Book V, Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house

(23.1), and first mentions a statue of Zeus set up by the Greeks who fought at Platæa; in describing the victor statues he says that the chariot of Kleosthenes stands behind this statue of Zeus (P., VI, 10.6). After describing the _Zeus_ of Platæa, he mentions a bronze inscribed tablet as standing in front of it (V, 23.4), which recorded the thirty years’ treaty of peace between Sparta and Athens, and then says that the statue of the _Zeus_ of the Megarians stands near the chariot of Kleosthenes (23.5). As he is proceeding north, this Megarian _Zeus_ must have stood north of the Platæan one; thus in one group we have the two statues of Zeus and the chariot of Kleosthenes. Immediately to the north he next mentions the chariot of the Syracusan tyrant Gelo (90), which he says is near the statue of the _Zeus_ of the Hyblæans (23.6). Now in coming south, in the athlete _periegesis_, he names eight statues between these chariots. Doerpfeld[2326] has identified the base of the Platæan _Zeus_ with a large pedestal to the northwest of that of the victor Telemachos (122) found _in situ_ near the South Altis wall,[2327] a position which is in harmony with the description of the statues of Zeus; just behind it he has identified two large foundations near together as those of the two chariots. So the eight intervening statues stood here. Of the statues between the chariot of Kleosthenes and the base of the statue of Telemachos, the base of that of Tellon (102) was found in the East Byzantine wall near the South Altis wall; that of Aristion (115) nearby, embedded in the same wall; that of Akestorides (119), whose name I have inserted in the lacuna in the text of Pausanias (VI, 13.7),[2328] just northeast of the base of Telemachos.[2329] Thus the series of statues from that of Gelo to that of Agathinos (90-121a, P., VI, 9.4-13.11) can be grouped in the zone of the _Chariots_.

As the fragment of the base of the statue of the Athenian pancratiast Aristophon (123) was found near the base of Telemachos, but to the east of it, and likewise that which supported the equestrian monument of Xenombrotos and Xenodikos (133-134) still further to the east near the Echo Colonnade,[2330] we can conclude that the twenty-one statues from Aristophon to Prokles (123-138, P., VI, 13.11-14.13), mostly of the fifth century B. C., stood near the South Altis wall to the east (and not to the west of the base of Telemachos, where all other investigators have wrongly placed them),[2331] and thus form a group which we can call the zone of _Telemachos_. So we conclude that the long list of statues from Pyrilampes to Prokles (35-138), nearly two-thirds of all those mentioned in the first ἔφοδος of Pausanias, stood in the space to the east and southeast of the temple of Zeus, grouped in the parallel zones of the _Bull_, _Victory_, _Chariots_, and _Telemachos_.

On the other hand, the statues beginning with the two of Aischines (139) and extending to that of Philonides (154 a) (P., VI, 14.13-16.5) must have stood to the west of the base of Telemachos and along the South Terrace wall some 20 meters south of the temple of Zeus, where many of the following pedestals were found in the order named by Pausanias: that of Aischines (139) was found in the Council-house; that of Archippos (140) nearby between the South Terrace wall and the north wing of the Council-house; that of Epitherses (147) opposite the sixth column of the temple from the west, some eleven paces from the South Terrace wall, and the fragment of the base of the honor statue of Antigonos (147 f) very near it; the bronze foot of one of the statues of Kapros (150) was found in the South Terrace wall, 24.40 meters from the southwest corner of the temple; and lastly, the base of the “honor” statue of Philonides (154 a), Alexander’s courier, was found in the southwest corner of the Altis at the extreme west end of the South Terrace wall, almost, if not exactly, in its original position.[2332] Thus Pausanias, after coming south to the statue of Telemachos, first goes eastward as far as the statue of Prokles, then returns, repassing the two chariots on the way without remark, and then continues westward to the southwestern corner of the Altis. All statues west of that of Telemachos are of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C., with the exception of one, that of Eutelidas (148), who won in Ol. 38. This is the oldest statue in the Altis, despite Pausanias’ statement,[2333] and it doubtless originally stood in the area occupied later toward the middle of the fifth century B. C. by the temple of Zeus, but was then transferred to its new position south of the temple.

After the statue of Philonides, there are still 19 statues of victors and “honor” men to dispose of in this first ἔφοδος, those from Brimias to Glaukon (155-169, P., VI, 16.5-16.9). Of these statues, the base of that of Leonidas of Naxos (155a), the founder of the great building just outside the southwestern corner of the Altis named after him, was discovered in a Byzantine wall before the eastern end of the north front of that building, while that of Seleadas (159) was unearthed within the ruins of the same building; the base which supported the group-monument of Polypeithes and Kalliteles (160-161)—which, owing to the early dates of their victories, some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 70 (= 516 and 500 B. C.), must have stood originally in the area later occupied by the temple of Zeus, like that of the above-mentioned Eutelidas—a little to the south of the Byzantine church, between the bases of the statues of Leonidas and Glaukon; two fragments of the base of the statue of Deinosthenes (163) have been found, one east of the apse of the church, the other in the ruins of the Palaistra further north; and lastly, that of Glaukon, built into late walls northwest of the church.[2334] As the statue of Philonides stood at the extreme western end of the South Altis wall, and as most of these fragments were found in the vicinity of the Leonidaion, it would be natural to conclude that the majority of these later statues stood in the spaces just outside the West Altis wall. But at the end of the first ἔφοδος (VI, 17.1) Pausanias says that he has so far named statues “within the Altis”; hence most investigators have placed these 19 statues either west of the temple of Zeus or in the space at the southwestern corner of the Altis. A little further on we shall see that many other victor statues, not mentioned by Pausanias, stood just outside the West Altis wall, and it is doubtful whether his words ἐν τῇ Ἄλτει (VI, 17.1) should be taken thus literally, especially on any theory of his use of earlier accounts in the final compiling of his own. If they were “within” the Altis, they could scarcely have stood to the west or southwest of the temple of Zeus, for the second ἔφοδος, as we shall see, passed there.

A better alternative can be found. In describing the Leonidaion (V, 15.2), Pausanias says that this building stood “outside the sacred enclosure at the processional entrance into the Altis ... separated from this entrance by a street; for what the Athenians call lanes, the Eleans name streets.”[2335] Now Doerpfeld has shown that inside the West Altis wall and parallel to it—just south of the base of Philonides’ statue—is a line of bases ending in the later South wall of the Altis, so that this West wall and row of pedestals form a _cul de sac_ (see Plan B).[2336] It is clear that no such row of statues would have been placed leading up to a dead wall; therefore these statues must have stood there before the wall was built, and must once have formed the eastern boundary of a broad street skirting the eastern side of the Leonidaion, which was twice as wide as later, when the wall cut off half its breadth and made it a “lane,” though the older name “street” was retained. The later Roman enlargement of the Altis is well known. The long row of pedestals to the south of and parallel to those already discussed as standing along the line of the South Terrace wall, westward of the base of Telemachos, once constituted the southern boundary of the “Processional Way” (ὁδὸς πομπική), which ran from the Leonidaion to where it debouched into the Altis at its southeastern corner. Originally outside the Altis, they were later, together with the road itself, included in it. The pedestals, then, in the above-mentioned _cul de sac_, and also the fourteen (among them that of Metellus Macedonicus; see Plan B) that adorned the south side of the Processional Way, may be the remains of some of these last statues mentioned by Pausanias.

THE SECOND EPHODOS OF PAUSANIAS.

We next come to the second ἔφοδος, which is introduced by these words: Εἰ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεωνιδαίου πρὸς τὸν βωμὸν τὸν μέγαν ἀφικέσθαι τῇ δεξιᾷ θελήσειας, τοσάδε ἔστι σοὶ τῶν ἀνηκόντων ἐς μνήμην.[2337] The Leonidaion, the site of which was still in dispute till after the close of the excavations, was finally identified by Treu[2338] with the so-called _Suedwestbau_, as had been already assumed by many investigators.[2339] The site of the Great Altar, however, is still undetermined. The elliptical depression to the east of the Pelopion, whose dimensions (125 feet in circumference) agree with the figures of Pausanias[2340] for the _prothysis_, or lowest stage of the altar, identified with it by most scholars,[2341] must now be given up since the more recent excavations of Doerpfeld, which prove it to be the remains of two prehistoric dwelling houses with apse-like ends.[2342] Nor can the remains of walls lying between the Heraion and the Pelopion, formerly supposed to be those of an altar, any longer be referred to the Great Altar (as Puchstein and Wernicke referred them)[2343] since Doerpfeld’s recent discoveries. So we are dependent on the words of Pausanias alone for its location, who says that it stood “equidistant from the Pelopion and the sanctuary of Hera, but in front of both,”[2344] therefore somewhat northwest of the elliptical depression nearer the centre of the Altis.[2345] Our problem, then, is to find Pausanias’ route between these two points, and here again, as at the beginning of the first ἔφοδος, we must rightly interpret the words ἐν δεξιᾷ. Michaelis, in his article on the use of ἐν δεξιᾷ and ἐν ἀριστερᾷ in Pausanias’ work, made these words refer to the southern side of the Processional Way, _i. e._, to the side at the right of Pausanias, who was facing east after arriving at the Leonidaion.[2346] Thus the statues already mentioned along the South Terrace wall (Aischines to Philonides, 139-154a) would now be on his left side. On this interpretation both Hirschfeld and Doerpfeld had the second ἔφοδος follow the Processional Way eastward parallel to the first—thus including the line of pedestals, which we have referred to the end of the first—and then, near the Councilhouse, curve northward in front of the temple of Zeus, which virtually would be a repetition of the first ἔφοδος. On this theory Doerpfeld[2347] wrongly explained the first route as containing statues ἐν τῇ Ἄλτει, while the second was outside the older Altis, and so, though equally long, contained fewer statues. But against this interpretation it must be urged that the Periegete is describing the Altis of his day, when the road in question was included within its boundaries, and that the Great Altar and the two last statues mentioned (187, 188) as standing near the pillar of Oinomaos were always inside.[2348] And neither this Processional Way nor the space before the eastern front of the temple of Zeus were localities for “unimportant mixed statues.”[2349] Furthermore, if he had merely retraced his steps after arriving at the Leonidaion—and he says nothing of returning—he would not have begun a new route[2350], but would have said something like this: Εἰ δὲ ὀπίσω ἀναστρέψας ἀπὸ τοῦ Λεωνιδαίου πρὸς τὸν βωμὸν αὖθις ἀφικέσθαι τῇ δεξιᾷ θελήσειας.[2351] So it is simpler to conclude that the new route wound around the western and northern sides of the temple of Zeus over the temple terrace.[2352] As no building is mentioned on the way, and as the north side of the temple would probably have been called ἀριστερὰ πλευρά (in accordance with the usage discussed above in connection with the Heraion), and as the Pelopion faces southwest, the words ἐν δεξιᾷ can refer only to the right hand of Pausanias, _i. e._, the right side of the road followed. If we assume that these words originally stood after τοσάδε ἔστι σοί and were transferred by a later copyist, the difficulty is resolved.[2353]

Of the nineteen victor statues in this second route (170-188, VI, 17.1-18.7) no bases have been found.[2354] But of the three “honor” statues included, one base, that of the rhetorician Gorgias of Leontini (184a), was recovered 10 meters northeast of the temple of Zeus, and so probably not very far from its original position;[2355] for Pausanias mentions only three more statues, before he comes to the last two in this ἔφοδος, which two stood in this vicinity. The parts of the Altis to the west and north of the temple were unimportant till the time of Alexander the Great, and were, therefore, remarkably free of monuments. In the whole description of Pausanias, we know of only three altars (those of Aphrodite, the Seasons, and the Nymphs) and a wild olive tree (the “Olive of the Beautiful Crown”) to the west of the temple (V, 15.3), and only of the votive offerings of a certain Mikythos or Smikythos to the north of it (V, 26.2).[2356] As the statue of Gorgias stood among the “unimportant mixed statues” already mentioned (184-186), these must have stood somewhere north of the temple near its eastern end. Finally, the two ancient wooden statues of Praxidamas and Rhexibios (187-188, P., VI, 18.7) are mentioned by themselves as near the column of Oinomaos, which Pausanias elsewhere[2357] says stood near the Great Altar of Zeus to the left of a road running south from it to the temple. Pausanias, after describing these “mixed” statues, may have finally left the route thus far followed and introduced these last two statues as quite distinct from the second ἔφοδος.[2358] But he does not seem to have gone far from his route, for immediately after ending his account of the victor statues, he begins his account of the Treasuries, which lay beyond the Great Altar farther north.[2359] (Plans A and B.)

Thus Pausanias ends his second route somewhere short of the Great Altar, and it appears after all to be only a continuation of the first, forming with it one unbroken “_Rundgang_,” though in quite a different sense of the word from that intended by Doerpfeld.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.

From a study of these two routes, and a comparison of the dates of the victorious athletes,[2360] we can draw the following conclusions as to the positions of the victor statues mentioned by Pausanias as standing in the Altis at Olympia:

1. The twenty-eight oldest statues—exclusive of the five already mentioned as having been removed from the area of the later temple of Zeus[2361]—dating from Ol. 58 (= 548 B. C., Pythokritos, 128 b) to Ol. 76 (= 476 B. C., Theognetos, 83), _i. e._, approximately down to the date of the founding of the temple,[2362] stood in the space between the eastern front of the temple and the Echo Colonnade, or to the south of it near the South Altis wall. Only one statue (that of Protolaos, 48) stood as far north as the _Eretrian Bull_. Thus the southeastern part of the Altis was the oldest part dedicated to victor statues.

2. After this space was mostly filled, the next statues, those dating from Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C., Kallias, 50) to Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C., Eubotas, 75), _i. e._, from about the time of the foundation of the temple to near the date of the battle of Aigospotamoi, fifty-one in number, stood between the Heraion and the _Victory_ of Paionios; only one stood as far south as the Altis wall, while seven stood around the _Chariots_, ten around the _Victory_, twenty around the _Bull_, and the rest further north (including 176, 185 of the second ἔφοδος, which stood north of the eastern end of the temple). Diagoras and his family (59-63), boxers and pancratiasts, had their statues near the older famous boxer Euthymos (56); Alkainetos and his sons (64-66), boxers, besides many other pugilists, had theirs near the Diagorids; Tellon (102) had his near that of his compatriot Epikradios (101); later Achæans had theirs near that of their countryman Oibotas (29), and Spartans near that of Chionis (111); some, as the three victors from Heraia (176, 177, 32),[2363] stood far apart only apparently, for the last one had his statue near the _Bull_, and so not far from the other two, though these are named in the second ἔφοδος.

3. From near the date of the battle of Aigospotamoi, down to about the birth of Alexander the Great, _i. e._, from Ol. 94 to Ol. 106 (= 404 to 356 B. C.), thirty-six statues filled in the intervals left among these older statues; fifteen stood near the Heraion; five between it and the _Bull_, seven around the _Bull_, five around the _Victory_, one near the _Chariots_, and three along the South Altis wall. Euthymenes and Kritodamos (78, 80) had their monuments near that of their older countryman (79), whose statue was made by Myron; the Ephesians, Pyrilampes and Athenaios (35, 36), had their statues beside that of their benefactor Lysandros (35 a).

4. After Alexander’s time, in consequence of the recent building of the Philippeion, Leonidaion, and Theekoleon to the west of the Altis, the western side of the temple of Zeus (and, to a lesser extent, the northern) became important, and henceforth statues surrounded the temple on all sides. Of the thirty-three statues of this epoch, nine stood to the west of the temple, four to the north, and seven to the south, while the rest stood either to the east, or, perhaps, near the Heraion. We shall see also that many later statues, known to us from inscriptions only, stood outside the Altis, to the west and northwest.

STATUES NOT MENTIONED BY PAUSANIAS, BUT KNOWN FROM RECOVERED BASES.

Having established these data, it is not difficult, from the positions of the many inscribed fragmentary bases found at Olympia and referred to victor statues not mentioned by Pausanias, from the approximate dates of the victories as gained from the age of the inscriptions, and by again employing the system of groups already mentioned, to state quite definitely where many of these other statues stood. Pausanias, who mentions 187 victors with 192 monuments in his two ἔφοδοι, expressly states that he enumerates only those “who had some title to fame or whose statues were better made.”[2364] The reasons for his selection and the fact that he mentions the statue of no athlete certainly later than the middle of the second century B. C. (although we know from inscriptions that statues were set up far into the third century A. D., at least)[2365] have been subjects of much discussion, but hardly concern us here.[2366] The three latest statues of victors mentioned by Pausanias, whose dates are fixed, may be given: those of Kleitomachos, who won παγκράτιον and πύξ in Ols. 141 and 142 (= 216 and 212 B. C.);[2367] of Kapros, victor in παγκράτιον and πάλη in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.);[2368] and of Akestorides, victor πώλων ἅρματι sometime between Ols. 142 and 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.).[2369] Still later statues of victors named by Pausanias, whose dates can not be exactly determined, are those of Sodamas, who won παίδων στάδιον some time between Ols. 142 and 145 (= 212 and 200 B. C.);[2370] of Amyntas, victor in παίδων παγκράτιον in Ol. (?) 146 (= 196 B. C.);[2371] of Timon, victor in πένταθλον in Ols. 146 or 147 (= 196 or 192 B. C.);[2372] and of Lysippos, victor in παίδων πάλη some time between Ols. 149 and 157 (= 184 and 152 B. C.).[2373] Of the first century A. D., Pausanias mentions three victors without statues: Artemidoros, who won παγκράτιον in Ol. 212 (= 69 A. D.);[2374] Polites, victor in στάδιον, δίαυλος and δόλιχος in Ol. 212;[2375] and Hermogenes, victor in στάδιον twice, δίαυλος once, and as ὁπλίτης thrice, in Ols. 215, 216, 217 (= 81-89 A. D.).[2376] The words of Pliny, _Olympiae, ubi omnium qui vicissent statuas dicari mos erat_[2377] refer, of course, as we have already pointed out, only to the privilege and not to the actual fact, for many victors would have no statues, as it was necessary for them or their relatives or city-states to meet the expenses of their erection.[2378] No more is the rest of his statement to be taken literally, _i. e._, that those victors who were victorious three times had the right to erect portrait statues in their honor; for we have, as has already been shown, at least one exception.[2379] Besides we know that portrait statues were practically unknown before the fourth century B. C. Most of the victor statues were mere types—those of Hermes and Herakles being common—without individualized features, simply representing the various contests by position or some characteristic, _e. g._, the helmet and shield for “hoplite” victors.[2380]

Five of these inscriptions have been referred to the sixth and fifth centuries B. C.[2381] Of these the inscribed base of Pantares was found near the South Altis wall, and the statue must originally have stood east of the temple of Zeus, near the chariot of Gelo (90), for these two were the only victors from Gela, and won in the same kind of contest and at nearly the same date.[2382] The statues of Phrikias of Pelinna and Phanas of Pellene, both representing victors in the heavy-armed race, to which I have ascribed the two archaic marble heads (Fig. 30), the former found west of the temple of Zeus and the latter to the south of it, must originally have stood in the area of the later temple and then have been removed.[2383] That of an unknown victor, whose name ended in ...αδας,[2384] the two fragments of whose base were found, one near the Heraion and the other to the east of the temple of Zeus, should have stood near the statues of the only other pancratiasts of a similar age, either near those of Dorieus (61), who won in Ols. 87 to 89 (= 432 to 424 B. C.), and Damagetos (62), who won in Ols. 82 and 83 (= 452 and 448 B. C.), in the zone of the _Bull_, or near that of Timasitheos (82), who won some time between Ols. (?) 65 and 67 inclusive (= 520 and 512 B. C.), in the zone of the _Victory_. Lastly, the second inscribed base of Xenombrotos (133), found near the Council-house outside the South Altis wall, doubtless once stood near the first (the epigram from which is preserved by Pausanias, VI, 14.12), along this wall to the east of the base of Telemachos.[2385]

No inscribed fragments of bases dating from the fourth century B. C. have been found.

Beginning with the third century B. C., we shall see that most of the recovered bases were found either in the western part of the Altis, in the neighborhood of the Philippeion, Theekoleon, and Leonidaion, on both sides of the West Altis wall, or still farther west and northwest, especially in or near the Palaistra and Prytaneion. We have already seen that most of the statues named by Pausanias dating from Alexander’s time stood to the west (and north) of the temple of Zeus. As Pausanias enumerates only statues ἐν δεξιᾷ of his route around the temple to the Great Altar, these statues farther west and northwest are omitted from his account. Of the four bases of statues referred to the third century, all belong to Elean victors; three were found west and northwest of the Prytaneion and beyond, showing that these statues once stood in the vicinity of this building, and the fourth was found farther south, by the Palaistra, where it probably stood. Thus the base of the wrestler Nikarchos, son of Physsias, was found in a late wall west of the Prytaneion;[2386] that of the statue of an unknown victor, son of Taurinos, was found at the southeast corner of the Palaistra;[2387] that of another unknown victor, the son of ...phinos, was found in the _Nordwestgraben_;[2388] the base of the statue of Thersonides, son of Paianodoros, victor κέλητι πωλικῷ, was found northwest of the Prytaneion, between the Roman baths and east hall of the Gymnasion.[2389]

Of the four statues referred with certainty to the second century B. C., all but one were found to the west of the Altis, in a region ranging from the Philippeion, northwest of the temple of Zeus, to the Leonidaion southwest of it. Two of them were found outside the West Altis wall, between the Leonidaion and the Byzantine church. Thus the base of the statue of D...gonos, twice victor in πύξ, was found outside the apse of the Byzantine church and west of the West Altis wall;[2390] the fragments of that of an unknown boy victor in wrestling or the pankration were found in the East Byzantine wall;[2391] that of an unknown victor, συνωρίδι τελείᾳ (twice), and ἅρματι τελείῳ, was found south of the Philippeion.[2392] The fragment of the base of the statue of another unknown victor in wrestling, the son of the Elean Aigyptos, was found to the northeast of the Leonidaion.[2393]

Of the seven bases referred to the second and first centuries B. C., three were found in or near the Byzantine church, showing that such statues may have stood in the Greek building which was later converted into the church.[2394] Two more were found near the southwest corner of the Altis, and therefore may once have stood near the statue of Philonides, which Pausanias mentions as standing in that vicinity. Two others stood farther away, one inside the Prytaneion, the other northeast of the temple of Zeus. Thus the base of an unknown victor, the son of Aristotle, συνωρίδι πωλικῇ, was found in front of the north side of the Byzantine church;[2395] that of Aristodamos, the son of Aleximachos of Elis, was found in the floor of the church;[2396] that of an unknown victor was found northeast of the temple of Zeus;[2397] that of a victor συνωρίδι πωλικῇ, whose name ended in ...chos, the son of the Elean Nikodromos, was found southwest of the Altis before the West Altis wall;[2398] the base of two unknown victors from Elis were found respectively in the Prytaneion[2399] and northwest of the Byzantine church,[2400] while that of another Elean, Antigenes, the son of Jason, victor συνωρίδι πωλικῇ, was found in the southwest corner of the Altis.[2401]

The positions of the twenty-four bases (belonging to monuments of twenty-two victors) with certainty referred to the first pre-Christian century were very scattered. One large Pentelic marble _bathron_, supporting the monuments of seven victors of the family of Philistos, must have stood just south of the Philippeion, where most of the fragments were found. The bases of the statues of two other sons and a grandson of the same victor have been recovered, and doubtless stood near by, thus forming a family group of ten, outnumbering that of Diagoras (59-63 and 52) mentioned by Pausanias. The omission of so important a monument in the description of the Periegete has, of course, been used as an indication of his employment of earlier lists. Of the other bases, two were found outside the South Altis wall, west of the Council-house, and two east of it; two east of the temple of Zeus (one of them that of the youthful Tiberius, afterwards Roman emperor, which must have stood near the _Eretrian Bull_, where it was found); one southwest of the temple, along the South Terrace wall, pointing to a position among the statues there named by Pausanias; one east of the Byzantine church, pointing to a position south of the Theekoleon, two to the northwest of the Altis in the vicinity of the Prytaneion; while the others were found scattered all the way from the northeastern part of the Altis to the bed of the Kladeos. Thus over half (13) of these statue-bases were found in the west and northwest of the Altis and beyond; the space to the east of the temple of Zeus—called _frequentissimus celeberrimusque_ by Scherer—seems now not to have been greatly prized. Most of these victories were gained in hippic contests. Horse-racing had early been discontinued, but was revived at the end of the first century B. C., when members of the imperial family, emulating the earlier triumphs of the princes of Sicily and Macedonia, became competitors. Thus Tiberius won in the chariot-race, and a few years later his nephew Germanicus in the same event. The list of these bases of victor statues of the first century B. C. and their provenience follows. A fragment of the base of the victor Agilochos, son of Nikeas of Elis, victor κέλητι πωλικῷ, was found in the East Byzantine wall.[2402] One fragment of the _bathron_ of the family group of the Elean Philistos,[2403] victors in hippic contests, was found southwest of the Pelopion, while four others were discovered south of the Philippeion; the base of the statue of Philonikos, a son of Philistos, was also found south of the Philippeion,[2404] and that of another unnamed son was discovered to the west of the Prytaneion,[2405] while the place of finding of that of Charops, the son of Telemachos, has not been recorded.[2406] The base of the monument of Aristarchos was found east of the Byzantine church,[2407] that of Damaithidas, son of Menippos of Elis, a victor συνωρίδι πωλικῇ, west of the Council-house (south building),[2408] and that of Thrasymachos (or Thrasymedes) in the _Nordostgraben_.[2409] A fragment of the base of the statue of Demokrates of Antioch in Karia was found in the bed of the river Kladeos,[2410] that of a victor whose name began with Demo..., northeast of the Prytaneion,[2411] while that of Thaliarchos, the son of Soterichos of Elis, victor πὺξ παίδων καὶ ἀνδρῶν, was found east of the Council-house.[2412] Bases from two statues of Menedemos, son of Menedemos of Elis, victor συνωρίδι πωλικῇ, were found, one east of the temple of Zeus, the other inside the Heraion.[2413] Lykomedes, the son of Aristodemos of Elis, victor συνωρίδι πωλικῇ, also had two statues; the base of one was found in front of the West Byzantine wall on the south side of the temple of Zeus, that of the other in the _Westgraben_.[2414] The front part of the base of the statue of Archiadas, the son of Timolas of Elis, who won κέλητι πωλικῷ, was discovered southwest of the temple of Zeus, on the Terrace wall.[2415] That of an unknown victor in the δίαυλος, the son of ...krates of Miletos, was found near the _Osthalle_,[2416] while that inscribed with the name of Tiberius Claudius Nero of Rome, who won a victory τεθρίππῳ just before the end of the century, was found south of the _Eretrian Bull_.[2417]

Nineteen inscribed base-fragments have been referred to the post-Christian centuries, thirteen to the first, three to the second, and three to the third. The spaces around the temple of Zeus (especially its eastern front) are again the favorite ones. Thus the bases of three statues were found east of the temple (one _in situ_), two near its southeastern corner, three at the northeastern corner (one, that of Germanicus Cæsar, the nephew of Tiberius, just to the north of the _Eretrian Bull_, and so originally standing here near that of his uncle), while another stood opposite the fifth column from the east on the north side of the temple. Most of these statues must have been passed by Pausanias in his first ἔφοδος, which is, perhaps, another evidence of his dependence on older lists in compiling his own. Two other bases were found to the southwest of the temple, one of them near its corner, and the other nearer the corner of the Altis, _i. e._, near the base of the statue of Philonides (154a). Thus eleven statues stood near the temple. Of the others, four were found in the vicinity of the Palaistra (one inside _in situ_), one to the northeast of the Prytaneion, another northeast of the Byzantine church, while the two remaining ones were found in the eastern part of the Altis, near the entrance to the Stadion and before the Echo Colonnade respectively. The base of the last statue of a victor known to have been erected at Olympia, that of Valerios Eklektos of Sinope, previously mentioned, was found _in situ_ in the Palaistra. We append a detailed list of these bases, giving the provenience of each.

Of the first century A. D., the fore part of the base of the monument of Germanicus, son of Nero Claudius Drusus, was found east of the temple of Zeus, north of the _Eretrian Bull_;[2418] the base of that of Gnaios Markios was found opposite the southeast corner of the temple;[2419] that of Markos Antonios Kallippos Peisanos, son of M. Antonios Alexion of Elis, who won κέλητι πωλικῷ in Ol. 177 (= 72 A. D.), was found in the West Byzantine wall at the southwest corner of the temple.[2420] The base of the monument of Polyxenos, son of Apollophanes of Zakynthos, victor in πάλη παίδων, was discovered at the southwest corner of the Altis far from its probable original location;[2421] that of P. Kornelios Ariston, son of Eirenaios of Ephesos, victor in παγκράτιον παίδων in Ol. 207 (= 49 A. D.), in front of the north wall of the Palaistra;[2422] the marble plate from that of Tiberios Klaudios Aphrodeisios of Elis (?), who won κέλητι τελείῳ in Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.), was unearthed near its semicircular base, which was found _in situ_ east of the temple.[2423] Four fragments of the base of the monument of the boy pancratiast Nikanor, son of Sokles of Ephesos, were recovered east of the temple, and another one near its southeastern corner.[2424] The base of that of Markos Deida of Antioch, victor in πάλη παίδων in Ol. 219 (= 97 A. D.), was found southeast of the temple;[2425] that of an unknown victor in the δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης (three times) in the North Byzantine wall;[2426] that of Hermas, son of Ision of Antioch, a victor in παγκράτιον, between the West Altis wall and the southeastern corner of the Palaistra;[2427] that of Diogenes, son of Dionysios of Ephesos, victor σαλπίγγι five times, before the centre of the Echo Colonnade.[2428] The inscribed fragments of the bronze legs of the statues of two unknown victors have also been excavated, the one near the starting-place in the Stadion,[2429] the other near the fifth column from the east on the north side of the temple of Zeus.[2430]

Of the second century A. D., we have the following bases: that of Kasia M[nasithea], daughter of M. Betilenos (or Vetulenos) Laitos of Elis, who won ἅρματι πωλικῷ, was found northeast of the Prytaneion;[2431] the upper part of the pedestal of the _quadriga_ of L. Minicius Natalis of Rome, victor ἅρματι τελείῳ in Ol. 227 (= 129 A. D.), was unearthed in the east wall of the Palaistra.[2432] The base of the statue erected to the herald P. Ailios Artemas of Laodikeia (in Phrygia?) was found 20 meters north of the northeastern corner of the temple of Zeus.[2433]

Of the third century A. D., _i. e._, after the time of Pausanias, we have these bases: that of P. Ailios Alkandridas, son of Damokratidas of Sparta, twice victor in (?) πάλη, was found northeast of the Byzantine church;[2434] that of Theopropos of Rhodes, who won κέλητι, was unearthed east of the temple of Zeus, just south of the basis of the _Nike_ of Paionios;[2435] the base of the statue of Valerios Eklektos of Sinope, victor as κῆρυξ in Ols. 256, 258-260 (= 245, 253-261 A. D.), was found _in situ_ in the Palaistra.[2436] We should add for this century also the inscribed bronze diskos, the votive (not victor) offering of Poplios (Publius) Asklepiades of Corinth, which was found 2.5 meters south of the Southwest gate of the Altis.[2437]

A study of these inscriptions shows that the practice of setting up victor statues decreased in the fourth and third centuries B. C., but was revived in the second and first, only to decrease again after the first century A. D. On the other hand, the inscriptions show that the number of “honor” statues correspondingly increased. Of the later statues, most were erected to Eleans; names of victors from Sicily and Italy, and from the older Greek states, as Sparta and Athens, are rare, being replaced by those from Asia Minor and the newer towns of the Greek mainland. This falling off of interest in the games was largely due to professionalism. In the second century B. C., we begin to read in the inscriptions of περιοδονῖκαι, _i. e._, victors winning prizes at all the four national games, a sure indication of the professional spirit. Even Pausanias mentions two such victors.[2438]

From these inscribed base-fragments, we have knowledge of 61 victors (63 monuments)[2439] who had statues erected to them, though they are not named in the lists of Pausanias. Of the 192 monuments mentioned by Pausanias, 40 are known to us from recovered fragments of bases and statues. So if we assume the same ratio between known and unknown for those not mentioned by Pausanias, we should have the proportion 40 : 192 : : 63 : _x_, where _x_ would equal 302, making a grand total of 494 monuments, which number can not be far from the actual number of victor statues adorning the Altis.[2440]

OLYMPIC VICTOR MONUMENTS ERECTED OUTSIDE OLYMPIA.

In Chapter I, we showed that frequently statues or other monuments were erected in their native towns as a part of the honor paid to Olympic victors. We shall now give a list of all such monuments set up in various parts of the Greek world which are known to us from notices in ancient literature and from inscriptions.[2441] These, like the statues in the Altis, range in date from the seventh century B. C. to the fourth A. D., and offer still greater variety in the kinds of dedication. It will be best to arrange the list as far as possible chronologically and in numerical sequence, adding the authorities for the dates of the various victories in the footnotes.[2442]

Victors with monuments of the seventh century B. C.:

1. Chionis, of Sparta.[2443] Besides his statue by Myron and the tablet containing a list of his victories at Olympia mentioned by Pausanias (VI, 13.2), the same writer records a similar tablet in Sparta, erected near the royal tomb of the Agids, likewise set up by his townspeople (III, 14.3). The Spartan tablet, like the monuments in his honor at Olympia, was doubtless set up long after the victory, about Ols. 77 or 78 (= 472 or 468 B. C.).

2. Kylon, of Athens.[2444] Pausanias records that a bronze statue of this victor stood upon the Athenian Akropolis, erected, as he supposes, in honor of his beauty and reputation as an Olympic victor (I, 28.1). Kylon was the leader of the well-known conspiracy of 632 B. C., when he tried to make himself tyrant of Athens.[2445] Furtwaengler has proposed the theory that this monument was not set up in honor of Kylon by the Athenians, as Pausanias says, but that it was a dedication by his family after his Olympic victory.[2446] A. Schaefer,[2447] however, more justly believed that the statue was an expiatory offering for the massacre of Kylon’s companions on the Akropolis,[2448] set up in the time of Perikles, the date of which would account for the “beauty” of the statue. Still another scholar[2449] believes that Pausanias’ remark was called forth by the epigram on the statue.[2450]

3. Hipposthenes, of Sparta.[2451] Pausanias records that a temple was dedicated to him in Sparta, where he received divine worship (III, 15.7). It has been argued that the words of Pausanias (_l. c._) show that Hipposthenes here was worshiped only in the character of Poseidon, whose epithet was ἵππιος (_cf._ P., I, 30.4).[2452]

Of the sixth century B. C.:

4. Hetoimokles, son of Hipposthenes of Sparta.[2453] Pausanias mentions a statue of this victor at Sparta (III, 13.9).

5. Arrhachion, of Phigalia.[2454] Pausanias records the stone statue in the archaic pose, and with weathered inscription, erected to this victor in the market-place at Phigalia (VIII, 40.1), which we have discussed at length in the preceding chapter (Fig. 79).

6. Kimon, the son of Stesagoras, of Athens.[2455] Aelian mentions αἱ Κίμωνος ἵπποι χαλκαῖ, very true to the originals, in Athens,[2456] which seem to have been set up in honor of his three chariot victories at Olympia. His first victory was won when he was in banishment at the hands of the tyrant Peisistratos, son of Hippokrates. Having entered his horses under the tyrant’s name for the second contest, he was in consequence recalled, and a third time entered them and won under his own name.[2457] The pseudo-Andokides confuses this older Kimon with the younger, when he calls the latter an Olympic victor.[2458] Similarly a scholiast on Aristophanes[2459] confuses him with Megakles, who won a victory τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 47 (= 592 B. C.).[2460]

7. Philippos, son of Boutakides, of Kroton.[2461] The people of Egesta in Sicily erected a shrine over his grave in their town, and paid him divine honors on account of his beauty, in which he surpassed all his contemporaries.[2462]

Of the fifth century B. C.:

8. Astylos, or Astyalos, of Kroton.[2463] Besides mentioning his statue by Pythagoras of Rhegion at Olympia, Pausanias in the same passage (VI, 13.1) mentions another in the temple of Lakinian Hera near Kroton, which his fellow-townsmen pulled down in anger, because he had called himself a Syracusan in order to please the Sicilian tyrant Hiero.[2464] Collignon believes that the statue at Kroton was also a copy of the work of Pythagoras at Olympia.[2465]

9. Euthymos, son of Astykles, of Lokroi Epizephyrioi in South Italy.[2466] In addition to his statue at Olympia by Pythagoras, mentioned by Pausanias (VI, 6.4-6),[2467] we know of another statue by Pythagoras set up in Lokroi in honor of this victor.[2468] According to Kallimachos, both statues were struck by lightning at the same time. Other writers tell wondrous tales of this boxer.[2469]

10. Theagenes, son of Timosthenes, of Thasos, one of the most famous Olympic victors.[2470] Besides his statue at Olympia by Glaukias of Aegina (VI, 11.2 and 9), Pausanias says that he knows of many other places in Greece and elsewhere where images of this victor were set up (VI, 11.9), and records one at Thasos to which the Thasians sacrificed as to a god (VI, 11.6). The story which he tells about this Thasian statue being scourged and falling on the enemy of Theagenes is also recounted at greater length by Dio Chrysostom[2471] and is mentioned by Eusebios.[2472] Lucian says that the statue cured fevers, just as did that of Polydamas at Olympia.[2473] Studniczka has argued that the statues at Thasos and elsewhere were set up to honor the hero and not the victor.[2474]

11. Ladas, of Sparta.[2475] Two fourth-century epigrams celebrate the fleetness of Ladas, and the second names Myron as the statuary of a bronze statue of him.[2476] Pausanias mentions a statue of the same victor in the temple of Apollo Lykios in Argos (II, 19.7). Whether the latter statue was identical with the one named in the epigram can not be finally determined.[2477] Pausanias refers to a stadion of Ladas, situated between Mantinea and Orchomenos in Arkadia, in which Ladas practiced running (VIII, 12.5), and also to his grave between Belemina and Sparta (III, 21.1).

12. Kallias, son of Didymias of Athens.[2478] Apart from his statue at Olympia made by the Athenian painter and sculptor Mikon, mentioned by Pausanias (VI, 6.1),[2479] there was a dedication to him at Athens, as we learn from the preserved inscription, which enumerates his thirteen victories at Olympia and elsewhere.[2480]

13. Diagoras, son of Damagetos, of Rhodes, the most famous of Greek boxers.[2481] In addition to his statue at Olympia by Kallikles, son of Theokosmos of Megara, mentioned by Pausanias (VI, 7.1-2) as standing among the group of statues of his sons and grandsons, we learn from the scholiast on Pindar, _Ol._ VII, Argum., who quotes Gorgon as his authority,[2482] that this ode, which celebrated the Olympic victory of Diagoras, was attached in golden letters to the walls of the temple of Athena at Lindos.

14. Agias, of Pharsalos.[2483] We have already, in Ch. VI, discussed the group of marble statues set up at Delphi by Daochos of Pharsalos in honor of his ancestors who had won in various athletic contests, which was discovered by the French excavators there in 1894. We there mentioned that Preuner found the same metrical inscription which appeared on the base of the statue of Agias, the best preserved of the group (Pl. 28 and Fig. 68), in the journal of Stackelberg,[2484] who had copied it in the early part of the nineteenth century from a base in Pharsalos which has since disappeared. This Thessalian inscription contained the additional words that Lysippos of Sikyon was the sculptor. In both inscriptions the victories of Agias at Olympia and elsewhere are noted. Thus we know of two statues of Agias, one at Delphi, the other at Pharsalos, both presumably by Lysippos. Preuner also thinks that a third statue may have stood in Olympia.

15. Cheimon, of Argos.[2485] In mentioning the statue of Cheimon at Olympia by the sculptor Naukydes of Argos, Pausanias, in the same passage (VI, 9.3), records another which once stood in Argos, but was later removed to the temple of Peace in Rome.[2486]

16. Leon, son of Antikleidas (or Antalkidas), of Sparta.[2487] A fragment of Polemon[2488] mentions a statue of this victor. It may have stood in Olympia, as Foerster without good grounds assumes, or it may have stood elsewhere.

17. Eubotas (Eubatas or Eubatos), of Kyrene.[2489] Besides his statue at Olympia recorded by Pausanias (VI, 8.3), we learn of another set up at Kyrene by the victor’s wife for his devotion.[2490]

18. Promachos, son of Dryon, of Pellene in Achaia.[2491] Pausanias not only mentions a bronze statue of this victor at Olympia (VI, 8.5-6), but also records one of stone dedicated likewise by his townsmen in the Old Gymnasion of Pellene (VII, 27.5).

Of the fifth or fourth centuries B. C.:

19. An unknown victor, of Argos or (?) Tegea.[2492] Aristotle mentions an inscription from a statue of an Olympic victor in two passages of his _Rhetoric_.[2493] This epigram was repeated by Aristophanes of Byzantion,[2494] who wrongly ascribed it to Simonides.[2495] Where this statue stood can not be determined.

Of the fourth century B. C.:

20. Kyniska, daughter of Archidamos I, of Sparta.[2496] Pausanias, before mentioning the monumental group at Olympia by Apellas of Megara, which consisted of the statues of Kyniska and her charioteer standing beside a huge bronze chariot and horses (VI. 1.6), and the small bronze chariot by the same sculptor, set up in her honor in the vestibule of the temple of Zeus (V, 12.5), records that there was a shrine in Sparta at Plane-tree Grove, near the youths’ exercise ground, erected to the heroine Kyniska (III, 15.1). This latter dedication, therefore, was not properly a victor monument, though Pausanias in the same book says that Kyniska was the first Greek woman to train horses and to win a prize at Olympia (III, 8.1).

21. Euryleonis, a victress of Sparta.[2497] Pausanias says that she had a statue in her native city near the so-called Σκήνωμα, “Tent” (III, 17.6). Curtius has suggested that this may be the small building mentioned by Thukydides as the place where King Pausanias took refuge when pursued by the ephors.[2498]

22. Archias, son of Eukles, of Hybla.[2499] An epigram in the _Greek Anthology_[2500] speaks of a statue of this victor at Delphi.

23. [Phil]okrates, son of Antiphon, of Athens (deme of Krioa).[2501] An inscribed base of the statue of this victor has been found in Athens.[2502]

24. An unknown victor. An inscribed base, found near the Portico of Attalos in Athens, records the victories of an unknown athlete at several games, including one in the παγκράτιον ἀνδρῶν at Olympia.[2503]

25. Phorystas, son of Thriax (or Triax), of (?) Tanagra.[2504] The inscribed base of the statue of this victor, giving Kaphisias of Bœotia as the sculptor, has been discovered in the ruins of Tanagra.[2505] His brother Pammachos won παγκράτιον παίδων at Nemea, and had a statue at Thebes, the work of Teisikrates, the inscribed base of which has been recovered.[2506]

Of the fourth or third centuries B. C.:

26. Aristophon, son of Lysinos, of Athens.[2507] Besides his statue at Olympia, set up at the cost of the people of Athens, mentioned by Pausanias (VI, 13.11; _cf._ VI, 14.1), we have the inscription from the base of another which was set up on the Athenian Akropolis.[2508]

27. Attalos, father of King Attalos I,[2509] of Pergamon.[2510] The inscribed base of his great victor monument, erected by Epigonos, has been dis- covered at Pergamon.[2511]

Of the second century B. C.: none.

Of the first century B. C.: none.

Of the first century A. D.:

28. Xenodamos, of Antikyra in Phokis.[2512] Pausanias mentions a bronze statue of this victor in the Old Gymnasion at Antikyra (X, 36.9). G. Hirschfeld[2513] had objected to the statement of Pausanias, in the passage cited, “that this was the only Olympiad omitted in the Elean register,” because of its inconsistency with other passages which state that in the 8th Olympiad,[2514] in the 34th,[2515] and in the 104th,[2516] the games were celebrated by intruders, and not by the Eleans, and hence these Olympiads were regarded as invalid and were not entered in the Elean registers. However, as Frazer points out,[2517] the case with Ol. 211 was different. It was doubtless celebrated by the Eleans themselves and its validity was not questioned, but either it was never entered in the register, or, if entered, was later struck out. Africanus (_cf._ Philostratos)[2518] says that the celebration of this Olympiad, which should have fallen 65 A. D., was deferred two years to favor Nero, who in 67 A. D. received prizes in six events, including the ten-horse chariot-race.[2519] The Eleans, later being ashamed of thus favoring the tyrant, probably removed Ol. 211 from the register after his death. It may be that for the same reason statues of victors of that Olympiad were not set up in the Altis, which would explain why that of Xenodamos was set up in his native city, where Pausanias saw it. Not finding his name in the Elean register, Pausanias would reason that this victory fell in the disgraced Ol. 211.[2520]

28a. Titos Phlabios Artemidoros, son of Artemidoros, of Adana in Kilikia.[2521] The inscribed marble tablet from the base of the statue which this victor erected in Naples in honor of his father Artemidoros, son of Athenodoros, is preserved. It contains a list of his own many victories in παγκράτιον and πάλη in games held in Greece, Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Though the statue was erected to his father, the long inscription shows that it was intended quite as much to celebrate his own athletic prowess.[2522]

29. Titos Phlabios Metrobios, son of Demetrios, of Iasos, Karia.[2523] The inscribed base of his statue has been found in Iasos.[2524]

30. Sarapion, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2525] Pausanias mentions two statues of this victor, which stood on either side of the entrance to the Gymnasion in Elis known as the Maltho. He adds that they were erected by the Eleans in gratitude for the bestowal of corn in a time of famine (VI, 23.6). He is not to be confounded with other victors of the same name.[2526]

Of the second century A. D.:

31. Markos Aurelios Demetrios, of Alexandria, Egypt.[2527] His son, M. Aurelios Asklepiades, dedicated a statue to him in Rome, the inscription from the base of which has been recovered.[2528]

32. Unknown victor, from Magnesia ad Sipylum, in Lydia.[2529] His statue in Magnesia is known from the recovered inscribed base.[2530]

33. Kranaos or Granianos, of Sikyon.[2531] Pausanias mentions a bronze statue of this victor as standing in the precincts of the temple of Asklepios, on the hill of Titane, near Sikyon (II, 11.8).

34. Titos Ailios Aurelios Apollonios, of Tarsos.[2532] A statue of this victor stood in Athens, as we learn from its preserved inscribed base.[2533]

35. Mnasiboulos, of Elateia in Phokis.[2534] His fellow citizens erected a bronze statue in honor of his repelling the robber horde of the Kostobokoi, who overran Greece in the days of Pausanias (X, 34.5). The statue stood in “Runner” street.

Of the third century A. D.:

36. Aurelios Toalios, of (?) Oinoanda, Lykia.[2535] The inscribed base of the statue of this victor has been found in Oinoanda.[2536]

37. Aurelios Metrodoros, of Kyzikos.[2537] The inscribed base of his statue was found in Kyzikos, and is now in Constantinople.[2538]

38. Valerios Eklektos, of Sinope.[2539] Besides his monument at Olympia, which was erected immediately after 261 A. D.,[2540] we know, from an inscription, of another statue dedicated to him in Athens some time between 253 and 257 A. D.[2541]

Of the fourth century A. D.:

39. Klaudios Rhouphos, also called Apollonios the Pisan, son of Klaudios Apollonios, of Smyrna.[2542] We learn from an inscription found in the Baths of Titus in Rome that his statue stood in the council-chamber of the Guild of Athletes of Hercules at Rome.[2543]

40. Philoumenos, of Philadelphia, in Lydia.[2544] The closing verse of an inscription belonging to the base of his statue is preserved in Panodoros.[2545] Where the statue stood can not be determined.

Of unknown dates:

41. Ainetos, of (?) Amyklai.[2546] Pausanias mentions the portrait statue of this victor at Amyklai (III, 18. 7). He says that he expired even while the crown was being placed on his head.

42. Nikokles, of Akriai in Lakonia.[2547] Pausanias mentions a monument (μνῆμα) erected in his honor at Akriai, between the Gymnasion and the sea-wall (III, 22.5).

43. Aigistratos, son of Polykreon, of Lindos in Rhodes.[2548] A statue of this victor was set up at Lindos, as we learn from the preserved inscription on its base found there.[2549] He is called in the inscription the first Lindian victor at Olympia.

44. An unknown victor, of (?) Delphi.[2550] The inscribed base of his statue, with remains of the dedication, was found many years ago at Delphi by Cockerell.[2551]

We have records of other monuments erected to victors, but it is not clear whether the victories recorded were won at Olympia or elsewhere. We list the following three doubtful cases, which have already been noted in earlier chapters:

1. Epicharinos. Pausanias mentions the statue Ἐπιχαρίνου ὁπλιτοδρομεῖν ἀσκήσαντος, by the sculptor Kritios, as standing upon the Athenian Akropolis (I, 23.9). The inscribed base of this monument was found in 1839, between the Propylaia and the Parthenon.[2552] The inscription states that the statue was the joint work of Kritios (thus correcting the spelling Κριτίας of Pausanias) and Nesiotes. It was, therefore, a work of the first half of the fifth century B. C., the date of the sculptors of the _Tyrannicides_ (Fig. 32). Ross added the word ὁπλιτοδρόμος after the name in the inscription. Michaelis,[2553] however, has inserted the name of the victor’s father. Wilamowitz[2554] went further and assumed that Polemon, from whom Pausanias derived the account, had already falsely restored the inscription and that the statue did not represent Epicharinos, but another victor. This theory has been rightly controverted by many scholars.[2555] It is clear that Pausanias got his information from the monument, and not from the inscription.

