Part 5

When nothing is said, in the title, respecting this point, if the work be divided into several portions, but the same paging continue, or, when the pages are not numbered, if the same register continue, the work is to be considered as divided into _parts_ (not volumes). If the progressive number of the pages, or the register be interrupted, then each series of pages, or of letters of the register, is to be designated as a _volume_.

~Remark 1.~ In designating volumes when the number is not stated upon the title-page, the words Volume, Tome, Theil, Band, Deel, &c., may generally be represented by the initials alone. The numbers may be always expressed by Arabic figures. If the ordinal expression of number be used on the title-page, the figures may be given, and the ordinal termination omitted. The numbers of the first and of the last volume only are to be given, with a dash between them, thus:

V. 1--8. for Volume 1--Volume 8, i.e. Volume first--Volume eighth, or First Volume--Eighth Volume.

B. 2--22. " Zweiter Band--Zwei und zwanzigster Band.

T. 1--4. " Tomo 1--Tomo 4.

Th. 1--6. " Theil 1--Theil 6.

~Remark 2.~ When there is a discrepancy between the number of divisions of a work indicated on the title-page, and the actual number of volumes, as defined above, (that is, of divisions with separate pagings), the number of _pagings_ should be stated;--each paging being considered a distinct volume. The paging of the preface and introductory matter is to be excepted. Appendixes, when separately paged, should be specially noticed in the title, though not reckoned as separate volumes.

IX. Next should follow the designation of the ~place~ and ~date~ of publication. The name of the place should be given in the form and language of the title-page. If, in that, it be abbreviated, the full name should be supplied, but not translated; the added parts being between brackets.

Should either of these particulars be omitted in the title-page, the deficiency should be supplied from the knowledge of the librarian, or be noticed, in italics and between brackets.

~Remark 1.~ It would on many accounts be desirable to give the name of the publisher, but, as it would add very much to the labor of preparation, and considerably increase the size of the catalogue, it is thought best not to do so.

~Remark 2.~ In the case of early printed books, and typographical rarities, or where several editions of the same book are known to have been published in the same year and place, by different publishers, the name of the publisher should be specified.

~Remark 3.~ The date is to be given in Arabic figures, unless numerals be used in the title-page, in such a manner as to be on some accounts distinctive.

X. Next after the imprint should follow the designation of ~size~.

In accordance with general usage, the fold of the sheet, as folio, quarto, octavo, when it can be ascertained, is to be stated. As an additional, and more exact designation of size, the _Height and Breadth of the first full signature page_ (the folio and signature lines being omitted in the measurement) are to be stated in inches and tenths, the fractions being expressed decimally.

~Explanation 1.~ The librarian should use a small square or rule, marked with inches and tenths. The first number given should represent the height, and the second, the breadth of the page. In the catalogue, the measurement would be recorded thus:--

8º (7.3×4.2)

that is, fold of sheet, 8vo; measuring, 7 inches and 3 tenths in height, by 4 inches and 2 tenths in breadth.

~Explanation 2.~ When the first signature page is not a full page, or when it has foot notes, turn to the first succeeding signature page which is full and without notes.

~Explanation 3.~ When there are no signatures, measure the first full _recto_ page. If the other pages vary much from the standard page, add _irr._ for _irregular_.

~Explanation 4.~ Marginal rules and side marginal references and notes are not to be regarded in the measurement; some editions may be printed with and some without them. But such marginal references should be mentioned.

~Explanation 5.~ Catch-words generally stand upon the signature line, and are therefore not to be counted. The measurement of height should, however, comprise all printed matter below the folio line, and above the signature line. By folio line is meant that upon which stands the number of the page.

~Remarks.~ The designation of the form is added to the titles of books in catalogues for two purposes: to enable one to distinguish between different editions of the same book, and to convey to those who have not seen the book, some idea of its size.

