chapter xii. of book iv., with the Table of Stars, was written by Edward
Wright, the author of the Prefatory Epistle of _De Magnete_. Wright was Lecturer on Navigation to the East India Company, and author of sundry treatises on Navigation.
[231] PAGE 187, LINE 14. Page 187, line 16. _hic qui versus boream constitit ... meridionalis est, non borealis, quem antè nos omnes existimabant esse borealem._--Earlier on, on pages 15 and 125, Gilbert had mentioned this point. His insistence caused Barlowe (_Magneticall Aduertisements_, 1616, p. 4) to speak of the south-pointing end of the needle as the "true North," and thereby drew on himself the animadversions of Marke Ridley.
[232] PAGE 188, LINE 15. Page 188, line 16. _in rectâ sphærâ._--See note to p. 134.
[233] PAGE 190, LINE 14. Page 190, line 19. _declinans in Borealibus._--Dipping as it does in northern regions; that is, with the north-seeking or true-south pole downward.
[234] PAGE 195, LINE 20. Page 195, line 24. _multa maiora pondera._--Many greater weights. All editions read _multa_, but the sense requires _multo_: "much greater weights."
[235] PAGE 196, LINE 10. Page 196, line 12. _constans est._--This must not be read "is constant," for it is constant only in any given latitude.
[236] PAGE 196, LINE 15. Page 196, line 18. _De proportione declinationis pro latitudinis ratione._--Gilbert here announces, and proceeds in the next seven pages to develop, the proposition that to each latitude there corresponds a constant dip to a particular number of degrees. If this were accurately so, then a traveller by merely measuring the dip would be able to ascertain, by calculation, by reference to tables, or by aid of some geometrical appliance, {60} the latitude of the place. In this hope Gilbert fought to perfect the dipping-needle; and he also worked out, on pages 199 and 200, an empirical theory, and a diagram. This theory was still further developed by him, and given to Thomas Blundevile (see the Note to p. 240). Briggs of Gresham College, on Gilbert's suggestion, calculated a table of Dip and Latitude on this theory. It was found, however, that the observed facts deviated more or less widely from the theory. Kircher (_Magnes_, 1643, p. 368) gives a comparative table of the computed and observed values. Further discovery showed the method to be impracticable, and Gilbert's hope remained unfulfilled.
[237] PAGE 197, LINE 18. Page 197, line 21. _progressionis centri._--Note Gilbert's precision of phrase.
[238] PAGE 200, LINE 12. Page 200, line 11. _subintellig[=u]tur._--This is printed _subintelligitur_, and is altered in ink in all copies of the folio edition. The editions of 1628 and 1633 read _subintelliguntur_. Similarly in line 14 the word _ducit_ has had a small _r_ added in ink, making it read _ducitur_, as also the other editions.
[239] PAGE 203. This figure of the experiment with the simple dipping needle suspended in water in a goblet is due to Robert Norman. In his _Newe Attractiue_ (London, 1581, chap. vi.) he thus describes it:
"Then you shall take a deepe Glasse, Bowle, Cuppe, or other vessell, and fill it with fayre water, setting it in some place where it may rest quiet, and out of the winde. This done, cut the Corke circumspectly, by little and little, untill the wyre with the Corke be so fitted, that it may remain under the superficies of the water two or three inches, both ends of the wyer lying levell with the superficies of the water, without ascending or descending, like to the beame of a payre of ballance beeing equalie poysed at both ends.
"Then take out of the same the wyer without mooving the Corke, and touch it with the _Stone_, the one end with the South of the _Stone_, and the other end with the North, and then set it againe in the water, and you shall see it presentlie turne it selfe upon his owne Center, shewing the aforesay'd _Declining_ propertie, without descending to the bottome, as by reason it should, if there were any _Attraction_ downewards, the lower part of the water being neerer that point, then the superficies thereof."
[240] PAGE 212, LINE 7. Page 212, line 8. _ex altera parte._--The sense seems to require _et altera parte_, but all editions read _ex_.