2. Hermolykos, son of Euthoinos or Euthynos. Pausanias mentions the statue of the pancratiast Hermolykos as standing on the Akropolis at Athens (I, 23.10). This was probably Hermolykos the pancratiast, who is recorded by Herodotos as having distinguished himself at the battle of Mykale in 479 B. C., and as having been afterwards killed in battle at Kyrnos in Euboia and buried at Geraistos.[2556] Some scholars have advocated the theory that the portrait statue here mentioned by Pausanias was none other than the statue which stood on the Akropolis on the base which was discovered in 1839, dedicated by Hermolykos, the son of Diitrephes, the work of the sculptor Kresilas,[2557] and that the Periegete mistook the latter for the one mentioned by Herodotos.[2558] However, Frazer finds this explanation “arbitrary and highly improbable,” and believes that the base in question supported the statue of Diitrephes, pierced with arrows, also mentioned by Pausanias (I, 23.3).[2559] Kirchhoff distinguished not only the statue of Hermolykos mentioned by Pausanias and the dedication of Hermolykos revealed by the recovered base, but both of these from the statue of the wounded man mentioned by Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 74). While J. Six assumed that Hermolykos, son of Diitrephes, dedicated the Kresilæan statue in honor of his grandfather Hermolykos, son of Euthoinos, and that Pausanias wrongly gathered from the inscribed base that the statue represented Diitrephes,[2560] Furtwaengler believed that Diitrephes was the older warrior of the name, mentioned by Thukydides,[2561] and that Pausanias, who knew nothing of him, wrongly connected his statue with the younger one of that name.[2562]

3. Isokrates, son of Theodoros, of Athens. The pseudo-Plutarch mentions a bronze statue of Isokrates, in the form of a παῖς κελητίζων, on the Athenian Akropolis.[2563] As the orator was born in 436 B. C., his youthful victory among the horse-racers must have occurred about 420 B. C.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.

We have found, then, from the literary sources examined, that there are at least 44 Olympic victors, to whom a total of 47 monuments were erected outside Olympia.[2564] These monuments were of various kinds—1 inscribed tablet, 1 Pindaric ode engrossed on a temple wall, 3 temples or shrines, 37 statues (one of them apparently iconic), bronze horses (? quadriga), and 4 dedications which are not further described. Thus the bulk of these monuments, as of those at Olympia, consisted of statues. Of the 29 monuments erected to 27 victors in the pre-Christian centuries, 3 were dedicated in the seventh,[2565] 4 in the sixth, 13 (to 11 victors) in the fifth, 1 in the fifth or fourth, 6 in the fourth,[2566] 1 in the fourth or third, and 1 in the third. There is no record of such a dedication in the second and first centuries B. C. Of the 14 monuments erected to 13 victors known to belong to the post-Christian centuries, 4 (to 3 victors) belong to the first, 5 to the second, 3 to the third and 2 to the fourth; 4 others were set up to 4 victors whose dates can not be determined. Of other monuments mentioned (though not included in our figures) 3 may or may not have been erected to Olympic victors. We find that the greatest number of dedications was made in the fifth century B. C., just as we found was the case in regard to those at Olympia.[2567] Of these victors, 10 also had monuments at Olympia. The total number of Olympic victor monuments, therefore, at Olympia and elsewhere of which we have record, amounts to 302.[2568]

STATISTICS OF OLYMPIC VICTOR STATUARIES.

In conclusion, we shall briefly summarize the number and dates of the sculptors of Olympic victor monuments who are known to us from all sources.[2569] Pausanias names 52 such sculptors, who made 102 of the 192 monuments listed by him. Of the 42 “honor” statues erected in the Altis to 35 men, Pausanias mentions only two sculptors, Lysippos, who also appears among the victor statuaries, and Mikon of Syracuse, who does not.[2570] Pliny names 24, or nearly one-half of the athlete sculptors mentioned by Pausanias.[2571] No new name of an artist appears either on the inscribed bases found at Olympia and referred to the monuments recorded by Pausanias, or on the 63 bases discovered there, which can not be so referred. Of the 52 sculptors known to us from Pausanias and inscriptions, the dates can be assigned definitely or approximately thus: of the seventh century B. C., none; of the sixth century B. C., second half, 2; end, 2; of the end of the sixth and beginning of the fifth centuries B. C., 1; of the fifth century B. C., first half, 9; middle, 4; second half, 3; end, 2; of the fourth century B. C., first half, 11; middle, 1; second half, 2; end, 3; of the end of the fourth and beginning of the third centuries B. C., 3; of the third century B. C., first half, 1; second half, 1; end, 2; of the end of the third and beginning of the second centuries B. C., 1; of the second century B. C., first half, 2. No sculptor is named who lived certainly later than the second century B. C. In addition to these results, 1 sculptor can be assigned only roughly to the period subsequent to Alexander the Great, and the epoch of still another can not be determined. Of the 37 statues listed above as erected to Olympic victors outside Olympia—_i. e.>/i>, the major portion of the whole number of 47 monuments of various sorts set up in honor of 44 victors—the names of only four artists are known. Three of these—Myron, Pythagoras of Rhegion, and Lysippos—also worked at Olympia. The name, therefore, of only one new sculptor, Kaphisias of Bœotia, who lived in the fourth century B. C., can be added from this source, which makes the grand total of victor statuaries known to us 53.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 8-9.

[2] See _infra_, p. 228 and n. 2.

[3] _B. S. A._, XI, 1904-5, fig. 7 and pp. 12-14. The horse also appears on clay documents from Knossos with royal chariots and also on tombstones and fragmentary frescoes of Mycenæ; for the latter, see _Arch. Eph._, 1887, Pl. XI. On the Libyan origin of the first horses introduced into Greece, see W. Ridgeway, _The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse_, 1905, p. 480.

[4] See the bull depicted on a seal from Praisos, to be mentioned below: Angelo Mosso, _The Palaces of Crete_, 1907, p. 218, fig. 98. The Italian Mission found at Hagia Triada the bones of a gigantic bull, and Mosso (_cf._ p. 216, n. 1) found the remains of one at Phaistos.

[5] _B. S. A._, VII, 1900-1, pp. 94 f. and VIII, 1901-2, p. 74; Mosso, _op. cit._, pp. 216-218; H. R. Hall, _Anc. History of the Near East_, 1913, Pl. IV., 2; Mrs. R. C. Bosanquet, _Days in Attica_, 1914, Pl. II; Richter, _Hbk. of the Classical Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art_, 1917, p. 23, fig. 13. As Dr. Evans’ _Atlas_ has not yet appeared, the plate in the text is taken from a watercolor by Gilliéron, in the museum of Liverpool.

[6] It has often been pictured and described: _e. g._, Schliemann, _Tiryns_, 1885, Pl. XIII; Schuchhardt, _Schliemann’s Excavations_, 1891, pp. 119 f. and fig. 111; Tsountas-Manatt, _The Mycenæan Age_, 1897, p. 51, fig. 12; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, p. 887, fig. 439; Mosso, _op. cit._, p. 220, fig. 100; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. LIX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 113, fig. 242; _Tiryns, Die Ergebn. d. Ausgrab. d deutsch. Instituts in Athen_, II, 1912, Pl. XVIII.

[7] On analogy with the Knossos fresco this figure, because of its white skin, should be that of a woman and not of a man, as the usual color of the latter is red. However, the charioteers painted white on frescoes discovered at Tiryns in 1910, which represent a boar hunt (see Rodenwaldt, _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 198 f. and fig. 2, p. 201, restored; see also _Tiryns_, II, Pl. XII, in color) are regarded by Hall as youths and not women. He remarks that in Egypt young princes, who led the “sheltered life,” were often represented on monuments as pale, though red was the more usual color: see Hall, _op. cit._, p. 58 and n. 1; _id._, _Aegean Archæology_, 1914, p. 190 and fig. 74 on p. 192. Rodenwaldt interprets them as female: _l. c._

[8] XV, 679 f. F. Marx, _Jb._, IV, 1889, pp. 119 f., on the analogy to certain coin types, saw in this fresco a representation of river divinities.

[9] Mosso, _op. cit._, p. 298, fig. 98.

[10] See Mosso, p. 311, fig. 153.

[11] Here the paved space measures only about 30 by 40 feet and the two tiers of seats would seat only 400 to 500 spectators: _B. S. A._, IX, 1902-03, p. 105, fig. 69; see Mosso, p. 315, fig. 154, and Baikie, _The Sea Kings of Crete_, 1913, Pls. XXI (before restoration), XXII (restored).

[12] See Burrows, _The Discoveries in Crete_, 1907, p. 5. The one at Knossos maybe the “choros” wrought by Daidalos for Ariadne: _Iliad_, XVIII, 590-2.

[13] _B. S. A._, VIII, 1901-2, pp. 72-4, fig. 39 (arm); Pls. II, III; Baikie, _op. cit._, Pl. XIX; H. R. Hall, _Aegean Archæology_, Pl. XXX, 2; Mosso, _op. cit._, p. 222, fig. 102; _cf._ Burrows, _op. cit._, p. 21; Bulle, p. 49, fig. 7; Springer-Michaelis, p. 103, fig. 228.

[14] Remains of copper wire with gold foil twisted around it still adhere to the head of one statuette.

[15] See Mosso, _op. cit._, p. 221, fig. 101; _B. S. A._, VII, 1900-01, p. 88.

[16] Hall, _Aegean Archæology_, pp. 55-6. Though discovered in 1889 in a bee-hive tomb near Sparta, these famous cups are obviously importations from Crete, the work of an artist of the late Minoan I period. Similarly, the lion-hunt on the dagger-blade from Mycenæ is akin to Cretan art, if not its product. These cups have been often pictured: _e. g._, _Arch. Eph._, 1889, Pl. IX; Schuchhardt, Pl. III (App., pp. 350 f.); _B. C. H._, IV, 1891, Pls. XI-XII (in color), XIII-XIV; Tsountas-Manatt, _op. cit._, pp. 227-8, figs. 113-114; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, Pl. XV (in color) and pp. 786-7, figs. 369-370; H. B. Walters, _op. cit._, Pl. V; Mosso, _op. cit._, pp. 223 f., figs. 103, a, b, and 104, a, b, c; Hall, _op. cit._, Pl. XV. 1, and _cf. id._, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 54-5, n. 1; Springer-Michaelis, pp. 104-5, figs. 230 a, b; J. H. Breasted, _Ancient Times_, 1916, fig. 140, opp. p. 234.

[17] This interpretation of the scene has been compared with the design of a lion and goat on the short sword-blade from the chieftain’s grave at Knossos: see Burrows, _op. cit._, p. 88 and _cf._ pp. 136-7. Here there are two successive scenes; first the agrimi (wild goat) is startled and springs away; then the lion is represented triumphant at the end of the chase with one paw on the beast’s hind quarter and the other raised to strike: see Evans, _Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos_, 1906, p. 57, fig. 59; _cf._ also bronze inlaid dagger-blade from Mycenæ, showing hunting scenes on each face; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, Pl. XVII, 1 (panther hunting wild ducks, in color), XVIII, 3-4, (lion-hunt by men and lions chasing gazelles, in color); _cf._ Tsountas-Manatt, _op. cit._, pp. 200-2; Springer-Michaelis, Pl. V, 2a, b, 3; Schuchhardt, _op. cit._, p. 229, fig. 227; _cf._ Burrows, _op. cit._, p. 136.

[18] _Op. cit._, pp. 224-5.

[19] See Boeckh, p. 319, on _Pyth._, II, 78. The same word occurs also in an inscription on a late relief from Smyrna, which shows horsemen pursuing bulls, leaping on their backs and seizing their horns; _C. I. G._, II, 3212; also in an inscription from Sinope: _ibid._, III, 4157 (line 5); an inscription from Aphrodisias calls such men ταυροκαθάπται; _ibid._, II, Add., 2759b. The evidence shows that Gardiner, p. 9, n. 2, is wrong in connecting the _taurokathapsia_ with the hunting-field instead of with the circus. He cites the Smyrna relief above mentioned (in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, no. 219), which, however, should be interpreted as an acrobatic scene. See J. Baunack, _Rhein. Mus._, XXXVIII, 1883, pp. 293 f., who discusses bull-fighting in Thessaly and Rome and quotes five inscriptions of Hellenic times to show that beast fights were common in Asia Minor.

[20] _Cf._ Mosso, _op. cit._, pp. 214-215.

[21] Iliad, XVIII, 605-6 (= Od., IV, 18-19).

[22] Iliad, XVI, 742-50.

[23] Hdt., VI, 129.

[24] No. 243; see Salzmann, _Le Nécropole de Cameiros_, Pl. LVII; Gardiner, p. 245, fig. 39.

[25] _E. g._, on one found at Knossos in 1903: _B. S. A._, IX, 1902-3, p. 57, and fig. 35 on p. 56. Here the attitude of the boxer is almost identical with that on the pyxis to be described below. A fuller design of the same sort may be seen on a seal from Hagia Triada mentioned in _B. S. A._, IX, p. 57, n. 2.

[26] Hall, _Aegean Archæology_, p. 33 (c. 1600 B. C.); for description, _ibid._, pp. 61-2.

[27] _Op. cit._, p. 211. In this respect it should be compared with the relief on the archaic (sixth-century B. C.) Attic tripod vase from Tanagra, now in Berlin, which shows scenes of boxing, wrestling, and running: _A. Z._, III, 1881, pp. 30 f. and Pls. III, IV.

[28] P., V, 8. 1, says Klymenos came from Crete fifty years after Deukalion’s flood and held games at Olympia; _cf._ VI, 21.6. Aristotle assigns the whole political and educational system of Sparta to a Cretan origin: _Politics_, II, 10f., 1271b., f.

[29] See R. Paribeni, _Rendiconti della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, XII, 1903, fasic. 70, p. 17; F. Halbherr, _ibid._, XIV, 1905, pp. 365 f., fig. 1; Burrows, _op. cit._, Pl. 1; Mosso, _op. cit._, p. 212. fig. 93; Hall, _Aegean Archæology_, Pl. XVI (from cast in Museum of Candia, whence our plate); _cf. id._, _Anc. Hist. Near East_, Pl. IV., 5. A copy is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York: see _Hbk. of Classical Collection_, p. 16, fig. 8.

[30] Detail of zone, Mosso, p. 213, fig. 94. The acrobat wears just such striped boots and bracelets as the man and women on the fresco from Knossos. The man binding the legs of the bull on the Vapheio cup wears similar apparel. Similar scenes of gymnasts vaulting over a bull’s back are seen on the seal of a bracelet found at Knossos in 1902: _B. S. A._, VIII, 1901-2, p. 18, fig. 43; Mosso, p. 214, fig. 95a; also on the intaglio of a ring in Athens: Mosso, p. 215, fig. 95b. Scenes of gymnasts with bulls at rest are common on seal impressions: _e. g._, on one from Mycenæ in Athens, Mosso, p. 217, fig. 97; on the one in Candia already mentioned, _ibid._, fig. 98; _cf._ Bosanquet, Excavations at Praisos, _B. S. A._, VIII, p. 252, who believes the bull has been surprised by a hunter.

[31] Iliad, XXII, 308 f.

[32] XXIII, 673.

[33] _B. S. A._, VII, 1900-1, fig. 31, pp. 95 and 96; copied by Gardiner, p. 10, fig. 1.

[34] We should bear in mind that the civilization pictured in the Homeric poems antedates 1000 B. C.

[35] _The Iliad_,^2 1900, II, p. 468.

[36] Od., VIII, 158 f. (translated by Butcher and Lang).

[37] Gardiner, p. 15, points out that there is no mention of a chariot-race in the Odyssey, merely because Ithaca was not a land “that pastureth horses,” nor had it “wide courses or meadowland.” The plains of Thessaly and Argos, the homes of Achilles and Agamemnon respectively, were, however, famed for their horses, and the plain of Troy was large enough for the chariot-race. The only other chariot-races mentioned in the Iliad are held in Elis: XI, 696 f.; XXIII, 630 f.

[38] _E. g._, on certain sarcophagi: see Murray, _Sarcophagi in the British Museum_, Pls. II, III (one from Klazomenai).

[39] The true _hoplomachia_ described by Homer and later practised by the Mantineans and Kyreneans (_cf._ Athenæus, IV, 41, p. 154) should not be confounded, as Gardiner, p. 21, n. 3, remarks, with the later competition of the same name held at the Athenian _Theseia_ and taught in the gymnasia, which was a purely military exercise like fencing: Plato, _Laches_, 182B and _passim_; _Gorgias_, 456D; _de Leg._, 833E; _cf._ Dar.-Sagl., _s. v._ _Hoplomachia_.

[40] _E. g._, Leaf, in his _Companion to the Iliad_, 1892, p. 380; _id._, _The Iliad_, II, p. 417, note on line 621.

[41] Iliad, XXIII, 634 f.; _ibid._, 621-3, where Achilles gives Nestor a prize because he will never again be able to contend in boxing, wrestling, hurling the javelin, or running. In Od., VIII, 103 and 128, leaping is substituted for chariot-racing.

[42] _E. g._, Iliad, XXII, 163-4: “The great prize ... of a man that is dead”; XXIII, 630 f., where Nestor recalls victories in the games held by the Epeians at Bouprasion in Elis at the funeral of the local hero Amarynkeus. Bouprasion is also mentioned in Iliad, XI, 756, in Nestor’s story of the war between the Pylians and Epeians and of the war waged by his father Neleus on Augeas, for stealing four horses which had been sent to Elis to contend for a tripod.

[43] Examples of panegyric games in honor of gods are found also in the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, I, 146 f.; in Pindar, _Ol._, IX. 6 (Zeus); P., VIII, 2.1 (Zeus) and schol.; and Hdt., I, 144 (Apollo) and schol.; etc.

[44] P., VIII, 4.5. For other examples of funeral games, see references in Krause, p. 9, n. 3. He also shows that musical contests were funerary in character.

[45] The scholiast on Pindar, _Nem._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 424 B, and _Isthm._, Argum., p. 514, calls the Nemean and Isthmian games funerary; Clem. Alex., _Protrept._, Ch. II, 34, 29 P. (quoted by Eusebios, _Praep. evang._, II, 6, 72 b. c.) says that all four great games were funerary in origin.

[46] P., I., 44.8; Clem. Alex., _Strom._, I, Ch. 21, 137, 401 P.

[47] P., II, 15.2-3; Apollod., III, 6, 4; Hyginus, _Fab._, 74; schol. on Pindar’s _Nem._, Argum. Here the umpires wore mourning garments because of the origin of the games; see Gardiner, p. 225.

[48] Aristotle, _Peplos_, frag. = _F. H. G._, II, p. 189, no. 282; Clem. Alex., _Protr._, Ch. I, 2, 2 P. and Ch. II, 34, 29 P.; Hyg., _Fab._, 140. For a different story of the founding (to appease Apollo for not protecting the temple when Delphi was invaded by Danaos), see Augustine, _de Civ. Dei_, XVIII, 12; _cf._ schol. on Pind., _Pyth._, Argum.; Ovid, _Met._, I, 445f. The _Pythia_ were reorganized by the Amphictyons as a funeral contest in honor of the soldiers who fell in the first Sacred War.

[49] _Cf._ P., V, 13.1-2; Clem. Alex., _l. c._

[50] V, 7.6-9.

[51] See Strabo, VIII, 3.30 (C.354-5); Pindar, _Ol._, II, 3 f.; VI, 67 f.; X, 25 f.; Diod., IV, 14 and V, 64. According to Pindar, _ll. cc._ and the scholiast on _Ol._, II, 2, 5, and 7, Boeckh, pp. 58-9, Herakles, the son of Zeus, instituted the games in honor of Zeus; but Statius, _Theb._, VI, 5 f., Solinus, I, 28 (ed. Mommsen), Hyg., _Fab._, 273. Clem. Alex., _Strom._, I, Ch. 21, 137, say it was in honor of Pelops. On the traditional connection of Herakles with Olympia, see E. Curtius, _Abh. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, philos.-histor. Kl._, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, _Griech. Gesch_^2, 1893, I, pp. 240 f. On legends of the early history of Olympia, see Krause, _Olympia, oder Darstellung der grossen olympischen Spielen_, 1838, pp. 26 f.

[52] _Cf._ Frazer, II, pp. 549-50; Krause, p. 9, n. 3; from these two many of the following examples are taken. _Cf._ also Rouse, pp. 4 and 10; Koerte, Die Entstehung der Olympionikenliste, _Hermes_, XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien_, 1841, pp. 9 f. (Pythian), 112 f. (Nemean), 170 f. (Isthmian); Gardiner, pp. 27 f.; see also Ridgeway, _Origin of Tragedy_, 1910, pp. 36, 38, and _cf._ _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, p. XLVII. Since the simple theory of the origin of the Olympic Festival in the funeral games in honor of Pelops does not explain all the legends of the games nor all the peculiar customs of the festival, and because of the inadequate character of the literary evidence (the earliest mention of it being a Delphic oracle quoted by Phlegon, _F. H. G._, p. 604; _cf._ Clem. Alex., _Protrept_, II, 34, p. 29), it has been attacked by F. M. Cornford (in Miss Harrison’s _Themis_, pp. 212 f.) and others. These scholars have tried to find the origin of the Olympic games rather in a ritual contest of succession to the throne, the honors extended to a victor being held to prove his kingly or divine character. The theory was first proposed by A. B. Cook, The European Sky God, _Folk Lore_, 1904, and has recently been elaborated by Frazer in his _Golden Bough_,^3 III, pp. 89 f., who has attempted to harmonize it with his earlier funeral theory. The inadequacy of the newer theory has been shown by E. N. Gardiner, The Alleged Kingship of the Olympic Victor, _B. S. A._, XXII, 1916-18, pp. 85 f. For a review of his paper, see also _J. H. S._, XXXVIII, 1918, pp. XLVII.

[53] V, 13.2.

[54] According to the same scholiast, on 1. 149; Boeckh, p. 43.

[55] _Cf._ _C. I. G._, II, 1969, ἀγὼν ... ἐπιτάφιος θεματικός.

[56] Hdt., VI, 38.

[57] P., III, 14.1.

[58] Thukyd., V, 11.

[59] Plut., _Timoleon_, 39; Diod. Sic., XVI, 90.1.

[60] Aulus Gellius, X, 18.5.

[61] Arrian, _Anabasis_, VII, 14. Games were held every four years in honor of Antinoos, the favorite of Hadrian, at Mantinea: P., VIII, 9.8.

[62] Strabo, XIV, 1.31 (C. 644.)

[63] P., IX, 2, 5-6; he says that they were celebrated every fourth year and that the chief prizes were for running.

[64] Philostr., _Vit. Soph._, II, p. 624; Heliod., _Aethiop._, I, 17; Aristotle, _Constit. of Athens_, 58; _cf._ P., I, 29.4. Games were also held in the Academy in honor of Eurygyes: Hesych., _s. v._ ἐπ’ Εὐρυγύῃ ἀγών.

[65] Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_,^3 1883, I, p. 374 (Corneto); II, pp. 323 and 330 (Chiusi).

[66] On the Etruscan origin of the _ludi funebres_, see Val. Max., II, 4.4; Tertullian, _de Spect._, 12; Servius _ad_ Virg., _Aen._, X, 520. For the Etruscan origin of the _munera gladiatorum_, see Tertull., _op. cit._, 5; Athenæus, IV, 39 (quoting Nikolaos of Damascus); _cf._ Strabo, V, 4.13 (C. 250). They were first introduced into Rome in 264 B. C. in honor of D. Junius Brutus; Livy, XVI (Epit.); and are frequently mentioned: _e. g._, by Livy, XXIII, 30, 15; XXXI, 50, 4; XXXIX, 46, 2; XLI, 28, 11; Polyb., XXXII, 14, 5; Serv., _ad Aen._, III, 67 and V, 78; Suetonius, _Julius_, 26; etc. See Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, pp. 1384 f., 1563 f.

[67] Page 28; he quotes P. W. Joyce, _Social History of Ireland_, II, pp. 435 f.

[68] V, 17.5-19.10. The description of the throne (P., III, 18.9 f; _cf._ Apollodoros, I, 9.28) is merely summary, as Pausanias only mentions the games represented on it without describing them in detail.

[69] The best reconstruction of the scenes on the chest is by H. Stuart Jones: _J. H. S._, XIV, 1894, pp. 30-80 and Pl. I (repeated by Frazer, III, Pl. X, opp. p. 606). See also Robert, _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 436 f.; Pernice, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 365 f.; Studniczka, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 52 f., n. 16; Collignon, I, pp. 93-100; Furtw., _Mw._, pp. 723-32.

The best attempt to reconstruct the scenes on the throne is by Furtwaengler _Mw._, fig. 135, opposite p. 706; text, pp. 689-719; _cf._ the best of the older attempts by Brunn, _Rhein. Mus._, N. F., V, 1847, p. 325; _id._, _Kunst bei Homer_, pp. 22 f.; _id._, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, 1893, I, pp. 178 f. _Cf._ also Klein, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr.-Ungarn_, IX, 1885, pp. 145 f.; against Klein, see Pernice, as above, p. 369. _Cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 230-2; Murray, I, pp. 89 f.] [

[70] If we followed Pausanias’ account that this was the very chest made to save the infant Kypselos, father of Periandros and future tyrant of Corinth, and that it was dedicated at Olympia by the Kypselid family (for the story, see Hdt., V, 92), the chest would belong to the eighth century B. C., and must have been dedicated before 586-5 B. C., when the Kypselid dynasty ended at Corinth; see Busolt, _Griech. Gesch._,^2 I, pp. 638 and 657. However, the chest at Olympia had nothing to do with the legendary one, but was merely a richly decorated offering to the gods, the work of a Corinthian artist of the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C., and one who knew the epic poems well.

[71] _Vasen_, 1655; Perrot-Chipiez, IX, p. 637, fig. 348 (departure of Amphiaraos); p. 639, fig. 349 (chariot-race); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3; Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; Baum. I, fig. 69; and see Robert _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f.; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-1878, Pls. IV, V. The discovery of this vase at Cerveteri (Caere) in 1872 proved the Corinthian workmanship of the chest.

[72] Micali, _Monumenti per servire all’historia degli antichi popoli Italiani_^2, 1833, Pl. XCV; described by Jahn, _Archaeol. Aufsaetze_, pp. 154 f. (quoted by Frazer, III, p. 610). For scenes representing the departure of Amphiaraos and a four-horse chariot-race, see also an Attic-Corinthian vase in Florence: Perrot-Chipiez, X, pp. 109 and 111, figs. 78, 79 (= Thiersch, _Tyrrhenische Amphoren_, Pl. IV); the latter also gives us the oldest representation of a Greek stadion.

[73] _A. Z._ XLIII, 1885, Pl. VIII; Gardiner, p. 30, fig. 4 (one side).

[74] Cited by Gardiner, pp. 30-31; Inghirami, _Mon. Etr._, 1821-1826, III, 19, 20; Schreiber, _Bilder-atlas_, Pl. XIII, 6; M. W., I, Pl. LX, fig. 302b.

[75] Reproduced by Gardiner, p. 21, fig. 2.

[76] _Cf._ on this topic, Gardiner, pp. 31-2; _cf._ _B. S. A._, XXII, 1916-18, p. 86, where, in speaking of the disputed origin of the custom of funeral games, he says: “It is at least conceivable that it originated from different causes in different places and among different peoples.”

[77] See a list of twenty-five local _Olympia_ in Smith’s _Dictionary of Antiquities_,^3 1891, II, pp. 273 f., _s. v._ _Olympia_, taken from Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 202 f. Dar.-Sagl., IV, i, pp. 194 f., list 34 local _Olympia_. Most of these lesser _Olympia_ are known to us only from inscriptions and coins. Peisistratos appears to have founded annual _Olympia_ at Athens, when he began to build the Olympieion; Pindar seems to allude to them in _Nem._ II, 23 (_cf._ schol. _ad loc._); they were reorganized magnificently by Hadrian in A. D. 131; Spartianus, _Vit. Hadriani_, 13. _Cf._ Gardiner, p. 229.

[78] Lysias, _Paneg._, notes this fact, when he says that Herakles restored peace and unity by instituting the games. Pausanias speaks similarly of the restoration of the games by Iphitos and Lykourgos: V, 4.5 f.

[79] P., V, 1.3; 3.6; Strabo, VIII, 3.33 (C.357).

[80] The decree governing the festival was inscribed on a diskos, which dates probably from the seventh century B. C., and was preserved in the Heraion down to the time of Pausanias. On it the names of Iphitos and Lykourgos were legible down to Aristotle’s day: P., V, 20.1; Plut., _Lycurgus_, I. 1. Phlegon, _F. H. G._, III, p. 602, and a scholion on Plato, _de Rep._, 465 D, mention Kleosthenes; _cf._ Louis Dyer, _Harvard Classical Studies_, 1908, pp. 40 f.; Gardiner, p. 43, n. 1.

[81] For a discussion of the sources and history of this register, originally compiled near the end of the fifth century B. C. by Hippias of Elis (Plut., _Numa_, I, 4; _cf._ Mahaffy, _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 164f.), and revised by various later writers from Aristotle and Philochoros to Phlegon of Tralles and Julius Africanus, see Juethner, _Ph._, pp. 60-70. From it a complete list of stade-runners was copied by the church-historian Eusebios from Africanus, who had brought it down to 217 A. D.

[82] V, 8.6.

[83] Mentioned by P., V, 4.6 and elsewhere; for the mythical account see P., V, 7.6-8.5 (from Herakles to Oxylos); V, 8.5, and V, 9.4 (revived under the presidency of Iphitos and the descendants of Oxylos). Phlegon, _F. H. G._, III, p. 603, says that the games were discontinued for 28 Olympiads from the time of Herakles and Pelops to that of Koroibos. Velleius Paterculus, I, 8 (ed. Halm), dates the revival under Iphitos, 793 B. C. Strabo, quoting Ephoros, says that the Achæans controlled Olympia to the time of Oxylos; for his mythical account of the games, see VIII, 3.33 (C. 357). On presidents of the games being elected from the Eleans, see P., V, 9.4-6.

[84] Especially by Xenophon, _Hell._, III, 2.31; VII, 4.28. Pausanias omits all evidence of the part played by Kleosthenes in the truce. See Gardiner, pp. 44 f.

[85] See Doerpfeld, _A. M._, XXXIII, 1908, pp. 185 f.

[86] Recently E. N. Gardiner has argued that the worship of Zeus came directly from Dodona to Olympia before it had reached Crete and that Cretan elements in the cult first appear at Olympia in the VIII century B. C. He believes that the worship of Hera reached Olympia from Argos later than that of Zeus, toward the end of the VIII century B. C., when he supposes the Heraion was built as a joint temple to both deities; _B. S. A._, XXII, 1916-18, pp. 85-86.

[87] On his cult see P., V, 13.2, and scholion on Pindar, _Ol._ I, 146 and 149, Boeckh, p. 43. After being reduced to the rank of hero, Pelops still kept his own precinct in the Altis throughout antiquity.

[88] On the history of Olympia, see Gardiner, pp. 38 f.

[89] For the legends connected with the origin of the three, see Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien_, and the various articles in Dar.-Sagl.

[90] Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 298.

[91] On the Sacred or Krisaian War (590 B. C.), see Bury, _History of Greece_, 1913, pp. 158-9. The first Pythiad was reckoned from 586 (not from 582 as Bury and others state): see Frazer, V, p. 244; Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, _Ol._, XII, pp. 206 f.

[92] See Strabo, IX, 3.10, (C. 421); P., X, 7.4-5; schol. on Pind., _Pyth._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 298. Ovid’s idea (_Met._, I, 445) that boxing, running, and chariot-racing existed from the first, is wrong. On the Pythian games, see Gardiner, pp. 208 f.

[93] On the Nemean games, see Gardiner, pp. 223-6. As no proper excavations have been made on the site, our knowledge of the games is confined almost entirely to literary evidence.

[94] P., II, 15.3, and VI, 16.4, mentions a winter celebration. The scholiast on Pindar’s _Nem._, Argum., Boeckh, pp. 424-5, says that it was a τριετής held on the 12th of the month Panemos, and so it was a summer and not a winter celebration. On theories of two celebrations, see Frazer, II, pp. 92-3.

[95] They were not held in midsummer as some have maintained: see Thukyd., VIII, 9-10; Unger, _Philologus_, XXXVII, 1877, 1-42; Nissen, _Rhein. Mus._, XLII, 1887, pp. 46 f. On the Isthmian games, see Gardiner, pp. 214 f.

[96] For the nine-day celebration of the _Great Panathenaia_, see A. Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen_, 1898, p. 153; _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 229 f.

[97] See Mommsen, _op. cit._, pp. 278 f., and _Heortologie_, 1864, pp. 269 f. In recent years victor lists of the _Theseia_ have been found: _C. I. G._, II, 444-450, esp. 447; for two other fragments, see _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 213 f, and _Beilag_, a and b (c = _C. I. G._, above). For other lists of victors of local games, see _A. M._, XXVIII, 1903, pp. 338 f. (Oropos, Samos, Larisa). For vase-paintings of the athletic exploits of Theseus, see Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_, 1890, pp. XCVIII f.

[98] See _Ol._, IX, 89; XIII, 110; _Pyth._, VIII, 79.

[99] Iliad, XXIII, 262-70; _cf._ XXII, 163-4, where the prizes were slave women and tripods.

[100] _Ibid._, 700-5.

[101] _Ibid._, 653-6.

[102] _Ibid._, 740-51.

[103] _Op._, 653-9; _cf. Scut._, 312-13.

[104] Iliad, XI, 700; XXIII, 264; Hesiod, _Scut._, 312. It is thus represented on a Dipylon vase: _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XXXIX, 2; on the Corinthian vase representing the funeral games of Pelias and Amphiaraos: _ibid._, X, Pl. V B; on the François vase, and on many others.

[105] Iliad, XXII, 164; _cf._ Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII.

[106] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVI.

[107] On an amphora by Nikosthenes: Klein, _Griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen_,^2 1887, Pl. XXXI.

[108] Iliad, XXIII, 702, as above.

[109] Hdt., I, 144.

[110] Ion, _ap._ P., VII, 4.10.

[111] Aristeid., I, p. 841 (ed. Dindorf).

[112] Polemon _ap._ schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, 153, Boeckh, pp. 180-1.

[113] On the above-mentioned Corinthian vase: _Mon. d. I._, X, Pls. IV, V; on the chest of Kypselos: P., V, 17.11.

[114] In the Iliad, as above.

[115] P., III, 18.7-8.

[116] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 333; _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, p. 118.

[117] _B. C. H._, IX, 1885, p. 478.

[118] P., IX, 10.4; Hdt., I, 92.

[119] See Carapanos, _Dodone et ses Ruines_, 1878, pp. 40, 41, and 229, and Pl. XXIII, 2.2 _bis_, 3, 4.

[120] P., X, 7.6.

[121] P., IV, 32.1.

[122] On the tripod, see Reisch, pp. 6-7 and 58-9; Rouse, pp. 150-1 and 355; most of the above examples have been taken from these writers.

[123] _Nem._, X, 45 f.; _cf._ schol. on _Ol._, VII, 153, Boeckh, pp. 180-1.

[124] _C. I. A._, II, 2, 965. On the value of bronze, _cf._ Reisch, p. 6.

[125] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, 152, Boeckh, p. 180.

[126] _Ibid._, _Ol._, VII, 156, Boeckh, p. 181.

[127] Pindar, _Ol._, IX, 89-90.

[128] _Ibid._, _Nem._, IX, 51; X, 43 f.

[129] _Ibid._, _Nem._, X, 44; schol. on _Ol._, XIII, 155 and VII, 156, Boeckh, pp. 288 and 156, and _Explic. ad Olymp._, IX, 102, p. 194.

[130] _C. I. A._, III, 1, 116.

[131] Schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, X, 64, Boeckh, p. 504; _cf._ _C. I. A._, II, 2, 965.

[132] _A. G._, XIII, 8.

[133] _I. G. A._, 525; _B. M. Bronzes_, 257.

[134] For many of these examples, see Reisch, pp. 57 f. (and notes), and Rouse, pp. 150-1.

[135] At the _Panathenaia_ a golden crown was given the victorious harpist, a hydria to the torch-racer, and an ox to the victor in the pyrrhic chorus: _C. I. A._, II, 2, 965. Weapons were given at Delos: _C. I. G._, II, 2360; a golden crown was given at the Pythian games in Delphi to the city which furnished the finest sacrificial ox: Xenophon, _Hell._, IV, 4.9; here also golden crowns and arms were presented for soldiers’ contests: Xenophon, _ibid._, III, 4.8 and IV, 2.7.

[136] VIII, 48.2.

[137] Foerster, 7.

[138] Frag., (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 604).

[139] V, 7.7; _cf._ Pindar, _Ol._, III, 24 f.

[140] _Ol._, III, 13 f.

[141] Pseudo-Aristot., _de mirab. Auscult._, 51; schol. on Aristoph., _Plutus_, 586; Suidas, _s. v._ κοτίνου στεφάνῳ.

[142] P., V, 15.3; _cf._ Theophrastos, _Hist. Plant._, IV, 13, 2; Pliny, _H. N._, XVI, 240.

[143] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, III, 60, Boeckh, p. 102.

[144] Pseudo-Aristot., _l. c._; schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, III, 60, and VIII, 12, Boeckh, pp. 102 and 189.

[145] Weniger, _Der heilige Oelbaum in Olympia_, 1895.

[146] P., X, 7.5; _Marmor Parium_, 53 f. On the reason why the laurel was the prize for a Pythian victory, see P., X, 7.8; _cf._ VIII, 48.2 (as above); schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 298. On the Delphian laurel, see also Pliny, _H. N._, XV, 127; _Dio Cass._, LXIII, 9. Virgil crowns his victors with laurel: _Aen._, V, 246 and 539.

[147] Aelian, _Var. Hist._, III, 1; schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 298.

[148] See Gardiner, p. 208, fig. 27, a coin in the British Museum: _B. M. Coins, Delphi_, 38.

[149] _Anacharsis_, 9; see also _C. I. A._, III, 116; Kaibel, _Epigrammata graeca_, 1878, no. 931.

[150] _Nem._, IV, 88; _Ol._, XIII, 32 f.; _Isthm._, II, 16, VIII, 64.

[151] Schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 426.

[152] _E. g._, P., VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Plut., _Qaest. conviv._, V, 3.3; _Timoleon_, 26.

[153] Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien_, pp. 197 f.; schol. on _Isthm._, Argum., Boeckh, p. 514.

[154] See _B. M. Coins, Corinth_, 509-12; 564; 602-3 (603 = Gardiner, p. 214, fig. 28); 624; _cf._ _I. G._, II, 1320, and Gardiner, p. 222, n. 2.

[155] P., II, 1.7. Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, p. 543, believes that the pine was not a fir, but the _Pinus maritima_; Philippson, in the _Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. fuer Erdkunde zu Berlin_, XXV, 1890, pp. 74 f., believes that it was the _Pinus halepensis_ Mill.

[156] See Droysen, _Hermes_, XIV, 1879, p. 3; Head, _Historia Nummorum_, pp. 146 f.; Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller, _Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf Muenzen und Gemmen_, Pl. VI, 8; VII, 2; IX, 9-12; XXV, 19.

[157] VIII, 48.2.

[158] See Tarbell, _Class. Phil._, III, pp. 264 f.; he traces its origin to Delos and its popularity to the restoration of the Delian festival by the Athenians in 426 B. C.

[159] Mentioned by Phanias, _ap._ Athen., VI, 21 (232 c.)

[160] _Op._, 654 f.; _cf._ P., IX, 31.3. The spurious epigram in _A. G._, VII, 53, may have been engraved on this tripod set up in the temple on Mt. Helikon.

[161] P., X, 7.6.

[162] _C. I. A._, IV, 373^{79}; another is mentioned _ibid._, I, 493.

[163] Hdt., V, 60.

[164] Hdt., I, 144.

[165] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 72 f.

[166] See Rouse, pp. 153 f.

[167] V, 12.8.

[168] VI, 19.4.

[169] _Cf._ Rouse, p. 160 and Reisch, p. 62 and n. 1.

[170] See Rouse, _l. c._; for the inscription, _I. G. A._, 370.

[171] II, 29.9.

[172] _I. G. A._, XIII, 449; see discussion of both stones in _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 2 f.

[173] In Ol. 255 (= 241 A. D.); Foerster, 739; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 240-1.

[174] See _Bronz. v. 0l._, p. 179.

[175] _E. g._, the inscribed lead weight of the seventh or sixth centuries B. C., found at Eleusis and dedicated by Epainetos: _C. I. A._, IV, 2, 422^4; _cf. Arch. Eph._, 1883, pp. 189-91.

[176] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 180; Tafelbd., Pl. LXV, 1101 a.; _cf._ another from the Cyrenaica in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 326.

[177] _C. I. G._, I, 243; _C. I. A._, III, 1, 124; _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIV, 1879, p. 206; on prize torches, see _A. G._, VI, 100, and _cf._ Kaibel, _Epigr. gr._, 1878, 943.

[178] Kallim., XLIX; _A. G._, VI, 311; _cf._ Reisch, pp. 62 and 145-6, figs. 13, 14; Rouse, pp. 162-3.

[179] See Reisch, p. 62, and n. 4. The flutist Straton dedicated his flute at Thespiai in the third century B. C.: _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 1818; a harpist his harp at Athens: _C. I. A._, III, 112.

[180] P., VI, 10.6-7.

[181] P., VI, 9.4.

[182] P., VI, 12.1

[183] P., VI, 10.8.

[184] P., VI, 16.9.

[185] P., V, 12.5; the monument consisted of bronze horses only.

[186] P., VI, 16.6.

[187] _E. g._, chariots and drivers, _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 248, 248a, 249, 250; Textbd., pp. 39-40; chariots without drivers, _ibid._, Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 252, 252a, 253; Textbd., p. 40; charioteers without chariots, _ibid._, Pl. XVI, 251; Textbd., p. 40; horses belonging to two-wheeled chariots, _ibid._, Pl. XVI, 254, 254a; Textbd., pp. 40-1.

[188] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XXV, 498 f.; Textbd., p. 68.

[189] _Bronz. v. Ol._, _l. c._; he is followed by Reisch, p. 61; Rouse, p. 166, however, thinks that they would have been an “artistic blunder.”

[190] _E. g._, _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XXV, 503 f.; Textbd., p. 69.

[191] _Ibid._, Pl. XXV, 510; some are older than the date of the introduction of the mule-car race, Ol. 70 (= 500 B. C.), and some may have been used as bases for animal figures: _e. g._, Pl. XXV, 509; Textbd., p. 69.

[192] Rouse, p. 165, suggests, though without evidence, that they may have been offered before the contest with a propitiatory sacrifice.

[193] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 71.

[194] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 78: _fecit et quadrigas bigasque_, etc.

[195] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 63 and 64: _fecit et quadrigas multorum generum_.

[196] P., VI, 12.1.

[197] Either in Ol. 69 (= 504 B. C.) or 70 (= 500 B. C.) or before 67 (= 512 B. C.): Hyde, 126; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[198] P., VI, 14.4.

[199] The father won κέλητι in Ol. 66 or 67 (= 516 or 512 B. C.): Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129 and 149a; P., VI, 13.9; the sons won in the same event in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): Hyde, 121, and pp. 50-51; Foerster, 152; P., VI, 13.10.

[200] VI, 2.1-2; he won in the heavy-armed race and in charioteering in Ols. (?) 83, 84, (= 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211a; Foerster believes that the two statues represented Lykinos and his charioteer, and that they stood in the chariot, which is not mentioned by Pausanias.

[201] So Foerster, _l. c._; see also Robert, O. S., p. 176; Rutgers, p. 144; and Klein, _Archaeol.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr.-Ungarn_, VII, 1883, p. 70. For an improbable view, see Brunn, I, p. 479.

[202] P., VI, 12.1.

[203] Pliny, _H. N._, XXIV, 75.

[204] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 78.

[205] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 19.

[206] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 255-7; XVI, 258; Textbd., p. 41; terra-cotta horses, _ibid._, XVII, 267-75; Textbd., pp. 43-4.

[207] See Rouse, p. 167.

[208] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f.

[209] _C. I. A._, IV, 2, p. 89, 373^{99}; _cf._ _Arch. Eph._, 1887, p. 146 (inscribed base reproduced).

[210] Mentioned by the pseudo-Plutarch, _Vit. X Orat._, IV (Isokrates), 42, p. 839 c

[211] Pindar’s _Pyth._ XII celebrates the victory of Midas of Akragas in flute-playing; he won in Pyth. 24 and 25 (= 490 and 486 B. C.)

[212] _H. N._, XXXV, 58; both at Corinth and Delphi.

[213] Strabo, VIII, 6. 20 (C. 378); Aristeid., _Isthm._, 45; Livy, XXXIII, 32. Dio Chrysostom has graphically described the crowds of spectators who still frequented the _Isthmia_ in the first century A. D.: _Orat._, VII (Διογένης ἢ περὶ ἀρετῆς); VIII (Διογένης ἢ Ἰσθμικός); _cf._ Gardiner, p. 173.

[214] Plutarch, _Solon_, 23; Diog. Laert., 1, 55: etc.

[215] For a list of victors, see Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien_, pp. 209 f.

[216] See Julian, _Epist._, XXXV.

[217] See Monceaux on the excavation of the temple of Poseidon, _Gaz. arch._, IX, 1884, pp. 358 f.

[218] Lucian, _Nero_, 2, says Olympia was the “most athletic” of all; Bacchylides, XII, emphasizes the athletic character of Nemea.

[219] The boys’ pentathlon was introduced in the fifty-third Nemead (= 467 B. C.) and the pankration for boys earlier: _cf._ Pindar, _Nem._, V (in honor of the boy pancratiast Pytheas of Aegina; _cf._ Bacchylides, XIII); VII (in honor of the boy pentathlete Sogenes of Aegina, who won in Nem. 54); IV and VI (in honor of two Aeginetan boy wrestlers). The horse-race for boys is mentioned by P., VI, 16.4. Races in armor were also important: Ph., 7.

[220] See Gardiner, pp. 223 f.; list of victors in Krause, _op. cit._, pp. 147 f.

[221] X, 9.2 (Frazer’s transl.).

[222] See Foucart and Wescher, _Inscriptions recueillies à Delphes_, 1863, no. 469; Haussoulier, _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, pp. 217 f.; Couve, _ibid._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 70-100. One is in honor of the Corinthian singer Aristonos, who composed a hymn to Apollo, found at Delphi: _ibid._, XVII, 1893, pp. 563 f. A Samian flutist, Satyros, gained a prize without contest and recited a choral ode called _Dionysos_ in the stadion, and played an air from Euripides’ _Bacchae_ on the lyre; _ibid._, XVII, pp. 84 f. Native towns erected statues to musical victors: _C. I. G._, I., nos. 1719-20. One inscription records the rules to be observed by runners, who could not drink new wine, etc.: _J. H. S._, XVI, 1896, p. 343 and _Berliner Philolog. Wochenschr._, XVI, 1896, p. 831 (June 27); _cf._ Frazer, V, p. 260. The base of a statue of a boy wrestler has been found: _A. Z._, XXXI, 1874, p. 57.

[223] X, 9.2-3; on Phaÿllos, see Foerster, 794 (undated).

[224] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[225] _Ibid._, §57.

[226] On _Pyth._, IX, Argum., Boeckh, p. 401 B.

[227] XXIV, 7.10.

[228] To be discussed _infra_, in Ch. V.

[229] II, 1.7.

[230] _I. G. B._, nos. 120, 133, 148.

[231] _C. I. G._, II, 2888.

[232] P., VIII, 38.5; _cf._ Reisch, p. 39, n. 1.

[233] P., I, 23.9; _C. I. A._, I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39.

[234] P., I, 23.10.

[235] P., I, 24.3; _cf._ Reisch, p. 39.

[236] Pseudo-Plutarch, _Vit. X Orat._, already mentioned.

[237] P., I, 18.3 and IX, 32.8; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 79.

[238] _Contra Leocr._, p. 51 (ed. Reiske, p. 176.)

[239] _Cf._ Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 27 f.

[240] _C. I. A._, I, 419; he won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[241] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1303.

[242] Aelian, _Var. Hist._, IX, 32. Reisch, p. 39, ascribes these to the monument of the older Kimon, who won in chariot-racing three times at Olympia: Hdt., VI, 103; Plut., _Cato Major_, 5; Foerster, 124 and 132.

[243] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1300.

[244] _Ibid._, 1301; _cf._ _C. I. G._, I, 233.

[245] _Ibid._, 1305, 1312.

[246] _Ibid._, 1302.

[247] _Ibid._, 1304.

[248] _Ibid._, 1323.

[249] _Ibid._, 1313.

[250] _Ibid._, 1314.

[251] _Ibid._, 1318-20.

[252] The Ἑλλανοδίκαι, mentioned by P., V, 9. 4 f. and elsewhere; sometimes he calls them merely οἱ Ἠλεῖοι: _e. g._, VI, 13.9.

[253] _E. g._, P., VI, 13.9, says that the Eleans allowed Pheidolas to dedicate a statue of his mare; in VI, 3.6, he says that they allowed the wrestler Kratinos to set up a statue of his trainer.

[254] XXXIV, 16. See _infra_, pp. 54 and 354.

[255] VI, 1.1.

[256] _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 236.

[257] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 19 f. (nude youths with lost attributes so that they can not be named with certainty); Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, 47 (the oldest); VII, 48 = F. W., 352 (Apollo, following Overbeck, _Gr. Kunstmytk._, III, _Apollon_, p. 35, fig. 6); VIII, 49 = F. W., 353; VIII, 51-4 and 57 (the latter is a boxer of the fifth century B. C. = Fig. 2 in text); VI, 50; VI, 59 (right arm of a fifth-century B. C. diskobolos); VI, 63 (right lower leg). Purgold, _Annali_, LVII, 1885, pp. 167 f., makes these diskoboloi decorative in character.

[258] De Ridder, no. 747.

[259] _Ibid._, no. 746.

[260] _Ibid._, no. 636.

[261] Carapanos, _Dodone et ses Ruines_, 1878, Pl. XI, 1 and 1 _bis_ (probably not Atalanta, as Carapanos suggests on p. 31, no. 4).

[262] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, Pls. X and XI.

[263] _A. M._, XV, 1890, p. 365.

[264] _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 163 f., and Pl. IX; II, 1887, pp. 95 f.