The fold of the paper has been universally adopted, as the measure of size. A sheet once folded, forming two leaves, or four pages, is a folio. A sheet twice folded, forming four leaves or eight pages, is a quarto. A sheet three times folded, forming eight leaves, or sixteen pages, is an octavo. A sheet so folded as to form twelve leaves, or twenty-four pages, is a duodecimo. And so on.

But this method of designating the size of a book is inexact and frequently deceptive; because, 1st, it is not always possible to ascertain the fold; and, 2dly, the fold, when ascertained, gives no definite indication of the size or shape of the book.

In many books one can tell, at a glance, the fold of the sheet; but it is unsafe to rely upon this first impression. Examination of signatures is indispensable. Sometimes, it is necessary to examine also the water-lines and water-marks. Occasionally, all these will fail us.

_Signatures_ are letters or figures placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet, as guides to the binder, to denote the order of the sheets. The signatures of the different forms from folio to 32mo, would regularly be placed as follows:

Folio, sheet, on pages 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, &c. Quarto, " " " 1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 41, &c. Octavo, " " " 1, 17, 33, 49, 65, 81, &c. 8vo, 1/2 sheet, " " 1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 41, &c. 12mo, sheet, " " 1, 25, 49, 73, 97, 121, &c. 12mo, 1/2 sheet, " " 1, 13, 25, 37, 49, 61, &c. 16mo, sheet, " " 1, 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, &c. 16mo, 1/2 sheet, " " 1, 17, 33, 49, 65, 81, &c. 18mo, sheet, " " 1, 37, 73, 109, 145, 181, &c. 18mo, 1/2 sheet, " " 1, 19, 37, 55, 73, 91, &c. 24mo, sheet, " " 1, 49, 97, 145, 193, 241, &c. 24mo, 1/2 sheet, " " 1, 25, 49, 73, 97, 121, &c. 32mo, sheet, " " 1, 65, 129, 193, 257, 321, &c. 32mo, 1/2 sheet, " " 1, 33, 65, 97, 129, 161, &c.

But sometimes the paging of the book begins in the midst of a signature; in such cases the signatures would fall on pages different from the above, throughout the book, though the intervals would be regular. Double signatures are sometimes placed upon stereotype plates, to enable printers to impose them either as octavos or duodecimos.

Besides the principal signatures, there are subordinate signatures, which, as they do not help to distinguish the size of the book, but are only used to aid the binder, are omitted in the above table.

It will be seen from this table, that the signatures are precisely the same for 8vos, in half sheets, as for 4tos; for 16mos, in half sheets, as for 8vos; for 24mos, in half sheets, as for 12mos; for 32mos, in half sheets, as for 16mos.

Printers impose in half sheets or sheets, according to their convenience. Of course, therefore, from the signatures _alone_, it is impossible to distinguish between 4tos and 8vos, 8vos and 16mos, 12mos and 24mos, 16mos and 32mos. It is generally easy to determine the fold by the size and shape of the book, but (as we shall show hereafter) not _always_.

Signatures do not occur in the earliest printed books; but as this class of books is small, and very particularly described by Panzer, Hain, and others, there is but little difficulty in ascertaining the precise description of them.

Books may be quired in printing, that is, several sheets may be put together, like the sheets in a quire of paper. In this case the principal signature is the same as if the whole formed only one sheet. A folio may thus be undistinguishable from an 8vo, by the signatures alone.

When signatures fail us, resort may sometimes be had to the water lines, which, by holding the paper up to the light, may be seen crossing the sheet perpendicularly, in the folio, 8vo, 18mo, 24mo, and 32mo; and horizontally, in all the other forms less than 32mo; sometimes, also, in the 24mo. The water-mark is a device of the manufacturer, placed in the middle of the half sheet, and distinguishable in the same way as the water-line. In the folio, this occurs in the middle of the page; in the quarto, in the back or fold of the book; in the 8vo, at the upper and inner corner. At the present day, however, printing paper is seldom made with water-lines or water-marks.

