Part 6

~Remark.~ Thus, _Home (Henry), Lord Kames_. There should be a cross-reference; thus, _Kames (Lord). See Home (Henry)_. _Stanhope (Philip Dormer), Earl of Chesterfield_.

This last is one of the cases which might lead us to doubt the propriety of the rule. This author is universally known as _Chesterfield_, not as _Stanhope_. But there are other authors, who are as well known by their family names as by their titles; while the greater portion are known by their family names, much better than by their titles. A general rule is absolutely necessary, and this is thought to be the best.

XX. If it appear upon the title-page, that the work is the joint production of several writers, it is to be entered under the first named, with cross-references from the names of the others.

XXI. The complete works, or entire treatises of several authors, published together in one series, with a collective title, are to be recorded in the words of the general title of the series, and to be placed under the name, of the Editor, if known; if that be not known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous works. If any work in the collection be printed with a separate title-page, and an independent paging, it is also to be recorded under its author's name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the volume of the collection in which it is to be found.

Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the collection.

~Explanation 1.~ The principle established by this rule, decides the case, common among German books, of _works with double titles_, one general and the other special. Such a work must be entered twice, once under the general title, which should omit, as much as possible, what is contained in the special; and once under the special title, which should refer to the general, stating what volume of the general collection this particular volume forms.

~Explanation 2.~ This rule applies to _periodical publications_, which should be entered under the name of the Editor, if this appears upon the title-page, with a cross-reference from the name of the publication. But if the publication be issued under the direction of an association, it comes under the next rule, and is to be recorded under the name of the association, with a cross-reference from the editor's name.

~Remark.~ The catalogue, thus formed, will be composed of works, having each a distinct title-page and an independent pagination. Doubtless, greater convenience and usefulness might be attained by adopting a more comprehensive plan;--one, by which every distinct article in Transactions of Learned Societies, in Magazines, Reviews, and similar works, where, by the rule of the publication, the authors of the treatises are named,--should be separately entered, as if it were a book. Such an attempt is, however, at present, unadvisable. Should it, hereafter, be thought practicable to extend the rule, none of the titles which have been prepared, under this rule, will be superfluous, and none will have to be altered. It is hoped, that, within a few years, such progress may be made in the General Catalogue, as to justify the attempt at greater minuteness of registration.

XXII. Academies, institutes, associations, universities, colleges; literary, scientific, economical, eleemosynary and religious societies; national and municipal governments; assemblies, conventions, boards, corporations, and other bodies of men, under whatever name, and of whatever character, issuing publications, whether as separate works, or in a continuous series, under a general title, are to be considered and treated as the authors of all works issued by them, and in their name alone. The heading is to be the name of the body, the principal word to be the first word, not an article. A cross-reference is to be made from any important substantive or adjective, to the principal word.

~Explanation 1.~ If the name of the author appears upon the title-page of a work having a distinct title-page and paging, published by such a body, the work then comes under Rule XXI. It must be recorded twice; once under the general title, according to the above rule, and again under the name of the author, referring, if it be published in a series, to the volume of the series in which it is contained.

~Explanation 2.~ Catalogues of public libraries are to be entered under the name of the establishment; and if the name of the compiler appears upon the title-page, a cross-reference should be made from it to the principal entry.

~Explanation 3.~ When committees, or branches of a body, issue publications, the heading is to be the name of the chief, and not of the subordinate body. Thus, under _United States_, would be placed all public documents issued at the expense of the United States, whether as regular Public Documents, or by particular Departments, Bureaus, or Committees. Such titles, when they become numerous, may be classed, and conveniently arranged in the catalogue.

On the same principle, the publications of literary and other societies connected with colleges and universities are to be catalogued under the names of the colleges, &c., with cross-references from the names of the societies.

~Explanation 4.~ Under this rule, Liturgies, Prayer-Books, Breviaries, Missals, &c., are to be placed under the English name of the communion, religious order or denomination, under whose authority they are prepared and published. Similar works by individuals, are to be placed under their names.

XXIII. Translations are to be entered under the heading of the original work, with a cross-reference from the name of the translator. If the name of the translator be known, and that of the author unknown, the book is to be entered, like other anonymous works, under the first word of the original title, not an article or preposition, whether the original be or be not in the library to be catalogued.

When the title of the original cannot be ascertained, or cannot be expressed in English letters, the translation is to be entered as an anonymous work, that is, under the first word of its title, not an article or preposition.

XXIV. Commentaries accompanied by the whole Text, are to be entered under the heading of the original work, with a cross-reference from the name of the commentator. If not accompanied by the Text, they are to be entered under the name of the commentator, with a cross-reference from the name of the author.

