CHAPTER XI

CONCLUSION

For four years and a half we worked in Lambarene, but in the last of them we were able to spend the hot, rainy months between autumn and spring at the seaside. A white man who pitied my almost utterly exhausted wife put at our disposal, at the mouth of the Ogowe, two hours from Cape Lopez, a house which before the war had been the home of the man who watched his timber floats when they lay at anchor, but which had been empty since the trade came to a standstill. We shall never forget his kindness. Our principal food was herrings, which I caught in the sea. Of the abundance of fish in Cape Lopez Bay it is difficult for any one to form an adequate idea.

[Sidenote: Last months in Africa]

Around the house stood the huts in which the white man's labourers had lived when the trade was in full swing. Now, half ruined, they served as sleeping places for negroes who passed through. On the second day after our arrival I went to see whether there was any one in them, but no one answered my calls. Then I opened the doors one by one, and in the last hut saw a man lying on the ground with his head almost buried in the sand and ants running all over him. It was a victim of sleeping sickness whom his companions had left there, probably some days before, because they could not take him any further. He was past all help, {169} though he still breathed. While I was busied with him I could see through the door of the hut the bright blue waters of the bay in their frame of green woods, a scene of almost magic beauty, looking still more enchanting in the flood of golden light poured over it by the setting sun. To be shown in a single glance such a paradise and such helpless, hopeless misery, was overwhelming ... but it was a symbol of the condition of Africa.

On my return to Lambarene I found plenty to do, but this did not frighten me. I was fresh and vigorous again. Much of the work was caused just then by men who were ill with dysentery. Carriers for the military colony of the Cameroons had been impressed in our district, and many of them had caught the infection, but subcutaneous injections of emetin proved very effective even in the oldest cases.

When this levy of carriers was made, one of my patients who had a bad ulcer on his foot wanted to join as a volunteer, so that his brother, who had been taken, might not have to go alone. I represented to him that in three or four days he would fall out and be left on the roadside, where he would assuredly die. However, he would not let himself be convinced, and I almost had to use violence to keep him back.

I happened to be present when a body of impressed carriers who were to be taken to the Cameroons by water were embarked on the river steamer at N'Gômô. Then the natives began to know by experience what war really is. The vessel had started amid the wailing of the women; its trail of smoke had disappeared in the distance, and the crowd had dispersed, but on a stone on the river bank an old woman whose son had {170} been taken sat weeping silently. I took hold of her hand and wanted to comfort her, but she went on crying as if she did not hear me. Suddenly I felt that I was crying with her, silently, towards the setting sun, as she was.

About that time I read a magazine article which maintained that there would always be wars, because a noble thirst for glory is an ineradicable element in the heart of man. These champions of militarism think of war only as idealised by ignorant enthusiasm or the necessity of self-defence. They would probably reconsider their opinions if they spent a day in one of the African theatres of war, walking along the paths in the virgin forest between lines of corpses of carriers who had sunk under their load and found a solitary death by the roadside, and if, with these innocent and unwilling victims before them, they were to meditate in the gloomy stillness of the forest on war as it really is.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: Final results. Why we should help]

How shall I sum up the resulting experience of these four and a half years? On the whole it has confirmed my view of the considerations which drew me from the world of learning and art to the primeval forest. "The natives who live in the bosom of Nature are never so ill as we are, and do not feel pain so much." That is what my friends used to say to me, to try to keep me at home, but I have come to see that such statements are not true. Out here there prevail most of the diseases which we know in Europe, and several of them--those hideous ones, I mean, which we brought here--produce, if possible, more misery than they do amongst us. And the child of nature feels them as we {171} do, for to be human means to be subject to the power of that terrible lord whose name is Pain.

Physical misery is great everywhere out here. Are we justified in shutting our eyes and ignoring it because our European newspapers tell us nothing about it? We civilised people have been spoilt. If any one of us is ill the doctor comes at once. Is an operation necessary, the door of some hospital or other opens to us immediately. But let every one reflect on the meaning of the fact that out here millions and millions live without help or hope of it. Every day thousands and thousands endure the most terrible sufferings, though medical science could avert them. Every day there prevails in many and many a far-off hut a despair which we could banish. Will each of my readers think what the last ten years of his family history would have been if they had been passed without medical or surgical help of any sort? It is time that we should wake from slumber and face our responsibilities!