[241] PAGE 213, LINE 1. Page 213, line 2. The passage here quoted from Dominicus Maria Ferrariensis, otherwise known as the astronomer Novara, does not occur in any known writing of that famous man. It is, however, quoted as being by Novara in at least three other writings of the same epoch. See the _Tabulæ secvndorum mobilium coelestium_ of Maginus (Venet., 1585, p. 29, line 19 to p. 30, line 11); the _Eratosthenes Batavvs_ of Willebrord Snell (Lugd. Batav., 1617, pp. 40-42); and the _Almagesti novi (Pars Posterior)_ of Riccioli (Bonon., 1651, p. 348). The original document appears to have perisht. See a notice by M. Curtze in Boncompagni's _Bullettino di Bibliografia_, T. iv., April, 1871.
[242] PAGE 214, LINE 26. Page 214, line 31. _Philolaus Pythagoricus._
"Philolaüs a le premier dit que la terre se meut en cercle; d'autres disent que c'est Nicétas de Syracuse."
"Les uns prétendent que le terre est immobile; mais Philolaüs le pythagoricien dit qu'elle se meut circulairement autour du feu (central) et suivant un cercle oblique, comme le soleil et la lune."--(Chaignet, _Pythagore et la Philosophie pythagoricienne_, Paris, 1873.)
It appears that the first of these _dicta_ is taken from Diogenes Laërt., viii. 85; and the second from Plutarch, _Placit. Philos._, III. 7. The latter {61} passage may be compared with Aristotle, _De Coelo_, II. 13, who, referring to the followers of Pythagoras, says: "They say that the middle is fire, that the earth is a star, and that it is moved circularly about this centre; and that by this movement it produces day and night."
[243] PAGE 214, LINE 34. Page 214, line 42. _Copernicus._--His work is _De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, libri vi._ (Basil., 1566).
[244] PAGE 215, LINE 27. Page 215, line 24. _quæ ... in cælo varijs distantijs collocata sunt._--This remark appears to be Gilbert's one contribution to the science of Astronomy; the stars having previously been regarded as fixed in the eighth sphere all at the same distance from the central earth, around which it revolved.
[245] PAGE 220, LINE 6. Page 220, line 6. _quem nycthemeron vocamus._--The 1628 and 1633 editions read _nyctemoron_.
[246] PAGE 221, LINE 10. Page 221, line 11. _poli verè oppositi sint._--For _verè_, the 1628 and 1633 editions read _rectæ_. All editions read _sint_, though _sunt_ seems to make better sense.
[247] PAGE 223, LINE 7. Page 223, line 8. _ad telluris conformitatem._--The word _conformitas_ is unknown in classical Latin.
[248] PAGE 223, LINE 16. Page 223, line 17. _Omitto quod Petrus Peregrinus constanter affirmat, terrellam super polos suos in meridiano suspensam, moveri circulariter integrâ revolutione 24 horis: Quod tamen nobis adhuc videre non contingit; de quo motu etiam dubitamus._
This statement that a spherical loadstone pivotted freely with its axis parallel to the earth's axis will of itself revolve on its axis once a day under the control of the heavens, thus superseding clocks, is to be found at the end of chap. x. of Peregrinus's _Epistola De Magnete_ (Augsb., 1537).
Gilbert, who doubted this experiment because of the stone's own weight is taken to task by Galileo, in the third of his Dialogues, for his qualified admission.
"I will speak of one particular, to which I could have wished that _Gilbert_ had not lent an ear; I mean that of admitting, that in case a little Sphere of Loadstone might be exactly librated, it would revolve in it self; because there is no reason why it should do so" (p. 376 of Salusbury's _Mathematical Collections_, London, 1661). The Jesuit Fathers who followed Gilbert, but rejected his Copernican ideas, pounced upon this pseudo-experiment, as though by disproving it they had upset the Copernican theory.
[249] PAGE 227, LINE 6. Page 227, line 7. This line is left out in the 1628 edition. In the 1633 edition it was also left out by the printer, and subsequently printed in in the margin, being page 219 of that edition.
[250] PAGE 234, LINE 35. Page 234, line 40. _vt poli telluris respectus à polis._--If it may be permitted to read _respectu_ for _respectus_ the sense is improved, and the passage may then be translated thus: "that just as it was needful ... that the poles of the Earth as to direction should be 23 degrees and more from the poles of the Ecliptick; so now, &c."