[265] Carapanos, _op. cit._, Pl. XIII, 1.

[266] _E. g._, see E. von Sacken, _Die antiken Bronzen des k. k. Muenz- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. 37, fig. 4, and Pl. 45, fig. 1; _cf._ _J. H. S._, I, Pl. V, fig. 1, text, pp. 176-7. See lists, from which many of the above examples are taken, in Reisch, p. 39, and Rouse, pp. 172 f.

[267] The seven fragments collected by Treu, which are two-fifths to two-thirds life-size: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2, (= Fig. 78, _infra_) and Textbd., p. 216, no. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3, 4 and Textbd., p. 216, n. 4 and fig. 242.

[268] V, 27.2-3.

[269] Reisch, pp. 39 f., gives examples of these for chariot victories at the _Panathenaia_ and the games at Oropos, which latter were imitated from the _Panathenaia_.

[270] V, 16.3: καὶ δὴ ἀναθεῖναί σφισιν ἔστι γραψαμέναις εἰκόνας. Rouse, p. 167, n. 9, shows that these words do not mean “statues of themselves with their names engraved on them,” as Frazer translates, but painted reliefs.

[271] Benndorf, _Griech. und Sicil. Vasenbilder_, I, Pl. IX, pp. 13 f.

[272] I, 22.7. Reisch, p. 40, believes this represented a Panathenaic victor.

[273] _H. N._, XXXV, 99. _Cf._ E. Kroker, _Gleichnamige griechische Kuenstler_, 1883, p. 35.

[274] _Ibid._, §75.

[275] _Ibid._, §63.

[276] _Ibid._, §141.

[277] _Ibid._, §106.

[278] _Ibid._, §71.

[279] _Ibid._, §130.

[280] _Ibid._, §144.

[281] P., VI, 14.13. He won the pentathlon twice some time between Ols. 126 and 132 (= 276 and 252 B. C.): Hyde, 139; Foerster, 451 and 456; the inscription on one has been recovered: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 176.

[282] P., VI, 3.11. His victories in running races occurred in Ols. (?) 95, (?) 97 and 99; (= 400, 392 and 384 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316. The inscription from the base of one is preserved in _A. G._, XIII, 15.

[283] P., VI, 2.1-2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211a.

[284] P., VI, 15.10; he won the pankration and wrestling match in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[285] P., VI, 1.4; he won in the two- and four-horse chariot-races in Ols. 102, 103 (= 372 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345; for the inscription on its base, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166. P. Gardner, in _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 245, infers that he had only one victory, in 372 B. C.

[286] P., VI, 2.2; he won in Ols. (?) 86, 87 (= 436, 432 B. C.): Hyde, 13; Foerster, 250, 256.

[287] P., VI, 14.12; _Inschr. v . Ol._, 170; _ibid._, no. 154 belongs to the victory mentioned by Pausanias. He won κέλητι in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327.

[288] _E. g._, Deinomenes set up a chariot-group to his father Hiero: P., VI, 12.1; Glaukos had a statue dedicated by his son: VI, 10.3; Menedemos set up a statue to his father of the same name: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 214; the sons of Hiero II, the son of Hierokles, of Syracuse, set up in honor of their father two statues by the Syracusan statuary Mikon, one on horseback, the other on foot: P., VI, 12.2 f.; Hyde 105a and pp. 44-5; another of the same Hiero was set up at Olympia by his sons: VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147a; these latter, however, are “honor” and not victor statues.

[289] _E. g._, Hermokrates dedicated a statue to his son Kleitomachos of Thebes: P., VI, 15.3 f.; he won in pankration and boxing in Ols. 141 and 142 (= 216, 212 B. C.): Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476. The epigram by Alkaios (= Minor) of Messenia is preserved in _A. G._, IX, 588. For inscriptions after the time of Augustus, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 215 (Menedemos to his son of the same name); 216 (Aristodemos to his son Lykomedes of Elis); Foerster, 550; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 218 (Timolas to his son Archiadas of Elis); Foerster, 535; etc.

[290] _E. g._, Klaudia Kleodike to her son M. Antonios Kallipos Peisanos of Elis: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 223; Foerster, 568.

[291] _E. g._, Diodoros to his brother Nikanor of Ephesos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 227; he won the pankration in Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): Foerster, 666.

[292] _E. g._, Loukios Betilenos (= Vetulenus) set one up to T. Klaudios Aphrodeisios of Elis (?): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 226. He won κέλητι in Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.): Foerster, 634; two Eleans set up statues, one, M. Antonios Peisanos, to Germanicus Caesar, adopted son of the Emperor Tiberius (Foerster, 612), the other, Gnaios Markios, to Tiberius or Germanicus: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 221 and 222.

[293] _E. g._, Mikon the trainer to an unknown Samian boxer: P., VI, 2.9; Hyde, 19 and pp. 29-30; Foerster, 804.

[294] P., VI, 3.8; _cf._ VII, 17.6 and 13 f.; Afr.; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6.

[295] P., VI, 6.2; he won some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 (= 408 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355.

[296] P., VI, 17.2; he won some time between Ols. (?) 114 and 132 (= 324 and 252 B. C.): Hyde, 172; Foerster, 354.

[297] P., VI, 17.2; two of the victories in the stade-race fell in Ols. 129 and 130 (= 264 and 260 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 173; Foerster, 440-2; 444-5.

[298] P., VI, 17.4. He won the boys’ wrestling match some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 118 (= 320 and 308 B. C.): Hyde, 178; Foerster, 377.

[299] For the one at Olympia, see P., VI, 8.5; for the one at Pellene, _id._, VII, 27.5; he won in Ol. 94 (= 396 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286. Similarly, Hiero II, King of Syracuse, had two statues _honoris causa_ at Olympia set up by his fellow citizens: P., VI, 15. 6; Hyde, 147a.

[300] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 169; _cf._ P., VI, 13.11; he won the pankration some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): Hyde, 123; Foerster, 758 (undated).

[301] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 186; _cf._ P., VI, 15.6; he won twice in boxing between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 (= 204 and 192 B. C.): Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510 and 512.

[302] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 224; he won the boys’ wrestling match in Roman days; Foerster, 823.

[303] P., VI, 2.2-3; Thukydides, V, 49-50; he won in Ol. 90 (= 420 B. C.): Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270.

[304] Vol. II, p. 222.

[305] So Scherer, p. 5. His evidence is from inscriptions of imperial days (_e. g._, _Inschr. v. Ol._, 218, 223, 227), when the dedicatory formula differed somewhat from that of earlier times.

[306] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147-8; _cf._ P., VI, 10.9; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.

[307] VI, 3.6. He won sometime between Ols. (?) 120 and 130 (= 300 and 260 B. C.): Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433.

[308] VI, 8.3. He won the stade-race and the chariot-race in Ols. 93 and 104 (= 408 and 364 B. C.) respectively: Afr.; Hyde, 75; Foerster, 277, 350.

[309] P., VI, 14.6; he won in wrestling matches six times in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 (= 536-516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, 141.

[310] P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6.

[311] P., VI, 4.6; Hyde, 41 and _cf._ p. 36; Foerster, 384, 392.

[312] P., VI, 5.1.; VII, 27.6; Afr.; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279.

[313] P., VI, 10.1; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster, 137.

[314] The age of boy victors at Olympia seems to have been 17-20: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 56, ll. 11] f. (referring to the order of the _Augustalia_, or Σεβαστὰ ἰσολύμπια, celebrated in Naples, which were modeled after those of Olympia, _cf._ _C. I. G._, III, 5805). Archippos of Mytilene won the crown for boxing at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and on the Isthmus among the men at not over twenty years of age: P., VI, 15.1; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 173; he won sometime between Ols. (?) 115 and 125 (= 320 and 280 B. C.): Hyde, 140; Foerster, 757 (undated). Since Pausanias mentions this as a remarkable record, we should suspect his statement that the boy runner Damiskos of Messene was but twelve when he won the stade-race: VI, 2.10; he won Ol. 103 (= 368 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 20; Foerster, 343. Another victor, of unknown date, Nikasylos of Rhodes, was disqualified when eighteen years old from entering the boys’ wrestling match because of his age, and so entered that of the men: P., VI, 14.1-2; Hyde, 125; Foerster, 787. He died at twenty. Such inconsistencies in Pausanias’ account show that the Hellanodikai exercised some discretion in their judgment, taking into consideration not merely age, but size and strength.

[315] On maintenance at the Prytaneion, see Plato, _de Rep._, V, 465 D; _Apology_, 36 D; Plut., _Aristeides_, 27; Athenæus, VI, 32 (p. 237, quoting Timokles), and X, 6 (p. 414, quoting Xenophanes); R. Schoell, Die Speisung im Prytaneion zu Athen, _Hermes_, VI, 1872, pp. 14 f. (and Athenian inscription, pp. 30 f.) He concludes that this honor was given to Athenian victors only in the chariot-race at Olympia, and in gymnic contests at the other great games. Solon ordained that these meals be frugal, consisting of a barley loaf on common days and a wheaten one on festival days: see Athenæus, IV, 14 (p. 137 e).

[316] _C. I. A._, II, 2, 965.

[317] Dio Cassius, LII, 30, 5-6.

[318] Suet., _Octav._, 45; _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 174-5.

[319] P., VI, 13.1; Afr.; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176-7, 181-2, 187-8.

[320] P., VI, 18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323.

[321] P., VI, 3.11; Afr.; Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316.

[322] P., VI, 2.6-7; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309.

[323] P., VI, 2.2-3; Thukyd., V, 49-50; Krause, _Olympia_, p. 144.

[324] P., V, 21.3-4. Eupolos won in Ol. 98 (= 388 B. C.): Foerster, 313. See Plans A and B.

[325] P., V, 21.5; Kallipos won Ol. 112 (= 332 B. C.): Foerster, 385.

[326] P., V, 21.8 f.; on Straton, see Foerster, 570-1.

[327] P., V, 21.16-17; see Foerster, 598 (for the Elean boy wrestler Polyktor, son of Damonikos); P., V, 21.15; Foerster 684 (for the boxer Didas and his antagonist Sarapammon, both Egyptians). On cases of bribery at Olympia, see Gardiner, pp. 134-5 and 174; Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 144 f.

[328] P., V, 21.18.

[329] P., V, 21.12-14.

[330] Dittenberger, _Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum_,^2 II, 689; Cavvadias (Kabbadias), _Fouilles d’Épidaure_, I, 1891, p. 77, no. 238.

[331] Ph., 45. He says that victories were bought and sold in his day and that the practice was encouraged by trainers. _Cf._ Gardiner, p. 219.

[332] Lucian, _Nero_, 9. _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 218-219

[333] See Gardiner, p. 77.

[334] Diod., XIII, 82; Foerster, 271 and 276. Suetonius says that Nero, on arriving in Naples after his tour of Greece, made his entrance in a chariot drawn by white horses through a breach in the city wall “according to the practice of victors at the Greek games,” and that he entered Rome in the triumphal chariot of Augustus dressed in a purple tunic and a gold-embroidered cloak through a breach in the wall of the Circus Maximus: _Nero_, 25. Though Plutarch says that victors could tear down part of the city walls (_Quaest. conviv._, II, 5.2), such extravagances seem to have been introduced late and not to have belonged to the great days of Greek athletics.

[335] _Cf._ Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, pp. 198-9.

[336] Hdt., V, 47; _cf._ Eustath. on Hom., Iliad, III, p. 383, 43; Foerster, 138.

[337] P., VI, 6.4 f.; Afr.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[338] P., VI, 6.7-11; Strabo, VI, 1.5 (C. 255); Ael., _Var. Hist._, VIII, 18.

[339] So Kallimachos _apud_ Plin., _H. N._, VII, 152 (= _S. Q._, 494); he also states that two of his statues, one at Lokroi, the other at Olympia, were struck by lightning on the same day.

[340] P., VI, 11.8-9; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[341] P., VI, 11.2.

[342] P., VI, 9.8; _cf._ Suidas, _s. v._ Κλεομήδης; Foerster, 162; _cf._ Hyde, 90a (though there was no statue at Olympia).

[343] VI, 9.6-8.

[344] Thus P., VI, 11.9, says that statues of Theagenes were erected within and beyond Greece and could heal sickness. Lucian says that in his day the statues of both Theagenes on Thasos and of Polydamas of Skotoussa at Olympia cured fevers: _Deorum Concilium_, 12. Polydamas won the pankration in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.): Afr.; his statue by Lysippos was set up later: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279. Gardiner has recently called attention to the fact that the evidence for the canonization of the five victors mentioned is mostly late, and he therefore doubts if it had anything to do with their victories at Olympia: _B. S. A._, XXII, 1916-18, pp. 96, 97.

[345] Ll. 1161 f.

[346] _De Rep._, V, 465 D. E.

[347] _De Rep._, 620 B.; _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 129-130.

[348] Xen., _Hell._, I, 5.19; P., VI, 7.4 f.; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[349] Damagetos won in boxing (?) in Ol. 56 (= 556 B. C): Hermipp., _fr._ 14 (= _F. H. G._ III, p. 39); _A. G._, VII, 88; Pl., _H. N._, VII, 119; Foerster, 108.

[350] _Hbk._, pp. 215-216.

[351] _Ap._ Athenæum, X, 6 (pp. 413-14); Gardiner, p. 79, has given a translation of his protest.

[352] _Ap._ Athen., X, 5 (p. 413).

[353] _De Rep._, 404 A.; 410 D. (_cf._ 535 D.).

[354] Προτρεπτικὸς λόγος ἐπὶ τὰς τέχνας. For translation, see Gardiner, p. 188.

[355] See Secchi, _Mosaico Antoniniano_, and Baum., I, p. 223, fig. 174.

[356] VI, 1.1: ποιήσασθαι καὶ ἵππων ἀγωνιστῶν μνήμην καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀθλητῶν.

[357] See Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 239.

[358] Pp. 272-3.

[359] P., VI, 10.8; Hyde, 99 b and p. 44; Foerster, 77-9.

[360] _Inschr. v. 0l._, 236; Foerster, 686. It was the custom also at Delphi to dedicate chariots; thus we have already mentioned that Arkesilas IV of Kyrene dedicated his chariot there after a Pythian victory in Ol. 78.3 (= 462 B. C.): Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f. An inscription tells us of a bronze wheel being dedicated to the Dioskouroi: _I. G. A._, p. 173, 43a.

[361] _E. g._, _Inschr. v. Ol._, 142 (Pantares); 160 (Kyniska).

[362] _E. g._, _ibid._, 143 (Gelo); 178 (Glaukon); 190 (son of Aristotle); 191 (Agilochos); 194 (son of Nikodromos); 197 (Antigenes); 217 (Lykomedes); 222 (Gnaios Markios); 233 (Kasia Mnasithea).

[363] Thus _ibid._, 142, 143, 236.

[364] _Ibid._, 178, 190 (supplied), 191 (supplied), 194, 197, 217, 227, 233 (supplied).

[365] _Ibid._, 160.

[366] _Ibid._, 177.

[367] V, 21.1.

[368] V, 25.1.

[369] _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 29.

[370] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144; here in the renewed inscription occurs also the word ἀνέθηκεν; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[371] _L. c._, p. 31, n. 1; here he gives a list of the metrical exceptions of the fifth century B. C.; from inscriptions, that of Aineas, _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, p. 38, no. 86; Foerster, 244 (an inscription not appearing in _Inschr. v. Ol._), and Tellon, _A. Z._, _ibid._, p. 190, no. 91, and XXXVIII, 1880, p. 70 (= _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147-8); from Pausanias, that of Kleosthenes (wrongly Kleisthenes), VI, 10.6, and Damarchos, VI, 8.2. The list should he corrected as follows. From inscriptions: Tellon, boy boxer of Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 10.9; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147-8; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237; Kyniskos, boy boxer of Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; Charmides, boy boxer of Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 156 (renewed); Hyde, 58; Foerster, 763 (undated); ...krates, boy runner, Ol. (?) 93 (= 408 B. C.): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 157; Foerster, 280. From Pausanias: Damarchos, boxer, who won before Ol. 75 (= 480 B. C.) or after Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): VI, 8.2; Hyde, 74 and p. 38; Foerster, 452.

[372] _E. g._, the Cretan Philonides, courier of Alexander the Great, dedicated his portrait statue to the god: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 276; P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 154 a.

[373] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144.

[374] So Dittenberger, and Furtwaengler (_l. c._, p. 30, n. 2), following Roehl, _I. G. A._, on no. 388; Roehl believed that originally the word Lokroi or the name of the victor’s father appeared as the dedicator, and later, because the victor wished to remove the expense from his city or because his father died, Euthymos himself restored it; see discussion of Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, pp. 249-520. The original inscription has ἔστησε.

[375] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 264; Roehl, _I. G. A._, 589.

[376] So Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 241, and no. 213; _I. G. B._, 72; Foerster, following the earlier dating of Dittenberger (_A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, p. 42, nos. 49-50), dates the two victories later, in Ols. (?) 200, 203 (= 21 and 33 A. D.); nos. 614 and 619.

[377] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 225, 228, 229-30, 231, 232.

[378] _Op. cit._, pp. 240-1.

[379] Furtwaengler, _l. c._, p. 30; Reisch, p. 37; Rouse, p. 167; Frazer, III, p. 624. Against the view that victor statues were first called votive in Roman days, see Purgold, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 89, on no. 390 (= inscription of Glaukon = _Inschr. v. Ol._, 178; however, he was a victor in chariot-racing).

[380] _E. g._, by Scherer, p. 5; Kuhnert, _Jahrb. fuer cl. Phil._, Supplbd., XIV, 1885, p. 257, n. 7; Flasch, in Baum., II, p. 1096; _cf._ Dittenberger-Purgold, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 240; Frazer, III, pp. 623-4.

[381] _E. g._, Ziemann, _de Anathematis Graecis_, 1885, p. 54.

[382] _Hermes_, XIII, 1878, p. 437, n. 2.

[383] Pp. 35 f.; followed by M. K. Welsh, _B. S. A._, XI, 1904-5, pp. 33-4.

[384] _E. g._, Pythokles, who won the pentathlon in Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.), does not mention his contest on the base (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3), nor does Pausanias give it (VI, 7.10); we learn it only from the _Oxy. Pap._: see Robert _O. S._, p. 185; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295.

[385] On p. 36, n. 1, he points out that at Athens the usual dedication formula was omitted; _e. g._, in the inscription of the Isthmian victor Diophanes, _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1301, and in that of a Panathenaic victor, _ibid._, 1302. The presence of the word in an Athenian inscription referring to the Olympic victor Kallias rests on an uncertain restoration; _ibid._, I, 419; he won Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[386] Pp. 167 f.

[387] Both Reisch, p. 36, and Dittenberger, _op. cit._, p. 240, agree also in opposing Furtwaengler’s _Versnoth_ explanation.

[388] Thus Pausanias mentions the “chariot, horses, charioteer and Kyniska herself”: VI, 1.6. Again he speaks of the “chariot and statue of Gelo”: VI, 9.4-5; in referring to the chariot of Kleosthenes by Hagelaïdas he says: “Along with the statue of the chariot and horses, he [Kleosthenes] dedicated statues of himself and the charioteer,” and even adds the names of the horses: VI, 10.6. In VI, 18.1, he mentions the group of Kratisthenes as “the chariot, Nike mounting it, and Kratisthenes”; in VI, 16.6 he speaks of “a small chariot and figure of the father of Polypeithes, the wrestler Kalliteles”; etc. _Cf._ Dittenberger, _op. cit._, pp. 239-40.

[389] He won in Ol. 255 (= 241 A. D.): Foerster, 739: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 241.

[390] No dedication, however, is inscribed on it: _I. G. A._, 160; _Bronz. v. Ol._, on no. 1101, p. 180.

[391] Chionis, a famous runner from Sparta, had a tablet, which listed his victories, set up beside his statue at Olympia: P., VI, 13.2; he won in Ols. 28-31 (= 668-656 B. C.): Hyde, 111; Foerster, 39, 41-46. His statue was erected long after his death, in Ol. 77 or 78, and so probably the stele also: Hyde, p. 48. Deinosthenes, who won the stade-race in Ol. 116 (= 316 B. C.), had a slab set up beside his statue at Olympia, on which was inscribed the distance between it and a similar one in Sparta: P., VI, 16.8; Afr.; Hyde, 163; Foerster, 403.

[392] He won the chariot-race in Ol. 33 (= 648 B. C.): Foerster, 51.

[393] P., VI, 19.2; on the mistake of Pausanias, see Flasch, in Baum., II, p. 1104 B.

[394] _Or._, XXXI, 596 R (= 328 M).

[395] _H. N._, XXXIV, 17.

[396] _H. N._, XXXIV, 23-4. The subject of portrait honorary statues at Athens has been treated by L. B. Stenessen, _de Historia variisque Generibus statuarum iconicarum apud Athenienses_, Christiania, 1877; for all Greece by M. K. Welsh, Honorary Statues in Ancient Greece, _B. S. A._, XI, 1904-5, pp. 32-49.

[397] See list in Hyde, _Index_ on p. V.

[398] King Hiero of Syracuse had five: Hyde, 147 a (= three) and 105a (= two); Antigonos Monophthalmos had three: Hyde, 103 d, 147 f, 151 b.

[399] Archidamas III, son of Agesilaos: P., VI, 4.9; Hyde, 42 a; VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 c; Areus, son of Akrotatos, P., VI, 12.5; Hyde, 105 b; VI, 15.9; Hyde, 148 a: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 308.

[400] Demetrios Poliorketes, P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 e; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 304; VI, 16.3; Hyde, 152 b.

[401] Pyrrhos: P., VI, 14.9; Hyde, 128 a.

[402] Hiero II: P., VI, 12.2 f. (two statues set up by his sons: Hyde, 105 a); VI, 15.6 (three statues, one set up by sons, two by fellow-citizens: Hyde, 147 a).

[403] Philip II, son of Amyntas; Alexander the Great; Seleukos Nikator, son of Antiochos; Antigonos, son of Philip, surnamed Monophthalmos; these four princes had statues together: P., VI, 11.1; Hyde, 103 a, b, c, d. Antigonos had also other statues in different parts of the Altis: P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 f; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 305; VI, 16.2; Hyde, 151 b. Antigonos Doson and Philip III had statues together: P., VI, 16.3; Hyde, 152 a. The Syrian king Seleukos Nikator had another statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.2; Hyde, 151 c. Three of the Egyptian dynasty had statues: Ptolemy Lagi, P., VI, 15.10; Hyde, 149 a; Philadelphus, P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 173 a; and another whose name is uncertain, P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 166 a.

[404] P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41 b.

[405] P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184 a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 293.

[406] P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 d.

[407] P., VI, 14.9-10; Hyde, 128 b.

[408] P., VI, 14.11 Hyde, 128 c in Ol. (?) 127 (= 272 B. C.)

[409] P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a; erected between Ols. (?) 103 and 115 (= 368 and 320 B. C.).

[410] P., VI, 16.5; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 276, 277; Hyde, 154 a.

[411] P., VI, 14.9-10.

[412] P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 b.

[413] P., VI, 15.2; Hyde, 143 a.

[414] VI, 12.5. The date of his victory is unknown, but fell probably in Ol. 134 or 135 (= 244 or 240 B. C.): Hyde, 105 c and pp. 44-5; Foerster, 463.

[415] He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 102 (= 384 and 372 B. C.): P., VI, 3.2-3; Hyde, 23 and pp. 30-1; Foerster, 335.

[416] On the ancient custom of carrying off votive offerings and images from vanquished foes, see P., VIII, 46.2-4. He shows that Augustus only followed a long-established precedent. Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 36, in speaking of the great number of statues plundered from Greece by Mummius and the Luculli, quotes G. Licinius Mucianus (three times consul), who died before 77 B. C., to the effect that 73,000 statues were still to be seen at Rhodes in his time, and that supposably as many more were yet to be found in Athens, Olympia, and Delphi.

[417] At the beginning of his description of Elis (V, 1.2), Pausanias says that 217 years had passed since the restoration of Corinth. As that event fell in 44 B. C., he was writing his fifth book in 174 A. D., _i. e._, in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. With this date other chronological references in his work agree. That the fifth book was written before the sixth is deduced from a comparison of V, 14.6 with VI, 22.8 f. Though the sixth book, therefore, can not have been composed earlier than 174 A. D., it may, of course, have been written much later. On the dates of the various books, see Frazer, I, pp. xv f. On the great importance of Pausanias for the whole history of Greek art, see C. Robert, _Pausanias als Schriftsteller_, 1909, p. 1.

[418] _Historia naturalis_, Bks. XXXIV-XXXVI (ed. Jex-Blake).

[419] This process has never been carried further nor with greater insight than in Furtwaengler’s great work, _Meisterwerke der griech. Plastik_, 1893.

[420] In his _Handbuch der Archaeologie der Kunst_, 3d ed., 1848, by F. G. Welcker, p. 740.

[421] Chapter VII, _infra_, pp. 321 f.

[422] _Cf._ Furtwaengler-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur_ (Handausgabe^3), 1911, p. 101.

[423] _Pro. Imag._, 11, pp. 490 f.: Ἀκούω ... μήδ’ Ὀλυμπίασιν ἐξεῖναι τοῖς νικῶσι μείζους τῶν σωμάτων ἀνεστάναι τοὺς ἀνδριάντας, κ. τ. λ.; Scherer, pp. 10 f.; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 250.

[424] VI, 5.1. On the statue, see E. Preuner, _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck_, p. 26; for the recovered sculptured base, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 209 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LV. 1-3. Polydamas won the pankration in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.), but his statue was set up long after, in the time of Lysippos: Afr.; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279.

[425] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _cf._ Scherer, pp. 10-11. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[426] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 86. Eukles won in Ols. (?) 90-93, (= 420-408 B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.

[427] The lost work of Aristotle is mentioned by Diogenes Laertios, V, 26. For the scholiast, see Boeckh, p. 158; and _F. H. G._, II, p. 183 (= Aristotle, fragm. 264), IV., p. 307 (= Apollas, fragm. 7).

[428] Pollux, _Onomastikon_, II, 158, says that the cubit (πῆχυς) contains 24 δάκτυλοι or 6 παλασταί; it was therefore 18.25 inches and the finger 0.7 inch long. The Solonian cubit of 444 mm. gives 17.53 inches, the finger .73 inch, which makes Diagoros’ statue 6 feet 1.75 inches tall.Though the cubit was later lengthened to about 2 feet, the old size was retained for measuring wood and stone: _cf._ Boeckh, _Metrologische Untersuchungen_, 1838, p. 212.

[429] Scherer, p. 11, gave its height as 6 feet and 5 inches.

[430] Diagoras won in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 59; Foerster, 220; _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 151 (renewed); Damagetos in Ols. 82-3 (= 452-448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 62; Foerster, 253; _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 152.

[431] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); he won Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376.

[432] _E. g._, _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 147-8, Tellon, who won the boys’ boxing match in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237; _ibid._, 155 (renewed), Hellanikos, boy boxer, who won in Ol. 89 (= 424 B. C.): P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263; _ibid._, 158, boxer Damoxenidas, who won some time between Ols. 95 and 100 (= 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54; Foerster, 319; _ibid._, 164, Xenokles, boy wrestler, who won some time between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 (= 404 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; _ibid._, 177, Telemachos, chariot victor some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513.

[433] _E. g._, _Inschr. v. Ol._, 182, Thrasonides, who won κέλητι πωλικῷ in the third century B. C.

[434] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69. See p. 155.

[435] See Chapter VI., _infra_, p. 295.

[436] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[437] _Supra_, p. 28 and n. 1; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 216 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2-4; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ _infra_, Ch. VII, pp. 324-5, _c. d. e._

[438] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 29 f; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4, 9-10; _cf._ _infra_, pp. 162-3.

[439] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, pp. 234-5; _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 10-12; _cf._ _infra_, p. 322 and notes 1-7.

[440] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2_a_; F. W., no. 323; etc.

[441] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a; F. W., 325.

[442] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, p. 104. On nudity and athletics, see the article by Furtwaengler, Die Bedeutung der Gymnastik in der griech. Kunst, in _Saemann’s Monatschr. fuer paedagog. Reform._, 1905; W. Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in der alt-orient. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., Leipsic, 1906.

[443] The boxer Euryalos “first put a cincture (ζῶμα) about him,” in his bout with Epeios: Iliad, XXIII, 683. See also XXIII, 710; Od., XVIII, 67 and 76.

[444] _E. g._, wrestlers on a black-figured amphora in the Vatican: _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 288, fig. 24; boxers, runners, and a jumper on a b.-f. stamnos in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris (no. 252): Gardiner, p. 418, fig. 142, from de Ridder, _Cat. des vases peints_, I, p. 160.

[445] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[446] Ph., 17. This mantle was called τρίβων—the “worn,” hence was thin and coarse; Hermann-Bluemner, _Griech. Privatalt._, p. 175; etc.

[447] P., I, 44.1; Eustath., on Iliad, XXIII, 683, p. 1324, 12 f. Dionys. Hal., _Antiq. Rom._, VII, 72, says that it was the Spartan Akanthos, who won in a running race, _i. e._, δόλιχος, in Ol. 16; so also Afr.; see P., V, 8.6; Foerster, 17. Orsippos won the stade-race in Ol. 15: Afr.; Eustath., _l. c._; Dionys., _l. c._ Foerster, 16. But Didymos, schol. on Iliad, XXIII, 683, says that Orsippos won in Ol. 32 (= 652 B. C.); similarly _Etym. magn._, p. 242, _s. v._ γυμνάσια; however, Boeckh, _Kleine Schriften_, IV, p. 173, has shown that Ol. 15 is right. Isidoros, in a confused passage, _Orig._, XVIII, 17.2, says that athletes were early girded and dropped the loin-cloth in consequence of a runner getting weary, whence a decree of the time of the archon Hippomenes at Athens (Ol. 14.2) allowed athletes to contend nude; the same story is told in the _Schol. Venet._ on the Iliad, XXIII, 683; see Foerster, 16.

[448] _A. G._, App. 272; Cougny, _Anth. Pal._, 1890, III (_App. nov._), p. 4, no. 24; P., I, 44.1, says that his tomb was near that of Koroibos.

[449] _C. I. G._, I, 1050 (with Boeckh’s commentary on the loin-cloth); _C. I. G. G. S._, 52; Kaibel, _Epigr. Gr., ex lapid. conl._, 1878, no. 843; Frazer, II, p. 538. The schol. on Thukyd., I, 6, quotes four lines of it. The name was spelled Orrippos in the Megarian dialect.

[450] Ph., 17. The story is told also by P., V, 6.7-8. Peisirhodos won in Ol. (?) 88 (= 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.2; Hyde, 63; Foerster, 314. This brings the change near the end of the fifth century B. C. For the spelling of the name of the victor, see Foerster, _l. c._

[451] I. 6. Here the historian is speaking of athletes in general; Dionysios, VII, 72 and P., I, 44.1, speak only of runners.

Scherer, p. 20, n. 1 (following Krause, I, pp. 405 and 501, n. 18) thought that the words of Thukydides (τὸ δὲ πάλαι) referred to the time antedating Ol. 15, and not later, and concluded that in wrestling (introduced in Ol. 18 = 708 B. C.) and boxing (introduced in Ol. 23 = 688 B. C.) the contestants were always nude. Boeckh, however, rightly concluded that the historian meant that in Ol. 15 only the runners laid off the loin-cloth, while other athletes did so just before his day: _C. I. G._, I, p. 554.

[452] _De Rep._, 452 D. He says that the custom of nudity was introduced first by the Cretans and then by the Spartans.

[453] Thus von Mach says (p. 240): “They were dedicatory statues representing events that had taken place in honor of the gods,” and adds that on such occasions persons were draped, except where such drapery would cause inconvenience, _i. e._, in gymnastic contests.

[454] See Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[455] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 973 (fig. 29, p. 557, restored); _Guide_, 597 (fig. 28); Joubin, p. 134, fig. 40; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536.6; _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2, (two views) and XVIII (restored), pp. 335-365 (G. Ghirardini).

[456] Pollux, III, 155, wrongly states that runners wore soft leathern boots (ἐνδρομίδες); these never appear on vases, as Krause, I, p. 362 and n. 5, and Gardiner, p. 273, point out, and were the usual footwear of messengers. _Cf._ Mueller, _Arch. d. Kunst_, §363, 6.

[457] At Ephesos in Thukydides’ day: III, 104; earlier on Delos: Thukyd., _ibid._, and Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, 146 f. Maidens and youths wrestled in the gymnasia on Chios: Athenæus, XIII, 20 (p. 566 e.); _cf._ Boeckh, _C. I. G._, II, text to no. 2214.

[458] On athletic contests for women in Sparta, see Plutarch, _Lykourgos_, 14; Xen., _de Rep. lac._, I, 4. Aristoph., _Lysistr._, 80 f., says that the beauty and color of the Lakonian woman Lampito came from gymnastic exercises.

[459] P., V, 6.7. He says that those who broke the Elean rule were thrown from Mount Typaion (a rock south of the river). Their exclusion was doubtless due to a religious taboo and not to modesty; Gardiner, p. 47. P., VI, 20.9, says that the restriction did not include maidens. As there is no other reference about unmarried girls at Olympia, it is probable that girls were not admitted; _cf._ Krause, _Olympia_, p. 54 and n. 9.

[460] _E. g._, Kyniska, P., VI, 1.6, and other Spartan victresses, III, 8.1; Euryleonis, who won in a two-horse chariot-race in Ol. (?) 103 (= 368 B. C.): P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344; Belistiche, mistress of Ptolemy Philadelphus, was the first to win συνωρίδι πώλων in Ol. 129 (= 264 B. C.): P., V, 8.11; Foerster, 443; Theodota, daughter of the Elean Antiphanes, won ἅρματι πωλικῷ in the first century B. C.: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 203; Foerster, 547.

[461] P., VI, 20.9. The inscribed marble base of a statue of one of these priestesses has been found at Olympia: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 485.

[462] See P., V, 6.7-8.

[463] However, we do not know if they were held in the same year as that of the Olympic festival, or at what time of the year. See L. Weniger, _Klio, Beitraege zur alten Geschichte_, V, 1905, pp. 22 f.

[464] P., V, 162-4. These πίνακες were probably iconic (portrait) paintings. Holes have been found on columns of the Heraion to which they may have been attached. On the girls’ race, see B. B., text to no. 521 (Arndt).

[465] It is a marble copy of an original bronze which is generally dated about 470 B. C., because of archaic reminiscences in the head. It represents a girl of about 14 years. See Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 364; _Guide_, 378, and references; F. W., 213; Bulle, pp. 304 f. Overbeck, II, p. 475, refers it to the school of Pasiteles. It is pictured in B. B., no. 521; Bulle, 142; Baum., III, p. 2111, fig. 2362; Springer-Michaelis, p. 224, fig. 412; von Mach, 73; Amelung, _Museums of Rome_, I, fig. 74; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 527.6; Clarac, Pl. 864, 2199. A similar statue is the torso in Berlin: _Beschr. der Skulpt._, no. 229; and _cf._ Kekulé, _Annali_, XXXVI, 1865, p. 66 (who points out the resemblance of the head of the Vatican statue to that of the figure by Stephanos, Pl. 12); Clarac, Pl. 864, 2200. The height of the Vatican statue is given by Bulle as 1.56 meters. _Cf._ also a statuette of a similar girl runner from Dodona: Rayet, I, Pl. 17, 3.

[466] However, B. Schroeder believes that it is merely a victorious danseuse, and gives several examples of dancers from vase-paintings and the lesser arts: _R. M._, XXIV, 1909, pp. 109 ff. (figs. 1-3). In all of these lively motion is expressed and the free foot is raised high from the ground. When the curious little plat under the statue’s right foot (perhaps intended to represent the starting-stone at the stadion) is removed, the position of the statue does not fit the dance; see Bulle, p. 304, for discussion of this starting-stone.

[467] VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4, I, (p. 982).

[468] Bulle compares it with the Tuebingen hoplite-runner (Fig. 42) ready to start, though the quieter pose of the Vatican statue befits a girl rather than the impetuous energy of the man.

[469] On the Διονυσίαδες, see P., III, 13.7; Hesychios, _s. v._; _cf._ Theokr., XVIII, 22; Plut., _Lycurgus_, 14; Pauly-Wissowa, _s. v._ _agones_, I, p. 847; Reisch, p. 46, n. 4. Pauly-Wissowa, _s. v._ χιτών (III, 2, p. 2314) shows that the use of the chiton closed on one side was a Dorian, and especially a Spartan, custom.

[470] On the running race at Kyrene, _cf._ Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, _Pyth._, IX, p. 328. Plato, in his _de Leg._, VIII, 833, D, E, ordained for girls the three running races (στάδιον, δίαυλος, and δόλιχος); the youngest girls should run nude, the others (from 13 to 18) suitably dressed.

[471] Suet., _Domitian_, 4; Dio Cassius, LXVII, 8.

[472] Arndt believes it is Myronian in character: B. B., text to 521.

[473] See Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, pp. 170 f. On the style of wearing the hair in Greece, see the following works: K. O. Mueller, _Handbuch d. Archaeol. d. Kunst_^3, pp. 474 f; Bluemner, _Leben u. Sitten der Griechen_, I, pp. 76 f.; _Home Life of the Ancient Greeks_ (transl. of preceding, by A. Zimmern), 1893, pp. 64 f; Dar.-Sagl., _s. v._ _coma_ (Pottier), I, 2, pp. 1355 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, pp. 2109 ff. (Bremer); Baum., I, pp. 615 f; Guhl-Koner-Engelmann, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 297 f; Amelung, _Gewandung d. Gr. u. Roem._, 1903; Helbig, _Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, Ser. III, vol. V., pp. 1 f. (for the Homeric age).

[474] _Cf._ the recurring epithet of Homer, κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαῖοι; Helbig, _Das homerische Epos_^2, p. 236, n. 3; for examples of long hair in the epic, _ibid._, pp. 236 f. That the Homeric hair fell free over the shoulders and not in any conventional order has been proved against Helbig by H. Hofmann, _Jb. f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., XXVI, 1900, pp. 182 f.

[475] Eurip., _Bacchae_, 455; Aristotle, _de Physiogn._, 3, p. 38; pseudo-Phokylides, 212.

[476] Aristoph., _Equit._, 580 and _cf._ 1121; _Nubes_, 14; _Lysistrata_, 561; etc.

[477] Od., IV, 198; Euripides, _Alkestis_, 818-19; Aristoph., _Plut._, 572; Plato, _Phaedo_, 89 C; Athenæus, XV, 16 (p. 675 a); Hdt., I, 82; etc.

[478] Aristoph., _Aves_, 911.

[479] Ph., _Imag._, II, 32; Lucian, _Dial. meretr._, V, 3 (p. 290); etc.

[480] Xen., _de Rep. lac._, Ch. XI, 3; _cf._ Plut., _Apothegm. reg. et imperat._, p. 754; and see Aristotle, _Rhet._, I, 9, p. 1397 a, 28; Plut., _Lysandros_, I; _Lykourgos_, 22; etc.

[481] Hdt., VII, 208.

[482] Aristoph., _Aves_, 1281-2: Lysias, XVI, 18; Lucian, _Auctio vitarum_, 2 (Pythagoreans).

[483] Pollux, VI, 3.22; VIII, 9.107; Athenæus, XI, 88 (p. 494 f.): Hesychios, _s. v._ κουρεῶτις and οἰνιστήρια; Photius, _Lex._, p. 321.

[484] Aischyl., _Choeph._, 6; P., I, 37.3; at Delphi, Dio Chrys., _Or._, XXXV, p. 67 R.

[485] Eurip., _Bacchae_, 455.

[486] Κρωβύλος and κόρυμβος are etymologically the same word: see Prellwitz, _Etymolog. Woerterbuch d. griech. Sprache_. It used to be assumed that κόρυμβος referred to the similar coiffure of young girls. On the κρωβύλος, see the following: K. O. Mueller, _op. cit._^3, p. 476, 5; _id._, _Die Dorier_, II, 266; Conze, _Nuove memorie dell’ instituto archeol._, pp. 408 f.; Helbig, _Comment. philolog. in honorem Mommseni_, 1877, pp. 616 f., and _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIV, 1879, pp. 484 f.; Schreiber, Der altattische Krobylos, _A. M._, VIII, 1883, pp. 246-273, and Pls. XI., XII.; _id._, IX, 1884, pp. 232-254 and Pls. IX, X; and after him, Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 644, Collignon, I, p. 363, and de Villefosse, _Mon. Piot_, I, 1894, p. 62; Klein, _Gesch. d. gr. Kunst_, I, p. 255; Studniczka, Krobylos und Tettiges, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 248-291. Pauly-Wissowa, _l. c._, pp. 2120 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1357-59 and 1571; etc. That the term κρωβύλος represented a way of wearing the hair and not a part of the hair has been proved by Hauser: _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1906, Beiblatt, pp. 87 f. On other methods of dressing the hair, see Pauly-Wissowa, _l. c._, pp. 2112 f.

[487] _Ap._ Athen., XII, 30 (p. 525).

[488] _Ibid._, 5 (p. 512 c).

[489] I, 6; _cf._ Aristophanes, _Nubes_, 984 and schol.; _Equit._, 1331.

[490] See fragm. of Nikolaos of Damascus, (perhaps from the _Lydiaka_ of Xanthos), _F. H. G._, III, p. 395, fragm. 62.

[491] See Krause, p. 541, n. 6.

[492] See _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1886, Pl. VIII, 3 b; etc.

[493] See hero reliefs in _A. M._, II, 1877, Pls. XX-XXV. On early Corinthian vases, men are represented regularly with long hair.

[494] _E. g._, on the bust of Apollo in the Glyptothek, Munich: von Mach, 449 (left); on the bearded man (Dionysos?) in the British Museum: _id._, 450 (right); and on the Apollo of Naples: _id._, 448: On the latter head the narrow band of the former two examples has become very broad.

[495] _Cf._ Waldstein, _op. cit._, p. 177.

[496] _Mw._, pp. 67 (on statues of Zeus, hair reaching the shoulders, a style later becoming typical of that god); p. 407 (the Argive school gave short hair to heads of Zeus); _Mp._, pp. 42 and 118; _cf._ _Mw._, p. 273.

[497] _Mw._, p. 249. Furtwaengler gives an example of a short-haired Apollo of the school of Euphranor, _ibid._, p. 590.

[498] _Mp._, p. 16. _E. g._, the Florentine gem: Furtwaengler, _Antike Gemmen_, 1900, Pl. XXXIX, no. 29.

[499] Pp. 444 f.

[500] A good example of this is seen on the _Apollo of Tenea_ (Pl. 8 A).

[501] Bulle, Pl. 225. He dates it in the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[502] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16 (Jex-Blake’s transl.) The Latin of the last portion of this passage runs: _Olympiae, ubi omnium qui vicissent statuas dicari mos erat, eorum vero qui ter ibi superavissent ex membris ipsorum similitudine expressa, quas iconicas vocant._

[503] Hirt, _Ueber das Bildniss der Alten_, 1814-15, p. 7; Visconti, _Iconographie grecque_ (1st ed. Paris 1808, Milan, 1824-26), Discours prelim., p. VIII, n. 4. They argued from Lucian’s _pro Imag._, 11, a passage already discussed _supra_, p. 45 and n. 3.

[504] Scherer, pp. 9 f., and especially p. 13; Lessing, _Laokoön_, II, 13, made Pliny’s words a text for a famous passage.

[505] For the latest discussion of Pliny’s passage, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, pp. 236 and 295-6 (the latter in reference to the inscribed base of the statue of Xenombrotos to be discussed a few lines _infra_).

[506] Klein, quoted by Jex-Blake, p. 14, footnote to line 7, believes Pliny’s statement apocryphal, an idea escaping all scholars except, perhaps, Bluemner in his commentary on the _Laokoön_ (p. 503). Evidently Pliny, or his source, is explaining the discrepancy between ideal and portrait statues as the result of an improbable rule, since the ancients applied little historical criticism to art, and hence did not distinguish between works representing types and those representing individuals. Dio Chrysostom, in his treatise Περὶ κάλλους (_Orat._, XXI, 1, p. 501 R), tries to explain the difference between early and late statues on the ground of physical degeneration in the latter.

[507] _Inschr. v. Ol_, 170. He won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. This date follows the reasoning of Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180 f. Pausanias, _l. c._, mentions another monument of the victor, the inscribed base of which has been found: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154, though Dittenberger wrongly refers it to Damasippos: Foerster, 812; Hyde, pp. 53-4. The same authority refers no. 170 to the middle of the fourth century B. C., or a couple of decades later, because of the lettering and orthography. The monument of no. 170 must, therefore, have been set up long after the victory—about a century later.

[508] Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 296, compares two other inscriptions with no. 170, viz, no. 174 (in which the words ὧδε στάς occur) and _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 2470, l. 3 (where the words τοίας ἐκ προβολᾶς occur). However, as he says, these two refer to the poses of the statues of gymnic victors and not to portraits. Pausanias frequently uses the word εἰκών for ἀνδριάς (_e. g._, III, 18.7) of a victor, but this seems to be no indication of a portrait statue.

[509] _Cf._ Dittenberger, _op. cit._, p. 296. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530, think the case of Xenombrotos may simply be exceptional.

[510] VI, 3.11-12; he was three times victor in running races in Ols. (?) 95, (?) 97, and 99 (= 400, 392, 384 B. C.); the latter date is attested by Afr.: Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316. For the epigram on the base of one of these statues, see _A. G._, XIII, 15.

[511] VI, 4.1; he was three times victor in the pankration in Ols. 104, (?) 105, (?) 106 (= 364-356 B. C.): Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[512] VI, 17.2; he was thrice victor in running races in Ols. 129, 130 (= 264, 260 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 173; Foerster, 440-2, 444-5.

[513] VI, 15.9; he was four times victor in the pankration, once in hoplite running, and once in the δίαυλος, at unknown dates: Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767-72. We can not say that his victories fell at a date when iconic statues were in vogue.

[514] VI, 6.6; he won in Ols. 74, 76, 77 (= 484, 476-2 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144.

[515] _E. g._, VI, 13.3-4 and 8: Hermogenes, five times victor in running races in Ols. 215, 216, 217 (= 81-89 A. D.): Afr.; Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654-6, 659-660, 662-4; Polites, three times victor in running races in Ol. 212 (= 69 A. D.): Afr.; Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648-50; Leonidas, four times victor in running races in Ols. 154, 155, 156, 157 (= 164-152 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 111c; Foerster, 495-7, 498-500, 502-4, 507-9; Tisandros, four times victor in boxing in Ols. (?) 60-3 (= 540-528 B. C.), at a date too early for portraiture: Hyde, 119a; Foerster, 115, 119, 123, 124. There are other examples from the early fifth and the sixth centuries B. C.

[516] _Princ. Gr. Art_, Ch. XI (Portrait Sculpture), pp. 165 f.

[517] Gardner, p. 165, cites Bernouilli, _Griech. Ikonogr._, 1901, as listing 26 known portraits of Euripides and 32 of Demosthenes, and calls attention to the fact that 870 plates in the Bruckmann series, _Griech. und Roem. Portraets_ (ed. Brunn und Arndt), from 1891 on, are of Roman portraits. On the subject of Græco-Roman portraits, see also Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, 1882-94; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912; and the works of E. Q. Visconti, now antiquated: _Iconogr. gr._ (Paris, 1808) and _Iconogr. romana_ (Milan, 1818).

[518] XXXIV, 74. Pausanias mentions a portrait of Perikles without naming the artist, I, 25.1; _cf._ I. 28.2. The inscribed base was found in Athens in 1888: Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, pp. 36 f. (Lolling). A terminal portrait of Perikles, extant in several copies, has been identified as a copy of this work, _e. g._, one in the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 549; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. VII, opp. p. 118 (profile, fig, 46, p. 119); Hekler, _op. cit._, Pl. 4 a.; F. W., 481. Another replica is in the Vatican: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 276, and Nachtraege, II, p. 471; Visconti, _Iconogr. gr._, I, Pl. XV; B. B., 156; Hekler, _op. cit._, Pl. 4 b. However, Hitz.-Bluemn., I, p. 307, _ad loc._ Paus., think that the word ἀνδριάς used by Pausanias can not apply to a terminal bust; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 117, n. 4, says that the word does not necessarily mean a whole statue. _Cf._ Bernouilli, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 107 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 117 f.

[519] See _I. G. B._, 62, 63.

[520] _Philopseudes_, 18 f.

[521] Αὐτοανθρώπῳ ὅμοιον, §18.

[522] A good example of a Roman copy (from the age of Hadrian) of an original iconic athlete statue in bronze from the end of the fourth century B. C., is a bearded head in the Museo Chiaramonti; its swollen ears and the deep furrow in the hair for the metal crown show that it is from the statue of a victor. See Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 483, no. 257 and Tafelbd., I, Pl. 50; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Gr. und Roem. Portr._, Pls. 223-4.

[523] XXXV, 153. Jex-Blake, p. 176, justly remarks that this invention had nothing to do with the custom of taking death-masks.

[524] Xen., _Symp._, IV, 17: θαλλοφόρους γὰρ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ τοὺς καλοὺς γέροντας ἐκλέγονται κ. τ. λ.; _cf._ Aristoph., _Vesp._, 544, and Athen., XIII, 20 (p. 565) and scholion.

[525] XIII, 90 (p. 609 e, f); here he quotes a history of Arkadia by Nikias.

[526] Athen., XIII, 20 (pp. 565 f and 566 a); _cf._, Theophr., _apud_ Athen., XIII, 90 (pp. 609 f, 610 a).

[527] Athen., XIII, 90 (p. 610a): here Athenæus is also quoting Theophrastos. In XIII, 20 (p. 565), he quotes Herakleides Lembos as saying that in Sparta the handsomest man and woman were especially honored.

[528] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath. _ad_ Iliad, III, p. 383, 43; Foerster, 138.

[529] P., IX, 22.1.

[530] P., VII, 24.4; _cf._, VIII, 47.3, for a similar custom at Tegea.