XXV. The Bible, or any part of it, in any language, is to be entered under the word "Bible."

Cross-references should be made from the names of the writers, as well as from the names of the several parts of the Bible. Both of these classes of names are to be expressed in the form adopted in the authorized English version.

XXVI. Reports of Trials are to be recorded under the name of the Reporter; or if this be not known, under the first word of the Title. There should also be cross-references, from the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant in a civil suit, and from that of the defendant in a criminal suit.

XXVII. The Respondent or defender in a thesis, is to be considered its author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses.

XXVIII. Pseudonymous works are to be entered under the assumed name, followed by _pseud._; after which may be given the name of the supposed or reputed author, with (in case of doubt) the word _probably_ before it, or _?_ after it.

But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered pseudonymous. In such case, a cross-reference should be made from the feigned name.

~Explanation 1.~ Under pseudonyms are to be included not only fictitious names, such as _Geoffrey Crayon, Gent._, assumed by Washington Irving, and abbreviated names, as _A. L. Mil._, for _A. L. Millin_; but also names concealed in an anagram, as _Nides_, for _Denis_; or formed from the initials of the real name, as _Talvi_, for _Theresa Adolfina Louisa Von Jacob_, and all words used fictitiously as proper names of authors.

~Explanation 2.~ Works falsely attributed, in their titles, to particular persons, are also to be treated as pseudonymous, and entered under the names of the pretended authors, with such notes as may be necessary to prevent mistake; unless some edition has been published under the name of the real author.

~Explanation 3.~ Works published with _initials_, are to be entered under the full name of the author, if he be known to have published any edition with his name; otherwise, under the _last_ initial, which is to be supposed to stand for the surname, and the other letter or letters for Christian names. But if the last letter be known to stand for a title, it is not to be used for the heading.

XXIX. Anonymous works are to be entered under the first word of the title, not an article or preposition. Cross-references may be made from all words, in the title, under which such a work would be likely to be sought for, in an alphabetical catalogue.

But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered anonymous.

~Exception 1.~ An anonymous biography or personal narrative is to be entered under the name of the person, whose life or adventures form the subject of the book, if the name appears upon the title-page. But such works should in all cases be designated as anonymous.

~Exception 2.~ An anonymous continuation, supplement, appendix or index is to be entered under the heading of the original work.

~Explanation 1.~ A book is not to be considered anonymous, when the name of the author is given in any part of it, or expressed by any distinctive description. In such case, the name of the author is to be inserted in the title, within brackets, and is to be used as the heading.

~Explanation 2.~ If it be known that the book has been _attributed_ to a certain person, his name may be inserted in the title, within brackets, with such explanation as shall prevent mistake; and a cross-reference may be made from the name of the reputed author.

~Explanation 3.~ Works in which the author is described by some circumlocution, which does not serve to identify him, are to be considered anonymous.

~Remark.~ This rule will secure uniformity. It will relieve librarians from an almost incalculable amount of labor, perplexity and dissatisfaction. It will relieve readers from every inconvenience, except that of sometimes being obliged to look in two places for the book. On these accounts, a simple, arbitrary rule is the only one that can safely be adopted. Any rule for selecting the most prominent word of a title, or for entering a book under the name of its subject, would be found fatal to uniformity; it would greatly increase the trouble of making a catalogue; it would not render the catalogue more convenient for readers, but, in the main, much less so. The only objections to the proposed rule are, that it brings many titles under words of little significance, as a "_Brief_ Survey", a "_Succinct_ Narrative", &c., and that it brings many titles together, under such words as "Essay", "History", "Narrative", &c. These objections have been fully considered, and the rule is given with the settled conviction that the inconveniences alluded to are much less than those which would result from any other rule or set of rules, which have been proposed, or can be devised.

CROSS-REFERENCES.

XXX. Cross-references,--consisting of only the word from which reference is made, the word _See_, and the name or heading referred to,--are to be made in the following instances:

(1.) From other forms of a name, than the one adopted in the heading.

(2.) From any name used by an author, or by which he may be generally known, other than the one used for the heading.

(3.) From important words in the name of any collective body, used as a heading, under Rule XXII.

(4.) From names of subordinate bodies, when a work is entered under the name of the principal body, under Rule XXII.

(5.) From the name of a supposed author of a pseudonymous work.

(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used upon title-pages, instead of surnames.

(7.) From the family names of persons, whose works are entered under the Christian, or first names; except sovereigns, or princes belonging to sovereign houses.