[251] PAGE 237, LINE 19. Page 237, line 22. _vt motus quidem obscuri saluarentur._--It has been conjectured that _quidem_ is here a misprint for _quidam_, but the adverb _quidem_ adds a satirical flavour to his argument against the folly of those who held the doctrine of the moving spheres. The verb _salvare_ does not occur in classical Latin.
[252] PAGE 240, LINE 13. Page 240, line 17. _à Copernico (Astronomiæ instauratore)._--Gilbert was the first in England to uphold the doctrines of {62} Copernicus as to the motion of the earth on its axis and its revolution around the sun. He considered that his magnetic observations brought new support to that theory, and his views are quoted with approbation by Kepler, _Epitome Astronomiæ Copernicanæ_ ... Authore Ioanne Keplero ... (Francofurti, 1635); and by Galileo, _Dialogus de Systemate Mundi_ (Augustæ Treboc., 1635), an English translation of which appeared in Salusbury's _Mathematical Collections and Translations_ (London, 1661, pp. 364 to 377).
For this the book _De Magnete_ was considered by many as heretical. Many of the copies existing in Italy are found to be either mutilated or else branded with a cross. For example, the copy in the library of the Collegio Romano in Rome has book VI. torn out. Galileo states that the Book of Gilbert would possibly never have come into his hands "if a Peripatetick Philosopher, of great fame, as I believe to free his Library from its contagion, had not given it me." In England Barlowe, in his _Magneticall Aduertisements_ (1616), expressly repudiated Gilbert's Copernican notions, while praising his discoveries in magnetism. Marke Ridley, while upholding Gilbert's views, in his _Magneticall Animadversions_ (1617) did not consider him "skilfull in Copernicus." The Jesuit writers, Cabeus, Kircher, Fonseca, Grandamicus, Schott, Leotaudus, Millietus, and De Lanis, one and all, who followed Gilbert in their magnetic writings, repudiated the idea that the magnetism of the globe gave support to the heretical modern Astronomy.
The works referred to are:
Cabeus, _Philosophia Magnetica, in qua Magnetis natura penitus explicatur ... auctore Nicolao Cabeo Ferrarensi Soc. Jesv._ (Ferrariæ, 1629).
Kircher, _Magnes, Siue de Arte Magnetica, Libri tres, Authore Athanasio Kirchero ... e Soc. Iesv._ (Romæ, 1641).
Grandamicus, _Nova Demonstratio immobilitatis terræ petita ex virtute magnetica_ (Flexiæ, 1645). This work is most beautifully illustrated with copper-plate etchings of cupids making experiments with terrellas.
Schott, Gaspar, _Thaumaturgus Physicus_ (Herbipolis, 1659).
Leotaudus, _R. P. Vincentinii Leotavdi Delphinatis, Societ. Iesv., Magnetologia; in qva exponitvr Nova de Magneticis Philosophia_, (Lvgdvni, 1668).
Millietus (Milliet Deschales), _Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus_ (Lugd., 1674), _Tomus Primus, Tractatus de Magnete_.
De Lanis, _Magisterium Natvræ et Artis. Opus Physico-Mathematicvm P. Francisci Tertii de Lanis, Soc. Jesv._ (Brixiæ, 1684).
[253] PAGE 240, LINE 24. Page 240, line 31. _hic finem & periodum imponimus._
On February 13 [1601] Gilbert wrote to Barlowe (see _Magneticall Aduertisements_, p. 88):
"I purpose to adioyne an appendix of six or eight sheets of paper to my booke after a while, I am in hand with it of some new inventions, and I would haue some of your experiments, in your name and inuention put into it, if you please, that you may be knowen for an augmenter of that arte."
This he never did. Perhaps his appointment (in February, 1601) as chief physician in personal attendance on the Queen interfered with the project; or his death, of the plague, in 1603, intervened before his intention had been carried into effect. But it is probable that the substance of the proposed additions is to be found in the chapter, publisht in Gilbert's lifetime, in Blundevile's _Theoriques of the seuen Planets_ (London, 1602), thus described in the title-page of the work: "There is also hereto added, {63} The making, description, and vse, of two most ingenious and necessarie Instruments for Sea-men, to find out thereby the latitude of any Place vpon the Sea or Land, in the darkest night that is, without the helpe of Sunne, Moone, or Starre. First inuented by M. Doctor Gilbert, a most excellent Philosopher, and one of the ordinarie Physicians to her Maiestie: and now here plainely set downe in our mother tongue by Master Blundeuile."