[531] See O. Mueller, _Die Dorier_^1, 1824, II, p. 238 (quoted by Krause, I, p. 37, n. 19). For references to contests of beauty in Greece, see _ibid._, pp. 33-38.

[532] On this subject, see the recent essay by W. H. Goodyear, Lessing’s Essay on the Laocoön and its Influence on the Criticism of Art and Literature, _Brooklyn Museum Quarterly_, Oct. 1917, pp. 228-9.

[533] Thus we have Polykleitos of Argos and Patrokles, perhaps his brother; Naukydes of Argos and Daidalos of Sikyon, sons of Patrokles; the younger Polykleitos—who called himself an Argive—the brother of Naukydes; Alypos of Sikyon, the pupil of Naukydes; etc. Statues by all these sculptors except Patrokles are known to have stood in Olympia.

[534] _Hbk._^2, p. 254.

[535] His criticism of painting occurs in _Poet._, 1448a, 5, 1450a, 26, and _Polit._, V, 1340a, 35. In _Eth_., VI, 1141a, 10, he says that Pheidias and Polykleitos were masters in marble and bronze respectively. For a discussion of Aristotle’s æsthetics of painting and sculpture, see M. Carroll, in _Publ. of Geo. Washington University_, Philol. and Lit. Series, I, 1 (Nov., 1905), pp. 1-10; and for both Aristotle and Plato on art, see Kalkman, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 3 f. and notes.

[536] I, 5, 1361b; Oppian, _Kyneget._, I, 89-90, speaks of the similarly well-developed bodies of hunters.

[537] _Mem._, III, 10.6-8. For his visit to the painter Parrhasios, see _ibid._, 10.1-5.

[538] Following the suggestion of Klein, II, p. 143, and W. L. Westermann, _Class. Rev._, XIX, 1905, pp. 323-5. The latter gives several examples of similarly shortened forms of names and believes the passage in Xenophon emphasizes the fact that Polykleitos was employed at Athens. Plato frequently mentions Polykleitos by his full name: _e. g._, _Protag._, 328 C (sons of Polykleitos), 311 C (Polykleitos and Pheidias). P. Gardner justly observes that the statues of Polykleitos “however beautiful, are scarcely life-like:” _Prince. Gk. Art._, p. 15, n. 1; _Grammar_, p. 17.

[539] II, 17: τὰ σκέλη μὲν παχύνονται, τοὺς ὤμους δὲ λεπτύνονται, κ. τ. λ.

[540] See schol. on Plato, _Amatores_, p. 135 E; _cf._ Epiktetos, _Encheir._, Ch. 29.

[541] P., VI, 10.5; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 97; Foerster, 240; _cf._ Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 302 f.

[542] His date is uncertain: P., VI, 15.9; Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767-772.

[543] P., VI, 3.2; he won at Olympia some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 102 (= 384 and 372 B. C.): Hyde, 23; Foerster, 335.

[544] P., I, 29.5: Hdt., VI, 92; IX, 75; _cf._ Krause, I, pp. 495-6.

[545] _E. g._, Phaÿllos of Kroton was famed for his fleetness, his jumping, and his throwing the diskos. See Aristoph., _Acharn._, 212; _Vespes_, 1206; _A. G._, App. 297; _cf._ Hdt., VIII, 47; P., X, 9.2. He won at Delphi only.

[546] _E. g._, Myron at Delphi: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57; Alkamenes, _ibid._, XXXIV, 72; etc.

[547] 656 E, 657 A.

[548] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXVI, 39. These works were probably critical as well as descriptive.

[549] _E. g._, of Pasiteles, XXXVI, 39; of Arkesilaos, XXXVI, 41; of Koponios, _ibid._

[550] 18(70). In this passage he also gives similar judgments on several painters. On Cicero on art, see Grant Showerman, _Proceed. Amer. Philol. Ass’n_, XXXIV, 1903, pp. xxxv f. He shows that Cicero’s references to art proceed from his instinct as a stylist and not from any enthusiasm for art itself.

[551] _Imag._, 6, p. 464. His eclectic statue is made up of works by Praxiteles, Alkamenes, Pheidias, and Kalamis.

[552] _Rhetorum praeceptor_, 9-10. He spells the two first names Ἡγησίας, Κράτης.

[553] XXXVI, 37. For careful judgments of Pliny’s work, see Jex-Blake, pp. xci f.: Kalkmann, _Die Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius_, 1898; Robert, _Archaeologische Maerchen_, 1886, pp. 28 f.; F. Muenzer, _Hermes_, XXX, 1895, pp. 499 f. (and _Beitraege zur Kritik der Naturgesch. des Plinius_, 1897); Botsford and Sihler, _Hellenic Civilization_, 1915, pp. 551-8 (= Translation by Jex-Blake of Pliny, XXXIV, 53-84 [sculptors], revised by E. G. Sihler); pp. 558-567 (= Pliny, XXXV, 15, and 53-97 [painters], revised by E. G. S.). For short estimate of Pliny’s work, see Mackail, _Latin Literatures_, 1895, p. 197.

[554] See his characterization of the great Greek painters and sculptors in _Inst. Orat._, XII, Ch. 9.

[555] Also in the work of H. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the Hist. of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895; _cf._, A history of classical writers on art from Xenokrates to Pliny, in Jex-Blake, pp. xvi-xci; _cf._ Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, _Antigonos von Karystos_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, IV, 1881), pp. 7 f.; P. Gardner, _Principles of Greek Art_, Ch. II, pp. 13 f. (Ancient Critics on Art); etc.

[556] _A. Pl._, 2; Bergk, _P. l. G._, III^4, no. 149, p. 498. Theognetos won in Ol. 76 (= 476 B. C.): P., VI, 9.1; _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[557] _H. N._, XXXIV, 88. Kallias won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 146.

[558] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 71.

[559] Kalamis made the horses and jockeys, Onatas the chariot: P., VI, 12.1; Hiero won twice in the horse-race and once in the chariot-race in Ols. 76-78 (= 476-468 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215.

[560] VI, 6.6. He won in Ols. 74, 76-7 (= 484, 476-472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[561] VI, 4.4. He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456-452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[562] VI, 9.3. He won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 88: Foerster, 285.

[563] V, 27.3.

[564] Bulle, p. 104, remarks that up to the present no single Roman copy can be _proved_ to be that of an Olympic victor statue. This fact must be constantly borne in mind.

[565] No. 6439; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 299-300 and fig.; _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, Pls. XXI, XXII, and p. 14; _Funde v. Ol._, Pl. XXIII, and p. 16; _Bronz. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2 and 2a; Boetticher, _Olympia_, Pl. XI, 1; Baum., p. 1104 00, figs. 1296, a and b; F. W., no. 323; Bulle, 235 and fig. 154, on p. 501; von Mach, 482; B. B., 247.

[566] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glyptothek_,^2 1910, no. 457, pp. 398 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 291; _Mw._, p. 507; F. W., no. 216; B. B., 8; Bulle, 207 (front and side); Kekulé, _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIV, 3, p. 246; H. Schrader, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1911, p. 74; Hauser, _R. M._, X, 1895, pp. 103 f. Kekulé, because of its similarity to the _Apollo_ of the West Gable, derived it from the art of the Olympia pediment sculptures; Flasch, _Verh. d. 29sten Philologenversamml._, Innsbruck, 1874, p. 162, and Brunn, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^5, no. 302, and _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, p. 658, classed it as Polykleitan; Bulle calls it Attic-Argive without Polykleitan influence, while Furtwaengler finds it Polykleitan-Attic. The latter gives several replicas, two of green and black basalt respectively, in the Museo delle Terme, and a marble head in the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 475. Bulle gives the height of the Munich head as 0.23 meter.

[567] Αἰδώς; _cf._ _decor_, applied to the work of Polykleitos by Quintilian: _Inst. Orat._, XII, 9. 7-8; _cf._ also Vitruvius, _de Arch._, I, 2.

[568] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm. d. gr. und roem. Skulpt._, Hdausgabe,^3 1911, p. 102, n. 1. He adds that it is _das Ideal von Reinheit, Unschuld, liebenswuerdig edler Groesse, eines der herrlichsten griechischen Originale, die uns erhalten sind_. It is photographed _ibid._, figs. 30, 31. In the _Beschr. d. Glypt._, p. 399, he says it is _das edelste und vollendetste Werk, das die Glyptothek besitzt—ihr kostbarster Schatz_, etc.

[569] Formerly in the Coll. Tyszkiewicz: B. B., 324, (two views); Bulle, 206 (two views); von Mach, 481 (two views); _Mon. Piot_, I, 1894, pp. 77 f. (E. Michon) and Pls. X, XI; S. Reinach, _Têtes_, Pl. 72 and p. 58; Kalkmann, Prop. d. Gesichts, p. 27 (vignette); Collignon, II, Frontispiece and p. 169; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XL; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 290-1 and Pl. XIV; _Mw._, p. 507. The best illustration of the head is given by de Ridder, _Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. I (and text p. 8, on no. 4). It is 0.33 meter in height (Bulle).

[570] Preface to Furtw., _Mp._, p. xiii.

[571] So Furtw., _l. c._; Bulle, however, sees in it only Attic work and finds it slightly coarser and harder than the Munich head described.

[572] Invent. 5633; _Bronzi d’Ercol._, I, 73, 74; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, XI, 1; B. B., 323 (two views); Rayet, II, Pl. 67; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 291; _Mw._, p. 508; the latter believes that it, like the preceding two heads, is Polykleitan and Attic.

[573] _Bedeutung der Gymnastik in d. gr. Kunst_, 1905; _cf._ also Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 23, and _Hbk._, p. 215.

[574] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, already cited, p. 63, n. 3. (Translated under the title _Greek and Roman Sculpture_ by H. Taylor, 1914; p. 119.)

[575] See F. W. G. Foat, Anthropometry of Greek Statues, _J. H. S._, XXXV, 1915, pp. 225 f. (p. 226).

[576] Plato, _Phileb._, 64 E, regarded μετριότης and συμμετρία as qualities of beauty and virtue; _cf._ Aristotle, _Metaphys._, X, 3.7, and _Nicom. Eth._, V, 5.14, 1133b. Vitruvius, _de Arch._, I, 2, makes symmetry in architecture a quality of _eurythmia: Item symmetria est ex ipsius operis membris conveniens consensus ex partibusque separatis ad universae figurae speciem ratae partis responsus_.

[577] I, 2: _Haec [eurythmia] efficitur, cum membra operis convenientia sunt, altitudinis ad latitudinem, latitudinis ad longitudinem, et ad summam omnia respondent suae symmetriae_; _cf._ III, 1; Lucian, _pro Imag._, 14 (ῥυθμίζειν τὸ ἄγαλμα); Clem. Alex., _Paedagog._, 3.11 and 64 (εὐρυθμὸς καὶ καλὸς ἀνδριάς); Xen., _Mem._, III, 10.9 (ῥυθμός, of corselets); Plut., _de Educ. puer._, 11 (τῶν σωμάτων εὐρυθμία); Diod., I, 97. 6 (ῥυθμὸς ἀνδριάντων, _i. e._, rhythmic order or grace in statuary): _id._, II, 56.4.

[578] Vitruv., III, 1: _ , quae graece ἀναλογία dicitur. Proportio est ratae partis membrorum in omni opere totiusque commodulatio, ex qua ratio efficitur symmetriarum._

[579] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[580] _Op. cit., _e. g._ _Op. cit._, XXXV, 67 and 128.

[581] Ueber die Kunsturteile bei Plinius, _Ber. ueber d. Verhandl. d. k. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Leipzig_, II, 1850, p. 131; _cf._ H. L. Urlichs, _Ueber griech. Kunstschriftsteller_ (Diss. inaug., Wuerzburg, 1887).

[582] _Principles of Greek Art_, 1914, p. 20 (= _Grammar of Greek Art_, 1905, p. 22).

[583] Quoted by Gardner, _op. cit._, p. 22 (= _Grammar_, p. 23), from two papers by H. Brunn, Ueber tektonischen Styl in der griech. Plastik und Malerei, in _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1883, pp. 299 f., 1884, pp. 507 f. Overbeck, I, pp. 266-277, explains rhythm in art as the _Ordnung der Bewegung_, in accordance with the definition of Plato: τῇ δὴ τῆς κινήσεως τάξει ῥυθμὸς ὄνομα εἴη: _de Leg._, 665 A.

[584] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58 (S. Q., 533): _Numerosior in arte quam Polyclitus et in symmetria diligentior_. The interpretation of this disputed passage depends, of course, on the meaning of _numerosior_, and whether we accept the curious statement of the manuscript that Myron surpassed Poykleitos in symmetry, or, by omitting the _et_ (with Sillig), make it mean just the contrary and in harmony with the usual ancient view that symmetry was the salient characteristic of Polykleitan art. The passage, then, would contrast the symmetry of Polykleitos with the variety of Myron. This accords with Pliny’s use of _numerosus_ elsewhere (_e. g._, XXXV, 130 and 138), which always refers to number. See Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 275 (note).

[585] _Op. cit._, XXXIV, 65, he says: _Nova intactaque ratione quadratas veterum staturas permutando_.

[586] _Op. cit._, XXXV, 67.

[587] VIII. I. 47.

[588] The Egyptians divided the front view of the body into 19 parts (or 21 parts and a quarter, including the height of the head-dress): Diod., 1, 98. See Lepsius, _Monum. funéraires de l’Égypte_ (figure, reproduced in Dar.-Sagl, I, 2, p. 892, fig. 1125); _cf._ his _Descript. de l’Égypte_, IV, LXII; Wilkinson, _History of Egypt_, p. 113, Pl. IV; these references are given by Foat, _op. cit._, p. 225, n. 1.

[589] Vitruv., I, 2. However, in thus following the statement of the Roman architect, it must be said that the attempt to recover and establish such a canon in Greek architecture is still unproved. The subject is complicated and has led to very different views. Thus, while many scholars have defended the theory of the canon (_e. g._, Pennethorne, _Geom. and Optics of Anc. Arch._, 1878; Penrose, in Whibley, _Comp. to Gk. Stud._^1, 1905, pp. 220-1; Ferguson, _Hist. Arch._, ed. 1887, I, p. 251; P. Gardner, _Princ. Gk. Art._, p. 21; Statham, _Short Crit. Hist. Arch._, 1912, p. 130), others are opposed, and believe that design in Greek architecture was a matter of feeling, and that the orders were first reduced to formulæ in Roman days (_e. g._, A. K. Porter, _Med. Arch._, 1909, I, 9; Goodyear, _Greek Refinements, Studies in Temperamental Arch._, 1912, esp. p. 83, quoting Joseph Hoffer from _Wiener Bauzeitung_, 1838). See on the subject a recent article by my pupil, Dr. A. W. Barker, in _A. J. A._, XXII, 1918, pp. 1 f., in which the above and other references are given.

[590] Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 22-3, says: “Paradoxical as it may seem at first sight, the very freedom of Greek sculpture is to a great extent due to its close adherence to tradition.” He shows how the free play of imagination depends on external conditions and tradition.

[591] _E. g._, Vitruv., I, 2; especially these words: _Ut in hominis corpore e cubito, pede, palmo, digito, ceterisque particulis (partibus) symmetria est eurythmiae qualitas_; also III, 1: _Pes vero altitudinis corporis sextae_ <_partis_>; _cubitum quartae; pectus item quartae_, etc. Also Philostr., _Imag._, Proem.; the third-century A. D. (?) treatise called _de Physiognomia_; St. Augustine, _de Civ. Dei_, XV, 26. 1; the poet Martianus Capella, of the middle of the fifth century A. D., who says, VII, 739: _septem corporis partes hominem perficiunt_; etc.

[592] Die Proportionen des Gesichts in der griechischen Kunst (= _53stes Berliner Wincklemanns programm_, 1893).

[593] _Gestalt des Menschen_, in _Verh. d. Berl. Anthrop. Gesell._, 1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt, _Proportionsschluessel_, 1849, and of C. Carus, _Die Proportionslehre der menschlichen Gestalt_, 1874. See also P. Richer, _Canon des proportions du corps humain_, 1893; E. Duhousset, Proportions artistiques et anthropométrie scientifique, _Gaz. B-A._, III, Pér. 3, 1 90, pp. 59 f.; E. Guillaume, art. Canon, _Dict. de l’Acad. des B-A._; E. Gebhard, in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 891-892; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 490 f.

[594] F. W. G. Foat, _op. cit._, offers a scheme or typical design, based on wide data, which will serve as a universal basis for securing facts about any statue under examination.

[595] On the influence of such canons of proportion on contemporary artists, see Balcarres, _Evolution of Italian Sculpture_, p. 128.

[596] _Cf._ Vitruvius, quoted above. The scholion on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158, speaks of πηχῶν τεσσάρων δακτύλων πέντε as the height of the statue of Diagoras at Olympia, etc.

[597] Vitruvius, _de Arch._, VII, Praef., 14, lists writers who _praecepta symmetriarum conscripserunt_. See V. Mortet, _Rev. Arch._, Sér. IV, XIII, 1909, pp. 46 f, and figs. 1 and 2. In this discussion of ancient canons he shows that the chief ratio was that of the head to the height of the body; the proportion of 8 heads to the body was that adopted by da Vinci and J. Cousin: 7 to 8 is found in the figures of the Parthenon frieze; a little under 7 in the _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos.

[598] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 49-52. As examples, he gives the statue of Apollo from the Tiber now in the Museo delle Terme: _Mp._, pp. 50-51, figs. 8 and 9; _cf._ _R. M._, 1891, pp. 302, 377 and Pls. X-XII; the Mantuan _Apollo_: _cf._ _50stes Berliner Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61 (for replicas); etc.

[599] For Polykleitos’ canon, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; _S. Q._, 953 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 249.

[600] So Pliny, _op. cit._, XXXV, 128; _cf._ J. Six, _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, pp. 7 f.

[601] _H. N._, XXXIV, 61; see Jex-Blake, p. XLVIII.

[602] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[603] However, other fourth-century artists, notably Praxiteles, used impressionism in the treatment of the hair: see Bulle, pp. 444 f.

[604] In XXXIV, 80, he mentions Menaichmos, who wrote on the toreutic art probably in the fourth century B. C.; in XXXIV, 83 (_cf._ XXXV, 68), he mentions Xenokrates, of the school of Lysippos, who wrote books on art; he is probably identical with an artist of the same name known to us from inscriptions from Oropos and Elateia: _I. G. B._, 135, a, b (Oropos), c (Elateia); _Arch. Eph._, 1892, 52 (Oropos); the identity is doubted by Jex-Blake, p. xx, n. 2. In XXXIV, 84 (_cf._ XXXV, 68) he speaks of Antigonos, who wrote on painting and who was employed by Attalos I of Pergamon to work on the trophies of his victory over the Gauls. For Antigonos as a writer on the criticism of art, see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, _Antigonos von Karystos_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, IV, 1881), Ch. I, pp. 7 f.

[605] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. According to the exact words of Pliny, the _Canon_ and the _Doryphoros_ were distinct works. It is probable, however, that Pliny’s words conceal the same statue under two names, his commentary on each coming from a different source: see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 229 and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 422 and n. 2; _cf._ Muenzer, _Hermes_, XXX, 1895, p. 530, n. 1.

[606] Cicero, _Brut._, 86, 296. On the fame of the _Doryphoros_, see _id._, _Orator_, 2.

[607] _Instit. Orat._, V, 12.21. In Philon’s treatise περὶ βελοποιϊκῶν, IV, 2, we read: τὸ γὰρ εὖ παρὰ μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν ἔφη γίνεσθαι, sc. Πολύκλειτος, (“Beauty,” he said, “was produced from a small unit through a long chain of numbers”), a description which rightly characterizes the _Doryphoros_. The system given by Vitruv., III, 1, hardly agrees with Polykleitan statues and so has been connected by Kalkmann, though on insufficient grounds, with the canon of Euphranor: see _50stes Berlin Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 43 f.; _cf._ H. Stuart Jones, _op. cit._, p. 129.

[608] _Guida Museo Napoli_, no. 146; Collignon, I, Pl. XII, opp. p. 488; Bulle, 47 and analysis on pp. 97-102.

[609] Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 53, gives the height as 1.98-1.99 m.; Bulle, p. 97 to no. 47, as 1.99 m.

[610] In Rayet, I, Text to Pl. 29; reproduced in _Études d’art antique et moderne_, 1888, pp. 399 f.; _cf._ also Collignon, I, pp. 492 f. and P. Gardner, _Principles of Greek Art_, pp. 21 f.

[611] _De plac. Hipp. et Plat._, 5.

[612] B. B., 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; F. W., 215; to be discussed _infra_, pp. 201-2.

[613] _Orat._, XXXI, 89 f. (614 R).

[614] In the present discussion we shall confine ourselves to the assimilation of mortal types to those of athletic gods and heroes, omitting the larger question of assimilation to divine types in general. A good example of the latter is afforded by P. VIII, 9.7-8. Here, in noting that the Mantineans worshipped Antinoos as a god by the erection of a temple and the celebration of mysteries and games, he says that images and paintings of the hero were in the Gymnasion there, the latter Διονύσῳ μάλιστα εἰκασμέναι.

[615] Kabbadias, no. 218; _Rev. Arch._, III (1er Sér.), 1846, Pl. 53, fig. 2; Ph. Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_ (ed. Reinach), Pl. CXVIII, p. 107; B. B., 18; von Mach, 191; F. W., 1220; Reinach., _Rép._, II, i, 149, 10.

[616] _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 49.

[617] Kabbadias, no. 219.

[618] Formerly known as the _Antinous_: M. W., II, Pl. 28, 307; Clarac, IV, Pl. 665, 1514; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367,2 (with restored arms); von Mach, no. 192; Amelung, _Vat._, II, no. 53 (pp. 132 f.) and Pl. 12; F. W., no. 1218; Baum., I, pp. 675 f. and fig. 737.

[619] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1599 and Pl. IV; Clarac, IV, Pl. 664, 1539; Reinach, _Rép._, II, i, 149, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 317, fig. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; for a replica of the head (on a torso which does not belong to it) in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 132 (p. 155) and Pl. 21; for others, see Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 98 f. The height is given in _B. M. Sculpt._ as 6 ft. 7-1/2 in. (without the plinth).

[620] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 656 and Pl. 61; Furtw., _Mw._, p. 361, fig. 48. It is a marble copy of an original bronze of Myronian origin. Its height is 1.98 meters (Amelung).

[621] Duetschke, IV, no. 416; M. W., II, Pl. 30, 329.

[622] _Ibid._, no. 416; Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 350, no. 72.

[623] Duetschke, IV, no. 876; Clarac, 958, 2473; Conze, in _A. A._, 1867, pp. 105-6. Here Conze gives a list of which three reliefs and one statue represent dead men as Hermes.

[624] Duetschke, IV, no. 46; Conze, _l. c._, p. 106 (mentioned in preceding note).

[625] _E. g._, the well-known bust of the emperor Commodus with the attributes of Hercules in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 930; Baum., I, p. 398, fig. 432; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 230; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, Pl. 270 a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 583, 7.

[626] _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 42; _Ant. Denkm._, I, I, 1886, Pl. V; Bulle, 75 and fig. 27, p. 141; B. B., 246; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II., 1347, and references; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, Pls. 358-360; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, Pls. 82-4; Collignon, II, p. 493, fig. 257; Murray, _Hbk._ Gr. _Archæol._, 1892, pp. 305 f., fig. 100; Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of Anc. Rome_, 1897, Pl. on p. 303; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 548, 7; _cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 364, n. 2, and _Mw._, p. 597, n. 3. The height of the statue is 2.08 meters, or 2.37 meters to the hand (Bulle).

[627] _E. g._, Philip V, Perseus, Alexander Balas (who usurped the Seleucid throne in 149 B. C.), Demetrios I (Soter), of Syria (who reigned 162-150 B. C.), and Antiochos II, (Theos, who reigned 261-246 B. C.), have been suggested.

[628] See Imhoof-Blumer, _Portraetkoepfe auf ant. Muenzen hellenischer und hellenisierter Voelker_, 1885, Pls. I, 6; III, 24; V, 21; VI, 29 and 31.

[629] A small replica of this famous statue may probably be seen in the bronze statuette in the Nelidoff collection: Wulff, _Alexander mit der Lanze_, 1898, Pls. I, II; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, p. 134, fig. 35. On supposed replicas, see Bernouilli, _Das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr._, p. 107; and Th. Schreiber, Studien ueber das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr., _Abh. d. philolog.-histor. Cl. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch._, XXI, 1903, no. III, pp. 100 f.

[630] Kabbadias, 235; Collignon, in _B. C. H._, XIII, 1889, p. 498 and Pl. III; Bulle, 74.

[631] _Cf._ the _Farnese Herakles_, Bulle, 72; etc.

[632] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; see below, p. 119 and note 5.

[633] _E. g._, in the _Payne Knight_ bronze of the British Museum (_B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. 1) and the _Sciarra_ bronze (Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; _R. M._, II, 1887, Pls. IV, IVa, V), which will be discussed in Ch. III, pp. 108, 119.

[634] He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._ 149. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 249 f.; _Mw._, pp. 452 f.

[635] _Mp._, p. 255; an almost exact copy of the Eleusis statue is in the Museo Torlonia, no. 37.

[636] Froehner, _Les medaillons de l’Empire romain_, 1878, p. 123; Furtw., _Mp._, _l. c._

[637] _Mp._, pp. 229 f., especially pp. 233 f.; _Mw._, pp. 422 f., especially pp. 426 f.

[638] On an Argive funerary relief: see _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII: this free adaptation of the _Doryphoros_ dates from the middle of the fourth century B. C.; it will be treated later on in our discussion of the _Doryphoros_.

[639] _Cf._ Ph., 16, (the palæstra of Hermes, the first known); Babr., 48,5 (παλαιστρίτης θεός). A trainer of professional athletes was called a γυμνάστης (a term sometimes applied to athletic gods): Xen., _Mem._, II, 1.20; Plato, _de Leg._, 720 E; etc.

[640] _E. g._, _Suppl._, 189, 333; _Agam._, 513.

[641] As in Iliad, XV, 428; XVI, 500; XXIV, 1. Eustathius in a scholion on the latter passage wrongly says that Aischylos called the ἀγοραῖοι θεοί “ἀγώνιοι θεοί.”

[642] As in Hesychios, who says ἀγώνιοι θεοὶ = οἱ τῶν ἀγώνων προεστῶτες.

[643] 509, ὕπατος χώρας, “lord of Nemea.”

[644] _Ibid._, ὁ Πύθιος ἄναξ.

[645] 515.

[646] _E. g._ Plato, _de Leg._, 783 A; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 60, _Ol._, VI, 79, and _Pyth._, II, 10 (of Hermes); Soph., _Trach._, 26 (of Zeus, the decider of contests); _C. I. G._, II, 1421 (of Hermes); _cf._ also Simonides, quoted by Athenæus, XI, 90 (p. 490); Aischyl., _fragm._ 384 (of Hermes); Aristoph., _Plut._, 1161 (of Hermes); _C. I. G._, I, 251; etc.

[647] See Preller-Robert, _Griech. Mythol._^4, 1894, p. 415, n. 3.

[648] _Cf._ Krause, pp. 169 f.; Preller-Robert, _op. cit._, pp. 415 f.; Urlichs, _Skopas_, p. 42; Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 168; Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2369; S. Eitrem, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 786-7.

[649] Pindar, _Nem._, X, 52-3; _Oxy. Pap._, VII, 1015, 8.

[650] _E. g._, at Messene, P., IV, 32.1 (along with that of Theseus).

[651] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2156; _C. I. G._, I, 250, and Neubauer, _Hermes_, XI, 1876, p. 146, no. 12; for the dedication of a torch to Hermes, see _A. G._, VI, 100.

[652] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1225-6; IV, 2, 1225b; 1226, b, c, d.

[653] _Inschr. Gr. Insul._, III (Thera), 390; _cf._ Cougny, _Epigr. Anth. Pal._, III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 168.

[654] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VI, 134, Boeckh, p. 148. He is represented as a wrestler in a bronze group from Antioch, with wings in his hair: R. Foerster, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 177 f., and Pl. XI (to be discussed _infra._, p. 233 and note 2).

[655] Servius on Virgil’s _Aen._, VIII, 138.

[656] I, 2.5.

[657] V, 14.9 (Ἑρμοῦ ... Ἐναγωνίου).

[658] VIII, 14.10. An inscription (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 184) records that a certain Akestorides of Alexandria Troas (whose name is left out of the text of Pausanias, VI, 13.7) won a victory at Pheneus, and this was probably at these games; on this victor, see Hyde, 119, and pp. 49-50.

[659] V, 7.10.

[660] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 324; _Guide_, 331; B. B., 131; Bulle, 54; von Mach, 126 b; Baum., I, p. 458, fig. 503; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 526,8; Collignon, II. p. 124, fig. 60; Overbeck, I, pp. 380 f. and fig. 102; F. W., no. 465; _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, Pl. CCIX, 1-2, pp. 169 f. (Kekulé) and Pl. 209, 1, 2; _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 207 f. (Brunn); _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 57 f. and fig. 1 (Habich); _J. H. S._, XXVIII, 1907, p. 25, fig. 13; _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, pp. 445 f. (von Mach); Springer-Michaelis, p. 268, fig. 482; replicas in the Louvre (photo Giraudon, no. 1209), London (_B. M. Sculpt._ III, no. 1753), Duncombe Park, England (Michaelis, p. 295, no. 2), and elsewhere; for series, see J. Six, _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 and Pl. 29, fig. 10 A.

[661] _Mw._, p. 122; also Smith, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1753.

[662] First by Visconti, _Mus. Pio Clem._, III, p. 130; lately by G. Habich, _l. c._, and others.

[663] _H. N._, XXXIV, 72; _S. Q._, 826. It was the only bronze work which the sculptor is known to have made, all his other works being in marble.

[664] Kekulé (_l. c._), Furtwaengler (_l. c._), and others make the identification.

[665] Long ago Turnebus (_Advers._, 1580, p. 486) explained the word in the sense of ἔγκρισις ἀθλητῶν, as used by Lucian, _pro Imag._, 11; _cf._, Cicero’s _probatio_, in his _de Off._, I, 144. Most modern commentators, however, refer the word to the statue, translating it “classical” or “chosen”: thus Urlichs, _Chrest. Pl._, 1857, p. 325; O. Jahn, Ueber die Kunsturteile des Plinius (_Ber. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss._, 1850), p. 125; H. L. von Urlichs, _Blaetter f. d. bayr. Gymnasialsch._, 1894, pp. 609 f., translates it “klassisch” or “mustergueltig,” _i. e._, serving as a pattern or standard. But the term was too well known as an athletic one for it ever to have been applied to a statue. The present participle, instead of the usual aorist (ἐγκριθείς), shows that Alkamenes’ statue represented an athlete in the act of undergoing selection. The old emendation into ἐγχριόμενος has been recently defended by Klein, _Praxiteles_, p. 50, who identifies Pliny’s statue with the Glyptothek _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11); it is discredited by the occurrence of the epithet _Encrinomenos_ as a Roman proper name, _C. I. L._, V, 1, 4429, which shows how familiar it was. See Jex-Blake, on the passage of Pliny.

[666] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 345; Helbig, _l. c._

[667] It seems to be a Hadrianic copy of an original which stood on the Athenian Akropolis.

[668] Now in the Antiquarium, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 1030; noted in _B. Com. Rom._, XXXVIII, 1910, p. 249, and fully discussed, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1911, pp. 97 f. (L. Mariani), and Pls. VI, VII (three views), and VIII (head, two views).

[669] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80: _Naucydes Mercurio et discobolo et immolante arietem censetur_, etc.

[670] _Ueber den Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, p. 55. However, von Mach discusses a r.-f. deinos in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which resembles the pose of the statue: _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, p. 447, fig. 1.

[671] As in a vase by Douris: _A. Z._, 1883, Pl. II; Furtw., _Berliner Vasen_, no. 2283 A; also on a Hellenistic gem in Berlin: Furtw., _Gemmen Katalog_, no. 6911. Philostr., _Imag._, I, 24, says that the left foot was advanced.

[672] Coin of Amastris: Schlosser, _Numism. Zeitschr._ (Vienna), XXIII, 1891, p. 19, Pl. 2, no. 35; a better reproduction by Imhoof-Blumer, in Sallet’s _Zeitschr. f. Numism._, XX, 1897, p. 269, Pl. 10, n. 2 (= Habich, p. 58, fig. 2); another in _B. M. Coins_ (Pontus), Pl. XX, 7, pp. 87 and 21. On this and the Thracian coin, see also Habich, Hermes Diskobolos auf Muenzen, in _Journ. internat. d’arch, num._, II, 1898, pp. 137 f. Habich gives a gem showing the god with a kerykeion in the left hand, and a diskos in the right and with the right foot advanced: p. 61, fig. 3.

[673] _E. g._, Michaelis, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 175-6. He looks upon the statue simply as that of a diskobolos.

[674] In the National Museum, Athens, no. 13399: Staïs, _Marb. et Bronz._, pp. 353-354 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 17; Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 42-3; Tafelbd., I, Pl. VIII, no. 1; _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, p. 351 (Bosanquet). This statuette is 0.25 meter in height and the base 0.09 meter (Svoronos).

[675] Svoronos, p. 43, reproduces the coins of Amastris and Philippopolis.

[676] Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capitol._, p. 288, no. 21 and Pl. 71; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 858; _Guide_, 509; B. B., 387; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 303 and n. 7; _Mw._, p. 525 and n. 1; Clarac, II, 859, 2170; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 1; Lange, _Motiv des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 13 f. Helbig speaks of a replica in Paris, but confounds it with the type of the so-called _Sandal-binder_ of the Louvre (Fig. 8). The Capitoline statue is 1.845 meters in height (Stuart Jones).

[677] The motive of the “aufgestuetztes Bein” is more likely Lysippan than Skopaic, as Furtwaengler wrongly assumed.

[678] Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 18 f. (with bibliography of all the objects down to 1903, on p. 15, n. 1.); Tafelbd., I, Pls. I and II (front and back); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 302-304 and fig.; Bulle, 61; von Mach, 290; _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, Pls. VIII (head), IX (body, three views); H. B. Walters, _Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXVIII; for bibliographical notice and discussion, see _A. J. A._, V, 1901, p. 465, and VII, 1903, pp. 464-5; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 531; the best account of the statue in English is by Dr. A. S. Cooley, in _Record of the Past_, II, 1903, pp. 207-13 (with two illustrations). It is 1.94 meters in height, _i. e._, slightly over life-size (Svoronos).

[679] _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, pp. 205 f; he also briefly described all the bronzes found in _A. A._, 1901, pp. 17-19, (4 figs.), in _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 122-6 (5 figs.), and in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1901, pp. 58-63 (3 figs.) and 158-9 (3 Pls.). All the bronzes were published after cleansing in _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 145 f., with Pls. 7-17 and figs. 1-18 in the text; see also Staïs, _Les trouvailles dans la mer de Cythère_, 1905; the last publication of all the pieces is by Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 1-86; Tafelbd., I, Pls. I-XX.

[680] In his popular discussion of the bronzes in _Monthly Review_, June, 1901, pp. 110-127 (with 5 Pls., and 5 figs.). Similar praise is that of W. Klein, II, p. 403; he calls it _die wundervollste aller uns erhaltenen Bronzestatuen des Altertums_.

[681] _London Illustrated News_, June 6, 1903 (with double-page plate).

[682] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, XXV, Pér. III, 1901, pp. 295-301 (with 3 figures).

[683] In a monograph entitled Ὁ Ἔφηβος τῶν Ἀντικυθήρων (pp. 1-42, and 6 figs.), Athens, 1903.

[684] It was restored by the French sculptor André, who covered it with putty to conceal the jointures and the rivets which were used in welding the fragments together. He also colored it to resemble bronze. The method used in the restoration is certainly open to objection, but not to the extent asserted by certain scholars, _e. g._, by von Mach, who asserts that no Greek statue has received such unworthy treatment, and that the restoration makes it possible to refer the statue to almost any age or admixture of influences: _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, p. 326. Much of the beauty of the statue, to be sure, is gone, but the style is not obscured. It has been restored too full, which gives it a sensuous appearance. For the statue, before restoration, see Svoronos, Textbd., p. 18, fig. 2; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, fig. on p. 304.

[685] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 152 f.; _cf._ _Sculpt._, pp. 244 f.; _Hbk._, pp. 532 f. In Chap. VI of the present work we shall follow the view which ascribes the _Herakles_ to Lysippos: _infra_, pp. 298, 311. The Praxitelean and Lysippan influences in the bronze under discussion are noted by Richardson, p. 276.

[686] _Ibid._, pp. 217 f.

[687] For the former, see Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 249; von Mach, 327; Reinach, I, 452, 2. On the hem of the cloak is an Etruscan dedicatory inscription to one Metilius by his wife, containing the name of Tenine Tuthines as the bronze-caster: see Corssen, _Sprache d. Etrusker_, I, pp. 712 f. (quoted by von Mach). For the latter, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 5; _Guide_, 5; _Mon. d. I._, VI and VII, 1857-63, Pl. 84, 1; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 432 f. (Koehler); Rayet, II, Pl. 71; B. B., 225; Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, II, i, pp. 24 f., fig. 2; etc.

[688] Text on pp. 115 f.; Klein, _op. cit._, pp. 403 f., believes that the enigma of its interpretation remains unsolved. He looks upon it as, perhaps, a pre-Lysippan work, a sort of _Vorstufe_ to the _Apoxyomenos_.

[689] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 534.

[690] On this gesture, see von Mach, _op. cit._, pp. 325-6.

[691] Textbd., I, figs. 13-14, pp. 26-7. For the gem, see _ibid._, fig. 3, p. 22; Reinach, _Pierres gravées_, Pl. 56, 34.

[692] _H. N._, XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, _cf._ the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 357 f.; _Mw._, pp. 591-2) and Robert (_Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr._, XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the _Pall Mall Magazine_, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand.

[693] _Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f.

[694] VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance.

[695] Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, _cf._ Hor., _Sat._, II, 2.11; Suetonius, _Octav._, 83; Pliny, _Ep._, III, 1.8; Seneca, _de Brev. vit._, 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_,^2 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176-199.

[696] Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e).

[697] Athen., I, 25-26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a).

[698] In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. _Cf._ Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc.

[699] Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a).

[700] Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); _cf._, Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: _id._, on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601.

[701] Theophr., _Char._, V, 9; Pliny, _Ep._, II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, _Vit. Vespas._, 20; etc.

[702] _B. S. A._, X, 1903-4, pp. 63 f; _cf._, XII, 1905-6, p. 387.

[703] The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in _C. I. G._, I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, _Die Dorier_, 4, 5, §2, classed these competitions as a sort of football.

[704] _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 445-8.

[705] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, _Die griech. Skulpt._,^2 fig. on p. 349 (the _Germanicus_ on p. 348; _cf._ Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, _Griech. Plastik_, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, II, p. 446, and _cf._ 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270-271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 83-84.

[706] Graef, _Aus der Anomia_, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the _Lemnian Athena_ and the body to that of the _Farnese Anadoumenos_ of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the _Lemnia_ is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: _Mp._, p. 57; _Mw._, pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, _Mp._, Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, _B. M. Coins_, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 68.

[707] Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day.

[708] As shown in the _Germanicus_ copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the _Germanicus_ the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples.

[709] Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc.

[710] _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215-16 (Caskey); _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the _Hermes_ of the Boboli gardens, see _ibid._, figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., _Einzelauf._, 103-105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 230, _Mw._, p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, _Kat._, no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4-5, p. 5; _Mp._, p. 290, _Mw._, 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. [475] Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5.

[711] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1911, p. 251.

[712] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 230 and _cf._ p. 290; _Mw._, p. 424 and _cf._ p. 506.

[713] See the _Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the _Doryphoros_.

[714] Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212-13; later bibliogr. in Klein, _Praxitel. Stud._, 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: _ibid._, II, i, 153, 10; _A. M._, XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, _Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1785).

[715] See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, _Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike_, with Pls. 1-6.

[716] From the _Ekphrasis_ of Christodoros, _A. G._, II, _vv._ 297-302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, _de Mercurii statua_, Thorn, 1860.

[717] Pick, _Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands_, I, Pl. XVI, 25; _cf._ Froehner, p. 211.

[718] Duetschke, IV, no. 151; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace).

[719] _E. g._, _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X.

[720] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in _Mp._, pp. 346-7. The head is 11-1/2 inches high (_B. M. Sculpt._).

[721] Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 166.

[722] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[723] _E. g._, one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F.

[724] _E. g._, E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze _Mercury_ in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., _Mp._, p. 233, fig. 94, and _Mw._, p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: _Mp._, p. 232, fig. 93; _Mw._, p. 427, fig. 63.

[725] _Mp._, p. 231, n. 3.

[726] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 1217.

[727] _Mp._, pp. 288 f.; _Mw._, pp. 502 f.

[728] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.), given by the _Oxy. Pap._

[729] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 289, fig. 124; _Mw._, p. 504, fig. 91.

[730] XXIII, 660; _cf._ Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. _Cf._ Hesiod, _Theog._, 346-7.

[731] V, 7.10.

[732] _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens.

[733] Told by many writers: _e. g._, Apollod., II, 6.2.

[734] P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31 f.; Overbeck has added to the list: _Griech. Mythol._, III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391-415.

[735] The _Choiseul-Gouffier_ statue: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. III; _Specimens_, II, Pl. V; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; _J. H. S._, I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and _cf._, II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, _Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (_B. M. Sculpt._). The _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 23-24 and fig.; _J. H. S._, I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, _op. cit._, Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelauf._, nos. 849-50; for list of other copies, see _A. M._, IX, 1884, pp. 239-40.

[736] _Cf._ _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith).

[737] See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 248.

[738] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; _cf._ F. W., 219. Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III. _Apollon_, p. 162, fig. 9.

[739] _A. M._, I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47.

[740] Published in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 278-80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the _Choiseul-Gouffier_ and _Omphalos_ copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 1268.

[741] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 211; it shows the _krobylos_ best.

[742] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 210.

[743] Braun, _Vorschule d. Kunstmythol._, Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith).

[744] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 54; discussed in _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio).

[745] _Cf._ Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 859; Beulé, _Monnaies d’Athênes_, p. 271, quoted in _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54.

[746] _Jb._, II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side.

[747] _Fuehrer_, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268.

[748] _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, p. 19.

[749] Roscher, _Lex._, I, p. 456.

[750] _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 244.

[751] Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, _l.c._; Murray, I, p. 235; _cf._ Furtw., _l. c._, and on the artist, see his article in _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[752] _S. Q._, nos. 508-526.

[753] Furtw., _l. c._; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the _Alexikakos_ has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301).

[754] Dionys. Halic., _de Isocrate Judicium_, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); _S. Q._, 531.

[755] _Op. cit._, especially p. 182.

[756] P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 (= 484, 476, 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[757] F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete.

[758] Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 203-7 and fig. 1.

[759] The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, _Kunstmythologie_, III, _Apollon_, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 859; Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capit._, p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, Serie II, 452-4, p. 35.

[760] Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[761] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3-5. The original height was 2.60 meters.

[762] _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (_l. c._ and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., _Mw._, p. 115, and fig. 21.

[763] _B. M. Coins, Troas_, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, _l. c._, fig. 4, p. 207.

[764] Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9; other references _infra_, on p. 152, n. 5.

[765] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; _cf._, Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, pp. 105-6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120).

[766] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; _infra_, pp. 269 f.

[767] _Cf._, Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 18 (_Achilleae_). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, _Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11.

[768] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree-support and Apollo.

[769] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Loewy, _op. cit._, X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, _ibid._, IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the _Borghese Ares_ of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, _Rép._ I, 133, 1-3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, _i. e._, essentially different from the Polykleitan pose.

[770] _R. M._, XXVII, 1912, p. 37.

[771] Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace).

[772] _Mp._, p. 247; _Mw._, pp. 448-449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C.

[773] Amelung, _Rev. arch._, II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, _l. c._, p. 237.

[774] Both Schreiber, _A. M._, VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works.

[775] P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; _cf._ V, 8.3-4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, _Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, _Gr. Gesch._,^2 I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 26 f.

[776] With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; _cf._ the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4.

[777] P., V, 8.4.

[778] P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 (= 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570-1.

[779] V, 21.10.

[780] These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 (= 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see _Bronzen v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 (= 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505-6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., _l. c._), who won in Ol. 172 (= 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538-9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 (= 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579-80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 (= 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609-10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 (= 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621-2.

[781] Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 (= 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 (= 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., _Heroicus_, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); _cf._ Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, _ad loc._ Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, _l. c._ Frazer, III, p. 625.

[782] Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, _e. g._, Dio Cassius, _l. c._; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., _e. g._, Africanus; _cf._ Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2.

[783] See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, _Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag._, II, 1845, pp. 392-411.

[784] P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes.

[785] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455-6.

[786] On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94.

[787] P., VI, 2.1.

[788] Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298-299.

[789] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection.

[790] See Arndt, _l. c._ Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a _mélange_ of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; _Têtes_, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt.

[791] _Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi_, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365.

[792] For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolan._, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._ p. 234, fig. 95; _Mw._, p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, _Guide_, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; _Mp._, p. 235, fig. 96; _Mw._, p. 431, fig. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan _Herakles: R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 215. He is followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 23.

[793] Amelung., _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and Pl. 79; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., no. 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341, fig. 146 (head, on p. 342, fig. 147); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109 (head, on p. 577, fig. 110). The group is 2.12 meters high (Amelung.).

[794] Helbig, _Guide_, no. 242.

[795] Helbig, _ibid._, no. 470; _R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 197, no. 12 (Skopaic).

[796] It was found in Genzano: _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1731 and Pl. V, fig. 2; height, 1 foot, 4-7/8 inches; for references, see _infra_, p. 169, n. 8.

[797] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1732; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 57; _Museum Marbles_, III, Pl. 12. A similar head, half portrait and half ideal, appears on coins of Macedonia. Such filleted heads as nos. 1733 and 1740 of _B. M. Sculpt._ are probably from statues of Herakles. The statuette of a seated Herakles, _ibid._, no. 1726, with the lion-skin and wearing a laurel wreath tied on with a fillet (= Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, p. 227, no. 3; _J. H. S._, III, 1882, Pl. XXV.) and inscribed as the work of Diogenes (_I. G. B._, 361), recalls the description of the pose of the _Hermes Epitrapezios_ made by Lysippos for Alexander: Statius, _Silv._, IV, 6; _cf._ Martial, IX, 44.

[798] _B. M. Bronz._, nos. 1254, 1276, 1292, etc.

[799] _B. M. Bronz._, Pl. II (upper right-hand); text, no. 212.

[800] Friedrichs, _Kleinere Kunst_, 1850; mentioned by Furtw., _Mw._, p. 525, n. 2.

[801] III, nos. 9 and 19; no. 19 has swollen ears.

[802] See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 and 236; _Mw._, pp. 429 and 433. He gives as an example the Polykleitan ephebe head-type discussed _supra_, p. 95.

[803] P., V, 8.4.

[804] P., V, 15.5.

[805] P., III, 14.7 (ἀφετήριοι).

[806] P., II, 34.10.

[807] Iliad, III, 237 (= Od., XI, 300); Homeric Hymn to the Dioskouroi, XXXIII, 3; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 16 f.; _Pyth._, V. 9; etc. Kastor was famed also for throwing the quoit: Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 25.

[808] Iliad and Od., _ll. cc._; Simonides, frag. 8 (_P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 1 f.

[809] Apoll. Rhod., _op. cit._, I, 146; Theokr., XXII, 2-3 and 34; Pindar, _Pyth._, XI, 61-2; _Nem._, X, 49-50; _Isthm._, V, 32-3; etc.; various Roman poets: see Bethe, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, I, pp. 1092-4.

[810] _R. M._, XV, 1900, 1 f. (with illustrations).

[811] _I. G. A._, 37.

[812] _B. M. Bronz._, no. 3207; _C. I. G. G. S._, III, 1, 649; _Rev. arch._, Sér. 3, XVIII, 1891, Pl. 18, and pp. 45 f. (Froehner); _Wochenschr. f. kl. Phil._, VIII, 1891, p. 859; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor.

[813] _I. G. A._, 43 a (p. 173).

[814] Duetschke, IV, no. 534. Another relief fragment in the Uffizi shows the upper part of the two with horses, each wearing the chlamys and pilleus and carrying spears: Duetschke, III, 446.

[815] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 780; _Museum Marbles_, II, Pl. 11; _cf._ a similar relief, no. 781. The relief _ibid._, III, no. 2206, supposedly representing Kastor, has been pronounced a modern forgery by Treu: see F. W., 1006.

[816] Ch. I, pp. 27 f. and 37 f.

[817] This is the usual division of victor monuments: Scherer, pp. 21 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur_, Handausgabe^3, 1911, pp. 104 f. (translation by H. Taylor, 1914, pp. 120 f.) Reisch, p. 40, divides _Siegerbilder in Motiven von allgemeiner Geltung und Bilder in Motiven, die der speciellen Veranlassung der Weihung entlehnt sind_—a division practically amounting to that of rest and motion statues, as we shall see.

[818] Discussed _infra_ in Ch. VII, pp. 334 f.

[819] VIII, 40.1.

[820] See _infra_, Ch. VII, pp. 327-8.

[821] We know of one case, at least, where an “Apollo” (draped) was transferred to a relief—on a column drum of the old Artemision in Ephesos, now in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, X, 1889, Pl. III, pp. 4 f., and figs. 4a, 5 (Murray); Overbeck, I, p. 106, fig. 9; Richardson, p. 53, fig. 16. According to Herodotos, I, 92, most of these columns were the gifts of Crœsus, who reigned 560-546 B. C. On the whole series of “Apollos,” see W. Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, 1909; _cf._ F. W., text to no. 14, pp. 9 f; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, pp. 82-3, with references; etc.

[822] See Richardson, pp. 39 f.

[823] Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 11-12 and fig.; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, Pl. V (two views) and pp. 98 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 117, fig. 58; Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 161, no. 35; Richardson, p. 44, fig. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” are to be found. The sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios on Mount Ptoion, Bœotia, is mentioned by P., IX, 23.6, Hdt., VIII, 135, and other writers.