(8.) From the names of the several parts of the Bible, and of the writers of them.

(9.) From former titles of periodicals, when the publication is catalogued under an altered title, or a new editor, according to Rule VII.

XXXI. The following classes of cross-references, employed to prevent the necessity of entering titles in full, more than once, are to contain so much of the title referred to, as may be necessary to show distinctly the object of the reference. When it would be difficult to abbreviate the title, for this purpose, other words, not those of the title, may be used.

(1.) From the names of Translators, Editors, Commentators, Continuators, or other persons, named on the title-page, (or added to the title, on the principle of Rule XII.), as participating in the authorship of the work.

(2.) From the name of any person, the subject of a biography or narrative.

(3.) From the name of an author, any whole work of whom, or some considerable part of it, may be the subject of any commentary or notes, without the text.

(4.) From the name of an author, whose complete works are contained in any collection, or any considerable part of whose works have been first published in such collection, if the name be given upon the title-page.

(5.) From any word, in the title of an anonymous work, under which one would be likely to seek for the work in an alphabetical catalogue.

(6.) From the name of a supposed author of an anonymous work.

(7.) From the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant, in the report of a civil suit; and from the name of the defendant, in that of a criminal suit.

(8.) From the name of a former editor of a periodical, when the publication is catalogued under the name of a new editor, according to Rule VII.

ARRANGEMENT.

XXXII. The order of the Headings will be determined by the plan of the catalogue, whether alphabetical, classed, or chronological.

XXXIII. The Titles are immediately to follow the headings; and within the divisions and sub-divisions given below, the arrangement is to be chronological. Editions without date, and those of which the date cannot be ascertained, even by approximation, are to precede all those bearing date, or of which the date can be supplied, either positively or by approximation. The latter are to follow, according to their date, whether apparent in any part of the book, or supplied. Editions by the same editor, or such as are expressly stated to follow a specific text or edition, and editions with the same notes or commentary, to succeed each other, in their chronological order, immediately after the entry of that which is, or is considered to be, the earliest.

XXXIV. Titles, which occur under the name of an author, are to be arranged in the following order:

(1.) Collections of all the works.

_a._ Those without translations, whether with or without notes, commentaries, lives, or other critical apparatus.

_b._ Those with translations.

Editions with only one translation. Those with a Latin translation are to be placed first; next those with an English; and then those with a translation into any other language, in the alphabetical order of the English name of such language.

Editions with several translations into different languages. Those are to be entered first, which have the fewest number of translations. Among those having the same number of translations, the alphabetical order of the first of the languages employed is to be followed.

_c._ Translations without the text. These are to be arranged among themselves according to the principles laid down for translations with the text.

(2.) Partial collections, containing two or more works. Those which contain the greatest number of works are to precede. The arrangement of the whole is to be, in other respects, according to the principles laid down for collections of all the works.

(3.) Selections or collected fragments. Those from all the works are to precede those from several works, and the whole to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.

(4.) Separate works. These are to succeed each other alphabetically. Entire portions of a separate work are to follow immediately after the work itself. The different editions and translations are to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.

(5.) Entire portions of a separate work, when the work itself does not occur.

XXXV. Works placed under the names of collective bodies, (according to Rule XXII,) are, in general, to be arranged in alphabetical order; but works forming part of a series are not to be separated, although that series be interrupted, or the title changed; and works published by branches or subordinate bodies, are to be separately arranged and placed under sub-headings, which should be printed in a distinctive type.

XXXVI. Cross-References are to be placed after all other entries under the heading, and in alphabetical order of the names referred to.

XXXVII. The entries under the word ~Bible~, are to be arranged in the following order; subject in other respects to the principles laid down in Rule XXXIV, except that, in each of the following classes, editions with the text alone are to precede those with commentaries.

(1.) The Old and New Testaments with or without the Apocrypha.

(2.) The Old Testament.

(3.) Detached parts of the Old Testament, in the same order in which they are arranged in the English authorized version of the Scriptures.

(4.) The New Testament.

(5.) Detached parts of the New Testament.

(6.) Apocryphal books.

MAPS, ENGRAVINGS, MUSIC.

XXXVIII. Maps, Charts, Engravings and Music, (except when published in volumes,) are not to be included in catalogues of Books. Separate catalogues of these should be constructed upon the general principles of the preceding rules.

(1.) In cataloguing ~Maps and Charts~, the full title is to be given, including the names of surveyors, compilers, engravers, publishers, &c.; date and place of publication; and number of sheets composing the map. Each edition is to be separately recorded, and the separate title of each sheet, when it varies from the general title. The titles of sub-sketches are to be introduced at the close of the main title, within brackets, and to be given in full, including authorship, scale and size.