In examining a book, all these means of determining its fold occasionally deceive the most skilful bibliographer. If sheets of paper had, from the first, been always made of the same size, there would be comparatively little difficulty. But they have always varied so much, that a very small 8vo is often in no way distinguishable, in dimensions, from a large 16mo. Many other sizes also are liable to be confounded.

The following measurements, in inches, of a leaf of folio, octavo, and 16mo, of foolscap, medium, and imperial paper, will show how impossible it would be, from the size of the book to determine the fold of the sheet, even of paper of what are called the regular sizes, particularly when the books have been cut down in binding:

Folio, Octavo, 16mo. Foolscap, 13-1/4×8-3/8, 6-5/8×4-1/4, 4-1/4×3-3/8, Medium, 18-1/4×11-1/2, 9-1/8×5-3/4, 5-3/4×4-1/2, Imperial, 21-7/8×15, 11×7-1/2, 7-1/2×5-1/2,

Since the introduction of machine paper and large presses, paper is made of almost any and every size and shape, and it is no longer possible to distinguish, with accuracy, the different folds. Books, which, judged by the eye, would be supposed to be quartos, are, in reality, duodecimos; books which might be supposed to be octavos, are 16mos, &c. The signatures, as we have seen, will not inform us whether a book is an 8vo, or a 16mo on half sheets. There are no water-marks to help us; nor is it possible in any way to tell.

If it be thus difficult, and often impossible, to ascertain the fold with the book before us, of what use can it be, as a designation of size, to those who have only the description? This is a difficulty which has but commenced. It is becoming more serious every year. It is more serious in America, than in other countries, for in Europe, there is much more regularity in the sizes of paper than here.

On these accounts, it has been thought desirable, if not indispensable, to introduce some new method of designating the size of books. The measurement of the printed page has seemed the readiest and most useful. The trouble of measuring is much less than might, at first sight, be supposed, and the time occupied by it is hardly worthy of consideration.

It would be, for all purposes of bibliography, better to make this the universal method of designating the size of books. It would save numberless blunders and frequent perplexity; and, upon the whole, would take less of the librarian's time, than the ordinary process of ascertaining the fold, provided that be done with exactness.

XI. In books of one volume, the body of which does not contain more than one hundred pages, the number of pages is to be specified. In applying this rule, copy the number of the last page of the body of the book, or of any addition paged continuously with it.

~Remark 1.~ The value of catalogues would, doubtless, be enhanced by giving the number of pages in every volume, after the manner of Dryander in the Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks's library; or with even greater particularity, thus: _pp. xxvi+345+~xlv~_, meaning 26 pages of prefatory matter, 345 pages in the body of the book, and 45 pages of appendix. But the disproportionate amount of additional labor, as well as of increase in the bulk and cost of catalogues, which such enumeration and notation would demand, renders it necessary to limit the object of this rule, which is to show whether the work described be merely of pamphlet size.

~Remark 2.~ Prefatory matter is not to be included in the enumeration of pages. But if it be something more than a preface or introduction by the author, and deemed of sufficient importance to be added to the title, the number of pages of such prefatory matter should be included in the addition.

XII. All additions to the titles are to be printed in italics, and between brackets; to be in the English language, whatever be the language of the title; to be such only as are applicable to all copies of the edition described, and necessary for a full titular description of the book.

~Exception.~ When parts of a name are supplied within brackets, they are to be in the vernacular of the author, whatever be the language of the title; and, if the name be used for the heading, the part supplied in the title is to correspond in typography with the rest of the name; that is, to be printed in small capitals.