Believing it, as I do, to be my life's task to fight on behalf of the sick under far-off stars, I appeal to the sympathy which Jesus and religion generally call for, but at the same time I call to my help also our most fundamental ideas and reasonings. We ought to see the work that needs doing for the coloured folk in their misery, not as a mere "good work," but as a duty that must not be shirked.

Ever since the world's far-off lands were discovered, what has been the conduct of the white peoples to the coloured ones? What is the meaning of the simple fact that this and that people has died out, that others are dying out, and that the condition of others is getting worse and worse as a result of their discovery by men {172} who professed to be followers of Jesus? Who can describe the injustice and the cruelties that in the course of centuries they have suffered at the hands of Europeans? Who can measure the misery produced among them by the fiery drinks and the hideous diseases that we have taken to them? If a record could be compiled of all that has happened between the white and the coloured races, it would make a book containing numbers of pages, referring to recent as well as to early times, which the reader would have to turn over unread, because their contents would be too horrible.

We and our civilisation are burdened, really, with a great debt. We are not free to confer benefits on these men, or not, as we please; it is our duty. Anything we give them is not benevolence but atonement. For every one who scattered injury some one ought to go out to take help, and when we have done all that is in our power, we shall not have atoned for the thousandth part of our guilt. That is the foundation from which all deliberations about "works of mercy" out there must begin.

It goes without saying that Governments must help with the atonement, but they cannot do so till there already exists in society a conviction on the subject. The Government alone can never discharge the duties of humanitarianism; from the nature of the case that rests with society and individuals.

The Government can send out as many colonial doctors as it has at its disposal, and as the colonial budgets are able to pay for. It is well known that there are great colonising powers which cannot find even enough doctors to fill the places of those already working in their colonies, though these are far from sufficient to {173} cope with the need. So again, we see, the real burden of the humanitarian work must fall upon society and its individual members. We must have doctors who go among the coloured people of their own accord and are ready to put up with all that is meant by absence from home and civilisation. I can say from experience that they will find a rich reward for all that they renounce in the good that they can do.

Among the poor people out here they will not as a rule be able to collect the cost of their own living and work; men must come forward at home who will provide what is necessary, and that is something that is due from all of us. But whom shall we get to make a beginning, without waiting till the duty is universally recognised and acted on?

* * * * *

The Fellowship of those who bear the Mark of Pain. Who are the members of this Fellowship? Those who have learnt by experience what physical pain and bodily anguish mean, belong together all the world over; they are united by a secret bond. One and all they know the horrors of suffering to which man can be exposed, and one and all they know the longing to be free from pain. He who has been delivered from pain must not think he is now free again, and at liberty to take life up just as it was before, entirely forgetful of the past. He is now a "man whose eyes are open" with regard to pain and anguish, and he must help to overcome those two enemies (so far as human power can control them) and to bring to others the deliverance which he has himself enjoyed. The man who, with a doctor's help, has been pulled through a severe illness, must aid in {174} providing a helper such as he had himself, for those who otherwise could not have one. He who has been saved by an operation from death or torturing pain, must do his part to make it possible for the kindly anæsthetic and the helpful knife to begin their work, where death and torturing pain still rule unhindered. The mother who owes it to medical aid that her child still belongs to her, and not to the cold earth, must help, so that the poor mother who has never seen a doctor may be spared what she has been spared. Where a man's death agony might have been terrible, but could fortunately be made tolerable by a doctor's skill, those who stood around his death bed must help, that others, too, may enjoy that same consolation when they lose their dear ones.

[Sidenote: The Fellowship of Pain]

Such is the Fellowship of those who bear the Mark of Pain, and on them lies the humanitarian task of providing medical help in the colonies. Their gratitude should be the source of the gifts needed. Commissioned by them, doctors should go forth to carry out among the miserable in far-off lands all that ought to be done in the name of civilisation, human and humane.