Of these two instruments the first consists of a mechanical device, with movable quadrants, to be cut out in cardboard, to be used in connection with the diagram of spiral lines which Gilbert had given as a folding plate between pages 200 and 201 of _De Magnete_. The intention was that the Sea-man having found by experiment with a dipping-needle the amount of the dip at any place, should by applying this diagram and its moving quadrants, ascertain the latitude, according to the theory expounded in book V., chap. VII.
The second instrument is a simplified portable dipping-needle, having the degrees engraved on the inner face of a cylindrical brass ring.
Blundevile adds a Table, calculated by Briggs, and "annexed to the former Treatise by _Edward Wright_, at the motion of the right Worshipful M. Doctor _Gilbert_." This gives the values of the dip for different latitudes, as calculated from Gilbert's empirical theory.
The other work, _De Mundo nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova_, which Gilbert left in manuscript at his death, does not contain any additional matter on the magnetical investigations. Though it contains several direct references to the _de Magnete_, and particularly to Book VI. on the rotation of the earth, it is doubtful whether it was written after or before the publication of _de Magnete_. On pages 137 to 144 of the posthumous edition (Amsterdam, 1651) Gilbert refers to Peregrinus's alleged perpetually revolving sphere, and denies its possibility. The greater part of the work is an anti-Aristotelian discussion on Air, Meteorology, Astronomy, the Winds, Tides, and Springs.
* * * * *
{65} INDEX TO AUTHORITIES
Abano, Pietro di, 6. Acosta, Josephus, 16. Addison, Joseph, 35. Aepinus, 44. Aetius Amidenus, 6. Affaytatus, 16, 39. Agricola, Georgius, 25, 31, 36, 50. Agrippa, H. Cornelius, 7. Albategnius, 29. Albertus Magnus, 6, 17, 38, 39, 40, 50. Aldrovandi, Ulisse, 13, 36, 53. Alexander Aphrodiseus, 3, 21. Amatus Lusitanus, 6, 31. Apponensis, Petrus, 6. _See_ Abano. Aquinas, St. Thomas, 8, 45. Ardoynis, Santes de, 6. Aristotle, 4, 19, 25, 61. Arnaldus de Villa nova, 6. Augustani, 29. Augustine, St., 4, 21, 43. Aurifaber, 36. Averroes, 29. Avicenna, 6, 29, 30, 34. Azuni, 8.
Bacon, Lord, 17, 42. Barlow, Peter, 51. Barlowe, William, 1, 2, 5, 9, 20, 28, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62. Beckmann, Johann, 19, 21, 32. Bencora, or Ben Korrah (Thebitius), 30. Benjamin, Park, 9, 11, 17. Bernoulli, D., 48. Bertelli, Timoteo, 11. Bessard, Toussaincte de, 11, 58. Bianco, Andrea, 57. Blackmore, R. D., 24. Blondo, Michaele Angelo, 1, 58. Blondus, Flavius, 9. Blundevile, Thomas, 8, 14, 60, 62, 63. Bond, Henry, 55. Borough, William, 2, 19. Boyle, Robert, 43, 53. Brasavolus, Antonius Musa, 6, 37. Briggs, Henry, 60, 62. Brough, R. B., 15. Browne, Sir Thomas, 3, 37, 42, 51, 53. Brunfels, Otho, 17, 30. Buffum, W. A., 36. Burton, Sir Richard F., 5. Buttmann, 20, 32. Buxtorf, 21.
Cabeus, Nicolas, 2, 42, 50, 62. Cabot, Sebastian, 10, 16. Caesar (or Cesare, Giulio), 53. Calaber, Hannibal Rosetius, 6. Calcagninus, Cælius, 8, 9. Camden, William, 25. Camera, Matteo, 8. Cardan, Hieronymo, 23, 24, 26, 31, 36, 37, 41, 43, 49, 54. Casaubon, 17. Cats, Jacob, 53. Cavallo, Tiberius, 44. Chaignet, 60. Charlemagne, 58. Charles II., 23. Charleton, Dr. W., 19. Chladni, 26. Coignet, Michiel, 58. Collenuccio, Pandolfo, 9. Conimbricenses, 11. Cordus, Valerius, 20. Cortes, Martin, 11, 24, 57. Costa, Filippo, 16, 53. Costa, Joseph. _See_ Acosta. Costaeus, Joannes, of Lodi, 16, 45. Creak, Captain, 51, 56. Creech, T., 3. Crescentius, 8. Crollius, O., 29. Curtius, 32. Curtius, N., 29. Curtze, M., 60. Cusan (Cardinal de Cusa), 7, 45, 49. Cyrrhestes, Andronicus, 58.