[824] In Athens: Kabbadias, no. 8; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 10; Deonna, p. 227, no. 129; _A. M._, III, 1878, Pl. VIII; Collignon, I, p. 132, fig. 66; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 131, fig. 16; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 5; B. B., no. 77C; von Mach, 12; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 10; F. W., 14; Springer-Michaelis, p. 172, fig. 336; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 319, fig. 133.

[825] Kabbadias, no. 9; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 9-10 (1.27 m. high); _Annali_, XXXIII, 1861, pp. 79 f. and Pl. E; Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 148, no. 26; _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 319 f.; Collignon, I, p. 114, fig. 56; Overbeck, I, fig. 14; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 166, fig. 29; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 8; B. B., 77A; von Mach, 11 b; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 509, fig. 260; F. W., 43; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 11.

[826] Kabbadias, no. 10; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 8 (1.30 meters high); Deonna, p. 153, no. 28; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, Pl. IV, and p. 66 (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 196, fig. 92; von Mach, 15a (left); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 168, fig. 30; B. B., 12 (left); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 7. In another found at Mount Ptoion in 1903, the left arm is almost entirely broken away: _B. C. H._, XXXI, 1907, Pl. XX.

[827] Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 10, no. 1558; Deonna, p. 217, no. 114, _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, Pl. XVI (two views) and pp. 560 f. (Holleaux); von Mach, no. 13; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 321, fig. 134; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 132, fig. 17; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 6; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 1.

[828] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschreib. d. Glypt._,^2 pp. 49 f., no. 47; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 158, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 87, fig. 7; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 7; B. B., no. I; Bulle, 37 (right); von Mach, 14; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. I, pp. 3 f; _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1847, Pl. XLIV; Baum., I, fig. 340; Collignon, I, p. 202, fig. 96; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 338; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 401, figs. 187, 188; F. W., 49; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 76, 2. It is 1.53 meters high (Bulle).

[829] Left: torso found in 1885: _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, Pl. VIII, and pp. 185 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 198, fig. 49; Richardson, p. 41, fig. 9 (without the head); head found in 1903: _B. C. H._, XXXI, 1907, Pls. XVII-XVIII; entire figure, _ibid._, Pl. XIX; text, pp. 187 f. (Mendel); Kabbadias, 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 9 and fig.; Deonna, p. 156, no. 30. Right: Staïs, pp. 12-13, no. 20; Deonna, no. 35; Collignon, I, p. 315 and fig. 157 (two views); _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, Pls. XIII and XIV, and pp. 275 f., and X, 1886, fig. VI (without head) and pp. 269 f.; von Mach, 15b (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; Richardson, p. 42, fig. 10 (two views); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 77, 4 (without head); _cf._ II, 1, 18, 4 and 5.

[830] See Holleaux, _B. C. H._, XI, p. 186, n. 1. Richardson, p. 41, wrongly thought that they were of marble, explaining the preservation of the arms by their presence; the arms, however, were formerly broken off and have since been readjusted to the statue.

[831] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XLI; _Annali_, XLIV, 1872, pp. 181 f.; B. B., 51; von Mach, 16; Overbeck, I, p. 237, fig. 61; F. W., 89; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 81, 6. It is 3 feet 4 inches in height.

[832] See Holleaux, _B. C. H._, X, 1886, p. 271; XI, p. 186; and _cf._ Vischer, _Kleine Schriften_, II. pp. 302 f.

[833] B. B., no. 76.

[834] See Holleaux, in _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, p. 178.

[835] From the inscription on its thigh.

[836] In the Athens Museum; it dates from the middle of the sixth century B. C.: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 11, no. 1906 and fig. (1.78 m. high); Deonna, p. 133, no. 5; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, figs. 189-190; Kabbadias, _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 43 f. and Pls. 3 and 4; Bulle, no. 37 (left), who gives its height as 1.79 meters.

[837] See Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, text to Pl. I, p. 4.

[838] Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, p. 4, ascribe it to the Cretan sculptors Skyllis and Dipoinos, who worked in Argos, Sikyon, and Corinth, or to their school.

[839] Statue A: _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, Pl. I; _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, Pls. XIX-XXI (front, side, and rear) and pp. 445 f. (Homolle); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 155, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 89, fig. 8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 337; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pls. IX, X. Statue B (fragmentary): _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, p. 7, fig. 7; _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, Pl. XVIII. See also the following: _Gaz. B.-A._, III Pér., XII, 1894, pp. 444-6; XIII, pp. 32 f.; _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1894, p. 585; especially Homolle, _l. c._, pp. 445 f. (he exchanges B for A); _cf._ _A. J. A._, 1895, p. 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 77, 6 and 7.

[840] VI, 10.5; the epigram reads:

Εὐτελίδας καὶ Χρυσόθεμις τάδε ἔργα τέλεσσαν Ἀργεῖοι, τέχναν εἰδότες ἐκ προτέρων.

Damaretos of Heraia won two victories in the heavy-armed race in Ols. 65, 66 (= 520, 516 B. C.); Theopompos two in the pentathlon in Ols. (?) 69, 70 (= 504, 500 B. C.). Their monument was one in common: Hyde, nos. 94, 95 and pp. 42 f.; Foerster, 135, 140 and 168, 169.

[841] P., VI, 15.8; he won in the boys’ wrestling match and in the pentathlon in Ol. 38 (= 628 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[842] Hoplite victor in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): Foerster, 151.

[843] Victor in three running races on the same day (τριαστής) in Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 144-6.

[844] They won in boxing in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.) and the pankration in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.) respectively: P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187, 188, and p. 56; Foerster, 113 and 120. Pausanias, _l. c._, wrongly says that they were the oldest statues at Olympia.

[845] He won the double foot-race in Ol. 35 (= 640 B. C.): Afr.; P., I, 28.1; Foerster, 55.

[846] He won five victories in wrestling at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: P., III, 13.9; Foerster, 86-90. The statue of Oibotas of Dyme, who won the stade-race in Ol. 6 (= 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.): Afr.; P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6; that of Chionis of Sparta, who won seven running races in Ols. 28-31 (= 668-656 B. C.), was made by Myron, and consequently was erected in the fifth century B. C.: P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111, and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6: these two, therefore, did not necessarily conform with the “Apollo” type.

[847] VI, 14.5 f; he won in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 (= 536-516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, and 141; Afr. gives the second victory as Ol. 62; see Foerster, 122.

[848] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28.

[849] VI, 14.6-7.

[850] Frazer, IV, p. 44, believes that this description may be imaginary, concocted from stories of Milo’s feats of strength; but Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 601, cite Guttman, _de olympionicis apud Philostratum_, p. 7, Matz, _de Philostr. in describ. imag. Fide_, p. 33, and Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 413, as believing that it was based on the appearance of the statue. Scherer, pp. 23 f., thought that Philostratos followed Pausanias in interpreting the attributes of the statue, and that the latter got his idea of the strength of the victor from the statue or from a cicerone. Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 19, says of Milo: _Malum tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat_. Aelian mentions Milo’s feat with the pomegranate in _Var. Hist._, II, 24 and _de Nat. anim._, VI, 55.

[851] _Cf._ Philostr., _l. c._, ll. 27, 28: καὶ τὸ μήπω διεστὼς τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ ἀγαλματοποιίᾳ προσκείσθω.

[852] _Op. cit._, p. 31.

[853] _Cf._ P., VIII, 46.3.

[854] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75.

[855] For the type, see the Payne Knight bronze statuette in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. I; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45; the same type appears on Milesian coins. _Cf._ Brunn, I, 77. Frazer is against Scherer’s contention.

[856] II, 2, pp. 601-2. See P., VI, 9.1 (statue of Theognetos).

[857] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[858] _Anachar._, 9; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357.

[859] No. 38; _cf._ for the left-hand figure, p. 83, fig. 11 (side view).

[860] _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 44 f., Pls. V, VI (de Ridder); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 547, fig. 332; A. de Ridder, no. 740, pp. 268-9, and Pls. III, IV. It is similar in pose to bronzes in the same museum, nos. 736 (= de Ridder, Pl. II, 1), 737 (= Pl. II, 3), and 738 (= Pl. II, 2). It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[861] It will be considered later on in this chapter: p. 119 and n. 3. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[862] This statuette, showing Peloponnesian tendencies, is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; it is 0.25 meter high (Bulle).

[863] In the same way the pediment statues from Aegina differ from Attic works by straighter lines and more compact forms.

[864] He won a chariot victory some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17 (= 105 d; P., VI, 1.26); Foerster, 310.

[865] He won in chariot-racing some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513. The date is from the lettering on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177; _cf._ Hyde, p. 51. On such statues, _cf._ Reisch, p. 41.

[866] The spelling Ηαγελαιδας occurs on two blocks, d, e, from the Praxiteles bathron at Olympia: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 631 = _I. G. B._, 30; for the whole Praxiteles bathron see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 266. Dittenberger and Purgold keep the reading Hagelaïdas. Possibly the spelling Ἁγελαίδα stands for ὁ Ἀγελαίδα; the MSS. of Pliny read Hagelades; see _I. G. B._, p. xviii, Add. to no. 30; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 217, n. 1. On the sculptor, see Lechat, p. 380 and n. 4, and pp. 454 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 316 f.; Joubin, pp. 14 f., 83 f., 92 f., etc.; Brunn, pp. 63 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 216 f.; and especially Pfuhl, in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.

[867] For Myron, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, 379-80, thinks that the connection is not literally true, even if considerations of chronology are not against it, and derives the story of Hagelaïdas teaching Myron from the similarity between the work of the two. For Polykleitos, see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. The tradition that Hagelaïdas was the master of Polykleitos has been unreasonably assailed by many scholars: _e. g._, by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 97; Mahler, _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, 3912, pp. 6 f.; Klein, I, p. 340; _cf._ II, p. 143; _cf._ Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 210. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 196, _Mw._, p. 380, believes it impossible because of chronological difficulties, and assumes a sculptor of an intermediate generation as the teacher of Polykleitos; he, followed by Mahler, _l. c._, and Klein, I, 340, names Argeiadas (mentioned in _I. G. B._, no. 30) as this intermediate artist. However, he admits that the statement is true in a general sense, since Polykleitos developed his canon from that of Hagelaïdas: _cf._ _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 149; Pfuhl, however, p. 2192, has shown that the relationship is perfectly possible.

[868] To be mentioned _infra_, p. III and note 2.

[869] Dio Chrysost., _de Hom. et Socr._, 1; here Mueller amends the MSS. reading ΗΠΟΥ to ΗΓΙΟΥ; E. A. Gardner, _Class. Rev._, 1894, p. 70, wrongly reads Ἡγελάδου.

[870] _Mp._, pp. 53 and 196; _Mw._, pp. 80-81, and 380.

[871] Wilamowitz has shown that it comes from Apollonios, son of Chairis, who lived _circa_ 100 B. C., and that it goes back probably to the _Chronica_ of Apollodoros of Athens, who lived in the middle of the second century B. C.: _Aus Kydathen_ (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, _Philolog. Untersuchungen_, I, 1880), pp. 154 f. Kalkmann, in his _Quellen der Kunstgesch. d. Plinius_, p. 41, believes that the date which is given by Pliny (XXXIV, 49) for the _floruit_ of Hagelaïdas, Ol. 87 (= 423-429 B. C.), comes from the same Apollodoros.

[872] _Op. cit._, pp. 41 and 65 f.; Pfuhl, p. 2194. Brunn, _l. c._, Overbeck, I, p. 140, and Robert, _l. c._, had assumed an earlier plague at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; but the real occasion for the dedication of the _Herakles_ remains obscure.

[873] P., IV, 33.2.

[874] P., VI, 8.6; Hyde, 82; Foerster, 142, 148.

[875] P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 132; Foerster, 133, 134.

[876] P., VI, 10.6 f.; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143. There is no reason for following Brunn in his contention that these statues were set up some time after the victories, as these dates fit the chronology of the artist outlined above.

[877] A fifth-century type of statue occurs on these coins, representing the god standing with the left foot forward, the knee slightly bent, a thunderbolt held in the extended right hand and an eagle in the extended left: _B. M. Coins_, Pelop., Pl. XXII, nos. 1 and 6; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, Muenztafel, III, 20 and 12; Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 211, fig. 393; Collignon, I, p. 318, figs. 158-159. Frickenhaus, quoted by Pfuhl, p. 2194, believes that the pose is seen also in the small bronze pictured in _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, Pl. X, 1.

[878] P., VII, 24.4. See _B. M. Coins, Pelop._, Pl. IV, nos. 12 and 17, and _cf._ 14; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 1, Muenztafel, IV, 16-17; Svoronos, _Journ. int. d’arch. num._, II, 1898, 302, Pl. 14, 11.

[879] Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890 (Eine argivische Bronze), pp. 152-153 and Pl. I (3 views); from which plate Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 221, fig. 49; Waldstein, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 131, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 93, fig. 11; von Mach, 17 b; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 1; _cf._ Frost, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 223 f., and fig. 1, who compares its style and pose with a later bronze statuette found off Cerigotto (_Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 14). Ligourió is on the site of the ancient Lessa: Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, 1852, p. 418. The bronze without the base is 135 millimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[880] B. B., 302; Bulle, 43; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 428; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 52, fig. 10 (upper part); _Mw._, p. 79, fig. 3; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228 b. It is 1.60 meters high (Bulle).

[881] Listed by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 139, n. 61. For the relation of these copies to each other, _id._, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XIV, 1894, pp. 81 f.; he ascribes them to Hegias.

[882] B. B., no. 301; Bulle, 41; von Mach, 321; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1846; _Guide_, 744; Baum., II, p. 1191, fig. 1391; Collignon, II, p. 661, fig. 346; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228, a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 9; F. W., 225; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XV, and pp. 123 f.; _Annali_, XXXVIII, 1865, Pl. D and pp. 58 f.; Kekulé, _Gruppe des Kuenstlers Menelaos in Villa Ludovisi_, 1870, Pl. II, 2, pp. 20 f.; Joubin, p. 87, fig. 15; Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 398. The best copy of the head of the statue by Stephanos is in the Lateran Museum, Rome: see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 217, fig. 92; _Mw._, p. 405, fig. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the tree-trunk, see _I. G. B._, no. 374.

[883] The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as _Orestes_ and _Elektra_: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, _Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples _Orestes_ and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; _cf._ Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr._ Pl.^2, p. 25, n. 3.

[884] _E. g._, the so-called group of _Orestes_ and _Pylades_ in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 161, 2 (= _Mercury_ and _Vulcan_).

[885] Kalkmann, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 152, believes it was _vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters_ (_i. e._, _Hagelaïdas_) _selbst_: on pp. 146-7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas.

[886] _E. g._, the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1314; _Guide_, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, _Die Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. I; Schreiber, _Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi_, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506, 6.

[887] V, 10.8.

[888] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16.

[889] See Brunn, pp. 236-7 and 244-5.

[890] Loeschke (_Dorpaterprogr._, 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (_J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of _Hera_ at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (_Mp._, p. 90, n. 3; _Mw._, p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the _Hera_ is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (_Jb._, V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (_A. A._, 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (_A. M._, XXIX, 1904, pp. 208-211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back.

[891] See Baum., pp. 1104 KK.

[892] P. 243.

[893] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f.

[894] No. 135.

[895] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr._, pp. 67 f.

[896] _A. M._, VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike.

[897] _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 44-95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable).

[898] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 374-5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others.

[899] I, pp. 460-1.

[900] I, p. 330 (= Elean).

[901] For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and _ibid._, IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114-137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc.

[902] Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462-3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., _A. M._, XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle).

[903] _Mp._, p. 53; _Mw._, p. 80; _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 140-1 and 148.

[904] The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, _Arch. Eph._, 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374-5, figs. 191-2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87-8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, _Mw._, pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C.

[905] The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126-127.

[906] Furtwaengler, _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 132 and 150; _Mp._, p. 19; Dickins, p. 265.

[907] It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, _Au Musée_, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer-Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size.

[908] Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and _Au Musée_, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; _Arch. Eph._, III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size.

[909] Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas.

[910] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed _infra_ in Ch. IV, pp. 220-1.

[911] See _supra_, p. 105 and n. 3.

[912] On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61-2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and _cf._ p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493.

[913] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, _e. g._, P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos.

[914] Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369.

[915] _H. N._, XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot-groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896-7.

[916] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: _I. G. B._, 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7.

[917] Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed). Naukydes’ activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 (= 448-400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39.

[918] _H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[919] P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268.

[920] P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, _O. S._, pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 (= 388-368 B. C.).

[921] Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: _Mp._, pp. 224-5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, _Strena Helbigiana_, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the _Oxy. Pap._

[922] P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; _I. G. B._, 475; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 318; etc.

[923] Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f.

[924] P., VI, 9.1, f.

[925] Antipatros of Sidon, in _A. Pl._ (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, _Arch. Maerch._, pp. 95 ff.

[926] Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The _Apollo Philesios_, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, _Gesch. d. Altertums_,^2 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., _l. c._, and _cf._ I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, 1889, pp. 22 f.; _cf._ _Gesch. d. gr. Pl._, I, pp. 234 f.

[927] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75; _cf._ Jex-Blake _ad loc._, p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the _Apollo_ at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1.

[928] P. Gardner, _The Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15-16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153-155; _cf._ B. Head, _Historia Nummorum_^2, 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, _Apollon_, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; _B. M. Gems_, no. 720; etc.

[929] _L. c._

[930] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); _Specimens_, Pl. 12; _Annali_, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and _Apollon_, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, _Milet et le golfe Latmique_, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, _Hbk. of Greek Archæology_, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, _Lex._, I, 1, p. 451; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[931] _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in _A. Z._, XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height.

[932] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and Pl. 7.

[933] The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, _Études d’archéologie et d’art_, p. 164; etc.

[934] On the style of Kanachos and the _Apollo_, see also Kekulé, _Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1904, I, pp. 786-801; O. Mueller, _Kleine Schriften_, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc.

[935] P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and _cf._ P., X, 9.10.

[936] P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277.

[937] P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; _cf._ Hyde, p. 34.

[938] Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and [101] P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. [98] P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f.

[939] P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105.

[940] Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 167; _I. G. B._, no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; _I. G. B._, to no. 95.

[941] Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a.

[942] Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407.

[943] P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: _I. G. B._, 97; _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 2472); _cf._ Schmidt, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 197-8, no. 58; _cf._ Brunn, p. 418.

[944] P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424.

[945] _H. N._, XXXIV, 51; _cf._ XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The _Tyche_ is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; _cf._ Amelung, _Fuehrer d. Florenz_, nos. 261-2; and P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532-3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray^2, II, pp. 354 f. Robert, _l. c._, gives three other sculptors of the same name; _cf._ _I. G. B._, nos. 143 and 244-9; Homolle, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f.

[946] Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415.

[947] P., V, 25.12-13.

[948] P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles).

[949] P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found _in situ_ east of the temple of Zeus: _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B.

[950] P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 (= 476-468 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88.

[951] P., VI, 9.4-5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143.

[952] Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 (= 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[953] For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see _infra_, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4.

[954] Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228.

[955] P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[956] P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[957] Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XV; _Arch. Eph._, 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, _Têtes_, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526-7, figs. 271-2; E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[958] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, _Annali_, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal _Apollo_ of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the _Zeus_ found at Olympia (_Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan.

[959] Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305.

[960] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; _cf._ also Collignon, I, p. 302.

[961] Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc.

[962] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 226, Pls. 50-51; _cf._ also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214-15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, _Aeginetische Beitraege_, and D. Mackenzie, in _B. S. A._, XV, 1908-09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78-83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f.

[963] While Overbeck dates them about 500 B. C., Furtwaengler, Bulle, Gardner, and others date them about 480 B. C.

[964] Hdt., VIII, 93.

[965] P., X, 13. 10.

[966] Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 95, no. 82, and Textbd., pp. 248-9, and fig. 178 on p. 23; B. B., no 26; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 229, fig. 52; it is from the north half of the gable.

[967] Furtw., fig. 204, p. 248.

[968] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glyptothek_,^2 no. 78; Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 96, no. 32, and Textbd., pp. 223-4; the figure on our plate to the right = Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr._, no. 77 and Furtw., _op. cit._, Pl. 96, no. 29, Textbd., p. 221. No. 78 should stand, however, in front of 77 as arranged by Furtwaengler, _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 104, and both should be placed in the south half of the West Pediment and not in the north. For the two figures in Fig. 21, see also von Mach, 78 (middle and right). For another figure (armed with helmet, shield, and spear) from the East Gable, see Bulle, 86 = Furtw.-Wolters, no. 86 (formerly no. 56).

[969] Recently these sculptures, and especially the limestone (λίθος πώρινος) fragments, have been dated from 490 B. C., rather than from [480] see Svoronos, I, p. 92. The Akropolis was destroyed by Xerxes in 480 B. C., but it is problematical if with the completeness recorded by Hdt., VIII, 53; see Doerpfeld in _A. M._, XXVII, 1902, pp. 379 f.; Dickins, pp. 5 f. The next year Mardonios destroyed the city by fire: Hdt., IX, 13.

[970] See von Mach, 25 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 635 f.; for details, Lechat, _Au Musée_, and Schrader, _Die archaischen Marmorskulpturen im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909. See also Dickins, _op. cit._; Perrot-Chipiez, pp. 574 f. and p. 577, fig. 289 (= _Au Musée_, fig. 26), and p. 578, fig. 290 (= _Au Musée_, fig. 8); etc.

[971] _Mon. gr._, VII, 1878 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I and pp. 1-14 (A. Dumont); _Mon. Piot_, VII, Pl. XIV, and pp. 146-7 (Lechat); Rayet, I, Pl. 18; Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182; Reinach, _Têtes_, 3, 4; Bulle, 225; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 641, fig. 328.

[972] So Richardson, p. 83, and others.

[973] So Bulle; he dates it in the first half of the sixth century B. C., doubtless a little too early.

[974] It is now in the National Museum at Athens: Kabbadias, no. 38; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 17; _Arch. Eph._, 1874, p. 484 and Pl. 71, Γ, a (Koumanoudis); Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 2904; von Mach, 351; Overbeck, I, p. 202, fig. 46; Collignon, I, p. 385, fig. 200; F. W., 99; Conze, _Die attischen Grabreliefs_, I, 1890, Pl. IV, pp. 5-6; Kirchhoff and Curtius, _Philolog. u. histor. Abh. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1873, pp. 156 f. (and two illustrations, one of a second fragment); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342.

[975] The breadth of 14 inches at top would become 30 inches at bottom. A second fragment, apparently belonging to the first, contains a part of the leg: _Arch. Eph._, 1874, Pl. 71, Γ, b.

[976] The same motive occurs on vases: _e. g._, Gerhard, I, Pl. XXII, and IV, Pl. CCLXXII.

[977] This very low relief is the most perfect of the older Attic grave-stelæ, and dates from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: Kabbadias, no. 29; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 15 and fig. (2.40 m. high); Sybel, _op. cit._, no. 3361; Overbeck, I, p. 200, fig. 45; Conze, _Die attischen Grabreliefs_, I, Pl. II, 1, p. 4; B. B., no. 41 A; Baum., I, p. 341, fig. 358; Kekulé, _Die ant. Bildw. im Theseion_, no. 363; Springer-Michaelis, p. 195, fig. 371; F. W., no. 101. Overbeck dates it at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; Richardson, p. 91 and fig. 43, about 525 B. C. For a duplicate stele from Ikaria, see _A. J. A._, V, 1889, Pl. I and pp. 9 f. (Buck); Conze, _op. cit._, I, Pl. II, 2.

[978] Dickins, no. 692 and fig.; mentioned by Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 25 and 32; discussed by R. Delbrueck, _ibid._, XXV, 1900, pp. 373 f., Pls. XV, XVI (bottom).

[979] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1896, Pls. 1, 2 (and text by Arndt); Reinach, _Têtes_, Pls. 1, 2; Rayet, _Mon. gr._, VI, 1877 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I; _id._, _Ét. d’archéol. et d’art_, pp. 1-8 and Pl. I; Collignon, I, pp. 361, fig. 183; B. B., no. 116; Bulle, 197; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 643, fig. 329.

[980] Collignon, I, p. 376, fig. 193; Bulle, fig. 128 on p. 440.

[981] Brunn-Arndt, _Gr. und roem. Portraets_, Pls. XXIII-XXIV.

[982] _Gaz. arch._, 1887, Pl. XI.

[983] _Cf._ Arndt, _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to nos. 1 and 2.

[984] _Sammlung Sabouroff_, 1883, I, Einleitung, p. 5.

[985] Found in two fragments in 1822 and 1859-60: Dickins, no. 1342, pp. 275 ff., and fig.; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; H. Schrader, _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f., and Pl. XI. Other references are given _infra_, p. 269, n. 9.

[986] See Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f., who discusses the question of the sex of the figure at length.

[987] So Hauser, _l. c._; followed by Robinson, _Cat. Museum of Fine Arts in Boston_, no. 33.

[988] _E. g._, Gerhard, I, Pls. XX and XXI.

[989] See _infra_, Ch. V, pp. 269 f.

[990] While Schrader (_op. cit._, p. 313) dates it in the last quarter of the sixth century B. C., Dickins finds it earlier than the remnants of the sculptures of the Hekatompedon and, because of the delicate carving of the drapery and hair, despite its Attic features, calls it “typically Ionian in its elaboration of detail.” However, I follow Overbeck’s date at the beginning of the fifth century B. C. (_op. cit._ p. 204), and believe that it represents a time near the close of Ionic influence on Attic art.

[991] P., VI, 6.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146.

[992] Of the Spartan hoplite and chariot victor Lykinos, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 83 and 84 (= 448 and 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 N; of the pancratiast Timanthes of Kleonai, who won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): P., VI, 8.4; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 76; Foerster, 232; of the unknown Arkadian boxer, mentioned by P., VI, 8.5, who won in Ol. 80 or Ol. 84 (= 460 or 444 B. C.): Hyde, 79, and pp. 39-41; _cf._ Foerster, 222 a, Hyde, 79 a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174; of the Spartan runner Chionis, who won in Ols. 28, 29, 30, 31 (= 668-656 B. C.), but his statue was erected in Ol. 77 or 78 (= 472 or 468 B. C.): P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6. On two statues of Lykinos, see _infra_, p. 187, n. 6.

[993] Of the Elean boxer Satyros, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 39; Foerster, 342, 348; of the boy boxers Telestas and Damaretos of Messene, who won some time between Ols. 102 and 114 (= 372 and 324 B. C.): P., VI, 14.4; Hyde, 127; Foerster, 378; and P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 130; Foerster, 373. On the sculptor, see Hyde, p. 35.

[994] P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494.

[995] P., VI, 12.8 f.; Hyde, 109; Foerster, 529; _cf._ Robert, _Hermes_, XIX, 1884, pp. 306 f. On the artist family of Polykles, his sons Timokles and Timarchides, Polykles Minor and Timarchides Minor, see Robert, _l. c._, pp. 300 f.; Hyde, pp. 45-47 and table on p. 46.

[996] _E. g._, _H. N._, XXXIV, 73 (Boëdas); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); XXXIV, 90 (Sthennis). In XXXIV, 91, he gives a list of artists who made statues of _sacrificantes_.

[997] In the Iliad, I, 450; VIII, 347; XV, 371; Aischylos, _Prom._, 1005 (ὑπτιάσμασι χερῶν); etc. On the attitude of prayer in Greek art, see L. Gurlitt, _A. M._, VI, 1881, pp. 158 f. (who tries to show that the gestures of prayer and adoration were distinct); Sittl, _Die Gebaerden der Gr. und Roem._, pp. 305 f.; _cf._ Conze, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 1-13 (on the _Praying Boy_ of Berlin, Pl. 10.) See also Dar.-Sagl., I, pp. 80 f., _s. v._ _adoratio_.

[998] V, 25. 5.

[999] See article by P. Girard and J. Martha in _B. C. H._, II, 1878, pp. 421 f. (lists of inventories of objects consecrated there).

[1000] Scherer, p. 33, shows that the gesture in such statues was meant to invoke victory rather than to pay thanks for one that had been gained.

[1001] Scherer agrees with Philostratos, _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28, that the gesture of the right hand of the statue was one of prayer, and argues from it that many similar statues existed there: p. 31. Rouse wrongly assumes that all such statues were votive: p. 170.

[1002] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1003] Ol. VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158.

[1004] Fragm. no. 264 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 183).

[1005] Fragm. no. 7 (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 307).

[1006] Diagoras won in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 59; Foerster, 220; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 151 (renewed). For the sculptor of the statue, Kallikles, see Robert, _O. S._, pp. 194 f. On Diagoras, see van Gelder, _Gesch. d. alt. Rhodier_, p. 435. Akousilaos won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): P., _l. c._; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252.

[1007] _Beschr. d. Skulpt._, Inv. 6306; _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 158. Rouse, p. 171, following Scherer, pp. 31 f., doubts if this statue represents the attitude of any of the Olympic victor statues.

[1008] She won two victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.): P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160 (here the name appears in the uncontracted form Ἀπελλέας).

[1009] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 151-2 (on no. 301 = _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160); he is followed by Foerster, _l. c._

[1010] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86.

[1011] XXXIV, 70. For the motive, see the small bronze in Kassel, representing Aphrodite: _Jb._, IX, 1894, Pl. IX (two views), and pp. 248-50 (W. Klein), though its connection with Praxiteles must not be pressed; also bronze statuette in British Museum: Bulle, 1, pp. 332 f., and fig. 81.

[1012] Described by R. von Schneider, Die Erzstatue vom Helenenberge, in _Jahrb. d. Samml. d. oesterr. Kaiserhauses_, XV, 1893; illustrated by E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz.- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, I, Pls. XXI-XXII, pp. 52 f., and _cf._ _A. M._, VI, 1881 p. 155 (Gurlitt).

[1013] _Cf._ F. W., 1562.

[1014] _C. I. L._, III, 2, 4815.

[1015] _Mp._, p. 290; _Mw._, pp. 506-7.

[1016] _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 2 (for history and bibliography); B. B., 283; von Mach, 273; Bulle, 64; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 459, 4; _cf._ Conze, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 1 f.; _ibid._, pp. 217 (Furtwaengler); _ibid._, pp. 219 f. (Puchstein); Springer-Michaelis, p. 341, fig. 614. A similar attitude of prayer appears on the figure of Phineus on a r.-f. Attic amphora in the British Museum: _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 143 f. and Pl. XII, 1 (Flasch). The statue is 1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1017] Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, pp. 391 f. and Pls. XVI-XVII, by a comparison with the Vatican _Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 29), and the Naples resting _Hermes_ (von Mach, 237; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367, 1), has shown its Lysippan character; _cf._ also Mau, _l. c._ in next note, Bulle, and others, who refer it to the same school; Bulle assigns it possibly to Boëdas, the pupil of Lysippos, who made a praying figure: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 73; similarly Amelung, in Thieme-Becker, _Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler_, IV, p. 187, Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 452, and others.

[1018] _R. M._, XVII, 1902, pp. 101 f.

[1019] _Muenchner Allg. Ztg._, 1902, Nov. 29, Beilage, no. 297; _cf._, for his restoration of the arms, _ibid._, 1903, Beilage, no. 277, p. 445 (quoted by von Mach and Bulle, respectively).

[1020] _Jb._, I, 1886, fig. on p. 217; reproduced in _A. A._, 1904, p. 75 (Conze); also on coins, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 286 f. and Pl. IX (Imhoof-Blumer).

[1021] _Rev. arch._, Sér. IV, II, 1903, pp. 205-10, 411-12 (Lechat), and Pl. XV; reproduced in _A. A._, _l. c._ Babelon, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1904, p. 203, thought that the stele represented a seer in liturgic attitude as on certain coins of Sikyon; he argued, therefore, that the Berlin statue did not represent an athlete.

[1022] _E. g._, Levezow, _de juvenis adorantis Signo_, Berlin, 1808, p. 12; and Welcker, _Das akad. Mus. zu Bonn_, p. 42 (quoted by Gurlitt, _op. cit._ in the next note, p. 157); _cf._ Scherer, pp. 32-3.

[1023] _A. M._, VI, 1881, pp. 154 f. (Gurlitt), and Pl. V (from cast in Berlin): it is 2.18 meters high and 1.11 meters broad.

[1024] In the National Museum, Athens; discussed by Kekulé, _Die antiken Bildwerke im Theseion zu Athen_, 1869, no. 151; illustrated in _Exped. scientifique de Morée_, III, 1838, Pl. XLI (= from Aegina).

[1025] See O. Jahn in _Annali_, XX, 1848, pp. 213 f. and Pl. K a (= Orestes); _A. Z._, XXX, 1872, p. 60, Pl. 46 (Heydemann); Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 156; _cf._ Sophokles, _Aias_, 815 f., to explain the scene.

[1026] See Richter, _Gk., Etrusc., and Rom. Bronz. in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1918, no. 89 (7 inches high) and fig. on p. 59; _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 115, fig. 73; published by Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1905, II, p. 264, fig. 1 and Pl. IV (who considered it Etruscan and not Greek); Reinach, _Rép._, III, 24, 3. Richter, _op. cit._, no. 79 (11-3/4 inches high), and figs. on p. 53 (two views); _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 91, fig. 54; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, p. 46, no. 36, and Pl. LIII; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 370, 6.

[1027] On the custom of athletes smearing themselves with oil and dust in the palæstra before entering the wrestling match, see Lucian, _Anacharsis, sive de exercitationibus_, 28.

[1028] _H. N._, XXXV, 144.

[1029] Several cited by L. Bloch, _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 88 f.; and especially one in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. IV (red-figured krater by Euthymides from Capua, now in Berlin); Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, p. 570. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 259, _Mw._, p. 466.

[1030] _Cf._ Brunn, _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f.

[1031] Michaelis, pp. 601-2, no. 9; Bulle, p. 109, fig. 19; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 257, fig. 107, _Mw._, p. 465, fig. 77. It is 1.68 meters high (Michaelis).

[1032] It has the same foot position as that on the base of the statue of the boxer Kyniskos, by Polykleitos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149.

[1033] _E. g._, by F. W., 462-4.

[1034] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 302; B. B., 132 (= front view, from cast), 134 (left = back view), 135 (= head, from cast, two views); Bulle, 55; _Mon. d. I._, XI, 1879-83, Pl. VII; Brunn, _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f. and Pl. ST, 1, 2; F. W., 462; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 522, 2; Clarac, V, 857, 2174; for replicas, Furtw., _Mw._, p. 466, n. 4 and _Mp._, p. 259, n. 4; Duetschke, IV, pp. 53 f. on no. 82; etc. It is 1.93 meters high with the plinth, 1.80 meters without (Furtw.-Wolters).

[1035] The right arm is wrongly restored in the Munich statue; its proper restoration is given in a cast in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 112, fig. 20. Bulle, however, says that the Munich statue may be that of a boxer and not of an oil-pourer (wrestler).

[1036] Pointed out by Kekulé, _Ueber den Kopf des Praxitelischen Hermes_, 1881, p. 8.

[1037] _H. N._, XXXIV, 72; Klein, _Praxiteles_, 1898, p. 50; _id._, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oest._, XIV, 1891, pp. 6-9. We have discussed it _supra_, p. 77.

[1038] For the _Marsyas_ in the Lateran Museum in Rome, see Bulle, no. 95, and text, pp. 183 f., and Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1179. See Brunn, _op. cit._, p. 204.

[1039] B. B., 557, text by Sieveking; described also by Furtwaengler, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 p. 313.

[1040] F. W., no. 463; _Annali_, LI, 1879, Pl. ST, 3; B. B., 133 (= front view), 134 (right = back view); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 259-60, _Mw._, pp. 467-8; for list of replicas of this torso, see _Mp._, p. 259, n. 9, _Mw._, p. 467, n. 4. Brunn, _op. cit._, p. 217, thought it a copy of the Munich statue.

[1041] One in Turin, F. W., 464; Duetschke, IV, no. 82; two statuettes in the Vatican (Braccio Nuovo), discussed by Bloch in _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 93 f.; Helbig, _Guide_, nos. 42 and 44.

[1042] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 458; Clarac, Pl. 858, 2175; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 263 f.; _Mw._, pp. 473 f. It is 1.54 meters high. A replica is in the Vatican: see Furtwaengler, _l. c._; we shall treat it later in reference to the statue of the pentathlete Pythokles; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; see _infra_, p. 144 and n. 4.

[1043] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 514, on p. 71, and Pl. XVI; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 15; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 91, 7; _Mon. gr._, II, no. 23, Pl. XV and p. 1 (ascribing it to the Argive school). It forms the basis for a mirror.

[1044] Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, II, pp. 129 f. and Pl. 6 (influence of Kalamïs).

[1045] _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 393 f. (S. Reinach) and Pl. XII, 3 (this should be numbered XIV, 4; see text); Pottier et Reinach, _Nécrop. de Myrina_, Pl. XLI, 3, pp. 450 f. It is 0.205 meter high.

[1046] _E. g._, F. W., 1798; relief found in 1830 in Hermione, now in Athens; it is of the second or third century B. C.

[1047] _E. g._, on the stone of Gnaios: _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 315 f., no. 3; Pl. X, no. 12; Furtwaengler, _Die antiken Gemmen_, 1900, Pl. L, no. 9, and Vol. II, p. 241; also on the gem pictured by Toelken, _Erklaer. Verzeichn. d. ant. vertieft geschnittenen Steine d. preuss. Gemmensammlung_, 1835, Klasse VI, 107 (= _Die ant. Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 24, and Vol. II, pp. 213); Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 260, n. 6, and _Mw._, p. 468, n. 4, who mentions it, believes that these gems correspond more nearly with the Dresden than with the Petworth athlete type.

[1048] The strigil was a curved blade hollowed out inside with both edges sharp; the general form remained largely the same from the sixth century B. C., down into Roman days, though the curve and the handle changed. The commonest were of bronze or iron: see Dar.-Sagl., IV, 2, pp. 1532 f., _s. v._ _strigilis_ (S. Dorigny); K. Friederichs, _Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Altertum_, 1871, pp. 88 f. Examples in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, are given by Richter, in _Gk., Etr. and Rom. Bronzes_, nos. 855 f.; others (strigils and handles) are in the British Museum: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 320-326, 665, and 2420-2454, and figs. 74-75, p. 319; on the operation, see Kuppers, _Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos_, 1874.

[1049] _E. g._, on an amphora in Vienna: Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oest._, V, 1881, p. 139, Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I. p. 334, no. 25 and Pl. (right-hand fig.); on a kylix formerly in possession of Lucien Bonaparte, now in the British Museum, E 83: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXVII, 2 (left-hand figure), and p. 50; Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, no. 58; others on which the athlete is cleansing the strigil and not the body are given by Hartwig in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, p. 154 and figs. 178 (Peleus on krater from Bologna), 179 (athlete on B. M. vase mentioned above, E. 83, third figure from left, middle row), 180 (cup in Rome, Museo Gregoriano), 181 (jug, _ibid._); Hartwig, pp. 153-4, mentions an athlete on a cup in the Museo Papa Giulio, Rome. For the motive of an apoxyomenos on a vase in the Louvre, see Hartwig, _Die greich. Meisterchalen_, pp. 24 f. and fig. 2a.

[1050] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, 62 and 76, respectively.

[1051] Pliny, XXXIV, 86 and 87, respectively.

[1052] A list is given by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 262, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 471, n. 1; a gem from the Hermitage is shown in _Mp._, p. 262, fig. 109; _Mw._, p. 471, fig. 79; = _Die antiken Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 19; _cf._ also _ibid._, no. 18; Hartwig, in the article cited in note 1 above, adds two more gems showing an athlete in a similar position, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts: p. 155, figs. 183, 184. Here the youth, as Hartwig against the interpretation of Furtwaengler makes clear, is cleansing the strigil and not his body.

[1053] So J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, Pl. 11, pp. 27 f.; _cf._ _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, Pl. 50, B. 47, and von Duhn, _Sitzb. d. Heidelberger Akad. d. W._, Abt. 6, p. 9. It is 0.09 meter high.

[1054] Von Mach, 235; F. W., 1264; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 515, 6 and 7; _cf._ II, 2, 546, 2; etc.

[1055] _H. N._, XXXIV. 65.

[1056] _Infra_, pp. 288 f.

[1057] Amelung, _Fuehrer_, no. 25; Duetschke, III, 72 (1.93 meters high); B. B., 523-4 (text by Arndt); Bulle, p. 116, fig. 21; _cf._ Helbig, _Guide_, I, pp. 26 f., on nos. 42 and 44 (statuettes); Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1898, Beiblatt, pp. 66 f.; Klein, _Praxiteles_, pp. 51 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 261-2; _Mw._, pp. 469-71; Bloch, _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 81 F., and fig. on p. 83 and Pl. III (head, two views). The right underarm and hand and the left underarm and part of the hand, the vase, and the basis, are all modern restorations.

[1058] _Die antiken Gemmen_, Pl. XLIV, no. 17, and text, II, p. 212; _Mp._, p. 261, fig. 108; _Mw._, p. 470, fig. 78; Hartwig, in _Berl. Phil. Wochenschr._, XVII, Jan. 2, 1897, p. 31, corrects the mistake of Furtwaengler and Amelung that the athlete on the gem is cleansing the thigh and not the strigil itself.

[1059] Arndt dates it about 400 B. C.; Furtwaengler ascribes it and the Dresden torso of the _Oil-pourer_, already discussed, to an Attic master of the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C.

[1060] Listed by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 262, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 470, n. 5. Especially the reduced mediocre copy in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, _Guide_, no. 45; Clarac, 861, 2183; _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 92 f., and fig.

[1061] Bulle, no. 60 (who dates it in the middle of the fourth century B. C., and considers it a copy of an original statue); Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 214 f. and fig. 68; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 530; _cf._ _A. J. A._, VII, 1902, pp. 352-3, figs. 1 and 2. It is 1.925 meters high (Bulle).

[1062] Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Biblioth. Nat._, 1895, no. 934, p. 411; it is 0.075 meter high.

[1063] Discussed by P. Hartwig, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, pp. 151-9, figs. 176 and 177 (four views of statuette), and Pls. V-VI (two views of the head). Without its base it is 0.679 meter high.

[1064] It is in the Hamilton Coll.; see _B. M. Cat. Engraved Gems_, 1888, no. 335; _cf. ibid._, no. 432, a cut scarab from the Blacas Coll., representing a nude athlete seated on a rock, holding a lekythos and strigil suspended from the right hand.

[1065] Bulle, no. 265; B. B., 601 (text by L. Curtius); H. Pomtow, _Beitr. z. Topogr. v. Delphi_, Pl. XII; Homolle, _Société des Antiquaires de France_, Centennaire 1804-1904, Pl. XII. The figures are life-size (Bulle).

[1066] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Hic primus nervos et venas expressit_.

[1067] In the Louvre: Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1868 (reprinted 1879), no. 214; de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 183, and pp. 34 f.; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XIII, and p. 280, fig. 119; text, pp. 279 f.; _Mw._, Pl. XXVIII, 3 (middle), and text, pp. 492 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, _cf._ a statuette from Cyprus in the Cesnola Collection, Metropolitan Museum, New York: Richter, _Gk., Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, p. 57, fig. 87 (two views). Here the left leg is the rest leg.

[1068] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; base reproduced in _Mp._, p. 279, fig. 118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85.

[1069] See list, Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 281 f.; _Mw._, p. 493; a completer one by Lippold, _Jb._, XXIII, 1908, pp. 203-8.

[1070] Amelung, _Vat._, II, pp. 414 f., no. 251, and Pl. 46; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 281, fig. 120; _Mw._, p. 494, fig. 86; Clarac, 856, 2168. As the head and torso are of different marbles, we really have parts of two copies of the same original. In reconstructing the statue, another copy in the Galleria delle Statue is better: Amelung, _Vat._, II, pp. 583 f., no. 392 and Pl. 56; it has a head of Septimius Severus upon it; the position of its feet is almost exactly that of the statue of Xenokles mentioned.

[1071] Publ. by Miss A. Walton, _A. J. A._, XXII, 1918, pp. 44 f., Pls. I, II, and figs. 1-5 in the text; Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no. 1000; von Duhn doubts whether the head belongs to the trunk. The statue was acquired by Wellesley College in 1905 from a Roman dealer.

[1072] Copies of the head-type are listed by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 282; _Mw._, pp. 494-5.

[1073] Invent., 5610; _Bronzi d’Ercolano_, I, Pls. 53-54, p. 187; Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 7, 4; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 284, figs. 121 a, b; _Mw._, pp. 496-7, figs. 87-8; B. B., 339 (left).

[1074] _Mp._, p. 283; _Mw._, p. 495.

[1075] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 416.

[1076] In the Museo Archeologico: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, no. 268 (and bibliography); B. B., 274-77; Bulle, 52-53 and 204-5 (head); von Mach, 123 (front and back views); Collignon, I, pp. 479 f. and figs. 247 (statue), 248 (head); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 2; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 285, fig. 122 (head); _Mw._, p. 499, fig. 89; Robinson, _Cat. Boston Museum of Fine Arts_, Suppl., no. 113; Springer-Michaelis, p. 272, fig. 488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle).

[1077] Ueber die Bronzestatue des sog. Idolino (_49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889), p. 10. He classed it stylistically with the _Oil-pourer_ of Munich and the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican, which Brunn had called Myronic. He later, however, renounced his Myronic theory and merely called it Attic, because of its resemblance to figures on the Parthenon frieze: _Beilage zu den amtlichen Berichten aus den k. Kunstsamml._, XVIII, no. 5, Juli, 1897, p. 73 (quoted by Richardson, p. 161, n. 8).

[1078] _Festschr. f. Benndorf_, p. 175: here he assigns it not to Myron himself, but to his son.

[1079] II, p. 30; he also admits its Polykleitan features.

[1080] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, pp. 70 f., 1902; he assigns it to an artist of the master’s circle.

[1081] _Mp._, 286; _Mw._, p. 500.

[1082] _Cronaca_, pp. 29-30, fig. 2 (= _Supplemento di Bolletino d’Arte_, Roma, XII, Fasic. V-VIII) 1918 (Lucia Mariani). _Cf._ review in _A. J. A._, XXIII, 1919, p. 319 and fig. 2; and also Mariani, _Rend. della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, XXVI, 1918, pp. 125-138, and fig. in text.

[1083] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1111; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 287; _Mw._, p. 502.

[1084] See material collected by Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la commiss. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1873; _cf._ Fritze, _de Libatione veterum Graecorum_, Berl. Diss., 1893.

[1085] II, pp. 416 f.

[1086] No. 2723; Svoronos, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXI (CI is a poor copy of it); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 240-242 (0.45 meter high; 0.57 meter broad). Staïs also regards it as an _ex voto_ to Herakles.

[1087] It is broken away, but its outline is clear.

[1088] Kabbadias, 248; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 86; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 627 and 628 (head alone); noticed in _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, and _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 231 (Wolters); _ibid._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 352 f. (von Salis); _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 224 f., fig. 3 (restored), and Pl. IV (Mayer). It may be one of the statues seen by Pausanias in the temenos: I, 18.6. It is 1.50 meters high without the plinth (Mayer).

[1089] Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 378, n. 3 (_cf._ _Mp._, p. 196, n. 1), p. 685, n. 2 and p. 737; he ascribes it to Kalamis or his school.

[1090] _H. N._, XXXIV, 81; statue also mentioned, _ibid._, XXII, 44.

[1091] In the National Museum, no. 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 362, 363 and fig. (0.09 meter high); three photographs, _A. M._, XXXI, Pl. XXII; a poor photograph in Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1878, Pl. XIV, 3, and p. 186.

[1092] In the statuette it is bent, but its original horizontal position is indicated by the position of the hand.

[1093] Two copies: Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. koenigl. Antikensamml._,^4 1881, nos. 70, 88; F. W., 1217; Furtw., _Mp._, pp., 310-11, figs. 131-2; _Mw._, pp. 534-5, figs. 97-8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 314, fig. 562; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 5-6; M. W., II, 39, 459; Clarac, IV, 712, 1695.

[1094] Listed, _Mp._, p. 310, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 533, n. 3; one, formerly in the Museo Boncompagni-Ludovisi, now in the Museo delle Terme, in Rome: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 7; B. B., 376; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1308; Collignon, II, p. 265, fig. 131; von Mach, 197. The original must have been of bronze.

[1095] _H. N._, XXXIV, 69. For discussion, see F. W., note on p. 421 (to no. 1217).

[1096] In the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 297; Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 509 and II, Pl. 53; Clarac, 479, 916.

[1097] _Cf._ _Beschr. d. Skulpt. zu Berlin_, no. 44; a poor torso of the type is in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican: Amelung, _Vat._, no. 295 and Pl. 52; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 173, 2.

[1098] Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 30; _Mp._, p. 163, fig. 65 (front), p. 162, fig. 64 (profile), from an old cast from the Mengs Collection in Dresden; _Mw._, Pl. XVI; other replicas, _Mp._, p. 161, n. 3.

[1099] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 214-17, and fig. 130 on p. 215.

[1100] _H. N._, XXXIV, 76: _Ctesilaus doryphoron et Amazonem volneratam (fecit)_. Bergk long ago proposed to alter this name to Kresilas (_Zeitschr. fuer Alterthumswissensch._, 1845, p. 962), and was followed by Brunn (I, p. 261)—an emendation accepted by most recent investigators. The argument derived from the _Amazon_ of Kresilas, mentioned by Pliny, XXXIV, 53, and apparently repeated in the present passage, is strong. Jex-Blake, however, finds the name Ktesilaos a good Greek formation, though uncommon: see his note on p. 62.

[1101] _Mp._, pp. 161 f.; _Mw._, pp. 332 f.

[1102] It is plainly visible in the example from Petworth House, and in the poor one lately in the possession of the Roman dealer Abbati: B. B., 84 (from cast); _Bull. del. Inst._, 1867, p. 33 (Helbig); _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XXXVI; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, pp. 279 f. (Conze); it is also visible in the New York copy.

[1103] As on an Attic fifth-century B. C. grave-relief from the Peiræus: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 157 (who gives the height as 0.45 meter and the breadth as 0.32 meter); von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 171; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, p. 212; Conze, _Die Attischen Grabreliefs_, no. 929 and Pl. CLXXX; F. W., 1017; for similar reliefs, see _Annali_, 1862, Pl. M.