Sooner or later the idea which I here put forward will conquer the world, for with inexorable logic it carries with it the intellect as well as the heart.

But is just now the right time to send it out into the world? Europe is ruined and full of wretchedness. With all the misery that we have to alleviate even under our very eyes, how can we think of far-off lands?

Truth has no special time of its own. Its hour is now--always, and indeed then most truly when it seems most unsuitable to actual circumstances. Care for distress at home and care for distress elsewhere do but help each other if, working together, they wake men in {175} sufficient numbers from their thoughtlessness, and call into life a new spirit of humanity.

But let no one say: "Suppose 'the Fellowship of those who bear the Mark of Pain' does by way of beginning send one doctor here, another there, what is that to cope with the misery of the world?" From my own experience and from that of all colonial doctors, I answer, that a single doctor out here with the most modest equipment means very much for very many. The good which he can accomplish surpasses a hundred-fold what he gives of his own life and the cost of the material support which he must have. Just with quinine and arsenic for malaria, with novarsenobenzol for the various diseases which spread through ulcerating sores, with emetin for dysentery, and with sufficient skill and apparatus for the most necessary operations, he can in a single year free from the power of suffering and death hundreds of men who must otherwise have succumbed to their fate in despair. It is just exactly the advance of tropical medicine during the last fifteen years which gives us a power over the sufferings of the men of far-off lands that borders on the miraculous. Is not this really a call to us?

For myself, now that my health, which since 1918 had been very uncertain, has been restored as the result of two operations, and that I have succeeded, by means of lectures and organ concerts, in discharging the debts which I had to incur during the war for the sake of my work, I venture to resolve to continue my activity among the suffering folk of whom I have written. The work, indeed, as I began it, has been ruined by the war. The friends from two nations who joined in supporting us, have been, alas! deeply divided by what has {176} happened in the world, and of those who might have helped us farther, many have been reduced to poverty by the war. It will be very difficult to collect the necessary funds, which again must be far larger than before, for the expenses will be three times as heavy, however modestly I replan our undertaking.

Nevertheless, I have not lost courage. The misery I have seen gives me strength, and faith in my fellow-men supports my confidence in the future. I do hope that I shall find a sufficient number of people who, because they themselves have been saved from physical suffering, will respond to requests on behalf of those who are in similar need.... I do hope that among the doctors of the world there will soon be several besides myself who will be sent out, here or there in the world, by "the Fellowship of those who bear the Mark of Pain."

ST. NICHOLAS' CLERGY HOUSE, STRASBOURG. _August_, 1920.

{177}

INDEX

NDX

ADMINISTRATION, French colonial, 116, 118 African harbours, West, 20 Agriculture, 118 Alcohol, 6, 24, 25, 44, 49, 96, 114, 120, 124, 161 American Mission, 21 Anæmia, 6, 90, 148 Anæsthetics, 66 Analysis, blood, 84 Animals, treatment of, at Dakar, 17 Ant, traveller, 143 Antipyrin, 37 Apoplexy, 66 Appendicitis, 53 "Arrhenal," 90 Arsenic, 90 Arseno-benzol. _See_ Raspberry disease. Atombogunjo, 158 Atoxyl, 83, 85 _Aucoumea hlaineana_, 109 "Aurora," 150

BACH, 3, 64, 149 Banana, 70, 97, 140 Barolea, 21 Beetle, Bostrichid, 100 Belgian-Congo Railway, 8 Biborate of sodium, 73 Blood analysis, 84 Boehme, Jacob. _See_ "Aurora." Boils, 69 Books, 148; _see also_ "Aurora." Bostrichid beetle, 100 Brazzaville, 85 Bromide of potassium, 37, 47 Bruce, 81 Building, raft, 102