(2.) The scale is to be given in all cases. When not stated on the map, it is, if possible, to be derived from it.

(3.) The size of the map, within the _neat-line_ of the border, is to be given in inches and tenths. When a map has no printed border, the measure of the limits of printed surface is to be given.

(4.) The price, if stated on the map, should be copied.

(5.) All important peculiarities of copy, such as the kind of paper, and whether backed, folded, bound, on rollers, &c., should be mentioned in a note.

The titles thus prepared are to be arranged under the names of the countries, or divisions of the earth's surface delineated in the maps; and these names are to be disposed in alphabetical order, with the cross-references necessary to facilitate research.

(6.) ~Engravings~ are to be recorded under the names of the engravers, with cross-references from those of the painters or designers. The date, and the name of the publisher, if found upon the print, should also be given. The size of the print, in inches and tenths, should also be stated. If the copy be an artist's proof, or a remarkably good impression of a valuable engraving, the fact should be stated in a note.

(7.) ~Music~ is to be entered under the name of the composer. If the work have a distinctive title, there should be a cross-reference from that.

EXCEPTIONAL CASES.

XXXIX. Cases not herein provided for, and exceptional cases, requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules, are to be decided upon by the superintendent.

EXAMPLES.

REMARKS ON THE EXAMPLES.

The following examples are introduced, for the purpose of illustrating the rules, and of furnishing specimens of different kinds of titles, as well as of showing the general appearance of the proposed catalogues. In some respects, these are not average specimens; but have been selected, partly on account of their containing difficulties. Some titles would require a large number of cross-references. Only so many are here inserted as are necessary for the purpose of illustration.

It has not been convenient to give examples of titles in languages which use other than Roman letters. Our printing-office is not yet supplied with the requisite variety of type. For the same reason, in some of the titles, words are spelled in full, which, in the books, are printed with signs of abbreviation. There is a branch of this invention which promises to furnish us with the means of engraving, with facility, any desired characters, and of stereotyping them from the engraved plates.

The application of the rules to the examples will, in most cases, be sufficiently obvious, but, it may not be amiss to make some explanations respecting a few of them.

Rule 1 to 3. The examples illustrating these rules need not be specially pointed out. Abridgments are frequent; but the rules for omissions could not be illustrated without giving a great number of full titles, with abridgments of the same. When an author has only one Christian name, the full name is supplied, if not given in the title; when more than one, the initials not given are supplied. Errors in titles, even to accidental faults in punctuation, have been scrupulously copied.

Rule 4. See the titles under _Plinius Secundus_ and _Orosius_.

Rule 7. See _North American review_, _American quarterly review_ and _Bell_. The last journal, being completed, is catalogued according to the principle of Rule 20, under the first editor's name.

Rule 20. See _Cobbett_ and _Nyerup_.

Rule 21. See _Gale_ and _Historiæ Augustæ scriptores_.

Rule 21, Expl. 1. See _Ancient Irish histories_ and _Autobiography_. Many of the special titles to the latter are omitted.

Rule 22. See _Linnean society_, _Great Britain_ and _Massachusetts_.

Rule 22, Expls. 2, 3. See _London library_, _University of Oxford_ and _Grenville_.

The catalogues of private libraries are placed under the names of the proprietors.

Rule 23. See _Méthode_, _Riqueti_ and _Oriental historical mss_.

Rule 28. See _Bombet_, _Gualdi_, _Decanver_ and _Voltaire_.

Rule 28, Expl. 3. See _C._, _La Rochefoucauld_ and _M * * *_.

Rule 29. See _Mémoires_, _Most_ and _Harwood_.

Rule 29, Exc. 1. See _Arc_ and _Dubois_.

Rule 29, Exc. 2. See _Bossuet_ and _Morgues_.

Rule 29, Expl. 1. See _Barbié du Bocage_.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

An index of subjects, applicable to these titles, has been prepared for the purpose of furnishing a specimen of what is proposed for the catalogue. This general index may be printed separately; being of itself, a compact and convenient guide to the contents of the Library. Such an index affords, as will be seen, the opportunity for making a much more minute and useful classification of titles than is practicable in a classed catalogue.

LOCAL INDEX.

This is intended to furnish an illustration of the method, described on page 23, of designating the various libraries, where any work is to be found, the title of which is in the catalogue. This index will be an indispensable accompaniment to a general catalogue. The references given in the present case are, for the most part, supposititious.

ABBREVIATIONS.