Davies, T. S., 20. De la Hire, 54. De Lanis, 58, 62. Delaunay, 32. Diogenes Laertius, 60. Dioscorides, 30, 34, 35, 37, 38, 43. Dominicus Maria Ferrariensis (Novara), 60. Drake, Sir Francis, 19. Dudley, Sir Robert, 19, 56, 59. Du Puys (Puteanus), 38, 45.
{66} Encelius, _or_ Entzelt, 7, 24, 26. Erastus, Thomas, 7. Euripides, 4. Evax, 18, 50. Evelyn, John, 23.
Fallopius, Gabriellus, 7, 29. Fantis, Antonius de, 49. Ficino, Marsiglio, 18. Fincati, Admiral, 8. Fletcher, L., 26. Fonseca, 62. Fontano, Jacopo, 58. Forcellini, 2. Fournier, G., 10, 20, 22, 55, 58. Foxe, 52. Fracastorio, Hieronymo, 12, 19, 29, 51.
Galen, 29, 30, 31, 35. Galileo, 47, 62. Gallucci, 58. Gartias ab Horto, 13, 27, 39. Gassendi, 54. Gasser, Achilles P., 17, 57. Geber, 29. Gellibrand, Henry, 55. Gemma, Cornelius, 45. Gessner, 32. Gilbert, Adrian, 20. Gilbert, William, _de Mundo nostro Sublunari_, 47, 50, 63. Gioia, _or_ Goia, 8, 56. Glanvill, Joseph, 27. Goebel, 36. Goethe, 23. Gonzalus Oviedus, 10. Goppert, 35. Goropius, Henricus Becanus, 10. Gralath, D., 36. Grandamicus, 62. Grew, N., 23. Grimaldi, 54. Grotius, Hugo, 17. Guericke, Otto von, 41, 50.
Haecker, P. W., 48. Hakewill, G., 10. Hakluyt, 13, 20. Hali Abbas, 6, 17, 29. Hamilton, James (Earl of Abercorn), 48. Hariot, Thomas, 19. Harris, Sir W. Snow, 21, 54. Hartmann, P. J., 36. Hellmann, G., 11. Hermann, D., 36. Hermolaus Barbarus, 7. Hill, "Sir" John, 24, 38, 40. Hood, T., 3. Hues, Robert, 19. Humboldt, 26, 31, 36, 41. Hyginus, 36.
Isidore, St., 20, 21, 39.
Kendall, Abraham, 19. Kepler, 62. Kiel, Cornelius van (_or_ Kiliani), 52. King, Edward, 26. Kircher, Athanasius, 2, 21, 45, 55, 56, 57, 62. Klaproth, 7, 8, 10, 20, 21, 22. Kudrun, 15.
Langius, Joannes, 7. Lanis, F. de, 58, 62. Leonardus, Camillus, 7, 57. Leotaudus, 62. Levinus Lemnius, 38, 39, 41, 56. Libri, 11. Linna, Nicolas de, 14. Lipenius, 13, 56. Lister, Martin, 53. Livio Sanuto, 10, 16. Livy, 26. Lonicer, Joannes, 30, 35, 38. Löwy, 21. Lucretius, 3, 44.
Maginus, 60. Magnus, Sir Philip, 10. Manardus, Joannes, 29. Marbodeus, 6, 18, 21, 40, 41, 50. Marcellus Empiricus, 6, 7. Marco Polo, 10. Martial, 36, 37. Martin, Th. Henri, 20, 21, 32, 33. Maskelyne, N. Story, 26. Matthæus Silvaticus, 7. Matthiolus, P., 5, 30, 35. Maurolycus, Franciscus, 11. Medina, Pedro de, 54, 57. Mercator, 11, 14. Merula, Gaudentius, 18, 19. Merula, P., 15. Miers, H. A., 40. Migne, 19. Milliet Deschales, 58, 62. Monardus, Nicolas, 29. Montanus, Joannes Baptista, 6. Morris, William, 15. Moxon, Joseph, 51. Muellenhoff, K., 36.