[1104] Michaelis wrongly dated the original in the fourth century B. C.; Brunn first recognized its fifth-century character: _Annali_, XLVII, 1875, p. 31 (_apud_ Leop. Julius).

[1105] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV; B. B., no. 248; Bulle, 167; Collignon, II, p. 492, fig. 256; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1350; _Guide_, 1051; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, pp. 85-86; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 536, fig. 146; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 156; _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 223; _Gaz. B.-A._, XXXIII, Pér. 2, I, 1886, fig. on p. 427; Springer-Michaelis, p. 401, fig. 743; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 550, 10; Reinach classes it as an athlete or Herakles. It is 1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1106] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 254-5.

[1107] For this reason Helbig wrongly assigned it to about 400 B. C.

[1108] _Ueber die griech. Portraetkunst_, 1894, pp. 12 f. (and fig.).

[1109] XXVII, 9.

[1110] _Philologus_, LVII (N. F., XI), pp. 1 f. and 649 f. Kleitomachos won in Ols. 141, 142 (= 216, 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.3; Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476. _Cf._ Suidas, _s. v._ Κλειτόμαχος. His statue was set up by his father, and his victory sung by Alkaios of Messenia: _A. G._, IX, 588.

[1111] _Cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, XIII, 1898, pp. 93-5; this theory of Wunderer is also rejected by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 609.

[1112] Erected about 477 B. C.; Bulle, 84 (_Aristogeiton_) and 85 (_Harmodios_); etc.

[1113] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 220-1 and n. 5 on p. 220.

[1114] See Stephanos, _Lex._, _s. vv._ ταινία, ταινίδιον, ταινόω. This victor fillet is mentioned by Lucian in reference to the _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos: _Philops._, 18.

[1115] Xen., _Symp._, V, 9; Plato, _Symp._, 212 E; it appears often on statues of Dionysos: _e. g._, on one in Furtwaengler’s _Samml. Sabouroff_, Pl. XXIII; Dionysos is called Χρυσομίτρης in Soph., _Oed. Tyr._, 209. The fillet was used as a breast-band for women’s dresses: Pollux, VII, 65; etc.

[1116] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 177. In older days the athletic fillet was called μίτρα (Lat. _mitella_): Pindar, _Ol._, IX, 84; _Isthm._, V, 62 (of wool); Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, p. 193. In the Iliad μίτρα was the kilt or apron worn around the waist under the cuirass (a ζωστήρ being worn outside): IV, 137; IV, 187; V, 857; etc. It was used also later as a wrestler’s girdle: _A. G._, XV, 44; and for women’s headbands: Alkm., I; _cf._ Eurip., _Bacchae_, 833. Athletes on vase-paintings representing palæstra scenes often wear the fillet: _e. g._, the wrestlers and other athletes on the Philadelphia r.-f. kylix pictured in Fig. 50, have red bands in their hair. Later the μίτρα was specially used of women; if of men, it was a sign of effeminacy: Aristoph., _Thesmophoriazusae_, 163. The home of the μίτρα appears to have been Asia, as it was commonly worn by Asiatics: see Hdt., I, 195; VII, 62 (headdress); Virgil, _Aen._, IV, 216. We learn from Alkman that it came from Lydia to Greece: fragm. 23, verses 67 f. On it, see Bekker, _Charikles_, II, pp. 393 f., and Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, p. 2033 (Bremer).

[1117] See F. W., on 322. It appears on the “Apollo” type of early sculpture, _e. g._, on the “Apollo” of Orchomenos (Fig. 7).

[1118] _Stud. z. Parthenon_, 1902, pp. 1 f.

[1119] VI, 2.2; Lichas won the chariot victory in Ol. 90 (= 420 B. C.): Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270.

[1120] P., V, 11.1.

[1121] Bulle, no. 207; Furtw.-Wolters, _Besch._,^2 457; B. B., 8; here it was inlaid with silver.

[1122] This may, however, be merely the remains of a wreath of gold: see Rayet, II, text to no. 67 (J. Martha).

[1123] Bulle, no. 202; Lechat, p. 482, fig. 44. It is 0.23 meter high (Bulle).

[1124] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV; F. W., 322; Wolters thinks this is scarcely a victor fillet.

[1125] This head, in the possession of Lord Leconfield, is a replica of the same original as the one in the Metropolitan Museum (Pl. 15); Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24. See discussion _supra_, pp. 144-5.

[1126] Noted by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 161.

[1127] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796.

[1128] _A. M._, XIX, 1894, pp. 137-9 (J. Ziehen); fig. in text. It is now in the Museum of the Peiræus Gymnasion.

[1129] On such representations in art, see Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la commission impériale archéologique_, St. Petersburg, 1874, pp. 214-16.

[1130] Παῖς ἀναδούμενος: VI, 4.5; _S. Q._, 757.

[1131] _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; P., V, 11.3. Robert is followed by Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, pp. 90 f.

[1132] _Cf._ Frazer, IV, p. 11. Figures of athletes appear beneath the throne on vases: Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, Pl. I, 9 and 16; Gerhard, I, Pl. VII. Flasch has tried to show that the throne figure did not represent Pantarkes: Baum., II, p. 1099, 2; _cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 380.

[1133] VI, 10.6. Pantarkes won the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 86 (= 436 B. C.): Hyde, 98; Foerster, 254.

[1134] Amongst others it has been assumed by Loeschke, Der Tod des Pheidias (in _Histor. Untersuch. zum Schaefer-Jubilaeum_, Bonn, 1882), p. 36; Schoell, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1888, I, p. 37 (Der Prozess des Pheidias). Foerster, p. 19, n. 1, is against the identification. The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is omitted in my victor lists (_de olympionicarum Statuis_).

[1135] The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is mentioned between victors nos. 38 and 39, _i. e._, in the Zone of the _Eretrian Bull_, while Pantarkes (98) is mentioned among the statues in the Zone of the _Chariots_: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 343 and 345, and Plans A and B.

[1136] _Cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, pp. 378 f.

[1137] _Cf._ Doerpfeld, _Baudenkmaeler v. Ol._, p. 21 and n. 1; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 39-40; Frazer, _l. c._

[1138] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 501; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. VI; B. B., 271; Bulle, 49; von Mach, 117; Springer-Michaelis, p. 259, fig. 461; F. W., 509; _Annali_, L, 1878, Pl. A and pp. 20 f. (two views) (Michaelis); Clarac, V, 858 C, 2189 A; M. W., I, Pl. 31, fig. 136; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 524, 2. The palm-trunk shows that the Roman artist intended to represent a victor in his copy. It is 4 ft. 10.25 in. high (Smith); 1.48 meters (Bulle).

[1139] Brunn, following older writers such as Winckelmann, had pronounced it Polykleitan: _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 218 f.; _cf._ Murray, I, pp. 313 f. and Pl. IX. Kekulé called it Myronian: _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, p. 12; Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 128, finds it unrelated to Polykleitos and defends its Attic origin. Everything about it—except the mode of tying the fillet—differs from the copies of Polykleitos’ statue, and especially the pose. Against Brunn’s view, see Michaelis, _Annali_, LV, 1883, pp. 154 f.

[1140] So Bulle, Arndt (text to B. B., 271), Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 244-5; _Mw._, pp. 444-5), Zimmerman (in Knackfuss-Zimmermann, _Kunstgesch. des Altertums und des Mittelalters_, I, p. 152), and many others.

[1141] _Cf._ especially the resemblance of the statue to the youth on the West frieze: Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, Pl. V, no. 9.

[1142] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, praises it equally with the _Doryphoros_, and says that 100 talents were paid for it; in another passage he says that a like sum was paid by King Attalos for a picture of Dionysos by the Theban painter Aristeides: _ibid._, VII, 126; _cf._ XXXV, 24 and 100. A painting by Timomachos of Byzantium brought 80 talents: _ibid._, XXXV, 136.

[1143] _H. N._, XXXIV, 56; here he quotes Varro, who was drawing probably from Xenokrates of Sikyon: see Jex-Blake, pp. xvi f.

[1144] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 239 f.; the torsos, by Petersen, _B. com. Rom._, 1890, pp. 185 f.

[1145] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 500; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. IV; B. B., 272; von Mach, 114; F. W., 508; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLIX (3 views); Rayet, I, Pl. 30; Collignon I, p. 479, fig. 253; Murray, I, Pl. X; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 5. Michaelis, by a comparison with the _Doryphoros_, first showed that it was a copy of the _Diadoumenos_: _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 10 f. It is 6 ft. 1 in. tall (Smith).

[1146] Kabbadias, no. 1826; Bulle, 50; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 35; von Mach, 115; _Mon. Piot_, III, 1896, pp. 137 f. (Couve), and Pls. XIV and XV; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 84-85 and fig.; _B. C. H._, XIX, 1895, pp. 460 f. (account of the Delian excavations by L. Couve) and Pl. VIII (the statue in its surroundings at the excavations); Springer-Michaelis, p. 277, fig. 498; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9. It is 1.86 meters high without the base (Couve).

[1147] Discussed _supra_, on pp. 92-3.

[1148] _Mon. Piot_, IV, Pls. VIII-IX; von Mach, no. 116 a; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 241, fig. 98; _Mw._, p. 439, fig. 68 (who called it the most beautiful of all the copies); Reinach, _Rép._, I, 475, 6. The right arm is wrongly restored.

[1149] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 240-2; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 125 f.

[1150] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, pp. 80 and 86; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, Pl. V, pp. 281 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, Pls. X and XI; _Mw._, Pl. XXV; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 36 (two views); F. W., 511.

[1151] B. B., no. 340; Conze, _Beitraege zur Geschichte d. griech. Pl._^2, 1869, pp. 3 f., Pl. 2 (two views); F. W., 510.

[1152] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 2729 (Addenda); _Mon. Piot_, III, p. 145 (Couve); _ibid._, IV, p. 73 (Paris); Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 37.

[1153] _J. H. S._, VI, 1885, pp. 243 f. (Murray), and Pl. LXI.

[1154] _J. H. S._, XXXIX, 1919, pp. 69 f., and Pl. 1 (two views), and p. 232 (with illustration of the palmette head-band).

[1155] _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99 (with original head); _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69.

[1156] Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A (headless); it is 1.49 meters high (Michaelis). He believes that it originally was an oil-pourer.

[1157] _Mp._, p. 246; _Mw._, p. 448. It is 12 centimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[1158] κοτίνου στέφανος, P., VIII, 48.2; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357; Aristoph., _Plut._, 586; Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, IV, 13.2. The custom of using the olive crown is probably very ancient, despite Phlegon’s statement that it was introduced in Ol. 7 (= 752 B. C.): frag. 1 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 604). Pindar says that it was introduced from the land of the Hyperboreans by Herakles: _Ol._, III, 14 f; Bacchylides calls it Aetolian: VII, 50 (γλαυκὸν Αἰτωλίδος ἄνδημ’ ἐλαίας). It probably goes back to some form of popular magic.

[1159] B. B., no. 324; here small leaves are still remaining over the forehead.

[1160] _Bronz. v. Ol._, II, 2 and 2 a. Here the leaves have disappeared. See pp. 254-5.

[1161] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. III, text, pp. 65 f. (Pottier). Here is listed a number of funerary reliefs representing athletes, which list could easily be enlarged.

[1162] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1241; _Guide_, 977. On the motive, see _Archaeol. Studien H. Brunn dargebr._, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1163] The λημνίσκος (Lat. _lemniscus_) was merely the woolen fillet by which chaplets were fastened on; Hesychios says it is a Syracusan word; in any case it is used only by Roman writers and Greek writers of the Roman age; _A. G._, XII, 123; Plut., _Sulla_, 27; Polyb., XVIII, 46 (where στέφανοι and λημνίσκοι are differentiated, though they are usually interchangeable); _C. I. G._, III, 5361; _C. I. A._, III, 74. Pliny says that it was of Etruscan origin, _H. N._, XXI, 4, and that it was at first made of wool or linden-bark and later of gold; _cf._ XVI, 25. It was used at Rome at feasts, as a sign of special honor to guests: Plaut., _Pseudolus_, (line 1265); Livy, XXXIII, 33.2; Suet., _Nero_, 25. For the Roman use of the _lemniscus_ for athletic victors and poets, _cf._ Cicero, _Or. pro Sext. Roscio Amerino_, 35, 100; Ausonius, _Epist._, XX, 6; etc. On the _lemniscus_, see Dar.-Sagl., III, 2, pp. 1099-1100.

[1164] _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, no. 3.

[1165] _Mon. Piot_, XVII, 1909, Pls. II, III and pp. 29 f. (Merlin and Poinssot).

[1166] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1754; B. B., 46; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. XXII; Collignon, I, fig. 255, on p. 500; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 105; _Mw._, p. 457, fig. 75 (back view); Springer-Michaelis, p. 275, fig. 495; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 9. It is 4 ft. 11 in. high (Smith), _i. e._, 1.48 meters.

[1167] Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, no. 99, Pls. 38 and 38 a; _id._, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083; sketches of the Westmacott and Barracco copies in Kekulé, _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, Pl. IV.

[1168] No. 254; _Arch. Eph._, 1890, pp. 207 f. (Philios) and Pls. X and XI. Bulle, 51, gives the Westmacott and Barracco examples side by side; in _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. II, we have the Westmacott, Barracco, and Eleusis copies together. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 250 f., _Mw._, pp. 453 f., Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, p. 36, and Petersen, _R. M._, VIII, 1893, pp. 101 f., have added many more torsos and heads as copies or variants of the original.

[1169] See Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083. Its soft expression and forms led Furtwaengler to derive it from the Praxitelean circle, from the period when Praxiteles was influenced by Polykleitos, and to believe that it represented a divinity, perhaps Triptolemos: _Mp._, p. 255 and n. 2.

[1170] _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Catalogue Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, no. 45, Pl. XXXIII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 251, fig. 103; _Mw._, p. 454, fig. 73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection.

[1171] For the Dresden head, see _A. A._, 1900, p. 107, figs. 1 a and 1 b.

[1172] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 104; _Mw._, p. 455, fig. 74.

[1173] First published by F. H. Marshall, _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2 and figs. 1 a, b; more fully by E. A. Gardner, _ibid._, XXXI, 1911, pp. 21 f. and Pl. I and fig. 1.

[1174] Nelson head: _J. H. S._, XVIII, 1898, pp. 141 f., and Pl. XI; B. B., 544; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIX; Capitoline _Amazon_: _Mp._, p. 132, fig. 53 (restored); _Mw._, p. 292, fig. 39. A head of the Capitoline type has been wrongly placed on the Pheidian Mattei torso in the Vatican: _Mp._, p. 133, fig. 54 (head); _Mw._, Pl. XI; B. B., 350; von Mach, 121; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 483, 1.

[1175] B. B., 128 (original and cast).

[1176] As, _e. g._, in the bronze head of a victor in Naples, already discussed (Fig. 25); B. B., 339.

[1177] _E. g._, Furtwaengler and Collignon; the latter, I, pp. 499-500.

[1178] _Hypnos_, pp. 30 f.; accepted by Wolters (_apud_ Lepsius, _Griech. Marmorstudien_, p. 83, no. 164), Treu (_A. A._, 1889, p. 57), Collignon, Petersen, _l. c._, Kekulé (_Idolino_, p. 13), Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 252-3, _Mw._, pp. 458-9 and 747), and others; see Philios, _op. cit._

[1179] _E. g._, by Philios (_op. cit._), Amelung (_Bert. Phil. Wochenschr._, XXII, 1902, p. 273). This scraping motive is seen in the bronze statuette in the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 934.

[1180] This is inconsistent with the position of the hand in the Barracco copy, which is too far from the head. This was an older view of Helbig, _Rendiconti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, 1892, pp. 790 f.; refuted by Furtwaengler, Petersen, Helbig himself later (in the _Fuehrer_), and others.

[1181] Quoted by E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXXI, pp. 25-6, as the theory of E. N. Gardiner.

[1182] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55; for this theory, see Mahler, _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 50.

[1183] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Block 131 (from the North frieze).

[1184] F. W., 1665; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 256, fig. 106; _Mw._, p. 463, fig. 76; M. W., Pl. 70, 879; etc.

[1185] For list, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 254, n. 2. For a restoration of the original statue, see _ibid._, p. 250, fig. 102; _Mw._, p. 453, fig. 72.

[1186] VI, 4.11; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; _I. G. B._, 50.

[1187] Those of the Elean pentathlete Pythokles: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; _I. G. B._, 91; and the Epidaurian boxer Aristion: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92. The feet of the Aristion were both flat upon the ground.

[1188] That of the boy wrestler Xenokles of Mainalos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90.

[1189] In one of the Olympia _Zanes_: _I. G. B._, 95.

[1190] On the Kyniskos basis there are no traces, as on that of Pythokles, to show that the original had been removed from the Altis and replaced by a copy long before Pausanias visited Olympia.

[1191] _O. S._, p. 186, on the basis of the _Oxy. Pap._; followed by Hyde, 45. Foerster’s date, Ol. (?) 86 (= 436 B. C.), follows the earlier dating of Polykleitos by Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 107, _i. e._, before the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus; see Foerster, 255. Robert later dated the birth of the sculptor about Ol. 75.4 (= 477 B. C.). Thus, even if the _Kyniskos_ were his earliest statue, it must have been erected some time after the victory. Furtwaengler dates the original of the _Westmacott Athlete_ about 440 B. C.: _Mp._, p. 252.

[1192] Bulle, Furtwaengler, E. A. Gardner, and others find the assumption of identity not completely convincing. Thus Furtwaengler looks upon the identification as “no far-fetched theory,” but says: “Unfortunately, however, absolute certainty can scarcely be attained” (_Mp._, pp. 249-50).

[1193] VIII, 48.2; _cf._ Vitruv., _de Arch._, IX, 1 (p. 212).

[1194] Homer mentions the palm: _e. g._, Od., VI, 163; the various kinds of palm are given by Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, II, 6.6 and 8.4. Its fronds (σπάθαι, _cf._ Hdt., VII, 69) were formed into victory crowns: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4, p. 723.

[1195] _H. N._, XXXV, 75.

[1196] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargehracht_, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1197] _Mp._, p. 256 and n. 1; _Mw._, p. 462 and n. 2.

[1198] _Cf._ Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 187, n. 1.

[1199] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, PI. III. See _supra_, p. 155.

[1200] So Waldstein, _l. c._, p. 186.

[1201] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic vase: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 48, e, g.

[1202] Mentioned by Helbig, _Guide_, 977; discussed by Arndt in _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pls. XXI-IV. Arndt believes that the right arm with the palm in the hand is modern, like the head and left arm; they are of a different marble from the torso. The torso is a replica of a statue in the Villa Albani, Rome: _op. cit._, fig. 13; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 738 (= god type). On representing athletes in the act of placing wreaths on their heads with the right hand and holding palm-branches in the left, see Milchhoefer, and others, in the work already cited, _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebracht_, pp. 62 f.

[1203] VI, 10.4. The scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, 1, Boeckh, p. 401, says that the hoplites ran with bronze shields.

[1204] See _supra_, pp. 105, n. 3, and 116.

[1205] P., VI, 13.7. He won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1206] Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._, IX, Inscript. a. Boeckh, p. 401.

[1207] Head A: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 29 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, 1881, pp. 12 f., Pls. XVIII (front), XIX (side); F. W., 316; Overbeck, I, pp. 198-9 and _cf._ p. 178. Head B: _Bildw._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 9-10; _Ausgrab._, p. 13; Overbeck, p. 178; F. W., 315.

[1208] _Bildw._, Pl. VI, 5-6; fig. 30, on p. 30 in Textbd.; _Ausgrab._, V, Pl. XIX, 4 and p. 12; F. W., 317.

[1209] _Bildw._, Textbd., fig. 31, on p. 30.

[1210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., fig. 32, on p. 31.

[1211] _Ibid._, pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 7-8; _Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, Pl. XIX, 5 and p. 12; F. W., 319. Both the foot and arm are of Parian marble, like the head.

[1212] Hyde, pp. 42-4; _cf_. Foerster, 151, 155; he also won the stade-race at Delphi: Pindar, _Pyth._, X, 12-16. Robert accepts my ascription: Pauly-Wissowa, VI, p. 1493. Liddell and Scott, _Lexicon_, _s. v._ Φρικίας (= “Bristle”), believe this to be the name not of the victor but of his horse, so called because of his long outstanding mane; _cf_. Herrmann, _Opuscula_, VII, 166 n. This is also the interpretation of Sandys, _Odes of Pindar_, Loeb Library, 1915, p. 291, n. 1.

[1213] P., VI, 10.4-5; R. Foerster, _Das Portraet in d. gr. Plastik_, 1882, p. 22, n. 5.

[1214] Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f.; _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 34 and n. 2. He explained the shield device of the ram and Phrixos by the fact that Eperastos traced his descent from that hero. _Cf._ Overbeck, I, p. 198.

[1215] VI, 17.5; Hyde, 183 and p. 62; Foerster, 765 (undated).

[1216] _Preus. Jb._, LI, p. 382; _cf._ _Sammlung Sabouroff_, Einleitung zu den Skulpturen, p. 5, n. 4; followed by Flasch, Baum., II, p. 1104 U f.

[1217] V, 27.7.

[1218] Textbd., pp. 31-2.

[1219] Hyde, _l. c._ For the date, see Afr; Foerster, 144-6; he was the first Olympic τριαστής, _i. e._, he gained victories in three events on the same day (stade-, double stade- and hoplite-races).

[1220] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1097; here it is called a diskobolos; Clarac, 830, 2085; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 204; _Mw._, p. 392.

[1221] Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, points out its resemblance to the Tuebingen bronze, but because of the tree-trunk does not regard it as a representation of a hoplitodrome. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, regards the helmet as belonging to the head, while others believe it alien thereto.

[1222] No. 795; _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XI and pp. 58-71; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; _cf._ another in Copenhagen: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXXI.

[1223] P., VI, 3.10; he won the pentathlon some time between Ols. 94 and 103 (= 404 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347.

[1224] P., V, 26.3.

[1225] V, 27.12.

[1226] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2 and pp. 227-8 (Milchhoefer).

[1227] _Inventar_, no. 6306; mentioned by L. Gurlitt in _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 158.

[1228] Duetschke, II, no. 22; a very similar statue, no. 25, has no _halteres_; both are poor Roman copies.

[1229] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 217; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3.

[1230] So schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158. He won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252.

[1231] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw. in Rom_, no. 1096; _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 342, fig. 3. Thongs appear on both forearms of the Polykleitan statue, copies of which are in Kassel (Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69), and on a headless one in Lansdowne House (Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, 851, 2180 A); similarly on the Lysippan boxer by Koblanos found at Sorrento, and now in Naples (Fig. 57; Kalkmann, Die Proport, des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst = _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III); on the bronze statue of a boxer from Herculaneum in Naples; and on the delle Terme _Seated Boxer_ (Pl. 16); etc.

[1232] So interpreted, and rightly, by Waldstein (_J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 186), and others; Juethner, pp. 68-9, thinks that the object here represented is a victor fillet, being too short for thongs.

[1233] P. 26 and n. 2; against him, Reisch, p. 43; Hitz-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 577; etc. Oil-flasks of various kinds—_lekythoi_, _aryballoi_, _alabastra_, _olpai_—are mentioned repeatedly by Greek writers; _e. g._, λήκυθος, by Homer, Od., VI, 79; Aristoph., _Plutus_, 810; ἀρύβαλλος, Aristoph., _Equites_, 1094; Pollux, VII, 166 and X, 63; ἀλάβαστρον, Theokr., XV. 114; ὄλπη (of leather), Theokr., II, 156; etc.

[1234] VI, 14.6.

[1235] VI, 9.1. Theognetos won in the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 76 (= 746 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[1236] We have already in the present chapter mentioned this “Apollo” in connection with the statuette from Piombino (Fig. 19); Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 99-100, believed that it represented a victor. See _supra_, p. 119.

[1237] _E. g._, on the bronze statuette from Naxos, now in Berlin: see _supra_, p. 119 and n. 5.

[1238] Boy wrestlers especially wore caps in the palæstræ, but not at the games; we see them on the wrestler group in the palæstra scene on the r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 795) already mentioned.

[1239] Stuart Jones, _Cat._, pp. 65-6, no. 8; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 769; _Guide_, 418; B. B., 527 (and fig. 6 in text, by Arndt); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, _Mw._, p. 392. Helbig finds it Myronian, while Furtwaengler considers it Attic, but non-Myronic; for a copy in Stockholm, see B. B., figs. 7, 8, 9, in the text to no. 527.

[1240] I, 17.2. Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, n. 6, shows that the Athens head bears no resemblance to the Capitoline. Furthermore, heads on coins of Juba differ from both and show no trace of the complicated head-dress. A marble head from Shershel (= Cæsarea) seems to be an authentic portrait of Juba II: see _Annali_, XXIX, 1857, Pl. E, no. 2, and p. 194; and Waille, _de Caesareae Monumentis_, 1891, title page (vignette) and p. 92 (quoted by Helbig, _Guide_, _l. c._).

[1241] See B. B., text to no. 527, figs. 1, 2, 3.

[1242] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 972; _Guide_, 595; _B. Com. Rom._, XII, 1884, Pl. XXIII, pp. 245-253. The meaning is explained by a similar archaistic Parian marble relief in Wilton House, Wiltshire, England, where the youth stands before a statue of Zeus, washing his hands preparatory to making a thank-offering to the god who gave him victory: see Michaelis, p. 680, no. 48 and wood-cut on p. 681; Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text, fig. 33; F. W., 239; its inscription is not genuine. The same archaistic traits are seen on a votive relief to Zeus Xenios in the Museo delle Terme: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1405; Arndt, _op. cit._, fig. 34; this is to be dated in the first century B. C., or A. D., because of its inscription: _I. G. Sic. et Ital._, no. 990.

[1243] See Fabretti, _de Columna Trajani_, p. 267; Gardiner, p. 433, fig. 149; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIV, no. 8. _Cf._ Krause, I, pp. 517 f.

[1244] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 42-3.

[1245] _Cf._ Philostr., _Heroicus_, XII b (p. 315); τὰ δὲ ὦτα κατεαγὼς ἦν οὐχ ὑπὸ πάλης.

[1246] Thus Furtwaengler calls the Ince-Blundell head that of a boxer statue: _Mp._, p. 173, and fig. 71 on p. 172; _Mw._, p. 348, and fig. 44 on p. 347.

[1247] _Cf._ discussion by Gardiner, pp. 425-6.

[1248] _Gorgias_, 515 E; _Protag._, 342 B. In the latter passage he says: καὶ οἱ μὲν ὦτά τε κατάγνυνται μιμούμενοι αὐτούς, καὶ ἱμάντας περιειλίττονται καὶ φιλογυμναστοῦσι καὶ βραχείας ἀναβολὰς φοροῦσιν, κ. τ. λ. The boxer’s swollen ears are mentioned by Theokritos, XXII, 45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were battered by the gloves: Aristoph., _Fragm._, 72; Pollux, II, 83 (whence Dindorf corrects the form ὠτοκαταξίας in Poll., IV, 144). For references, see Krause, I, pp. 516-17; and _cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 13.

[1249] _E. g._, on a fragment of a red-figured kylix in Berlin: _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 8, fig. 2; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Textbd., p. 90, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 438, fig. 153. Here one of the contestants in the pankration is bleeding at the nose.

[1250] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455; _cf._, p. 457, where he speaks of _le detail réaliste de l’oreille tuméfiée par les coups_. For the statue of Agias mentioned, see _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 286 f., and Pl. 28 and fig. 68. _Cf._ on this subject also Neugebauer, Studien ueber Skopas (in _Beitraege zur Kunstgesch._, XXXIX, 1913, p. 35, n. 172).

[1251] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., IV, Pl. II, 2, 2 a; F. W., 323; etc.

[1252] See _infra_, Ch. VI., pp. 293 f.

[1253] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, Pls. LXIII-LXIV.

[1254] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV.

[1255] Duetschke, III, no. 72.

[1256] _Gaz. arch._, VIII, Pl. I, and p. 85 (Rayet); F. W., 461.

[1257] B. B., no. 8.

[1258] Bulle, no. 105 (right); and fig. 46 on p. 205.

[1259] _A. M._, XVI, 1891, Pls. IV, V (two views).

[1260] F. W., 505; Collignon, I, p. 495, fig. 252. As the swollen ears do not occur on other copies, they are here doubtless a modification by a late artist.

[1261] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI (= copy of fifth century B. C.); XCIV (Herakles or athlete, from the Tyszkiewicz coll., Skopasian in character; = Reinach, _Têtes_, Pls. CL, CLI); XCV (similar to preceding, though later in style: _Têtes_, Pls. CLVI, CLVII); CXX (copy of head of athlete of the fourth century B. C.).

[1262] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 228 f.; fig. 141 on p. 231. Miss Richter points out its affinity to the _Hermes_ and assigns it to the immediate influence of Praxiteles. This fragment of a statue appears to have been trimmed into its present shape in modern times. Miss Richter’s statement (p. 230) that swollen ears are a characteristic which applies in representations of heroes to Herakles alone is contradicted by what we shall say below about heads of Diomedes.

[1263] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., 75; von Mach, 286; F. W., 1425; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154, 1-4. Rayet calls the statue that of a hoplitodromos.

[1264] Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 304; B. B., 128 (left = original; right = cast); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 147, fig. 60 (from a cast with modern restorations omitted), and p. 150, fig. 61 (head, two views); text, pp. 146 ff.; _Mw._, Pls. XII, XIII; text, pp. 311 f.; Clarac, 871, 2219 and 633, 1438 A.; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XVII (cast). Its Kresilæan origin has been shown by Brunn (_l. c._, pp. 660 and 673), Flasch (_Vortraege an der 41sten Philologenversamml._, 1891, p. 9, quoted by Furtwaengler), Loeschke and Studniczka (quoted by Furtwaengler) and Furtwaengler. It also shows Myronic traces. It stands 1.86 meters (without the base).

[1265] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 151, fig. 62; _Mw._, Pl. XIV and p. 313. This and a head in private possession in England, B. B., 543 (three views), are the best and truest copies of the lost original.

[1266] Froehner, _Notice_, 128; Bouillon, _Musée des antiques_ (statues), Pls. II and III; Clarac, 314, 1438.

[1267] Duetschke, II, no. 163; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; B. B., 361; F. W., 458. It will be discussed further on in Ch. IV, pp. 180 f. The Berlin replica is given in _Mp._, p. 167, fig. 67; _cf._ text, p. 165, n. 2.

[1268] Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2163, fig.; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 155, n. 2.

[1269] _R. M._, IV, 1889, P. 197, no. 12 (B. Graef).

[1270] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1731, and Pl. V, fig. 2; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. XXI; _Museum Marbles_, II, Pl. XLVI; _Specimens_, I, Pl. LX; Collignon, II, p. 240, fig. 120; Wolters, _Jb._, I, 1886, Pl. V, fig. 2 and p. 54. Two other copies of the same original are the one in the Capitoline Museum, Rome, and one found in 1876 on the Quirinal and now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori there. B. Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, p. 189 f, and Pls. VIII (Capitoline bust) and IX (Quirinal bust), attributes the type to Skopas; he is followed by Collignon, II, p. 240, n. 1; _cf._ S. Reinach, _Gaz. d. B-A._, 3d Per., III, 1890, pp. 338 and 340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity between these heads and that of the _Lansdowne Herakles_ (Pl. 30 and fig. 71), which we ascribe to Lysippos in Ch. VI, pp. 298, 311, is easily apparent.

[1271] Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 738, no. 636 and II, Pl. 79; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 108; _Guide_, 113; B. B., 609; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 341, fig. 146; p. 342, fig. 147 (head, two views); _Mw._, p. 575, fig. 109 and p. 577, fig. 110.

[1272] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr., d. Glypt._,^2 no. 245 (the so-called Lenbach head); Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. und roem. Portraets_, Pls. 335-6. See Furtw.-Wolters, for replicas in the Louvre, etc.

[1273] B. B., 338; Helbig, _Guide_, 69 (= boxer).

[1274] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 234 f. and fig. 95; _Mw._, pp. 428 f. and fig. 65. Both Furtwaengler (_l. c._) and B. Graef (_R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 215 and 202) have shown the Polykleitan origin of the type. The former believes that it may have been copied from a statue of Herakles by the master, which is mentioned by Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 56) as at Rome. For other replicas of the type, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 234, n. 1; _Mw._, p. 429, n. 1.

[1275] _A. A._, 1889, pp. 57-8 (Treu, who referred it to Polykleitos); Furtw., _Mp._, p. 92 and fig. 40; _Mw._, p. 124 and Pl. VI (he called it Pheidian).

[1276] _Museo Torlonia_, Pl. 26, no. 104.

[1277] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 272; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 832 and 833 (text by Flasch).

[1278] _Chabrias_, 3: _Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterique artifices his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur, in quibus victoriam essent adepti_; _cf._ Diod., XV, 33, 4 (who speaks of “statues”). This statue was erected in Athens after his campaign to aid Thebes against Agesilaos in 378 B. C.: Xen., _Hell._, V, 4.38 f. (though here Chabrias is not mentioned by name); Diod., XV, 32-33; Demosth., _Contra Lept._, 75-76 (p. 479); _cf._ Aristotle, _Rhet._, III, 10.7. Chabrias seems to have been the first to order his troops to assume a kneeling posture when receiving the charge of the enemy. These tactics when used against Agesilaos were so favorably regarded by the Athenians that his statues were represented in the attitude of kneeling.

[1279] _E. g._, Reisch, p. 43.

[1280] See Joubin, p. 46. It probably took place under the restored democracy of Kleisthenes. The assassination of Hipparchos took place in 514 B. C. Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 17, says that the group was set up in the year in which the kings were expelled from Rome (= 509 B. C.).

[1281] P., I, 8.5; _cf._ _Marmor Parium_, l. 70 (= _C. I. G._, II, 2374; _F. H. G._, I, pp. 533 f., etc.), and Lucian, _Philopseudes_, 18.

[1282] Arrian, _Anab._, III, 16.18 (he says it was of bronze); Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 70; restored by Seleukos: Val. Max., II, 10, Extr. 1; by Antiochos: P., I, 8.5.

[1283] B. B., nos. 326 (_Aristogeiton_), 327 (_Harmodios_), and 328 (head of _Harmodios_, two views); Bulle, 84, 85; von Mach, 58 (both statues) and 59 (_Aristogeiton_); Collignon, I, pp. 367 f. and figs. 189 (group) and 190 (head of _Harmodios_); relief from Athens showing the group, _ibid._, p. 369, fig. 88; Overbeck, I, p. 155, fig. 27; Baum., I. p. 340, fig. 357; Lechat, pp. 444-5, figs. 36, 37 (restored by Michaelis); _R. M._, XXI, 1906, Pl. XI; F. W., 121-4; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 530, 3 (_Harmodios_), and 5 (_Aristogeiton_); _cf._ II, 2, 541, 5 (group); Clarac V, 869, 2202 and 870, 2203 A; head of _Harmodios_, _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. G. The height is about 2 meters (Bulle).

[1284] _A. M._, XV, 1890, pp. 1 f.; followed by Overbeck, I, pp. 152 f.; Frazer, II, p. 98. The difference is not only noticeable in the head structure and treatment of the hair, but in the whole character of the work. While Antenor’s work is stiff and lifeless, the Naples group is full of vigor. For the statue of Antenor (in the Akropolis Museum), see _Ant. Denkm._, I, 5, 1890, Pl. 53, and pp. 42 f. (Wolters); Overbeck, I, Pl. 25, opp. p. 152; _Les Musées d’Athènes_, I, Pl. VI; _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 135 f. (Studniczka), and Pl. X, 1 (head); von Mach, 28; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. II.

[1285] However, some archæologists still favor Antenor for this group: _e. g._, Wachsmuth, _Die Stadt Athen_, I, pp. 170 f.; II, 393-8; Collignon; Lechat, _op. cit._, and _cf._ _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, pp. 485-9.

[1286] _Rhet. praecept._, 9: ἀπεσφιγμένα καὶ νευρώδη καὶ σκληρά, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἀποτεταμένα ταῖς γραμμαῖς. See Brunn, pp. 101-5; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[1287] The best restoration is that of Meier in bronzed plaster in the Ducal Museum in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 172, figs. 38, a, b, c; here Aristogeiton has received a bearded head. For another restoration, in the Museum of Strasbourg, see Springer-Michaelis, p. 216, fig. 402, a, b.

[1288] _Bulletin of Museum of Fine Arts_, III, 27; _R. M._, XIX, 1904, p. 163, Pl. VI (Hauser).

[1289] A vase by Douris shows a warrior similar to _Aristogeiton_, but his onset is fiercer: Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, Pl. XXI, and Textbd., pp. 206 f. For other representations in art of the _Tyrannicides_, see Frazer, II, pp. 94 f.

[1290] _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelt. griech. Kunst_, 1899, p. xi; _cf._ Richardson, p. 120, n. 2.

[1291] _Cf._ Dickins, p. 265 (quoting the view of Furtwaengler).

[1292] Furtwaengler, _Sammlung Somzée_, 1897, Pl. III. He ascribes it to Mikon and identifies it with the statue of the pancratiast Kallias at Olympia whose base has been found: _Bildw. v. Ol._ 146; Hyde, 50; see _infra_, in the section on _Pancratiasts_, p. 251. For the _Pelops_, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2, and XI, 1 (head).

[1293] I, 23.9. The inscribed base has been found: _C. I. A._, I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39.

[1294] P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137.

[1295] Ols. 72 to 76 (= 492 to 476 B. C.); Hyde, p. 42.

[1296] _Cf._ Bulle, p. 493, on no. 225.

[1297] On the origin and early development of motion figures in Greek art, see Bulle, pp. 157 f., and the works cited on p. 674 (notes to p. 158); especially, J. Langbehn, _Fluegelgestalten der aeltesten griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1881; F. Studniczka, _Die Siegesgoettin, Gesch. einer antiken Idealgestalt_, 1898; E. Curtius, _Die knieenden Figuren d. alt. griech. Kunst_ (_29stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1869); Eadweard Muybridge, _Human Figure in Motion_, 1907; _cf._ also J. Lange, _op. cit._

[1298] In the Museo Archeologico, Florence: Bulle, no. 10.

[1299] _Cf._ the realistic scenes of wrestling, boxing, and running, in relief on the archaic Attic tripod vase from Tanagra now in Berlin, dating from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 30 f. (Loeschke) and Pls. 3 and 4. _Cf._ also scenes from the pentathlon on a Panathenaic amphora of the sixth century B. C. in Leyden: _ibid._, Pl. 9; etc.

[1300] _B. C. H._, III, 1879, pp. 393 f. and Pls. VI-VII (Homolle), and V, 1881, pp. 272 f. (Homolle, on the artist and his father Mikkiades); von Mach, no. 32 (restored in the text opp. p. 26, fig. 1); Richardson, p. 51, fig. 15; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 300-1, figs. 122-3 and Treu’s restoration, p. 303, fig. 125; restored in Springer-Michaelis, p. 187, fig. 358; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 389, 5. Though first called an _Artemis_ by Homolle (because of its resemblance to the so-called Oriental winged _Artemis_ on a bronze relief from Olympia, von Mach, text, opp. p. 36, fig. 5), it has generally been called a _Nike_ since its first ascription by Furtwaengler (_A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 324 f.), and brought into connection with a base in two parts found near the statue on Delos in 1880 and 1881, inscribed with the names of Archermos and his father Mikkiades. If the connection with the base were certain, the statue should be referred to the beginning of the sixth century B. C.; B. Sauer (_A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 182 f.), and others, have disputed the connection.

[1301] Now in the National Museum, Athens: Kabbadias, no. 1; von Mach, 20; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 340; Richardson, p. 43, fig. 11; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 645, 1. Its inscription should date it about 600 B. C. It is over 6 feet in height (including the base: von Mach).

[1302] Bulle, pp. 157-8, fig. 33; de Ridder, no. 808. It is 0.123 meter high (Bulle). _Cf._ similar bronzes _ibid._, nos. 799-814, and also a flying harpy on a sixth-century B. C. Ionic vase in the University Museum in Wuerzburg: Bulle, pp. 159-160, fig. 34; Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, I, pp. 209 f. and Pl. 41; _cf._ also the very similar pose on the small bronze statuette in the British Museum of a winged _Nike_ represented in violent motion: von Mach, 33; the marble torso of another in Athens: _id._, text, opp. p. 26, fig. 2; and the bronze winged _Gorgon_ from Olympia (0.12 meter high): _Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, no. 78, text, p. 25 (and for the type, _cf._ Roscher, _Lex._, art. Gorgonen in der Kunst, I, 2, p. 1710, ll. 67 f.).

[1303] _Nike of Archermos_, 1891.

[1304] Salzmann, _Nécropole de Camiros_, Pl. LIII; Bulle, pp. 161-2, fig. 35; _cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 142. Its diameter is 0.385 meter (Bulle).

[1305] See R. Kekulé and H. Winnefeld, _Bronzen aus Dodona in den koenigl. Museen zu Berlin_, Pl. II and pp. 13 f.; _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. I and pp. 23-27 (Engelmann); Rayet, I, Pl. 17 (S. Reinach); Bulle, 83 (right). As the figure is only 0.143 meter tall, it seems to have decorated the rim of a bronze bowl. It may be later than the Tuebingen bronze (Fig. 42) and is certainly of a different school. The presence of a breastplate proves that it is meant for a warrior and not for a hoplitodrome.

[1306] For a full discussion of this sculptor, see Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905; _cf._ _S. Q._, §§ 489-507.

[1307] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1308] VI, 4.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[1309] VI, 6.1; Hyde, 48; Foerster, 200.

[1310] VI, 6.4 f.; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[1311] VI, 7.10; Hyde, 69; Foerster, 183, 189.

[1312] VI, 13.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176-7; 181-2; 187-8; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 145.

[1313] VI, 13.7; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1314] VI, 18.1; Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193a.

[1315] Reisch, p. 43, n. 4, wrongly assumed this to be one of the oldest statues of Pythagoras, since the same sculptor made the statue of the son Kratisthenes; but the son’s victory was probably only two Olympiads later than that of the father, as we have seen.

[1316] VIII, 47; _S. Q._, 507. Diogenes repeats the tradition that there were two sculptors of the name, one from Rhegion, the other from Samos; also Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59-60.

[1317] _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 332 f.; _cf._ his _Essays on the Art of Pheidias_, 1885, p. 323. The recovered base of Euthymos’ statue has no footmarks: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144. Waldstein is followed in his ascription of the statues to Euthymos by Urlichs, _Arch. Analekt._, 1885, p. 9.

[1318] B. B., no. 542 (two views); Furtw. _Mp._, p. 171, fig. 70; _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 313 f. and Pls. IV, and V (two views), (P. Hermann).

[1319] _Mp._, pp. 171-2; _Mw._, pp. 345-6.

[1320] _Mon. d. I_., X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L. Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, p. 62, doubts if the head belongs to the torso.

[1321] Duetschke, II, no. 77 (= one of two statues); _Mon. d. I._, VIII, 1864-68, Pl. XLVI, 6-8, and _Annali_, XXXIX, 1867, pp. 304 f. (Benndorf); Arndt-Amelung, nos. 96-98; _cf._ _A. Z._, XXVII, 1869, pp. 106 f. and Pl. 24, 2 (Benndorf, _Tyrannicides_ on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, etc.), and XXXII, 1875, pp. 163 f. (Duetschke, group of two statues); Reinach, _Rép._ II, 2, 541, 6. Both Duetschke (_A. Z._, _l. c._) and Furtwaengler (_Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, VIII, 1888, p. 1448) have shown that it represents an athlete.

[1322] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 36; Clarac, V, 856, 2180. Furtwaengler believes the statue later in style than the Louvre boxer.

[1323] _E. g._, P. Hermann, _op. cit._, pp. 332-3; Arndt, text to B. B., no. 542.

[1324] B. B., no. 361; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; Duetschke, II, 163; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 165 f. and fig. 66 (two views); _Mw._, pp. 339 f. and Pl. XVII (from a cast); F. W., 458. For three replicas of the Riccardi type, see Arndt, text to B. B., 542. Furtwaengler believed this head a prototype of the _Diomedes_ of Kresilas known to us from copies in Munich (Pl. XXI); _Mw._, pp. 311 f. and Pls. XII, XIII; _Mp._, pp. 146 f. and figs. 60 (body), and 61 (head, two views); B. B., 128; Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; in Paris: Froehner, _Notice_, no. 128; Clarac, 314, 1438; and elsewhere. See _supra_ p. 169.

[1325] Michaelis, p. 367, no. 152; _Mp._, p. 172, fig. 71; _Mw._, p. 347, fig. 44; A. Z., XXXI, 1874, Pl. III; F. W., 459. Kekulé was the first to class it as Myronian: _Ueber d. Kopf des Praxitel. Hermes_, p. 12, 1 (quoted by F. W., _l. c._). Graef curiously found it Pheidian: _Aus d. Anomia_, p. 69, 63.

[1326] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58; _cf._ _Mp._, p. 173.

[1327] _La Glypt._ _Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI and p. 60; the other, unpublished, is mentioned _ibid._ He also adds the cast of a lost original statue of a boxer in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, whose head belongs stylistically to the same series: _ibid._, pp. 60-61, and figs. 30 (head), 31-32 (body). If the head and body belong together it is the only statuary type of the group.

[1328] Kieseritzky, _Kat. d. Ermitage_, 1901, p. 27, no. 68; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 177, fig. 74; _Mw._, p. 353 fig. 46 (two views).

[1329] _Mp._, p. 176, fig. 73; _Mw._, Pl. XX (two views).

[1330] Text to B. B., no. 542; _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pl. XXXVI, p. 60.

[1331] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1603, Pl. V, fig. 1; B. B., 224; F. W., 460.

[1332] _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 193 f., and Pl. VII (Athleten Kopf in Athen).

[1333] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1334] Brunn, pp. 133-4, connected _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and believed that only one statue was meant by Pliny’s sentence, identical with Pausanias’ statue of Mnaseas. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895, p. 57, makes two alterations in Pliny’s text, inserting _et_ between _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and replacing _tabellam_ of the MSS. with _flagellum_. The boy holding the whip, then, is Mnaseas’ son Kratisthenes, the chariot victor mentioned by P., VI, 18.1. Stuart Jones follows Furtwaengler (_Jahrbuecher fuer Class. Philol._, 1876, p. 509) in having Pliny translate παῖδα of his Greek authority by _puerum_ instead of _filium_.

[1335] P. 44.

[1336] Cat. no. 51; Benndorf, _Griech. und Sicilische Vasenbilder_, I, pp. 13 f. and Pl. IX.

[1337] In his _Chrestomathia Pliniana_, 1857, p. 320.

[1338] _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, pp. 264 f.

[1339] Antigonos of Karystos, _apud_ Zen., V, 82 (passage given by Jex-Blake, p. xxxix and n. 2).

[1340] Ancient writers differed as to the authorship of the statue. Thus P. (I, 33.3), Mela (_de Situ orbis_, II, 3.6), Tzetzes (S. Q., 838-9), and Zenobios (_l. c._), say that it was Pheidias, while Pliny (_H. N._, XXXVI, 17) and Strabo (IX, I. 17, C. 396) say Agorakritos. A fragment of the colossal head of the statue came to the British Museum in 1820: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 460; also fragments of the figure on the base, described by P., I, 33.7, were found in 1890 and are now in the National Museum in Athens: Kabbadias, 203-14; Frazer, II, p. 457, fig. 40.

[1341] See his Ueber einige Werke des Kuenstlers Pythagoras, in _Verhandl. d. 40sten Versamml. deutscher Philologen u. Schulmaenner in Goerlitz_, Leipsic, 1890 (pp. 329-336), p. 334.

[1342] _Archaeolog. Analekten_, 1885, p. 9. Lucian, _Anachar._, 9, says that apples formed a part of the Delphic prize; Dromeus is also known to us as a Pythian victor. In _Chrest. Plin._, p. 320, L. von Urlichs had identified the _nudus_ as Meilanion or Hippomenes with the apples with which he had beaten Atalanta; see _S. Q._, § 499, note a.

[1343] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Syracusis autem claudicantem, cuius ulceris dolorem sentire etiam spectantes videntur_. Gronovius, following Lessing, _Laokoön_, Ch. 2, identified it with a wounded Philoktetes: see Bluemner, _Comm. zu Lessing’s Laokoön_, pp. 508 f.; the words _cuius ... videntur_ seem to have been derived from _A. Pl._, IV, 112, 1.4 (which refers to a bronze statue of Philoktetes): _cf._ Brunn, p. 134 and Jex-Blake, _ad loc._

[1344] _Cf._ Benndorf, _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, p. 92; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 139.

[1345] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; Kallias won Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1346] In the Plinian passage Leontiskos figures rather as an artist, probably through Pliny’s misunderstanding of some Greek sentence in his authority; see L. von Urlichs, _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, p. 261.

[1347] P. 44.

[1348] L. von Sybel, _Athena und Marsyas, Bronzemuenze des Berliner Museums_, 1879.

[1349] This characteristic is expressed by the word αὐτάρκεια; _cf._ Plato, _Phil._, 67 A; Aristotle, _Eth. Nicom._, 1, 7.5-6 (= 1097 b); etc.

[1350] Marble copy of the _Marsyas_ was found in 1823 on the Esquiline and is now in the Lateran Museum, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1179; Rayet, I, Pl. 33; B. B., 208; Bulle, 95; von Mach, 65a; Baum., II, p. 1002, fig. 1210; Collignon, I, pp. 467 f. and fig. 234; F. W., 454; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 15, 6. It is 1.95 meters high (Bulle). It is wrongly restored and only the head can be considered approximately faithful to the original. _Cf._ another copy of the head of Parian marble in the Museo Barracco, Rome: Helbig, I, 1104; Reinach, _Têtes_, pp. 53 f. and Pls. LXVI-LXVII; F. W., 455. A fourth-century B. C. bronze statuette from Patras, now in the British Museum, appears also to give the motive of the original group in Athens mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57, and P., I, 24. 1: _B. M. Bronzes_, 269; _Gaz. Arch._, 1879, Pls. XXXIV-V and pp. 241 f.; _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. VIII (two views), pp. 91 f.; Rayet, I, Pl. 34; von Mach, 656; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 51, nos. 5 and 7. It is 0.75 meter high. For other representations, see G. Hirschfeld, Athena und Marsyas, _32stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1872, Pls. I and II. For a copy of the head of Athena in Dresden, see B. B., 591 (three views).

