CHAPTER III.

THE TRANSITION TO UTILITARIANISM.

1. Difference of the standpoints of individual and State, 41 2. Connection between egoism and utilitarianism according to Bentham, 45 (_a_) Utilitarianism not a political duty, 46 (_b_) Nor a moral duty, 47 (_c_) Nor insisted on as a religious duty, 49 (_d_) Nor sufficiently motived in private ethics, 50 3. Exhaustive character of Bentham's treatment from his point of view, 51 (_a_) The religious sanction (Paley), 53 (_b_) Limits of the political sanction, 54 (_c_) Uncertainty of the social sanction, 55 (_d_) And of the internal sanction so far as a result of the social, 56 4. Mill's logical defence of utilitarianism, 57 (_a_) Distinction of kinds of pleasure, 58 (_b_) Ambiguities in his proof, 60 5. Actual transition to utilitarianism, 62 (_a_) Recognition of sympathy, 64 (_b_) The idea of equality, 69 6. The two sides of utilitarian theory without logical connection, 73 7. Summary of the ethical consequences of psychological hedonism, 75