somerville, 3

Tschudi, 40

Van Amringe, 38

Volney, 20

Waitz, Theodor, 29, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 49, 52, 53, 54

Wentworth, 51

Yvan, 40

ERRATA.

Page 21 line 6 _for_ Mongrelia _read_ Mingrelia. ” 31 “ 16 “ Jacquenot “ Jacquinot. ” 47 “ 12 “ Gaymard “ Gaimard. ” 48 in _note_ 2 “ Lessen “ Lesson. ” 49 “ 6 “ Essingen “ Essington. ” 63 “ 32 “ _faci_ “ _foci_.

FINIS.

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REGULATIONS

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Anthropological Society of London.

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[Sidenote: Object.]

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[Sidenote: Privileges of Fellows.]