[1351] Walter Pater, in his _Greek Studies_ (in the essay on The Age of Athletic Prizemen), ed. 1895, pp. 309 f., calls the _Diskobolos_ a work of _genre_. However, the _Diskobolos_ can hardly be called a decorative statue, _i. e._, “a work merely imitative of the detail of actual life.” On p. 313 he rightly classes the _Doryphoros_ as an “academic” work.

[1352] It was formerly in the Palazzo Massimi alla Colonna, and hence is often called the Massimi _Diskobolos_: B. B., no. 567, _cf._ 256 (head from cast); von Mach, 63; Collignon, I, Pl. XI, opp. p. 472; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXX; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XIII (head from cast); Overbeck, I, fig. 74, opp. p. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 527, 1; for description, see M. D., 1098.

[1353] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 168 f., _Mw._, pp. 341 f., lists three other copies of the head: one in Basel (_cf._ Kalkmann, Proport. des. Gesichts., _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 73-74); one at Catajo (_Mp._, fig. 68; _Mw._, fig. 43; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 54-55); and one in Berlin (_Mp._, fig. 69).

[1354] H. N., XXXIV, 58: _(Myron) videtur ... capillum quoque et pubem non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas instituisset._

[1355] B. B., nos. 631, 632 (restored from bronzed cast; text by Rizzo); Bulle, 98; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1363; _Boll. d’Arte_, I, 1907, pp. 1 f. and Pls. I-III; _cf._ _Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, 1907, pp. 185 f. It is pieced together from fourteen fragments; the fragment of the right lower leg was found in 1910. Height to right shoulder, 1.53 meters (Bulle).

[1356] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 326; _Guide_, 333; von Mach, 62; Collignon, I, p. 473, n. 1; F. W., 451; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 5.

[1357] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 250; von Mach. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XXIX; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. XLIV; _Marbles and Bronzes of the British Museum_, Pl. XLVII; F. W., 452; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 5; Clarac, V, 860, 2194 B. It is 5 feet 5 inches tall (Smith).

[1358] H. Stuart Jones, _Museo Capitolino Cat._, 1912, no. 50, p. 123, and Pl. 21; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 788; _Guide_, 446; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand (Jones).

[1359] B. B., no. 566; von Mach, 64; Gardner, _Sculpt._, PI. XI; Gardiner, p. 96, fig. 13 (from a copy of the Munich cast in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford).

[1360] Pl. no. 97; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XII, and Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, Pl. XXXIII.

[1361] _Philopseudes_, 18; _S. Q._, §544; translation of H. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture_, p. 69.

[1362] For the late Roman one in the Munich Antiquarium, see B. B., text to Pl. 567, fig. 1; F. W., 453; for the one in Arolsen, see F. W., 1786.

[1363] _B. M. Gems_, no. 742, Pl. G; also given in _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 91, fig. 5.

[1364] _Inst. orat._, II, 13.10: _Quid tam distortum et elaboratum quam est ille discobolos Myronis? si quis tamen, ut parum rectum, improbet opus, nonne ab intellectu artis abfuerit, in qua vel praecipue laudabilis est ipsa illa novitas ac difficultas?_

[1365] Translation by G. F. Hill, in his _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture from the Sixth Century B. C. to the Time of Michelangelo_, 1909, p. 10.

[1366] Enumerated above in Ch. III (Attic Sculptors), p. 129, n. 7. The Spartan Lykinos had two statues: P., VI, 2.1. As he won in both the hoplite-race and chariot-race, Foerster, 211 a, assumed that the two statues represented victor and charioteer, and that they stood upon the quadriga, which Pausanias does not mention. I follow Robert, _O. S._, p. 172, however, in assuming that the two statues represented the victor in the two events.

[1367] _H. N._, XXXIV, 57.

[1368] VI, 8.5; Hyde, 79 (Arkadian) and 79a (Philippos), and commentary on pp. 39 f.

[1369] The interpretation of Murray, _Class. Rev._, I, 1887, pp. 3-4.

[1370] The emendation of Loeschke, _Dorpaterprogr._, 1880, p. 9; accepted by Reisch, p. 44, n. 3, Richardson, p. 151, and others.

[1371] _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, p. 89, n. 30.

[1372] Quoted by Jex-Blake, Add. to p. 46, 1.

[1373] _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, p. 66.

[1374] Mayer, in _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 246 f., showed that on vase-paintings of Myron’s time and on coins of Elaia, Aeolis, a woman is often represented as standing in the chest, while two men, Perseus and the carpenter, stand beside it.

[1375] _E. g._, the statue of the boy boxer Athenaios of Ephesos was represented in motion, _i. e._, in the act of sparring, as we see from the footprints on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168; he won some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1376] See Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxyrhynchus Papyrus_, II, 1899, pp. 222 f.; Robert, _O. S._, Beilage, opp. p. 192; Diels, _Hermes_, XXXVI, 1901, pp. 72 f.; Koerte, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Weniger, _Klio_ (_Beitraege zur alten Gesch._), IV, pp. 125 f.; V, pp. 1 f. and 184 f.

[1377] Late inscriptions mention “Pythian” and “Isthmian boys”: see F. M. Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae ad Olympia pertinentes_, Diss. inaug., 1888, p. 48; Dittenberger, _Sylloge_,^2 II, nos. 677-8; the ἀγένειοι and ἄνδρες at Nemea are mentioned by Pindar, _Ol._, VIII, 54. The boys in these contests were probably aged 12-16, the ἀγένειοι, 16-20 (_cf._ Roberts-Gardner, _Greek Epigraphy_, II, p. 166), and the men over 20 years old.

[1378] For Olympia, see P., VI, 2.10; 6.1; 14.1-2; etc.

[1379] _C. I. G._, I, 1590.

[1380] Dittenberger, _op. cit._, II, no. 524: ἐφήβων νεωτέρων, μέσων, πρεσβυτέρων.

[1381] _I. G._, II, 444. For the _Panathenaia_, see Suidas, _s. v._ Παναθήναια; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, p. 141; etc.

[1382] P., V, 16.2.

[1383] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C, D.

[1384] _C. I. G._, inscriptions relating to ephebes, _e. g._, I, 232; 1590; Dittenberger, _de Ephebis atticis_, 1863, p. 24; Dumont, _Essai sur l’Ephébie attique_, 1876, pp. 215-16. This classification is followed by E. Pottier, _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 69.

[1385] Bussemaker, in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 1, _s. v._ _athleta_, p. 517 (also quoted by Pottier), proposed the division into παῖδες, 12-16 years old, ἀγένειοι, 16-20, and ἄνδρες, from 20 on. Pollux, VIII, 105, and Harpokration, _s. v._ ἐπιδιετές, give the ephebe age as 18-20; Xen., _Cyr._, 1, 2.8, puts the age at 16 or 17 for the Persians.

[1386] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 56. On the whole subject, see Krause, pp. 262 f., especially p. 263, n. 3; Gardiner, pp. 271-2.

[1387] VI, 1.3 to VI, 18.7. We also know of 61 other victors with 63 monuments from inscribed base fragments recovered at Olympia; these will be treated _infra_ in Ch. VIII, pp. 353 f.

[1388] See Ch. VIII, _infra_, p. 339 and notes 3-4.

[1389] On _Ol._, IX, 150, Boeckh, p. 228; _cf._ _Etym. magn._, _s. v._ στάδιον, p. 743, 25.

[1390] Thus Apollo beat Hermes in running at Olympia, P., V, 7.10; the Idæan Herakles instituted a race among his brothers, P., V, 7.7; and Endymion set his sons to run, and so instituted the boys’ running race there, P., V, 1.4. The running race appears in the Boread legend, Ph.,3; pseudo-Dio Chrysost., XXXVII, p. 296 (Dindorf); it was represented on the Kypselos chest: P., V, 17.10, and appears on many archaic vases. On the age of the event, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, p. 310 and III, 1881, p. 199. The Cretans and the Lacedæmonians sacrificed to Apollo δρομαῖος: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4.

[1391] See Ph., 3, for the four running races; _cf._, Plato, _de Leg._, 833 A, B.

[1392] Iliad, XXIII, 740 f.; Od., VIII, 120 f. (in l. 121 it is called δρόμος). In some historic games, the stade-race remained the only event; _e. g._, at the _Hermaia_ on Salamis: _C. I. G._, I, 108. For the stade-race, see P., I, 44.1; III, 14.3; IV, 4.5, etc. On its origin, see Ph., 5.

[1393] Schol. on Aristoph., _Aves_, 292 (ed. J. W. White, 1914); P., V, 8.6. On its origin, see Ph., 6 and _cf._ Krause, pp. 345 f.

[1394] Ch. 4.

[1395] Suidas, _s. v._ δόλιχος; schol. on Aristophanes, _Aves_, 292 (= seven stadia); Boeckh, _C. I. G._, I, no. 1515, p. 703 (= ordinarily seven stadia); schol. on Soph., _Electra_, 691. See Krause, I, p. 348, n. 13; Grasberger, _op. cit._, I, pp. 312 f.

[1396] Poll., III, 151; schol. on Aristoph., _Acharn._, 214; etc.

[1397] P., _passim_; _Oxy. Pap._; etc.

[1398] Ph., 7. For two theories of its origin, see _ibid._

[1399] P., X, 7.5; Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, pp. 136 f.

[1400] _Cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, I, p. 625 E. Thus the Cretans Ergoteles and Sotades won the distance race twice each; Ergoteles in Ols. 77 and 79 (= 472 and 464 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 46; Foerster, 206, 213; Sotades in Ols. 99, 100 (= 384, 380 B. C.): P., VI, 18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323. The Cretan Philonides, courier of Alexander the Great, had an honor statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 154a. At the games at Trapezous over sixty Cretans entered: Xen., _Anab._, IV, 8, 27; _cf._ Krause, pp. 352 f.

[1401] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C.

[1402] V, 16.3.

[1403] V, 8.6; _cf._ IV, 4.5; VIII, 26.4. His statement about the antiquity of the event is corroborated by Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2.12, Ph. (= only event until Ol. 14), and Eusebios, _Chronika_, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene). Gardiner, p. 52, believes that if the Olympic games developed from a single event, it was probably not from the stade-race, but from either the fight in armor or the chariot-race.

[1404] P., V, 8.6, etc.; Foerster, 1.

[1405] Discussed by Gardiner, pp. 52 and 272-3.

[1406] III, 8 (= Dorieus of Rhodes, who won his second victory in Ol. 88 (= 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 260); V, 49 (= Androsthenes of Mainalos, who won his first victory in Ol. 90, = 420 B. C.: P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 51; Foerster, 267).

[1407] Dittenberger, _Sylloge_^2, I, no. 256 (= Agesidamos of Messenia, who won in Ol. 140, = 220 B. C.).

[1408] V, 8.6; confirmed by Ph., 12, and Eusebios, _Chron._, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene).

[1409] _L. c._; corroborated by Ph., 12.

[1410] P., V, 8.9; Eusebios agrees with Pausanias, but Philostratos says Ol. 46 (= 596 B. C.), _l. c._

[1411] P., V, 8.10; _cf._ III, 14.3. It was introduced at Delphi in 498 B. C.: see Gardiner, p. 70.

[1412] On running races, see Krause, I, pp. 337 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIII, pp. 270 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, pp. 1643 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 312 f.; etc.

[1413] Fig. 37 left = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 6b; _cf. ibid._, 4b, and X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, f, and Panathenaic amphora in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1643, fig. 2229. Fig. 36A = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX, 1. Also _cf._ a sixth-century B. C. amphora in Munich, no. 498: _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, m; Gardiner, p. 281, fig. 52; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (right); a fourth-century Panathenaic amphora: Gardiner, p. 283, fig. 53, from Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1876, Atlas, Pl. I.

[1414] Ph., 32: οἷον πτερούμενοι ὑπο τῶν χειρῶν.

[1415] The first = _B. M. Vases_, B 609; Gardiner, p. 280, fig. 51; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 4; G. F. Hill, _Illustrations of School Classics_, 1903, fig. 390; the second (Fig. 37, right) = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 7b; Gardiner, p. 279, fig. 50; Dar.-Sagl., p. 1644, fig. 2230. _Cf._ another in _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, f, 6.

[1416] National Museum, no. 761.

[1417] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 46.

[1418] On this mode of representing runners, see Schmidt in _Muenchener archaeol. Studien zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler dargebracht_, 1909, pp. 249 f. (especially p. 257).

[1419] See Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 56 f, and fig. 4, p. 56 (= Gerhard, IV, 256; Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, V, 18) two runners; the interior of the same vase also represents such a runner: p. 61, fig. 7. _Cf._ also p. 58, fig. 5 (= Murray, X, 37; _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. XXXIII), representing Hermes on a r.-f. vase of the severe style; also p. 59, fig. 6; etc. Also _cf._ Juethner, p. 41, fig. 36a (a later r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 803 A), showing a pentathlete running with an _akontion_. The following b.-f. vases, which show representations of such archaic runners, are taken from Perrot-Chipiez, X, 1914: the proto-Attic amphora of Nettos, p. 71, fig. 63 (= _Ant. Denkm._, I, Text, p. 46); cup from Aegina, p. 77, fig. 68 (= _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. IX); Corinthian amphora, p. 103, fig. 74 (= Pottier, _Vases antiques_, Pl. LIX, E 855); the Gorgon on the François Vase, p. 165, fig. 108 (from Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pls. I-III); on neck of an amphora by Pamphaios in the Louvre, p. 388, fig. 233 (= Pottier, _op. cit._, Pl. LXXXVIII).

[1420] Discussed (wrongly, I think, as Etruscan) by G. H. Chase: _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 287 f., Pls. VIII-XVIII (especially XII-XVIII); Pl. XV = Richardson, p. 69, fig. 27.

[1421] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 46, fig. on p. 30; _Museum Bull._, 1911 (April), pp. 92 f., and fig. 5 (Richter); it is 4-5/8 inches tall.

[1422] No. 1959. It will be discussed in our treatment of hoplitodromes _infra_, p. 209 and n. 2.

[1423] Richter, no. 16, fig. on p. 10; _Mus. Bull._, 1909 (May), p. 78 (Robinson); it is 2-7/8 inches tall.

[1424] Richter, no. 62, fig. on p. 43; Mus. Bull., 1913 (Dec.), pp. 268 f. and fig. 7 (Richter); it is 3-1/16 inches tall.

[1425] _Op. cit._, pp. 65 and 74.

[1426] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, Pl. XCVI, nos. 32 and 3; in the Glyptothek these are nos. 78 and 82; see von Mach, Pl. 78 (middle).

[1427] The Lapith G and the boy P: Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 117 f., Pl. V (= Q and F in the new arrangement on Pl. VI); Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 75.

[1428] Bulle, 180; it is 0.79 meter high.

[1429] _Ant. Denkm._, I, Pt. 5, 1890, Pl. LVI (text, pp. 45-46, by Winter); B. B., no. 249; Bulle, 92 (two views) and 93; von Mach, 226; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1353; _Guide_, 1063; Collignon, II, p. 361, fig. 184; Gardiner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXIII; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 419, 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle).

[1430] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 46 f., Pl. I and fig. I in text; he defends this view, _ibid._, XI, 1896, pp. 197 f.

[1431] To the fifth by Kalkmann, Bulle, Furtwaengler (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, Pt. II, pp. 219-220, = Hadrianic copy), and others; to the fourth by Winter, Collignon, and von Mach; Collignon, II, pp. 359 f., connects it stylistically with the so-called _Ilioneus_ of the Glyptothek, represented in a similar pose (= Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr._,^2 270; B. B., 432; F. W., 1263), and with the _Hypnos_ in the Prado, Madrid (= Huebner, _Die ant. Bildw. in Madrid_, no. 39; Furtw., _Mw._, pp. 648 f.; Collignon, II, p. 357, fig. 181; F. W., 1287; for small replicas in bronze, see Winnefeld, _Hypnos_, p. 8, n. 2), and assigns all three to the fourth century B. C. and to Skopaic art. Amelung assigns the Subiaco youth to Hellenistic times: _Mus. and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 60.

[1432] For a list of ten such interpretations, see de Ridder, _Rev. arch._, XXXI, Sér. 3, 1897, p. 265, n. 5; and B. Sauer, Der Knabe von Subiaco, _Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 143 f., and note 1 on p. 143.

[1433] _E. g._, by Bulle; Brizio, _Ausonia_, I, 1906, p. 21; _cf._ Winter, _l. c._; etc. If a Niobid, he was probably wounded in the neck (_cf._ the one in Milan) and formed part of a group.

[1434] By Lucas, _Neue Jahrbuecher f. kl. Altertum_, V, 1902, pp. 427 f; _cf._ _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 273 f.

[1435] Formerly by G. Koerte, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 11 f.; _cf._ the Pompeian wall-painting, _ibid._, p. 15, fig. 2; he has since given up this view: see Sauer, _l. c._

[1436] De Ridder, _op. cit._, the hands seem to have been placed wrong for this interpretation, though Helbig and Amelung find it possible.

[1437] Petersen, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 202 f.; such a motive was unknown to antiquity and is based on the wrong assumption that a marble hand holding a rope-like object, which was found in the same excavations, belongs to the statue: see Helbig, _l. c._

[1438] Sauer, in the publication mentioned, believes the riddle best solved by assuming that the figure formerly was part of a gable group; see the reconstruction (by Luebke), p. 145, fig. 4. He dates it in the second half of the fifth century B. C., contemporary with the _Idolino_.

[1439] The fleetness of Ladas was often extolled, especially by late Greek and Roman writers: P, III, 21.1; Plut., _Praecip. ger. reip._, 10; Catullus, LV, 25; Juvenal, XIII, 97; Martial, II, LXXXVI, 8, and XC, 5; Seneca, _Ep._, LXXXV, 4; Solinus, 7; etc.

[1440] _A. Pl._, IV, no. 53; here line 3 was added by Jacobs, and line 4 by Benndorf, from two parodies of the epigram in _A. G._, XI, 86 and 119; in the first parody ἄλλος stands for Λάδας and Περικλῆς for κάμνων. See Benndorf, _de anthologiae Graecae Epigrammatis quae ad artes spectant_, Diss. inaug., 1862, pp. 13 f., and Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 76-77 and notes. Studniczka (see next note) reads line 4: Λάδας, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι δάκτυλον οὐ προέβαν.

[1441] _A. Pl._, IV, 54. Benndorf corrects the Mss. reading of the last half of l. 2 as νεῦρα ταθεὶς ὄνυχι; others read the whole line: θυνὸν [= δρόμον] ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ σκάμματι θεὶς ὄνυχα. On the two epigrams, see Studniczka, Myron’s Ladas, _Ber. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., Philolog.-histor. Cl._, 52, 1900, pp. 329 f. (especially pp. 333 f.).

[1442] Reading φυσῶν ... θυμόν for φεύγων ... Θῦμον, “flying from wind-footed Thymos,” of Jacobs. On possible readings, see Studniczka, _l. c._, pp. 337 f.

[1443] _Sculpt._, p. 69.

[1444] See Kalkmann, _op. cit._, pp. 77-8; Reisch, p. 44; _cf._ Gercke, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, p. 115, on the meaning of the words πνεῦμα and ἆσθμα.

[1445] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 17; von Mach, no. 289; B. B., 354.

[1446] No. 249, 249 a; he fixes his victory in Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B. C.), because of the late dating of Myron by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49 (_floruit_ Ol. 90 = 420 B. C.: _cf._ Brunn, I, 142 f.); Furtwaengler dated his activity within the first half of the fifth century B. C.: _Mp._, p. 182; Robert provisionally dates the victory of Ladas in Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.), though he finds that Ols. 80 and 81 (= 460 and 456 B. C.) are possible: see _O. S._, p. 184; here he dates the sculptor (?) 476-444 B. C.

[1447] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 365, n. 1.

[1448] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 913, 914; _Guide_, 573, 574; _B. Com. Rom._, IV, 1876, Pls. IX-X, pp. 68 f.; B. B., 353 (right and left); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 4, and for the torso, see II, 2, 541, 3 (= _B. Com. Rom._, Pl. XI).

[1449] Helbig, 914.

[1450] Helbig, 913.

[1451] So Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 128, n. 1, _Mw._, p. 285, n. 3, and Helbig (3d ed.); on the other hand, Reisch (p. 46), B. B., and formerly Helbig (in the first edition of his _Guide_), have regarded them as wrestlers.

[1452] The statuette and relief are pictured in _Mon. ant._, XI, 1901, Pl. XXVI, 2, and pp. 402 f. The statuette also in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 552, and Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 6.

[1453] _Mp._, pp. 126 f., and fig. 51; _Mw._, pp. 284 f., fig. 38; here the restored parts have been removed and his own restoration is given in an outline drawing. See also B. B., no. 129; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 322; Clarac, 837, 2099.

[1454] Mentioned by P., I, 28.2 and I, 25.1; the inscribed base has been found (see Lolling, Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, p. 35, n. 2). The _Perikles_ is exemplified by two inscribed copies: a terminal bust in London: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 549 and fig. 23 on p. 289; _Ancient Marbles in the British Museum_, 1815, Pl. XXXII; _A. Z._, XXVI, 1868, Pl. II, fig. 1 and pp. 1 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 117 f., Pl. VII and fig. 46 (profile); _Mw._, Pl. IX and pp. 270 f.; F. W., 481; a terminal bust in the Vatican: Visconti, _Iconogr. gr._, 1824-26, I, Pl. XV and p. 178; B. B., no. 156; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 276; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 413, 414: Bernouilli, _Griech. Ikonogr._, I, Pl. XI, p. 108; etc.

[1455] _H. N._, XXXIV, 74; in this passage Pliny also mentions an _Olympius Pericles_. The Naples statue has been wrongly restored as a gladiator; it is pictured, minus the restorations, in _Mp._, p. 125, fig. 50; _Mw._, p. 282, fig. 37; _cf._ Clarac, 870, 2210 and 872, 2210. Furtwaengler connects this statue with the bronze one of a certain Diitrephes pierced with arrows, which Pausanias saw on the Akropolis, I, 23.3; a basis found there, inscribed with the name Kresilas, supported a votive offering of Hermolykos, the son of Diitrephes, to Athena: _I. G. B._, 46; _C. I. A._, I, 402 (Kirchhoff, who opposes the connection); _cf._ p. 373. The base shows that a figure stood upon it in the pose of another figure, which appears on a white-faced Attic lekythos in the Cab. des Médailles in Paris (_Mp._, p. 124, fig. 48), which Furtwaengler believes a free rendering of the Kresilæan statue.

[1456] In Ols. 83, 84, 85 (= 448-440 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 239, 245, 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._, VIII, 840 A; Aristophanes of Byzantion (_apud_ Zonaras, I, p. 451, and _apud_ Hesych., _s. v._ Γρίσων); Plut., _de adul. et amici Discr._, 16; and _de Tranqu. anim._, 12; etc.

[1457] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 157. He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P. VI, 8.1; Hyde, 71; Foerster, 280.

[1458] B. B., no. 321; Bulle, 164, and fig. 93 on pp. 361-2 (cast on round base in Erlangen); von Mach 72; Collignon, I, p. 417, fig. 215; Rayet, I, Pl. 35; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; Zielinski, _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIX, 1884, pp. 116 f. (who refers the original possibly to Strongylion); F. W., 215. For replicas, see _Gaz. Arch._, 1881, p. 130; Rayet, text to Pl. 35; and Furtwaengler, _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, pp. 7 f; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 344, 6. It was called a runner first by Visconti, _Opere varie_, 1827-31, IV, Pl. XXIII, pp. 163 f., who has been followed by Collignon, Zielinski, Rayet, Reisch (p. 46), Richardson (p. 144), and others. It is 0.80 meter high (Bulle).

[1459] _E. g._, Overbeck, II, pp. 182-185, and notes 10-24 on p. 186. On p. 183, fig. 186, he gives illustrations of the three principal copies—the marble one in the British Museum (a), the bronze statuette in Baron Rothschild’s collection in Paris (b), and the Capitoline bronze in Rome (c). He brings it into relation with the sculptor Boëthos, who is known to have made seated _genre_ figures of boys, _e. g._, one in the Heraion at Olympia, P., V., 17. 4 (= S. Q., 1596).

[1460] Von Mach, no. 86; _cf._ Kekulé, _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, p. 244, and F. W., 215.

[1461] See _B. M. Sculpt._, III, pp. 109-110.

[1462] See K. Woelke, Dornauszieher-Maedchen, _Jb._, XXIX, 1914, pp. 17-25, figs. 1, 2, etc.

[1463] _E. g._, bronze statuettes, formerly in the Dreyfus collection in Paris, dating from the second half of the fifteenth century: Bulle, p. 364, fig. 94; _Mon. Piot_, XVI, 1909, Pl. XII, 3 (nos. 2, 3 = Italian bronzes of the same subject in the Louvre and in the collection of Charles Haviland; see text, by G. Migeon, pp. 95 f.).

[1464] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1755 and Pl. VIII; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XXX; _Annali_, XLVIII, 1876, Pl. N (and pp. 124 f); _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, p. 127, and XXXVII, 1879, p. 19, Pls. II, III; Rayet, Pl. 36; von Mach, 284; Bulle, p. 365, fig. 95; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 144, 2. It is 0.63 meter high (Bulle).

[1465] _Gaz. arch._, 1881, Pls. IX-XI; Collignon, I, p. 420, fig. 216; Rayet, text to no. 36; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 143, 7. It is 9.5 inches tall.

[1466] See Lange, _Das Motif des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 9 f.; Reisch, p. 46, n. 5; B. B., no. 67 (Paris copy); von Mach, 238a (Munich copy), 238b (Louvre copy). See _supra_, pp. 86-87.

[1467] See E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 281; on the race, see Gardiner, pp. 285-91, and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 280 f.; Krause, I, pp. 353-359; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1644; etc.

[1468] At Olympia, P., III, 14.3; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 5; Artemidoros, _Oneirokritika_, I, 63; Heliod., _Aethiop._, IV., _init._; _Oxy. Pap._; at Delphi, Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, 1841, p. 26, no. 4; at the _Panathenaia_, Mommsen, _Feste d. Stadt Athen_, 1898, p. 70. On its origin, see Ph., 7.

[1469] P., II, 11.8; X, 34.5. In the first passage Pausanias speaks of a victor who won the _diaulos_ twice—once γυμνός, the second time σὺν τῇ ἀσπίδι. De Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f., discusses Hauser’s futile argument (_Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.) that the hoplite-runner covered the stadion four times, the first and fourth with helmet and shield, the second and third without the shield, and conclusively shows that the race was a _diaulos_. For Athens, see Aristoph., _Aves_, 291 f., and scholion. The race was four stades long at Nemea: _cf._ Ph., 7, and Juethner’s note (p. 196).

[1470] Ph., 8; _cf._ also 24.

[1471] VI, 10.4. In V, 12.8 he says that 25 shields for this race were officially kept in the nave of the temple of Zeus.

[1472] We see shield, helmet, and greaves on the vase pictured in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; Baum., III, p. 2110, fig. 2360; on the b.-f. vases in Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLVII, CCLVIII, and CCLXIII; on the b.-f. vases pictured in Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, figs. 3 (sixth century B. C., = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVIII) and 5 (= amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, II, B 608); we see no greaves on the r.-f. kylix in Berlin (Fig. 41); _cf._ Krause, pp. 354 f.

[1473] _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.; X, 1895, pp. 199 f.

[1474] P., VI, 10.4.

[1475] P., X, 34.5. Mnesiboulos won stade- and hoplite-races at Olympia in Ol. 235 (= 161 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 712-713; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 582. He was also περιοδονίκης in both events.

[1476] _E. g._, by Ph., 7.

[1477] A bronze helmet found at Olympia, recently in the possession of the Bishop of Lincoln, is pictured in _J. H. S._, II, 1881, Pl. XI, 1.

[1478] _E. g._, on the vase in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; on the Panathenaic vase in the British Museum, already mentioned, dating from the second half of the fourth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, II, B. 608; = Gardiner, p. 290, fig. 58; = _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 3; = Baum, III, p. 2110, fig. 2361; here the runners are running with the feet flat on the ground.

[1479] In the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 523; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, pp. 132-142, Pls. XV, 2 and XVI; Gardiner, p. 286, fig. 54, and _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 278, fig. 7; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 427, no. 58.

[1480] No. 2307; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXI; _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 277, fig. 6; Gardiner, p. 288, fig. 56; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2232; _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 105; _cf._ similar runners on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum, E 22: Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, no. 18; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 372, no. 21.

[1481] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 278, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 287, fig. 55. It was formerly in Berlin.

[1482] E 818; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 285, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 289, fig. 57; noted by Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 373, no. 8; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 134, no. 69.

[1483] For a reconstruction of the various phases of the armed-race from vase-paintings, see _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 279, fig. 9.

[1484] See Gardiner, p. 291 and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 284 f. Perhaps this is the explanation of a kylix in Berlin (no. 4039), reproduced by Furtwaengler in _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. LIII.

[1485] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 1240); _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 284, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 292, fig. 59. This painting represents a palæstra scene, as is shown by the sponges on the wall.

[1486] 291.

[1487] _H. N._, XXXV, 71.

[1488] I, 23.9. In 1838 the inscribed base of this statue was found, the inscription being: Ἐπι[χ]αρῖνος [ἀνέ]θηκεν ὁ ... Κριτίος καὶ Νησ[ι]ώτης ἐπο[ιησ]άτην: _C. I. A._, I, 376; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 39. This shows that Pausanias got his information about the pose from the statue itself and not from the inscription. It also gives us the right spelling of the artist’s name.

[1489] First published, long after it had passed from the possession of Herr Tux to the University Collection, by Gruneisen in Schorn’s _Kunstblatt_, 1835, pp. 21 f., and separately the same year. See also Hauser in _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95-107; L. Schwabe, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 163 f., Pl. IX (= three views); de Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f. (reviewed in _A. J. A._, II, 1898, pp. 268 f.); Collignon, I, p. 305, fig. 152; Bulle, no. 89 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403a; Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, 1893, II, p. 249 f.; F. W., 90; Rouse, p. 174, n. 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 5.

[1490] Bulle, no. 86.

[1491] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 165-70 and Pl. IV (three views). It was probably made in Campania. It is 0.07 meter high.

[1492] M. D., 1097; Clarac, 830, 2085.

[1493] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 392, and n. 4. He believes that the helmet is not alien to the statue as some think, but points out that the head, which is much restored and is akin to the _Perseus_, is wrongly attached to the body. Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, because of the tree-trunk, does not believe that the statue represents a hoplite-runner; but Furtwaengler shows that the tree-trunk offers no objection to restoring a shield to the statue.

[1494] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., no. 75; Bulle, 88; von Mach, 286; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154 1-4; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; F. W., 1425; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XLIX; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 513, fig. 136; J. Six, _De Beteekenis van het Leelijke in de Grieksche Kunst_, p. 29; his theory has been contested by Kalkman, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64 and n. 50. The statue is 1.55 meters high (Bulle).

[1495] Bulle, and also Klein (III, pp. 265 f.), believe that Agasias was no mere copyist, while Amelung (Becker-Thieme, _Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler_, I, 113) classes him as one. The inscription on the base of the statue dates it about 100 B. C.

[1496] No. 1959; _Arch. Eph._, 1904, pp. 43-56 (Philios) and Pl. I; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 648-51 and fig. 333; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, Pl. on p. 20; Svoronos, I, pp. 89-96, and Tafelbd., I, Pl. XXVI (upper left corner); Bulle, 263; E. Schmidt, _Muenchner archaeol. Stud. zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler_, p. 254 and fig. 351; Lechat, p. 206, fig. 25. Its dimensions are 1.01 meters high and 0.72 meter broad. See p. 194.

[1497] Bulle dates it loosely after the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[1498] He shows that a similar type appears on Athenian dekadrachmai, which were struck soon after the date of the battle of Marathon, in any case before 480 B. C.; _cf._ Babelon, _Journ. Int. d’arch. Num._, 1905.

[1499] _A. Pl._, I, 3, v. 2, and _P. l. G._, III, no. 153, p. 500. _Cf._ also the epigram quoted by Eustathius, in the scholion on the Iliad, XXIII, 621, p. 1320, and one by Lucilius, _A. G._, XI, no. 84. The five events are repeatedly mentioned by Greek writers: Ph., 3, 11, etc.; Artemidoros, _Oneir._, I, 55; many scholiasts, _e. g._, on Pindar, _Isthm._, 1, 35, Boeckh, p. 519, and Soph., _Electra_, 691. On the event, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, I, pp. 210 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVII, pp. 359 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 54 f. (The Method of Deciding the Pentathlon); E. Myers, _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 217 f.; F. Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1888, and _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1889; Heinrich, _Ueber das Pentathlon d. Griechen_, 1892; Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867; Krause, I, pp. 476-497, and 921 f.; Bluemner, in Baum., I, pp. 512 f; Legrand, in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, pp. 804 f., _s. v._ _Quinquertium_. On the order of events and method of deciding the victory, see Gardiner, pp. 362 f.

[1500] _Isthm._, I, 26-27.

[1501] Od., VIII, 103. In line 129 he mentions the diskos. Boxing was never a part of the later pentathlon.

[1502] P., V, 8.7; Philostratos, 12; in Ch. 3 he says that it was introduced by Jason.

[1503] P., V, 9.1.

[1504] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX. See _supra_, p. 192.

[1505] It represents jumping, javelin-throwing, and diskos-throwing; it is a Panathenaic vase of the sixth century B. C. in the British Museum: B 134; _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, Pl. XVIII; Gardiner, p. 360, fig. 107; _cf._ these three events pictured on another amphora of similar date in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108. A gymnasium scene (_i. e._, figures of a jumper, diskobolos, and apparently an akontistes) appears on a r.-f. vase-painting by Douris: see Pottier, _Douris et les Peintres de Vases grecs_, 1904 (engl. ed. 1909), fig. 6; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 549, fig. 315.

[1506] In addition to those cited we may add the vase in the British Museum, B 142 (= diskos-throwing and javelin-throwing); one in Munich, no. 656 (= javelin-throwing and jumping); two others in the British Museum, B 136 and 602 (= diskos-throwing); another there, B 605 (= javelin-throwing); etc.

[1507] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162, 163; _I. G. B._, 91; upper surface outlined in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 263, fig. 110; _Mw._, p. 472, fig. 80. For the discussion of Pythokles, see _Mp._, pp. 262 f.

[1508] Furtwaengler believed in the first century B. C.; Dittenberger and Purgold, in the first century A. D.: _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 284.

[1509] Gatti, _B. Com. Rom._, XIX, 1891, pp. 280 f., Pl. X, 1; _cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, VI, 1891, pp. 304 f.

[1510] Statuette in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 32; _Guide_, 43; Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 101 on p. 116, and Pls. XVI, XVII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 264, fig. 111; _Mw._, p. 474, fig. 81; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 2; Clarac, 861, 2184; a black marble statue found at Porto d’ Anzio in 1758, now in the Glyptothek: Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 458; Clarac, 858, 2175; it is 1.54 meters high.

[1511] _Wiener Studien_, XXIV, 1902, pp. 398 f.; he is, therefore, against the Pythokles ascription; see also Studniczka in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1906, p. 131.

[1512] _Cf._ also Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 570 f.

[1513] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. kgl. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, no. 90 (= a doryphoros); Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XII (whence our plate) and fig. 112 (head from cast, two views), on p. 267; discussion, pp. 265 f; _Mw._, Pls. XXVI, XXVII (the head from a cast and the restored left forearm omitted) and text, pp. 475 f.; Clarac, 948, 2437. Furtwaengler mentions three other copies of the statue and three of the head.

[1514] On a fourth-century B. C. Panathenaic prize vase we see an athlete in a similar pose holding a diskos in his left hand: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, g, 10 (quoted by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 266, n. 6).

[1515] Formerly in the Coll. Pourtalès, and then in the Coll. Gréau: W. Froehner, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Collection Gréau_, 1885, Pl. XXXII, p. 204, no. 964; de Ridder, _Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 184, and p. 34; Mahler, _Polyklet und seine Schule_, pp. 57 f. and fig. 13; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 278, _Mw._, p. 490; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 3. It is 0.218 meter high. Froehner had interpreted the statuette as that of an oil-pourer, though the position of the hands is against it.

[1516] P., VI, 14.13; Hyde, 139 and pp. 54-55; Foerster, 451, 456; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 176.

[1517] Od., VIII, 103 and 128. On jumping, see Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f.; etc.

[1518] IV, 465 f.

[1519] _Cf._ Stesichoros, _apud_ Athenaeum, IV, 72 (pp. 172 f.).

[1520] _De Incessu animalium_, Ch. 3 (p. 705 a).

[1521] As, _e. g._, on the statues at Olympia of the Elean pentathlete Anauchidas (P., V, 27.12) and Hysmon (P., VI, 3.10). See _supra_, p. 164.

[1522] Juethner, _Antike Turngeraete_, pp. 3-13; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f. and _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 179 f., (especially pp. 181 f.). The following section is taken chiefly from these two sources. _Cf._ also _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 180-1; Pinder, _A. A._, 1864, pp. 230 f.

[1523] National Museum, no. 9075; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 190; Juethner, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 298, fig. 60. The inscription = _C. I. A._, IV, 422^4. This weight is 4.5 inches long with concave sides and weighs 4 lbs. 2 oz.

[1524] _E. g._, one of lead, in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 182; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 c. It weighs 2 lbs. 5 oz.

[1525] V, 26.3; the group dates from the second half of the fifth century B. C.: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-9.

[1526] _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 104; Juethner, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 300, fig. 62; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, fig. 10. It is 10 inches long. (The illustrations show one weight seen from three sides.)

[1527] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 180, fig. 1101; Juethner, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61a (from cast in the British Museum). It is probably of diorite and is 11.5 inches long, and weighs over 10 pounds.

[1528] Ch. 55; _cf._ Lucian, _Anach._, 27 (καὶ μολυβδίνας χειροπληθεῖς ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν ἔχοντες, _i. e._, cylindrical); _Etym. magn._, p. 71, 20.

[1529] Such is the limestone _halter_ from Kameiros, Rhodes, in the British Museum; _B. M. Guide to Gk. and Rom. Life_, 1908, fig. 41; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 b. It is 7.5 inches long.

[1530] Juethner, fig. 11.

[1531] Duetschke, II, 22.

[1532] _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1533] See Caelius Aurelianus, _de Morb. acut. et chron._, V, 2.38 (= of the early ? fifth century A. D.). The imperial physicians recommended them: see Galen and Antyllos, _apud_ Oribasium, _Coll. Medicin._, ed. Bussemaker et Daremberg, 1851, VI, 14 and 34, respectively; see Krause, I, pp. 395 f., and Juethner, p. 16.

[1534] Ch. 55.

[1535] _De Incessu anim._, Ch. 3 (p. 705a).

[1536] Made by E. O. Gourdin, in Cambridge, U. S. A., July 23, 1921.

[1537] See _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 218, n. 1; the jump took place at Chester in 1854; here is also recorded a standing jump of 13 ft. 7 in. with 23-lb. weights, at Manchester in 1875.

[1538] Mentioned by Pinder, _Ueber d. Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_ (quoted by Juethner, p. 16).

[1539] So Fedde, p. 22. A record of 49 ft. 3 in. (hop, skip, and jump) was made at Harwich in 1861: _J. H. S._, II, p. 281, n. 1.

[1540] _A. Pl._, 297; _cf._ schol. on Aristophanes, _Acharn._, 213, and other evidence gathered by Gardiner, in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 70 f.

[1541] Rutgers, p. 11.

[1542] On the controversy about these jumps, see Gardiner, Fedde, _ll. cc._, and _A. A._, 1900, pp. 104-6 (Kueppers, Diels, and Stengel). On Greek jumping, see also Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Pinder, pp. 108 f.; Fedde, pp. 14 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 303 f.; Girard, _L’éducation athénienne_, 1889, pp. 200 f.; etc.

[1543] See Gardiner’s summary in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 189.

[1544] _E. g._, on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 427; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 185, fig. 6; etc.

[1545] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in Copenhagen (?): _Annali_, XVIII, 1846, Pl. M; Gardiner, p. 303, fig. 64; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 185, fig. 7 (left-hand figure).

[1546] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Bologna: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 186, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 304, fig. 65; Juethner, fig. 16; on interior of an early r.-f. vase, signed by Chelis, in the Louvre, G 15: Pottier, _Vases antiques_, Pl. 89; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 366, fig. 211.

[1547] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix from Orvieto, formerly in the Bourguignon Coll. in Naples, but now in Boston: _A. Z._, XLII, 1884, p. 243 (Meier), Pl. XVI, 2b; Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 454, 1, 5, 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 305, fig. 66 (interior showing diskobolos, _ibid._, p. 326, fig. 80 = _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 20, fig. 9); Juethner, p. 15, fig. 14; Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 201, 207, figs. 22 and 27; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 423, no. 44; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 5, fig. 3691, IV, 2, p. 1055, fig. 6083.

[1548] _E. g._, on a b.-f. imitation Corinthian amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 48; middle figure is given in _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 306, fig. 67; Juethner, fig. 15 (three figures).

[1549] Inghirami, _Mus. Chius._, Pl. CXXV (quoted by Gardiner).

[1550] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Leyden: _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907 p. 260; on a later r.-f. kylix of Euphronios: Klein, _Euphronios_^2, 1887, p. 306; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 188, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 307, fig. 68.

[1551] _B. M. Bronzes_, 248, p. 26, fig. 10 (right); _Gaz. arch._, 1875, Pl. XXXV, p. 131; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, no. 15; Murray, _Hbk. Gk. Archæology_, 1892, p. 123, fig. 53. The diskos is 8.25 inches in diameter and is to be dated about 500 B. C. On the other side is represented a jumper, with measuring cord in his hands, measuring his leap. A similar figure appears on a metrological relief at Oxford: _J. H. S._, IV, 1883, Pl. XXXV, p. 335.

[1552] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 81, fig. on p. 54 (three views); _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, p. 46, no. 37; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 345, 9.

[1553] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 7 (quoted by Miss Richter).

[1554] _E. g._, the jumper with _halteres_ on the British Museum pelike already mentioned, E 427; see p. 216, n. 10; a still closer resemblance is found in a jumper without _halteres_ on a r.-f. pelike discussed in _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 272; Gardiner, p. 309, fig. 69.

[1555] Krause, I, pp. 439 f. _E. g._, Apollo unintentionally slays Hyakinthos while contending with him in diskos-throwing: Euripides, _Helena_, 1469 f.; etc.

[1556] Iliad, XXIII, 826 f. Later imitators of Homer use the word also: _e. g._, Apoll. Rhod., III, 1366.

[1557] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 717; _I. G. A._, 370; Juethner, pp. 22-23. A larger block of volcanic rock weighing 480 kilograms has been found at Santorin with an inscription dating from about 500 B. C. stating that one Eumastas lifted it from the ground: _I. G._, XIII, no. 449. See _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 2. Such a scene is depicted on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in the Louvre, G 96; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, fig. 1.

[1558] Od., IV, 626 and VIII, 186 f. The diskos-throw was well known as a measure: _e. g._, Il., XXIII, 431. Scholiasts tried to show the difference between the _solos_ and the diskos: see Juethner, pp. 19 f.

[1559] _Ol._, X, 72; _Isthm._, I, 25.

[1560] _E. g._, on a b.-f. amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 271; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. I; Gardiner, p. 314, fig. 71; _cf._ the Panathenaic amphora, B 134 (= Fig. 44); _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XVIII.

[1561] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 3207; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73; _Rev. arch._, XVIII, 1891, Pl. XVIII, p. 45. It is 6.5 inches in diameter. The inscription is written retrograde.

[1562] See list of fifteen in _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 6; Gardiner, p. 316; eight of these are from Olympia.

[1563] I, 35.5.

[1564] Furtwaengler shows that there are numerous representations of Myron’s _Diskobolos_ on gems: _Die antiken Gemmen_, _e. g._, Pls. XLIV, nos. 26, 27, and LXVI, 8; _cf._ also a gem in the British Museum: _B. M. Gems_, 742 and Pl. 11.

[1565] _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 1 f., Pls. I-III, summary on p. 36; _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XV, pp. 313 f. _Cf._ also E. Pernice, _Jb._, XXIII, 1908, Zum Diskoswurf, pp. 94 f., who corrects and augments the evidence furnished by Gardiner’s article in the _J. H. S._ On the diskos and mode of casting, see also Juethner, pp. 18-36; Krause, I, pp. 442 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 321 f.; _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 f. (J. Six); Dar.-Sagl., II, 1, pp. 277 f.; Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf der Hellenen_, pp. 37 f.; Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 201 f.; Kietz, _Der Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, pp. 15 f.

[1566] _E. g._, on a lekythos from Eretria: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 23, fig. 12.

[1567] _E. g._, on a b.-f. Attic lekythos in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 576; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. II; Gardiner, p. 328, fig. 82; on a r.-f. kylix: _J. H. S._, p. 26, fig. 15; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXCIV, no. 6.

[1568] _E. g._, on the reverse of a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum signed by Pheidippos: _B. M. Vases_, III, Pl. I, E 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 13, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 323, fig. 76; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 368, fig. 214; on a b.-f. kelebe in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77; on an Attic b.-f. panel-amphora in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: _Museum Journal_, VI, No. 4 (Dec., 1915), fig. 90, p. 170; _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4; (the obverse of this vase, representing a boxing scene, is given in our Fig. 56); on a b.-f. amphora pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLX., and Pernice, _l. c._, fig. on p. 98. The left foot is generally forward in this position: _e. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 795; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 26, fig. 14; the right is forward on two b.-f. vases: Gerhard, Pls. CCLIX, 2 (= our Pl. 36 B), and CCLX. On a r.-f. amphora in Naples (Pernice, fig. on p. 96), a youth is represented holding the diskos with the right hand on the shoulder, against which his face is silhouetted as in the famous archaic relief from the Dipylon gate discussed _supra_, Ch. III, p. 127.

[1569] _E. g._, on the amphora pictured by Pernice, p. 99.

[1570] The left is forward on a r.-f. krater of Amasis from Corneto: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 16, fig. 5; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 416, fig. 56a; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 78; the right is forward on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 395; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 325, fig. 79. The left is drawn back in a fifth-century B. C. bronze: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 18, fig. 7; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, Pl. L. Another example is found on a r.-f. kylix in Paris: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 27, fig. 17; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIII, 2; Gardiner, p. 331, fig. 85.

[1571] For variations, see early fifth-century B. C. coins of Kos in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 30, fig. 19; Gardiner, p. 332, fig. 86.

[1572] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Naples: _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 32, fig. 20; Juethner, fig. 31; Gardiner, p. 333, fig. 87; on a b.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 32, fig. 21; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88.

[1573] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Boulogne: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 34, fig. 23; Gardiner, p. 335, fig. 89; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 370, no. 11; _cf._ Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Mus._, 1918, no. 19 (= ascribed to Euergides).

[1574] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned (the figure to the right).

[1575] _E. g._, the archaic Pourtalès bronze: Panofka, _Cabinet Pourtalès_, Pl. XIII, 3; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 3; _cf._ also another in the Antiquarium in Berlin: _Inventar_, no. 8570; _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, n. 7 and fig. on p. 35. The latter is 0.10 meter high.

[1576] _Mus. Bull._, III, Feb., 1908, pp. 31-36; Richter, _Greek, Roman, and Etruscan Bronzes_, no. 78, p. 49 (three views); _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 89-90, figs. 52 and 53 (side views); Gardiner, p. 329, fig. 83. It is 9.25 inches tall.

[1577] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no. 561; on another in Munich: _cf._ J. D. Beazley, _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. VIII, 2; both quoted by Miss Richter, _l. c._

[1578] In the National Museum, no. 7412; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 321 and fig. on p. 270. It was found in the sanctuary of the Kabeiroi in Bœotia and is 0.19 meter high. _Cf._ a similar position on a r.-f. amphora in Munich painted by Euthymides: no. 374; published by Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, 1917, Pl. II; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. LXXXI.

[1579] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 675; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 22, fig. 11; Murray^2, 1, p. 274, fig. 59; Gardiner, p. 330, fig. 84; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 544, 10. It is 6.5 inches tall.

[1580] _Cf._ also two very rude bronzes in the British Museum representing diskoboloi: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 502 (diskos held up in right hand), 504 (diskos in right hand), the first 3.37 inches tall, the other 4.87 inches; the latter has a fillet in the hair and so represents a victor.

[1581] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 559; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 17, fig. 6. As the whole lebes is only 18.5 inches tall, this lid figure is very small.

[1582] _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, fig. 8. _Inventar_, no. 8569. It is 0.115 meter high.

[1583] Published by H. G. E. White in _J. H. S._, XXXVI, 1916, pp. 16 f., Pls. I, II and 3 figs, in text. Pl. I is the more archaic: Museum no. 6615; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 86; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 281-2, no. 757, and fig. 265. Pl. II is the less archaic: Museum no. 6614; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 46; _J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 268-9 (E. A. Gardiner); Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 275-7, no. 750, and fig. 257.

[1584] Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 201, traces its origin to Aetolus, son of Mars. Phrastor won a victory in such a contest at Olympia: Pindar, _Ol._, X, 71. See Krause, pp. 465 f.; Juethner, pp. 36 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVI, pp. 338 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 258 f.; Dar-Sagl., I, 1, pp. 226 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 1183 f. (Reisch); Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 203 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 327 f., and III, pp. 168 f.; etc. In the following account we are chiefly indebted to Juethner and Gardiner.

[1585] See Stassoff _apud_ Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archaéol._, St. Petersburg, 1872, p. 302. _Cf._ Juethner, _Ph._, p. 64.