CADIER, Mr., 72 Cameroons, 122 Cancer, 53 Cannibalism, 6, 69 Canoe journey, 40 Castellani, 81 Catholic Mission, sixteenth century, 6 Catholic Mission Station, 81 Catholic Missions, the, 166 Cattle, 5, 118 Cause of sleeping sickness, 79 Cayman, 72 Cereals, 5 Chaulmoogra oil, 89; subcutaneous injection of, 89 Chills, 53 Chloral hydrate, 47 Christianity, 153; natives and, 154 Christol, Mr., 26, 61 Cinnamon, 4 Civilisation and colonisation, antagonism of, 117 Civilisation, comparative, 127 Climate, 5, 40, 53 Cloth, 96 Cocoa, 4 Coffee, 4 Coillard, Mr., 145 Colonial administration, French, 116, 118 Colonisation and civilisation, antagonism of, 117 "Company of the Upper Ogowe," 120 Compulsory labour, 118 "Concessions," 119 Conditions of Europeans, 6 Conveyance of sleeping sickness, 83 Coralwood, 109 Crawcraw, 87

DAKAR, 16 De Brazza, 7 Delord, Mr., 89 Dentistry, 55 Dermatol, 37 Difficulties of temporary hospital, 37 Digitalis, 45 Disease, heart, 45; mental, 45 Dishonesty, native, 64, 102, 162 Drink. _See_ alcohol. Drinking habits, native, 44 Dropsy, 75 Dutton, 81 Dysentery, 36, 62, 90

EATING sores, 88 Ebony, 102 Education, native, 122; of missionaries, 164 Elephantiasis, 36 Elephants, 139, 141 Ellenberger, Mr., 26, 67 Emetin (_Emetinum hydrochloricum_), 91, 169 European imports, 5; influence, 91 Europeans, conditions of, 6; mortality among, 6; relations between natives and, 130 Evangelical Mission, Paris, 2, 3 Exploration of River Ogowe, 7 Export of timber, 108 Extravagance, native, 77

FANS, 6 Faure, Mr. Felix, 165 Faure, Mrs., 56, 58 Felling and transport of timber, 95 Fernando Vaz, 68 Fetishes, 50, 51 Finance, 3 Fish and Fishing, 49, 168 Food products, 98 Foodstuffs, 151 Ford, Mr., 159 Forest roads, 121, 122 Forest, the virgin, 23, 39 Fourier, 94 _Framboesia_, 87 French colonial administration, 116, 118

GABOON, 4, 6 Galoas, 6 "Gambia fever," 82 Girls, native, 129 _Glossina palpalis_, 42 _n._, 83 Gout, 53 Grand Bassam, 20 Gratitude, native, 66

HABITS, native drinking, 44 Hansen, 88 Harbours, West African, 20 Haug, Mr. (N'Gômô), 52, 109 Heart disease, 45 Hermann, Mr., 69 Hernia, 55, 64, 91 Hippopotami, 41, 43, 56, 57, 72 Hospital (temporary), difficulties of, 37; routine of, 32, 33 Hospital, the, 31, 44, 59; its scope, 78 Housekeeping, 62 Hunting, elephant, 141 Hydrogen peroxide, 73

IMPORTS, European, 5 Industries, native, 124 Influence, European, 91; of war, 167; Portuguese, 70 Insects, 143 Insomnia, 54 Ipecacuanha, 90 Ironwood, 109 Isolation of leprosy, 88 Israelites, 127 Itch (scabies), 36

JACOB BOEHME, 150 Jesuit plantations, 7 Jesus Christ, 93, 127, 155 Jorryguibert, 65 Joseph, 32, 45, 48, 65, 73, 76, 132, 136, 145

KAST, Mr., 27, 31, 60 Kerosene, 114 Kiboko (sjambok), 67 Koch, 81 Konakri,17

LABOUR, compulsory, 118 Labour, native, 20, 31, 78, 95, 111 Labour problem. _See_ Native labour. Labour, women's, 63 Lambarene, 3, 5, 8, 26, 39, 169 Law, native, 73, 151 Laziness, native, 44, 112 Leboeuf, 81 Leopards, 71 Leprosy, 36, 68, 88 Libreville, 6, 21 Lopez, Cape, 4, 94 Lopez, Odoardo, 7 Lumbar hernia, 65