Nautonier, G., 55, 57. Neckham, Alexander of, 10. Newton, Sir Isaac, 41. Nicander, 38. Nicolaus Myrepsius (_or_ Præpositas), 28, 35. {67} Nonius Petrus (_or_ Nuñez), 58. Nordenskjold, 13. Norman, Robert, 1, 11, 14, 28, 56, 58, 60. Novara, Dominicus Maria, 60.
Offusius, Joannes Franciscus, 31. Olaus Magnus, 12, 17. Oribasius, 6. Orpheus, 22, 44. Ovid, 36. Oviedo, Luis de, 28. Oviedus, Gonzalus, 10.
Paley, F. A., 32. Palm, G. A., 20. Paracelsus (Bombast von Hohenheim), 7, 29. Paulus Aeginæ, 30. Paulus Jovius, 9. Paulus Venetus (Fra Paolo Sarpi), 17. Pepys, Samuel, 23. Peregrinus, Petrus, 1, 11, 23, 48, 57, 61. Pettus, Sir John, 23, 41. Philolaus, 60. Photius, 21. Pictorio, G., 18. Plancius, 14. Plat, Sir Hugh, 5, 40, 43. Plato, 4, 44. Plautus, 2. Pliny (Caius Plinius Secundus), 5, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 49, 50. Plot, Rob., 42. Plutarch, 26, 28, 41, 60. Polo, Marco, 10. Porta, Joannes Baptista (Giambattista della Porta), 4, 9, 16, 23, 46, 48, 54, 56, 57. Poynting, J. H., 47. Præpositas (_or_ Nicolas Myrepsius), 28, 35. Ptolemy, 12, 28. Purchas, 55. Puteanus, Gulielmus, 38, 45.
Quintino, Giovanni, 58.
Ramelli, Agostino, 53. Rammelsberg, 26. Reibelt, 58. Rhazes, 28, 29, 30. Riccioli, 60. Ridley, Marke, 3, 31, 59, 62. Robertson, Rev. Alexander, 17. Rücker, Arthur W., 15. Ruellius, Joannes, 18, 30, 34, 37. Rueus, Franciscus, 17. Ruysch, Johan, 13.
Salusbury, T., 61, 62. Santes de Ardoynis, 6. Sanuto, Livio, 10, 16. Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 16, 17. Savery, Servington, 48, 54. Scaliger, J. C., 26, 33, 34, 45, 46, 49. Scheins, M., 32. Schindler, A. Houtum, 33. Schott, G., 62. Schweigger, J. C., 32. Sendel, Nathaniel, 36, 37. Sennert, Daniel, 46. Serapio, 6, 17, 30. Severt, Jacques, 11. Shakespeare, William, 22. Siemens, 48. Signorelli, 8. Silvaticus, Matthæus, 7. Smith, Dr. William, 26. Snell, Willebrord, 60. Solinus, Julius, 4, 37, 40. Stadius, 59. Stephanus, 32. Stevinus, Simon, 56. Strabo, 26. Swan, John, 56. Swinden, J. H. van, 44.
Taisnier, Joannes, 11, 47. Terzagus, 36, 49. Thalèn, 15. Thales, 46. Thebit Ben Korrah, 30, 50. Themistius, 46. Theophrastus, 32, 36, 38. Thompson, Silvanus P., 48. Thomson, R. D., 49. Thorpe, T. E., 15.
Vallemont, Abbé de, 54. Van Swinden, 44. Varro, 58. Venanson, Flaminius, 8. Venner, Dr. T., 40. Vergil, 2, 24. Virgil, Polydore, 9. Vitruvius, 58.
Waring, E. J., 29. Watson, William, 38. Wigand, Johann, 36. Wilde, Henry, 15. Willigen, van der, 48. Wren, Sir Christopher, 23. Wright, Edward, 19, 59, 62.
CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.