~Remark 1.~ It is not always easy to say what additions are necessary, to render a title satisfactorily descriptive. A title is often a mere name, arbitrarily chosen by the author. It is sometimes allegorical, or embodies, in a pun, or conceit, or covert allusion, some indication of the subject-matter of the book. In such cases, it was not designed to be descriptive of the work, and could not be made so, without destroying its character. Explanations of such titles may be thought desirable; but if so, they should be given in notes, and separate from the titles themselves. A title should be the briefest possible designation of the contents of a book. It should cover everything which the book contains, but in the most general terms, without minute specifications. Mindful of this definition, we shall frequently find cases, where the title, intended to be descriptive, fails to give us what we have a right to expect. A book may be in a different language from the title-page. It may be in several languages, while the title indicates but one. It may contain an important Preface, Introduction, or Biography of the author, by another hand, not mentioned in the title. In these, and in many other cases, additions to the titles may be necessary.

~Remark 2.~ There are many cases, however, where it seems desirable to give further information concerning a work, than could be given within the title, under the restrictions of the preceding paragraph. The title may be a misnomer, or it may contain allusions, which it is desirable to explain. The book may be a rare and valuable one, with maps and illustrations, the number and description of which ought to be given. It may have been privately printed, or limited to a small number of copies, or prohibited, or condemned to be burnt. The edition may be the _Editio princeps_, or a fac-simile of an early edition, or a surreptitious or spurious edition; or it may be identical, except in the title, with what purports to be another edition, or an independent work. These facts belong, more properly, to a bibliographical dictionary, than to a catalogue. It is proper, however, that they should be noted by cataloguers. They may, also, be printed, at the discretion of the superintendent, but generally, in the form of separate notes, rather than as additions to the titles.

~Remark 3.~ Peculiarities of copies, such as large paper, satin paper, vellum; also notes, autographs, cancelled leaves, substituted leaves, mutilations and alterations; binding in a different number of volumes from that indicated in the title, or ascertained by the rule already given, &c. &c.,--these, and other peculiarities or imperfections of copy, relate only to particular copies, and therefore should not be noticed in a title intended to apply to the whole edition. Every cataloguer should, however, note every such thing, after the title. The note may be printed in the catalogue of the library containing the book described, but not, usually, in the title for the General Catalogue.

HEADINGS.

XIII. When the title has been transcribed in accordance with the foregoing rules, the heading is to be written above it.

This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical catalogue, and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its vernacular form, when the same can be represented by the letters of the English alphabet.

When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the form used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.

The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names are to follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and within parentheses.

XIV. When a name is variously spelled, the best authorized orthography is to be selected for the heading, and such other modes of spelling the name, as are likely to occasion difficulty, are to be added, within brackets.

Cross references are to be made from all other forms of the name, which occur in the catalogue, to the form preferred.

XV. The following rules are to be observed in cataloguing names with prefixes:

(1.) If the name has become an English surname, it is to be recorded under the prefix, which is to be accounted as a part of the name.

Thus: _D'Israeli_, _De Morgan_, _De la Beche_, _Du Ponceau_ are to be placed under _D_; _Van Buren_ under _V_.

In such cases, cross-references are to be made from the principal name.

Names beginning with _Mac_, _O'_, _Ap_, and _Fitz_, are to be recorded under those syllables.

_Mc_, and _M'_, abbreviated forms of _Mac_, are to be considered the same as if written in full.

(2.) French surnames preceded by the preposition _de_ are to be catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.

Thus: _Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de)_ is to be placed under _F_, not under _D_; _Alembert (Jean le Rond d')_ under _A_, not under _D_.

In this respect, usage is by no means uniform among French authors. Thus, Brunet places _D'Alembert_ under _D_, while Quérard, the Editors of the "Biographie Universelle," etc., place the same name under _A_. But consistency is of the first importance, and it is decidedly best to make this rule positive, and without exceptions.

(3.) French surnames preceded by _De la_, are to be recorded under the article.

Thus: _La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de)_, not _De la Pérouse_, nor _Pérouse_; _La Harpe (Jean François de)_, not _De la Harpe_, nor _Harpe_.