MAHOGANY, 108 Malaria, 36, 56, 59, 89 Manioc, 70, 97 Martin, 81 Medical science, sleeping sickness and, 82 Medicine men, 35, 48 Medicine, native, 35; tropical, 16 Medicines, prices of, 67 Memory, loss of, 80 Mental disease, 45 Merchandise for natives, 115 Merk's Pyoktanin, 146 Methylen-violet, 146 Mission, American, 21; sixteenth century, Catholic, 6; nineteenth century, Protestant, 8 Mission school, the, 121, 129, 158, 163 Mission station, Catholic, 81 Mission station, Lambarene, 39 Mission, the, how worked, 159 Missionaries, education of, 164 Missionary Society, Paris, 8 Missions, 153; stations and _personnel_ of, 8; the Catholic, 166; the Protestant, 165 Mollusc, the boring, 109 Monkey flesh, 72, 151 Monogamy, 126 Morel, Mr. and Mrs., 71, 152 Morphia, 47 Mortality among Europeans, 6 Mosquitoes, 60, 83 Mouila, 80

NASTIN, 89 Native attitude towards war, 138, 151; confidence, 36; dishonesty, 64, 102, 162; drinking habits, 44; education, 122; extravagance, 77; girls, 129; gratitude, 66; industries, 124, 161; labour, 20, 31, 78, 95, 111; law, 73, 151; laziness 44, 112; medicine, 35, 36; punishment, 75; superstitions, 65, 155; unreliability, 29, 63, 135; village, 24, 43 Natives and Europeans, relations between, 130 Natives, and Christianity, 154; merchandise for, 115; taxation of, 114 Nature of sleeping sickness, 83 Navigation, river, 22-26, 41 N'Djôle, 4 N'Gomje, River, 70 N'Gômô, 8, 26 N'Gounje, 78 Nicotine, 54 N'Kendju, 73, 146

OGOWE, district of, 4 Ogowe, River, 2, 4, 23; exploration of, 7 Oil palm, 4, 70, 71 Ojemba, 157 Okoume, 108 _Oleum gynocardiæ_, 89 Omnipon, 92 Operations, 55, 65, 91 Opium, 35 Orungu tribe, 6 Osteomyelitis, 66

PAHOUINS, 6 Palm, oil, 4, 70, 71 Paris Evangelical Mission, 2, 3 Paris Missionary Society, 8 Pepper, 4 Permanganate of potash, 88 _Personnel_ of missions, stations and, 8 Pineapples, 42 Plantations, Jesuit, 7 Pleurisy, 53 Pneumonia, 53 Poison, 47, 48 Polygamy, 126 Portuguese influence, 70 Potassium, bromide of, 37, 47 Potatoes, 5, 70, 151 Prices, 137 Prices of medicine, 67 Products, food, 98 Protestant Mission, nineteenth century, 8 Protestant missions, the, 165 Punishment, native, 75 Pyorrhoea, 55

QUININE, 37, 56, 90

RAFT building, 102 Railway, Belgian-Congo, 8 Rambaud, Mr., 64 Raspberry disease, 87 Rheumatism, 53, 80 Rice, 5 River navigation, 22-26, 41 River N'Gomje, 70 River Ogowe, 2, 23 Roads, forest, 121, 122 Robert, Mr., 131 Rosewood, 109 Rousseau, 155 Routine of hospital (temporary), 32, 33 Rubber, 4 _Rynchoprion penetrans_, 86

SALOL, 37 Samkita, 8, 71 Sandfleas, 86 Sangunagenta, 87 Scabies (itch), 36 School, the Mission, 121, 129, 163 Schools, mission, 158 Sciatica, 80 Scopolamin, 47 Scorpions, 143 Senegambia, 16 Serval, Lieutenant, 7 Skulls (for fetishes), 51 Slavery, 6, 69 Sleeping sickness, 36, 62, 78, 81; and medical science, 82; cause of, 79; conveyance of, 83; nature of, 83; symptoms of, 80 Sleeping Sickness Institute, 85 Snakes, 72 Stanley, 98 Stations and _personnel_ of missions, 8 Stilling, Professor, 146 Strohl, Professor, 148 Subcutaneous injection of chaulmoogra oil, 89 Sunstroke, 58, 59 Superstition, native, 65, 155 Symptoms of sleeping sickness, 80