It is better to make this the invariable rule, although uniformity will not be found among French writers, in this particular, nor scarcely consistency in any one writer.

(4.) French names preceded by _Du_ or _Des_ are to be recorded under these prefixes.

Thus: _Du Halde_, under _D_, not under _H_; _Des Cartes_, under _D_, not under _C_.

(5.) French names, preceded by the article _Le_, _La_, _L'_, are to be recorded under _L_.

Thus: _Le Long (Jacques)_, not _Long (Jacques le)_; _L'Héritier (Marie Jeanne)_, not _Héritier (Marie Jeanne l')_.

(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with cross-references.

Thus: _Delle Valle_, under _V_; _Della Santa_, under _S_; _Da Cunha_ under _C_. So _Buch (Léopold von)_; _Recke (Elisa von der)_; _Dyck (Anton Van)_; _Praet (Joseph Basile Bernard Van)_; _Hooght (Everard van der)_; _Ess (Leander van)_.

XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch and English, are to be entered under the initial of the first name. In Dutch and in English compound names, the last name is to be preferred.

Thus, in French, such names as _Etienne Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire_, _Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire_, should be written _Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire (Etienne)_, _Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Isidore)_. So in Spanish, _Calderon de la Barca_, and _Calderon y Belgrano_, should both be entered under _C_. But _François de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon_, is universally placed under _Fénélon_, even by those who generally adhere to the above rule. There are other names, which must be considered exceptions, respecting which it seems impossible to give any invariable rule, but all difficulty must be removed by cross-references.

XVII. Works of an author who may have changed his name, or added others to it, are to be recorded under the last name, (if used in any of his publications,) with cross-references from the other names. Names that may have been altered by being used in different languages, are to be entered under their original vernacular form. But if an author has never used the vernacular form of his name in his publications, his works are to be recorded under such other form as he may have employed.

~Remark 1.~ Thus, _Alexander Slidell Mackenzie_ should be placed under _Mackenzie_, with a cross-reference from _Slidell_. His family name was _Slidell_, but after becoming known as a writer, he assumed the name _Mackenzie_.

_François Marie Aroüet de Voltaire_, under _Voltaire_; because _Voltaire_ is a name assumed as a surname. It is not a title, nor commonly considered part of a compound surname.

_Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière_, under _Molière_. His father's name was _Poquelin_ but he added, himself, the name _Molière_, as _Aroüet_ did that of _Voltaire_.

The family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has, or adopts, for himself and his descendants, rather than that which he received from his ancestors,--_his_ family name, not _his father's_. Now if a man's name have been changed, by his own act, the name assumed is supposed to be that by which he wishes to be known to his contemporaries, and which he wishes to transmit to posterity. A married woman generally drops her maiden name, and assumes that of her husband. By this, therefore, she should ever after be known. If she published books under her maiden name, and afterwards under her married name, they should all be recorded under her married name, with a cross-reference from the former. It may be that she published only under her maiden name; in this case, her works should be entered under that name, followed by her married name, included within parentheses.

~Remark 2.~ Such changes as are referred to under this rule may generally be indicated by the mode of printing, thus:

MACKENZIE (~Alexander~ SLIDELL). VOLTAIRE (~François Marie~ AROÜET ~de~). DACIER (_Mad._ ~Anne~ LEFÈVRE).

XVIII. The following classes of persons are to be entered under their first names, or their Christian names:

(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.

(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.

(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added within brackets.

(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within brackets.

(5.) All other persons known _only_ by their first names, to which, for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native places, profession, rank, &c., as, _Adamus Bremensis_, or _Adam of Bremen_.

A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the author may be known, to that used as the heading.

XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and Dignitaries, with the exception of cases coming under the preceding rule, are to be ascertained, when not expressed, and to be used for the heading, although the person may be better known by his title, than by his name. But, in all cases where doubt would be likely to arise, cross-references should be used.