TABOU, 20 Talagouga, 8, 71 Taxation of natives, 114 Teeth, 55, 148 Teneriffe, 13 Termites, 142 Thymol, 55 Timber, export of, 108; trade, 4, 5, 25, 94-100; felling and transport of, 95-101; varieties of, 108 Tobacco, 49, 54, 96, 114 Traveller ant, 143 Treatment of animals at Dakar, 17 Trees, 39 Tropical medicine, 16 Trypanosomata, 82 Tsetse fly, 42 Tumours, 55

ULCERS, 86, 146 Unreliability, native, 29, 63, 135

VANILLA, 4 Varieties of timber, 108 Village, native, 24, 43 Virgin forest, the, 23, 39

WAR, 136; influence of, 167; native attitude towards, 138, 151 Weaver bird, 72 West African harbours, 20 Whooping-cough, 52 Wife-purchase, 76, 128 Women, diseases of, 55 Women's labour, 63

YAM, 70 ENDX

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE WHITEFRIARS PRESS LTD., TONBRIDGE.

/tb

THE MYSTERY OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD

THE SECRET OF JESUS' MESSIAHSHIP AND PASSION

BY

ALBERT SCHWEITZER

DR.THEOL., DR.MED., D.PHIL. (STRASSBURG) TRANSLATED WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY WALTER LOWRIE

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_SOME PRESS OPINIONS_

"... this is a fine book. The reader will not agree with all its conclusions, but Jesus Christ will flash before him."--_Guardian_.

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"He has shown himself to be possessed by the Christ spirit, and a fine example to us all."--_Scottish Congregationalist_.

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* * * * *

THE QUEST OF THE HISTORICAL JESUS

A CRITICAL STUDY OF ITS PROGRESS FROM REIMARUS TO WREDE

BY

ALBERT SCHWEITZER

DR.THEOL., DR.MED., D.Phil. (STRASSBURG)

TRANSLATED BY W. MONTGOMERY, B.A., B.D.

WITH A PREFACE BY F. C. BURKITT, M.A., D.D.

SECOND ENGLISH EDITION.

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"The most remarkable theological work which has appeared in recent years in Germany ... a book of the highest interest."--_The Times_.

"This remarkable book ... must play an important part in the history of the Higher Criticism of the Gospels."--_The Cambridge Review_.

"This great work ... this able book."--_Aberdeen Free Press_.

"The book is unique, and on its own lines inimitable."--_The Occult Review_.

"An admirable piece of work in regard to completeness and impartiality."--_Westminster Gazette_.

"The treatise is a magnificent piece of work, executed with great skill, and testifying to profound scholarship."--_Aberdeen Journal_.

"A strong and original contribution to theological thought."--_Manchester Guardian_.

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* * * * *

PAUL AND HIS INTERPRETERS

A CRITICAL HISTORY

BY

ALBERT SCHWEITZER

DR.THEOL., D.MED., DR.PHIL. (STRASSBURG)

TRANSLATED BY W. MONTGOMERY, B.A., B.D.

Demy 8vo. PRICE 10/6 NET. Bound in Cloth.

_NOTE_

This work forms the sequel to the author's "The Quest of the Historical Jesus." It is the duty, he thinks, of any one who offers a new reading of the life of Jesus not to leave it standing isolated, but to show how it connects with the history of doctrine. Here Paul is the crux. How is he related, on the one hand, to the primitive Christian community, and, on the other, to the early Greek theology? Dr. Schweitzer's work is in form a history--and a very useful history--of German Pauline scholarship, but he uses the history in order to show how the problems have developed organically, as it were, in the natural course of the study of the subject, and in his account of the various writers, criticism keeps pace with exposition.

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"An important book for New Testament specialists.--_Methodist Times_.

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* * * * *

THE PHILOSOPHY OF CIVILIZATION

Dale Memorial Lectures, 1922.

By ALBERT SCHWEITZER

DR.THEOL., D.MED., DR.PHIL. (STRASBOURG).