[1586] Iliad, XXIII, 884 f.; _cf._ 637.

[1587] The athletic style appears on many vases, especially on r.-f. ones; see _infra_, pp. 223-4 and notes.

[1588] The javelin is held horizontally by the warrior on the interior of a b.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 380; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 252, fig. 2; Gardiner, p. 342, fig. 93. It was commonly held slopingly over the shoulder level with the head in representations of the athletic style; _e. g._, the second athlete from the left in the sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum (Fig. 44): _B. M. Vases_, B 134; _cf._ also a similar figure on the sixth-century B. C. amphora in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108.

[1589] At Athens as early as the fifth century B. C. there were practical javelin contests from horseback with a target, and such contests kept up in Thessaly to the time of Hadrian: Gardiner, pp. 356-8. Throwing the javelin at a target from horseback is seen on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 357, fig. 106; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XX. Pindar mentions javelin-throwing three times, and in each case the throw was for distance: _Nem._, VII, 70-1; _Isthm._, II, 35; _Pyth._, I, 44. Lucian, in a passage referring to the pentathlon at Olympia, says that athletes competed for distance: _Anacharsis_, 27. On this question, see Juethner, pp. 54 f.

[1590] Hesychios calls it ἀποτομάς, _s. v._; see also Pollux, X, 64.

[1591] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2, and _cf._ p. 228 (Milchhoefer).

[1592] See Juethner, figs. 34, 35, 36 on pp. 40-41 (representing akontistai holding the javelin in one hand and the _amentum_ in the other). Fastening the thong is commonly depicted on vases: _e. g._, a youth seated on the ground attaching the _amentum_ is pictured on a r.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 32, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88; _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p. 164, fig. 3; on a r.-f. kylix in Wuerzburg (no. 432), a youth is seen winding the _amentum_ around the akontion, drawing one end of the thong tight by means of his left foot: Juethner, p. 42, fig. 37; Gardiner, p. 340, fig. 91; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 599, fig. 4116; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 93, no. 7. On a r.-f. amphora from Vulci attributed to Euthymides, and now in the British Museum, we see an akontistes holding the spear pointed to the ground and drawing the _amentum_ tight preparatory to the throw: _B. M. Vases_, E 256; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XIX; Gardiner, p. 348, fig. 99; Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, p. 49, Pls. IX, XI; _id._, _Hbk._, I, pp. 442-3, no. 19. For the various methods of attaching the _amentum_, see collection of drawings from vases in Gardiner, p. 341, fig. 92 = _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 250, fig. 1.

[1593] See _J. H. S._, XXVII, pp. 262 f.; Gardiner, pp. 350 f.

[1594] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Rome: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 266, fig. 14; Gardiner, p. 354, fig. 104; Juethner, p. 48, fig. 43.

[1595] Downwards in the r.-f. amphora in the British Museum, mentioned above, E 256.

[1596] No. 2667 (Jahn, no. 562 A); _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 262, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 349, fig. 100; Juethner, p. 47, fig. 41; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 198, no. 8.

[1597] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the Torlonia collection: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 351, fig. 102; Juethner, p. 58, fig. 49.

[1598] _E. g._, badly done on the Munich kylix mentioned, no. 2667; also on a r.-f. kylix of Panaitios from Vulci in Munich, no. 2637 (Jahn, no. 795): _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 66, Pl. XI (= Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 422, 2); _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXI, 3; Baum., I, p. 613, fig. 672; Hoppin, _Hbk._, p. 426, no. 54; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1452, fig. 3478; IV, 2, p. 1056, fig. 6086; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 408): _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 265, fig. 13; Gardiner, p. 353, fig. 103; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. XLV.

[1599] P. 48.

[1600] See _23stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._

[1601] B. B., no. 273; Bulle, 47, and pp. 97-102 and fig. 18; von Mach, 113; Collignon, I, pp. 488 f. and Pl. XII; Rayet, I, Pl. 29; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIV; Springer-Michaelis, p. 276, fig. 496; F. W., 503.

[1602] _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, 1902. For the Apollonios bust, see B. B., no. 336; F. W., 505. An almost identical bust—except for a wide fillet around the locks and shoulders—was found in the _tablinum_ of the same villa (_Invent._, no. 6164). Many of these heads doubtless come from busts or statues which decorated gymnasia and palæstræ.

[1603] Duetschke, III, no. 535 (0.81 meter high).

[1604] F. W., 507; _cf._ Rayet, I, text to Pl. 29.

[1605] No. 293; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, pp. 7 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, no. 126 on p. 151 and Pl. 19; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 45; _Guide_, I, 58; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 10. It is 2.11 meters high (Amelung). _Cf._ Loewy, _Lysipp und Seine Stellung in der gr. Plastik_, pp. 5-7 and 23-4; Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 104-14. For other replicas, see Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 228 f.; _Mw._, pp. 421 f.

[1606] Mahler, _op. cit._, p. 29.

[1607] As we see from the careful copy on a Berlin gem: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, p. 31, fig. 3; _Guide_, I, p. 35, fig. 4; and on a funerary relief in Argos: _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII (Furtwaengler); B. B., 279A; Collignon, I, p. 491, fig. 250; F. W., 504; _cf._ _Annali_, LI, 1879, p. 219 (Brunn); Mitchell, _Hist. Anc. Sculpt._, 1883, p. 386 and fig. 176.

[1608] The _uno crure insistere_ of Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 56. Here Pliny quotes Varro to the effect that Polykleitos’ statues were almost exactly after the same type (_paene ad unum exemplum_).

[1609] See _Mp._, pp. 212 f. and figs. 90 and 91 (head, two views); _Mw._, pp. 403 f., and Pls. XXIV, XXV. For the statue, see also Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 295 (= god or athlete); Kekulé, _Jb._, III, 1888, p. 37 and Pl. 1 (= Polykleitan and Zeus); B. B., 122.

[1610] _De instit. Orat._, V, 12.21.

[1611] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[1612] _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 292, n. 2.

[1613] _Mp._, pp. 163 and 228; _Mw._, p. 420.

[1614] _E. g._, that of Ktesilaos (= Kresilas; see below) in _H. N._, XXXIV, 76; of Polykleitos, _ibid._, 55, and of Aristodemos, _ibid._, 86.

[1615] This torso is of Pentelic marble, like many of the later victor statues at Olympia, and is fleshier than the Naples and Vatican copies: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 250 and fig. 284 (back view); Tafelbd., Pl. LXII, I; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 228, _Mw._, p. 420. It is in the Museum at Olympia.

[1616] The Naples copy is 1.99 meters high; see Kalkmann, Die Proport. des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, p. 53; the Olympia torso is 1.10 meters high for the preserved part (Treu).

[1617] _Pro Imag._, 11.

[1618] _E. g._, the statue of Polydamas, P., VI, 5.1; the base of the statue of Kallias, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 146; of Eukles, _ibid._, no. 159; etc.

[1619] Collignon, I, p. 490; he believed that the original statue by Polykleitos stood in a Gymnasion at Argos.

[1620] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342 and n. 2.

[1621] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, nos. 87 (pp. 56 f., and fig., showing front and back, on p. 57; _cf._ _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 114, fig. 72; it is from Cyprus), and 88 (fig. on p. 58; _Mus. Bull._, Dec., 1913, p. 270, Richter). No. 87 is 6.25 inches tall; 88 is 5.56 inches.

[1622] _Mp._, pp. 279 f. Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos.

[1623] See the fine drawings of these and other groups from tomb no. 17 (of Khety) in Champollion, _Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_, 1845, IV, Pls. CCCLXXII-CCCLXXVIII; Pl. CCCLXXIII, 3 = Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 793, fig. 521; CCCLXXIV, 4 = _ibid._, p. 792, fig. 520. Another scene from the tomb of Nevothph is pictured in Champollion, Pl. CCCLXIV, I. See also _Arch. Survey of Egypt, Beni Hasan_, Pt. II, 1894, Pl. XV; _cf._ a poor reproduction of several scenes in Springer-Michaelis, p. 27, fig. 68.

[1624] _De Leg._, VII, 796 A, B, C.

[1625] Philostr., _Imag._, II, 32 (p. 857), ascribes its origin to Hermes’ daughter Palaistra; Apollodoros, II, 4.9, says that the same god’s son Autolykos was the teacher of Herakles. Pausanias, I, 39.3, says that the systematic instruction in the art began with Theseus. Eustathius, schol. on _Il._, XXIII, p. 1327, says that Kerkyon discovered it. In a scholion on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 49, Boeckh, p. 465, Pherekydes and Polemon are quoted as saying that Theseus’ charioteer Phorbas invented the art, and Istros is quoted as saying that Athena taught Theseus. At Olympia Herakles was a victor in wrestling: P., V, 8.4.

[1626] Ajax (Telamon) and Odysseus contended in a wrestling bout which ended in a draw: Il., XXIII, 710-734; in line 701, and in Od., VIII, 126, it is called παλαισμοσύνη ἀλεγεινή; it appears among the Phaiakians in Od., VIII, 103, 246. It was pictured along with boxing on the shield of Herakles by Hesiod: _Scut._, 302 (= ἑλκηδόν).

[1627] P., V, 8.7; Ph., 12.

[1628] P., V, 8.9.

[1629] On rules and representations of wrestling in literature and art, see especially E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 14-31; pp. 263-293, and Pls. XI and XII; _id._, _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XVIII, pp. 372-401; _cf._ Krause, I, pp. 400 f; Grasberger, _Erziehung u. Unterricht_, I, pp. 345 f. An excellent account of a wrestling match is found in the oldest Greek prose romance, the _Aethiopica_ of Heliodoros, X, 31 f.; _cf._ also the fine account of a bout between Diomedes and Aias in Quintus Smyrnæus: IV, 215 f.; etc.

[1630] Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxy. Pap._, III, 466; discussed by Juethner, with part of the text and translation, in his edition of the _de Arte gymn._ of Philostratos, p. 26. On the method of selecting antagonists at Olympia, the number engaged, byes, etc., see Gardiner, pp. 374-5.

[1631] For coins in the British Museum, see Gardiner, p. 373, fig. 109, a, b, c (from Aspendos, of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C.), d (from Herakleia in Lucania, of the fourth), e, f (from Syracuse, of about 400 B. C.), g (from Alexandria of the time of Antoninus Pius); see also _id._, _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 271, fig. 9.

[1632] See especially, Gardiner, _ll. cc._

[1633] Described by Lucian, _Anach._, 24.

[1634] Described by Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 215 f. and Nonnos, XXXVII, 553 f.; discussed in _J. H. S._, XXV, pp. 25 f.

[1635] No. 2159; _A. J. A._, XI, 1896, p. 11, fig. 9; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 270, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 386, fig. 116; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Die griech. Vasenmalerei_, III, pp. 73 f., and Pl. CXXXIII; Gerhard, _Trinkschalen und Gefaesse des k. Museums zu Berlin und anderer Sammlungen_, 1848-50, Pls. XIX, XX; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 400, n. 1 and Pl. XXIV, 2; W. Klein, _Die griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen_^2, 1886, no. 4; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 32, Pl. on p. 33.

[1636] No. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV, a, and pp. 140 f. (W. N. Bates); J. D. Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Museums_, 1918, p. 111 (Lysis, Laches, and Lykos group); Gardiner, p. 392, fig. 122.

[1637] _Invent._, 5626-5627; B. B., 354; Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XV, 2 and 3; Bulle, 91; Gardiner, p. 378, fig. 110 (= one statue); von Mach, 289; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 541 (= one statue); etc. They appear to be boys of about sixteen, and consequently may represent contestants in the πάλη παίδων. The statues are 1.18 meters high (Bulle). The advanced foot in no. 5626 is wrongly restored.

[1638] Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64, n. 49 (dolichodromoi).

[1639] _Cf._ Gardiner, p. 382.

[1640] _Jb._, IV, 1889, pp. 116, n. 8; _cf._ Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, pp. 172-3 and n. 12. Mahler wrongly thought that the heads were different: _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, p. 18; he assigned one to the fifth century B. C., the other to the influence of Praxiteles. Benndorf believed the two figures to be copies of one statue, later used to make a group.

[1641] Bulle, no, 90; in the Landesmuseum of Darmstadt: see Adamy, _Archaeol. Samml. des grossherz. Hess. Museums_, 1897, p. 21, no. 19. The figures are only 0.075 meter high.

[1642] Bulle, p. 179, fig. 40; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 318, 2; for other similar ones, _cf. ibid._, II, 2, 539, 2 (cover of a cista from Praeneste), 5 (in the Louvre), 6 (in Vienna = E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz-und Ant.-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. XLV, 7), and III, 155, 3 (in Forman Collection, London).

[1643] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 124 and fig. on p. 79; it is 4.5 inches high.

[1644] _E. g._, Walters, _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 639; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1877, Pl. XLV, 1 a.; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Bibl. Nationale_, 1895, no. 935.

[1645] Παναθήναια, II, Plates.

[1646] Gardiner, p. 395, fig. 126; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 286, fig. 23; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 328, fig. 81.

[1647] Gardiner, p. 396, fig. 127; Clarac, 802, 2014.

[1648] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, pp. 52-4 and Pl. XXI; it is 0.165 meter high. Others there listed include one in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, Pl. XI, b (front and back), and text on p. 288; Gardiner p. 398, fig. 129; another from Vienne in Bonn; two in Paris, in the de Clercq and Warrocqué collections respectively; and a fifth, whose location is unknown. All are of rough Roman workmanship, either of the second or first centuries B. C.

[1649] See Petersen in _R. M._, XV, 1900, pp. 158 f.; Klein, III, pp. 309 f.; Sieveking, _op. cit._, p. 53, n. 1. The copies are in Florence (_Galleria di Firenze_, III, Pl. 123, 2; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538, 5); in St. Petersburg (_Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1867, Pl. I, pp. 5 f., text by Stephani; _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 290, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 399, fig. 130; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538, 1 and 3); in Constantinople, from Antioch (_Jb._, XIII, 1898, Pl. XI and pp. 177 f., Foerster; _Rev. arch._, XXXV, 1899, Pl. XVIII, pp. 207 f., Joubin; _J. H. S._, 1905, p. 291, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 400, fig. 131); in the Louvre, from Egypt (no. 361; _Jb._, XVI, 1901, fig. on p. 51; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 234, 2); and in the British Museum (_B. M. Bronzes_, 853 and Pl. XXVII, middle one below). In the St. Petersburg copy the arms of the victor are changed around.

[1650] Duetschke, III, 547; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, 1.

[1651] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1382 (= Attic); _Jb._, XXV, 1910, Pl. VII, and pp. 171 f. (Bieber = Euphranor); _cf._ _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, n. 2 (Petersen = Skopaic); Furtw., _Mw._, p. 515, n. 4 (= Skopaic).

[1652] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80.

[1653] _H. N._, XXXV, 71; so Reisch, p. 45, n. 5. See _supra_, p. 206.

[1654] _H. N._, XXXV, 130. It was probably votive in character.

[1655] Ol. 141 (= 216 B. C.): P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 167; Foerster, 471; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 179.

[1656] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; drawing of the base also in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 279, fig. 118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85. The inscription dates from the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C., which shows that the statue was the work of the younger Polykleitos. Xenokles won sometime between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 (= 404 and 380 B. C.): P., VI,9.2; Hyde, 85 and p. 41; Foerster, 308.

[1657] Pp. 45-6; he won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 9.3; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285.

[1658] _Cf._ Lucretius, V, 1282: _arma antiqua manus ungues dentesque fuerunt_; Hor., _Sat._, I, 3.101; etc.

[1659] Between Epeios and Euryalos, Il., XXIII, 653 f.; Odysseus and Iros, Od., XVIII, 1 f.; _cf._ the match between Entellus and Dares in Virgil, _Aen._, V, 362 f.; Polydeukes and Amykos in Theokr., XXII, 80 f.; and in Apollon. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 67 f. For the Homeric and Virgilian matches, see _Fencing, Boxing, and Wrestling_, 1889 (Badminton Library), pp. 125 f.

[1660] Il., XXIII, 653; he uses the same epithet of wrestling, _ibid._, 701, and Od., VIII, 126. Eustath. _ad_ Il., XXIII, p. 1322, speaks of the πύκτης τλησίπονος.

[1661] πυκτοσύνη ἀλγινόεσσα: frag. 19, l. 4 (= _Philos. Fragm._, ed. Didot, I, p. 104 = Athen., X, 6, p. 414a). Apollon. Rhod. calls it ἀπηνέα πυγμαχίην, II, 76-7. The parts injured were especially the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, and teeth; _cf._ Krause, p. 516 and n. 18.

[1662] See Orsi, _Museo Ital. di antich. class._, II, Pl. V, p. 808; _cf._ Juethner, pp. 65-6, and Frothingham, _A. J. A._, IV, 1888, P. 444.

[1663] See Krause, pp. 497 f. Ph., 9, says that it was an invention of the Spartans and was first used among the Bebrykes.

[1664] P., V, 7.10; _cf._ Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4 (which speaks of victories of Apollo in boxing).

[1665] P., V, 8.4.

[1666] XXIII, 660.

[1667] Plut., _l. c._

[1668] The schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465, says that Theseus instituted the art of boxing.

[1669] P., V, 8. 7; Afr., _s. v._ Onomastos; Ph., 12; _Homeric Hymn to Apollo_, 149; _cf._ Foerster, 28. The date is also given by Ph., _l. c._

[1670] P., V. 8. 9; Ph., 13.

[1671] See K. T. Frost, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 213f; Gardiner, Ch. XIX, pp. 402 f.; Krause, pp. 497 f.

[1672] See Krause, I, pp. 502 f.; Juethner, pp. 65 f.; Gardiner, pp. 403 f.

[1673] Mosso, _The Palaces of Crete_, 1907, p. 339, and fig. 160 on p. 341. Orsi, _l. c._, believes the object over the fists in the bronze shield fragment from Mount Ida to be part of a glove, though Juethner rejects this view, interpreting it merely as an ornament.

[1674] Schol. on Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 796 A; Clem. Alexandr., Strom., I, 16.76.

[1675] ἱμάντας ἐϋτμήτους βοὸς ἀγραύλοιο: Il., XXIII, 684. In the Odyssey Iros and Odysseus fight with bare fists.

[1676] _E. g._, P., VI, 23.4 and VIII, 40. 3; Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 52-53; _cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 B.

[1677] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 63, and Pl. III; Juethner, p. 68, fig. 54; Gardiner, p. 403, fig. 132; it represents boxers with bundles of thongs in their hands standing before an official.

[1678] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XII; Gardiner, p. 404, fig. 133; Juethner, p. 66, fig. 53; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 237, Pl. On the interior of another a youth is seen, thongs in hand, standing before an altar: Murray, _Designs from Gk. Vases in the British Museum_, Pl. VI, 24.

[1679] Museum no. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV, b. and p. 142 (text by W. N. Bates).

[1680] IX, 116. A similar game is mentioned by Plato, _Theaet._, XXVII (= 181 A). On both games, see Krause, pp. 323 f.

[1681] Juethner, pp. 69 f., rightly explains such objects as boxing thongs.

[1682] Ch. 10; _cf._ P., VIII, 40.3.

[1683] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned, E 39; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 411B): Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 410. fig. 55; on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 1156: Juethner, p. 70, fig. 56; and on the interior of the r.-f. kylix in the British Museum to be discussed, E 78 (= Fig. 55): Murray, _Designs from Gr. Vases in the B. M._, Pl. XIV, 55; Juethner, p. 72, fig. 58; Gardiner, p. 406, fig. 134; on a r.-f. amphora in the Hofmuseum in Vienna by Epiktetos we see (figure at the left) a boxer who is just finishing tying the thongs on his left hand and wrist: Dar-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 755, fig. 5854; Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr._, V, 1881, pp. 139 f., and Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 334, no. 25, and Pl. on p. 335.

[1684] Tafelbd., Pl. V, no. 4; Textbd., p. 35.

[1685] P., VIII, 40.5; _cf._ II, 20. 1.

[1686] VIII, 40.3. _Cf._ the statues of Damoxenos and Kreugas by Canova in the Gabinetto di Canova of the Vatican, to see in how exaggerated a way a modern sculptor has interpreted the boxing bout of these famous athletes: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 136, 137; _Guide_, 139, 140; Pistolesi, _Il Vaticano Descritto_, IV, 91.

[1687] _De Leg._, VIII, 830 B; Plut., _de Profectibus in virtute_, IX (80 B); Pollux, III, 150; Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, 1814-1821, I, P. 62, l. 25.

[1688] _E. g._, on an amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 607; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e 2; Gardiner, p. 407, fig. 135; Juethner, p. 83, fig. 67; on the Ficoroni Cista in the Museo Kircheriano, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, 437; Juethner, p. 82, fig. 66, a, c. On this cista, see F. Behn, Die ficoronische Cista, _Arch. Studie_, 1907; O. Jahn, _Die ficoronische Cista_, 1852; etc.

[1689] Late writers generally use the terms σφαῖραι and ἱμάντες ὀξεῖς interchangeably.

[1690] _E. g._, ἐπίσφαιρα in Plut., _Praecept. ger. resp._, 32 (= 825 e).

[1691] Juethner, p. 78, fig. 63; Gardiner, p. 409, fig. 137. For this and the delle Terme glove, see Huelsen, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 175 f.

[1692] Juethner, p. 79, fig. 54.; _Antichi di Ercolano_, Bronzi, II, pp. 411 f.

[1693] In the Museo Civico there; mentioned by Juethner, p. 78.

[1694] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1145; _Guide_, 625; Baum., I, p. 524, fig. 566; Juethner, p. 85, fig. 68.

[1695] The word μύρμηκες, _A. G._, XI, 78, may be merely a comic name for the gloves—certain protuberances (“metal studs” or “nails” = Liddell and Scott, _s. v._ looking like warts (μυρμηκίαι); _cf._ Pollux, III, 150.

[1696] _Aen._, V, 404-5; 468-71.

[1697] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XII.

[1698] _B. M. Vases_, E 78; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XIII; Gardiner, p. 436, fig. 151.

[1699] _Mus. Journ._, VI, no. 4 (Dec., 1915), p. 169, fig. 89; text by Dr. S. B. Luce, who believes this class of vases to be a prototype of the “Nolan” vases; another “Nolan” amphora is given, _ibid._, fig. 90 (also published in _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4), which shows a diskobolos, who is holding a diskos in a way similar to that on a r.-f. kelebe in the British Museum (_B. M. Vases_, B 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77). On the division of Attic b.-f. amphoræ into “panel-amphoræ” and “red-bodied amphoræ,” see H. B. Walters, _Hist. Anc. Pottery, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman_, 1905, I, pp. 160-62.

[1700] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149.

[1701] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 155 (renewed); the date of the victory is given by P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263.

[1702] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148. The statue stood equally on both feet, the left being slightly advanced. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.

[1703] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); base drawn in outline in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503, fig. 90. He won in Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376. Here the body weight rested upon the left foot, the right being flat on the ground and turned to one side, _i. e._, in the old scheme of Hagelaïdas and his school.

[1704] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 86. This statue was in the same attitude as that of Aristion and was slightly over life-size. He won some time between Ols. (?) 90 and 93 (= 420 and 408 B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.

[1705] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac V, 946, 2436 A (wrongly = Antinous). See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 288 f. (and fig. 124); _Mw._, pp. 503 f. (and fig. 91). Height 1.75 meters (Michaelis).

[1706] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69; a headless copy in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, p. 438, 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A. Here the present head is of different marble from the torso and does not belong to it; the body forms recall those of the _Doryphoros_. It is 1.49 meters high.

[1707] _Not. Scav._, 1888, pp. 289 f. (Barracco); _Atti dell’ Accad. di Napoli_, 1889, pp. 35 f. (Sogliano); _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 179 f. (Huelsen); Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III (profile and front views), and fig. on p. 68 (head); B. B., no. 614 (statue), 615 (head, two views); Juethner, p. 84; etc.

[1708] Furtwaengler (_Statuenkopien im Altertum_) and Sogliano (_l. c._) date the statue in the period of Augustus.

[1709] B. B., no. 613; Kalkmann, Die Prop. des Gesichts, Pls. I (statue) and II (head, two views).

[1710] B. B., nos. 132, 134-5; F. W., 462.

[1711] Pl., _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 79. For this view, see text to B. B., no. 614. Furtwaengler had suggested Lykios as the sculptor of the _Oil-pourer_: _Mp._, p. 259.

[1712] Though winning in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), his statue was set up later by his son: P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster, 137. The word σκιαμαχεῖν (lit. “to fight in the shade,” and hence to practice in the gymnasium) is used synonymously with χειρονομεῖν in the sense “to spar:” Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 C; P., VI, 10.3; Pollux, III, 150; etc. _Cf._ Paul’s phrase in _I Corinthians_, 9, 26. A derived meaning is “to fight with a shadow”: _e. g._, Plato, _Apol._, 18 D; etc. Dio Chrysostom, _Or._, XXXII (367 M), speaks of χειρονομοῦντες as gymnasium practisers. See Krause, pp. 510 f.

[1713] The κώρυκος was such a bag used by athletes: _cf._ the proverb, πρὸς κώρυκον γυμνάζεσθαι, “to labor in vain”: Diog., 7, 54. The Ficoroni cista has been mentioned _supra_, p. 237, n. 4. The description and use of the bag are given by Ph., 57.

[1714] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 704; _Guide_, II, 207.

[1715] Amelung, _Vat._, I, 372 B, pp. 554-5 and Pl. LVIII; Clarac, 883, 2256. It is 0.535 meter high.

[1716] _Beschr._, no. 469; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 218 f. and fig. 14 (restored), interpreted the torso as that of an Apollo; but the Phrygian coin there pictured (Muenztafel, IV, 31), of the time of Lucius Verus, may merely show that the motive later was transferred to the god.

[1717] _Bronzen v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 21-2; Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, no. 57. It is only 0.112 meter high.

[1718] _E. g._, _Bronzen v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, nos. 51-54 (statuettes); Pl. VI, nos. 59 and 63 (arm and right lower leg respectively); _cf._ Reisch, p. 39.

[1719] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 199. See B. B., no. 51; F. W., 89; etc. Theagenes won in Ols. 75, 76 (= 480, 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 11.2 f.; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[1720] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168. He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1721] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 158; _I. G. B._, 98; he won some time between Ols. (?) 95 and 100 (= 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54; Foerster, 319.

[1722] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 186; _I. G. B._, 176. He won two victories in boxing some time between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 (= 204 and 192, B. C.): P., VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510, 512 (who dates the artist toward the middle of the second century B. C.; but I have followed the earlier dating of Hiller von Gaertringen, _Woch. f. kl. Philol._, X, 1893, p. 856, which date has been accepted by Dittenberger).

[1723] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174.

[1724] VI., 8.5.

[1725] See Hyde, _de olymp. Stat._, pp. 39-41. There Ol. 80 or 84 (= 460 or 444 B. C.) has been suggested for the original victory.

[1726] Philippos won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304 and 280 B. C.): Hyde, 79 a.

[1727] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 575, in discussing my solution of the difficulty, call it “_sinnreich, aber doch ungemein kompliziert_,” and the assumption that a victor would use an older statue of a fellow countryman to celebrate his own victory “_sehr bedenklich_.”

[1728] _Cf._ Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 296.

[1729] _Op. cit._, p. 41. See also _supra_, p. 188.

[1730] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head, two views); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L and pp. 51 f. (Brizio); Photo. Giraudon, no. 1207.

[1731] Furtwaengler sees in this statue a work by Pythagoras: _Mp._, p. 171 f.; _Mw._, pp. 345 f.; Brizio, _l. c._, ascribes it to Hagelaïdas.

[1732] _Supra_, pp. 180-1.

[1733] On the pankration, see Gardiner, Ch. XX, pp. 435 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 4 f. and Pls. III-V; Krause, I, pp. 534 f.; etc.

[1734] For the etymology, see Plato, _Euthydem._, 271 C, D; definition, Pollux III, 150; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 4 (containing also fanciful etymologies of πάλη); _cf._ Philostr., _Imag._, II, 6 (containing a full account of the contest in the description of the death of Arrhachion); _cf._ schol. on Plato, _de Rep._, I, 338 C, D.

[1735] _Vita Demonactis_, 49 (against biting).

[1736] _L. c._ (against biting and gouging).

[1737] _Aves_, 442-3; _Pax_, 898-9.

[1738] E 78; another example is seen on a r.-f. kylix in Baltimore: Gardiner, p. 437, fig. 152; _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 9, fig. 3; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIV; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 629, fig. 350.

[1739] _Nem._, II, III, V; _Isthm._, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

[1740] Frag. 19, l. 5 (_ap._ Athenæum, X, 6 = 414 a).

[1741] _E. g._, Mahaffy, in his _Old Greek Life_, 1886, p. 56; see Gardiner, pp. 435-7, in refutation of such an exaggerated view.

[1742] _De Leg._, VIII, 832 E; 834 A.

[1743] Older writers, _e. g._, Faber, _Agonisticon_ (published in 1592), I, 9, p. 1828, thought that the glove was used, an opinion long ago refuted by Krause, I, p. 539, n. 2. Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 185, wrongly says that the pancratiast sometimes wore gloves. Pausanias does not mention them, nor do we see them on any of the vase-paintings.

[1744] VI, 6.5.

[1745] VI, 15.5. _Cf._ also V, 17.10, where, in describing the boxing match between Admetos and Mopsos represented on the chest of Kypselos, he says οἱ δὲ ἀποτετολμηκότες πυκτεύειν—a hint of the dangerous character of boxing.

[1746] _Oneir._, 1, 62. This, at best, seems to be an exaggeration.

[1747] Philostr., _l. c._

[1748] VIII, 40.3-5.

[1749] To Theseus: schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465; _cf._ schol. on _Nem._, III, 27, Boeckh, p. 442; to Herakles: P., V, 8.4.

[1750] P., V, 8.8; Ph., 12; and Afr.

[1751] P., V, 8.11; Ph., 13.

[1752] _E. g._, at Nemea; Pindar composed _Nem._, V, in honor of the boy Pytheas of Aegina, who won in (?) 485 B. C.; it was introduced at Delphi in the 61st Pythiad: P., X, 7.8; at the Isthmus in mythical times: P., V, 2.4.

[1753] Collected by Gardiner, _op. cit._

[1754] Described by Lucian, _Anachar._, I.

[1755] This throw is depicted on the walls of the tombs of Beni-Hasan on the Nile and is practised to-day by the Japanese; it is described by Dio Cassius, LXXI, 7.

[1756] Κλιμακισμός: described by Soph., _Trachiniae_, 520 f., and the schol.; see also Ovid, _Met._, IX, 51. _Cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 15-16.

[1757] _E. g._, on four Græco-Roman gems in the British Museum pictured in _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 10, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 447, fig. 162.

[1758] _B. M. Vases_, B 604; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 442, fig. 157.

[1759] E 78.

[1760] Mentioned by Plato, _Alcibiades_, I, 107 E; Ph., 50; Pollux, III, 150; Suidas, _s. v._ ἀκροχειρίζεσθαι and _s. v._ Σώστρατος; Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 5; _de Saltatione_, 10; Reisch, _ap._ Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1197; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 548; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 349-50; Krause, I, pp. 421 f., 510 f.; _J. H. S._, XXVI, pp. 13-15, where Gardiner discusses the word in ancient writers and concludes that it had nothing to do with wrestling, but only with boxing (both the separate event and part of the pankration), and meant “to spar lightly with an opponent for practice.”

[1761] He won three victories in Ols. (?) 104, (?) 105, and 106 (= 364-356 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359. This explanation of Pausanias has been accepted by Krause and most modern authorities, but is found untenable by Gardiner, who bases his interpretation, not on Pausanias, but on the accurate definition of Suidas.

[1762] _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, pp. 446 f.

[1763] He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456 and 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 4.3; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. He was probably merely represented in the preliminary tactics of getting a grip.

[1764] See Reisch, p. 46; _I. G. B._, 120.

[1765] _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, pp. 86 f. (Benndorf); Reisch, _l. c._

[1766] A. de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 63, no. 1067, and p. 131 (= pancratiast); _Rev. arch._, 1869, II, p. 292; Bulle, no. 96 (right); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 4. It is 0.275 meter high.

[1767] See _supra_, p. 167.

[1768] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 116 f. His reasoning is accepted by Bulle.

[1769] _Ges. Stud. zur Kunstgesch._, Festschr. fuer A. Springer, 1885, pp. 260.

[1770] See _S. Q._, 1463-67.

[1771] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 4-5; Textbd., pp. 212 f., and fig. 239; F. W., no. 336; _cf._ Immerwahr, _Kulte und Mythen Arkadiens_, I, 1891, p. 288.

[1772] _Archiv fuer lateinische Lexikographie u. Grammatik_, IX, 1894, 1, pp. 109 f.

[1773] _Mp._, p. 249, n. 2; _Mw._, pp. 451-2; he adduced two passages from Ovid’s _Met._, XIV, 402 (_saevisque parant incessere telis_), and XIII, 566-7 (_telorum lapidumque incessere iactu coepit_).

[1774] This explanation has been followed by Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, _l. c._; Sittl, _Parerga zur alten Kunstgesch._, p. 24; Klein, II, pp. 362 f.; Jex-Blake, p. 235; and others.

[1775] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1776] _Collection Somzée_, 1897, Pls. 3-5; see Hyde, to no. 50, on p. 8. Its quiet and reserved pose recalls that of the _Pelops_ of the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia (_Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2; Textbd., pp. 46 f.). Because of its archaic grace, though it shows no trace of archaic stiffness, it might even be referred to the school of Kritios and Nesiotes.

[1777] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 153; _I. G. B._, 29. He won the pankration in Ols. 87, 88, 89 (= 432-424 B. C.); P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[1778] VI, 2.1; to be discussed _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 293 f.

[1779] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f. Agias was not only a victor at Delphi three times, at Nemea five times, and at the Isthmus five times, but was also an Olympic victor in the pankration, Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): see inscription, _B. C. H._, _l. c._, p. 593, and for the date of the Olympic victory, K. K. Smith, in _Class. Philol._, V, 1910, pp. 169 f.; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f.

[1780] Duetschke, III, no. 547; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 66; B. B., 431; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, I; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2176; M. W., I, XXXVI, 149; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 19; Gardiner, p. 449, fig. 163. The group is 0.98 meter high and 0.71 meter broad (Duetschke).

[1781] Bulle dates it at the beginning of the third century B. C.; both he and Amelung believe it to be the work of a follower of Lysippos; see also B. Graef, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 119 f., who believes that the original heads of the group are preserved, the one still on the under pancratiast, the other on the statue of a Niobid in the Uffizi (Duetschke, III, no. 253), the head now on the upper pancratiast being a modern copy of it. See Amelung’s reply in _A. A._, 1894, pp. 192 f.

[1782] _E. g._, von Mach, Pls. 265 f.

[1783] _H. N._, XXXVI, 24; see note _ad loc._ by Jex-Blake.

[1784] _Aeth._, X, 31, 32; quoted in full by Krause, II, pp. 912 f.

[1785] Duetschke, Wolters, von Mach, and Lucas (the latter in _Jb._, XIX, 1904, pp. 127 f. and figs.) thought that the wrestling groups on the Roman mosaic of the Imperial period found in Tusculum in 1862 were influenced by the Florence group: _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIII, 10; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1786] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 30.

[1787] He won in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.10; _cf._ V., 21.10; Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[1788] _E. g._, by Gardiner, p. 146.

[1789] Bulle, no. 72; B. B., 285; von Mach, 236; Collignon, II, p. 427, fig. 222; Overbeck, II, p. 448, fig. 221; F. W., 1265; M. W., 1, Pl. XXXVIII, 152; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 465, 1, 2, 3; Clarac, V, 789, 1978; Gardiner, p. 147, fig. 21; etc. It is 3.17 meters high (Bulle).

[1790] An excellent one is in the Uffizi: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 40; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 474, 1; a colossal replica was found in the sea off Antikythera: _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Suppl., Pl. B, 7; one in the Pitti Gallery will be mentioned immediately.

[1791] _I. G. B._, 345.

[1792] Duetschke, II, no. 36; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, p. 134; B. B., 284; M. W., XXXVIII, 151; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 210, 5. For the inscription, see _I. G. B._, 506; it has been needlessly attacked as a forgery—an ancient one by Winckelmann, _Mon. Inediti_, pp. LXXVI f., and a modern one by Maffei, _Ars critica_, III, 1, p. 76 (both quoted by Duetschke), and more recently by Stephani, _Der ausruhende Herakles_, pp. 164 f. The inscription is at least as old as the sixteenth century, as it is mentioned by Flaminius Vacca (see Duetschke).

[1793] _Numism. Chron._, Sér. 3, III, 1883, Pl. I, 5, p. 9.

[1794] Mentioned by Strabo, VI, 3.1 (= C. 278), and described by the late writer Niketas, _Chron. de signis Constant._, 5 (who wrongly calls Lysippos Lysimachos).

[1795] _Gesch. d. bild. Kuenste_, II^2, PP. 245 f.

[1796] P. 234.

[1797] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2a and 2; Textbd., pp. 10-11; F. W., 323.

[1798] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1799] On the “_finsterer Blick_” of this class of victor monuments, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 173; _Mw._, p. 348; and _Bronz. v. Ol._, Text, pp. 10-11.

[1800] Thus Furtwaengler assigns it to the statue of the Akarnanian pancratiast (Philandridas) mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.1; see _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 11. I have assigned an earlier marble head to Philandridas, _infra_, pp. 293 f.

[1801] So Overbeck, II, p. 168; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534; F. W., _l. c._; etc.

[1802] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; Textbd., pp. 11-12; F. W., no. 324.

[1803] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1804] _Cf._ P., VI, 20, 13: ἐπίδειξις ἐπιστήμης τε ἡνιόχων καὶ ἵππων ὠκύτητος; Pindar, _Ol._, III, 36 f.: θαητὸν ἀγῶνα ... ἀνδρῶν τ’ ἀρετᾶς πέρι καὶ ῥιμφαρμάτου διφρηλασίας.

[1805] On the hippodrome and its events at Olympia and elsewhere, see A. Martin, in Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, 1900, pp. 193 f. (art. _Hippodromos_); on the chariot, Saglio, _ibid._, I, 2, pp. 1633 f. (art. _Currus_); K. Schneider, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1735 f.; Julius, in Baum., I, pp. 692 f.; Pollack, _Hippodromica_, Diss. inaug., 1890; Gardiner, Ch. XXI, pp. 451 f.; Krause, I, pp. 557 f.; etc.

[1806] See Isokrates, XVI (_de Bigis_), 33 (p. 353 c); Xenophon, _de Re equestr._, II, 1; Aristotle, _Politics_, VI, 3.2 (= 1289 b 35), VIII, 7.1 (= 1321 a 11); Plut., _de Adul. et Amic._, Chs. 7 and 16 (latter quoting Karneades). On the expense of horse-breeding (ἱπποτροφία), see also Xen., _Ages._, I, 23; _id._, _Oecon._, II, 6; Plut., _Ages._, XX, 1; Pindar, _Isthm._, II, 38; IV, 29; etc.

[1807] The first, second, and fourth, according to Thukyd., VI, 16; the first, second and third, according to Eurip., _fragm._ 3 (= _P. l. G._, II, p. 266), and Isokr., _de Bigis_, 34 (p. 353 d). See Foerster, 275.

[1808] See _Oxy. Pap._, II, p. 222.

[1809] Besides 24 victories of both in various running races. The older part of the inscription (with a chariot-group in relief) was discovered by Leake: see _Travels in the Morea_, 1830, II, p. 521, and Pl. 71 (at the end of III); better reproduction by Dressler and Milchhoefer, _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 318 f.; _I. G. A._, 79; Tod, _Sparta Museum Cat._, no. 440. The newer portion is discussed in _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-07, pp. 174 f.

[1810] See Hill, _Coins of Sicily_, pp. 43 f.

[1811] VIII, 38.5; see _Exped. scientif. en Morée_, 1831-1838, II, p. 37, and Pls. XXXIII, XXXIV. It was 240 by 105 meters in extent, though the actual course was probably only a stade long.

[1812] See list in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1743-4.

[1813] Described by P., V, 15.5 f., and VI, 20.10 f. For its position, see Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, I, p. 78; Curtius u. Adler, _Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, p. 30; Boetticher, _Olympia: Das Fest u. seine Staette_^2, 1886, p. 119; G. Herrmann, _de Hippodromo olympiaco_, 1839 (= _Opusc._, VII, pp. 388). Five attempts at reconstruction are given by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 643 f., and Pl. VI: those of Visconti (1796); A. Hirt (_Gesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alten_, 1827, III, pp. 148 f., and Pl. XX, 8; reproduced in Baum., I, p. 693, fig. 750; Smith, _Dict. Antiq._^3, 1890, I, p. 963; Frazer, IV, p. 83, fig. 6); Lehndorff (_Hippodromos_, 1876); Pollack (_op cit._, p. 52); Wernicke (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 199). To these should be added those of A. Martin (_op. cit._, p. 198, fig. 3844); Weniger (_Klio_, IX, 1909, p. 303, the _aphesis_ transcribed by Gardiner, p. 453, fig. 164). See also Guhl u. Koner, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 233 f. and Fig. 271 (= restoration of Pollack), and _cf._ Krause, I, p. 150, n. 9.

[1814] See Blass, in _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, p. 222 (n. 1); R. Schoene, _A. A._, 1897, pp. 77-8; _id._, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 150 f. (Neue Angaben ueber den Hippodrom zu Olympia); Gaspar, in article on _Olympia_ in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 177 and n. 5; Frazer, V, p. 617; etc.

[1815] VI, 20.8.

[1816] Il., XXIII, 262-650. The four-horse chariot-race fills more than one and one-half times as many verses as the seven other contests combined (vv. 651-897). Homer’s description was often imitated by later poets, especially by Sophokles, _Electra_, 698-763 (race at Delphi); Nonnos, _Dionys._, XXXVII, 103-484; Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 500-595; Statius, _Theb._, VI, 274-527; etc. Hesiod describes a race as wrought on Herakles’ shield: _Scut._, 305 f.

[1817] P., V, 10.6-7; VI, 21.6-7; VIII, 14.10-11; etc.; Pindar, _Ol._, I, 67 f.

[1818] Diod., IV, 73.3.

[1819] VIII, 4.5.

[1820] _E. g._, Nestor won at the games of Amarynkeus, Iliad, XXIII, 630 f. On such myths, see Krause, I, pp. 558 f.

[1821] _E. g._, the race between Pelops and Oinomaos was represented on the chest of Kypselos, P., V, 17.7, and in the sculptures on the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, P., V, 10.6-7. It appears also on many early vases: _e. g._, on the François vase in Florence and the Amphiaraos vase in Berlin. For the latter, see _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pls. IV-V; _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f. (Robert); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3.

[1822] V, 8.7.

[1823] See Plato, _de Rep._, III, 19 (= 412 B); Isokr., _de Bigis_, 33 (p. 353 c); Dio Cassius, LII, 30; Hdt., I, 167; Andok., 4, 26 (_Contra Alcib._); Soph., _Electra_, 698; etc.

[1824] VI, 2.2; he won in the hoplite-race and chariot-race in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 A.

[1825] Foerster thinks that the story arose from the small size of one of the horses in the monument of Lykidas.

[1826] These and the following figures are given in the Constantinople MS. The length of the four-horse chariot-race there given agrees with passages in Pindar (_Ol._, II, 50; III, 33; VI, 75; _cf._ _Pyth._, V, 33, for Delphi) and the scholiasts (on _Ol._, III, 59, Boeckh, p. 102, and _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380). See also Pollack, _Hippodromica_, pp. 103 f., and Gardiner, p. 457.

[1827] P., V, 8.10.

[1828] Length stated by the MS. and by a scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380.

[1829] Those of Troilos of Elis, who won in Ol. 103 (= 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; and of Akestorides of Alexandria in the Troad, who won between Ols. 142 and 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.): P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.

[1830] For the date, see P., V, 8.10; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.1; for the event, Krause, I, pp. 567 f.

[1831] Troilos, already mentioned, who won in Ol. 102 (= 372 B. C.) and had a statue by Lysippos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338.

[1832] Euryleonis: P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344.

[1833] The συνωρίς was introduced at Delphi in 398 B. C., while the ἅρμα τέλειον was introduced there in 582 B. C.: see Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 202, for these and other dates of equestrian events at the Pythian games.

[1834] _B. M. Vases_, B 130.

[1835] The date is given in the Armenian version of Afr.; _cf._ also P., V, 8.11.

[1836] P., V, 8.8.

[1837] P., V, 8.11.

[1838] XV, 679-84; Hesiod, _Scut._, 285 f. On myths relating to it, see Krause, I, p. 582, n. 1. We read of _equi desultorii_ at the games inaugurated by Cæsar in Rome: Sueton., _Julius_, 39. See _supra_, p. 3.

[1839] VI, 13.9.

[1840] P., V, 9.1. Polemon, frag. 21 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 122), _apud_ schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, V, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 117), says that the κάλπη ceased in Ol. 84 (= 444 B. C.), if we accept Boeckh’s correction πδʹ for οδʹ. A scholiast on Pindar, _Ol._, V, lines 6 and 19 (Boeckh, pp. 119 and 122) says Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.); another on _Ol._, VI, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 129), says Ol. 85 or Ol. 86. But Ol. 85 may be reconciled with Pausanias’ and Polemon’s date by assuming that the proclamation of abolition fell in Ol. 84, but that the event was first omitted in Ol. 85; see Bentley, _Diss. upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, p. 200 (ed. W. Wagner).

[1841] VI, 9.2; Hyde, 84.

[1842] V, 9.1; he won Ol. 70 (= 500 B. C.); Foerster, 157.

[1843] Anaxilas of Rhegion, whose victory fell sometime between Ols. (?) 70 and 76 (= 500 and 476 B. C.), and was celebrated by Simonides, frag. 7 (= _P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Agesias of Syracuse, whose victory fell Ol. (?) 77 (= 472 B. C.), and was celebrated by Pindar, _Ol._, VI; and Psaumis of Kamarina, whose victory, falling Ol. (?) 81 (= 456 B. C.), was sung by the pseudo-Pindar, _Ol._, V (= _P. l. G._, I, pp. 109 f.); he also won in the chariot-race in Ol. (?) 82 (= 452 B. C.), a victory sung by Pindar in _Ol._, IV. See Foerster, nos. 173, 210, 234, and 238.

[1844] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 220, 221; Foerster, 601.

[1845] The corrupt text of Africanus is here corrected by Gelzer, _S. Jul. Afr. und die byzant. Chronographie_, 1880, I, pp. 168 f. Gardiner, p. 165, n. 3, wrongly gives the victory of Germanicus as Ol. 194, thus confusing it with that of Tiberius.

[1846] Foerster, 642-647.

[1847] Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.); Foerster, 634.

[1848] Most of the gems representing such contests, however, refer to the Roman circus.

[1849] For illustrations of the two, see Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1636 f., figs. 2203 f., and _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 458 f.; an excellent illustration of a four-horse chariot and driver is seen on an Attic-Corinthian goblet (dinos) in the Louvre: Perrot-Chipiez, X, Pl. II, opp. p. 116; also several at rest and racing on the _François Vase_: Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 141, fig. 93, p. 154, fig. 101 (= Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, 1904-1912, Pls. III, 10, and XI-XII.).

[1850] Von Mach, no. 5.

[1851] See, _e. g._, P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, figs. 18-20.

[1852] C. Smith, _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, pp. 183 f., dates these prize amphoræ from the middle of the sixth to the close of the fourth centuries B. C., as the last of the series is dated 313 B. C. In this article he publishes a mosaic found on Delos (Pl. XVI, a) and dating from the early second century B. C., which reproduces a Panathenaic amphora with an illustration of a chariot-race—the latest date at which either a prize-amphora (or picture of one) can be proved to have been used. He believes (p. 187) that it is the representation of an amphora won long before by the ancestor of the owner of the mosaic, carefully preserved in his family.

[1853] _B. M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200.

[1854] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, dating from the sixth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, B 132; Gardiner, p. 458, fig. 166; _cf._ also a silver tetradrachm from Rhegion in the British Museum, from the early fifth century B. C.: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168.

[1855] Philip won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3 and 4; _cf._ Justin, XII, 16, 6; ἅρματι twice at unknown dates: Foerster, 360, 364, 370. As we have no record of a victory by him υνωρίδι], the two-horse chariot appearing on his coins (_e. g._, a gold stater in the British Museum, Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167, right) may refer to unrecorded victories, or else may be interpreted (with Gardiner) as a pun on his name.

[1856] _E. g._, on a silver tetradrachm of Rhegion in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168. This and other coins commemorate the victory in this event of the Rhegion prince Anaxilas, already mentioned: Aristotle, frag. 228a, _ap._ Pollux, V, 73 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 173); Foerster, 173.

[1857] _E. g._, a decadrachm of Akragas (dating from the end of the fifth century B. C.) and another of Syracuse (from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.) in the British Museum; reproduced by Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[1858] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, Pl. V; Gardner, p. 456, fig. 165.

[1859] Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCXLIX and CCL; Dar.-Sagl., _l. c._, fig. 2219. It was formerly in Lucien Bonaparte’s collection.

[1860] _A. V._, Pls. CCLI-CCLIV.

[1861] B. B., 586-7 and figs. 1-14 (text by Furtwaengler); Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1915, pp. 17 f., no. 40, and figs.; P. Ducati, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 74 f.; J. Offord, _R. Arch._, Sér. IV, III, 1904, pp. 305-7 and Pls. VII-IX, etc. Closely allied in style to its decorative designs are fragments of another chariot found at Perugia and now distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums: Petersen, _A. M._, X, 1894, pp. 253 f.; B. B., 588-589. _Cf._ also fragments of similar technique from Capua: Froehner, _Cat. de la Collection Dutuit_, 1897-1901, II, p. 199, no. 250, and Pls. 190-195.

[1862] _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 312 f., with plates and figures.

[1863] _H. N._, XXXVI, 31.

[1864] Vitruv., _de Arch._, VII (Praef.), §§ 12-13.

[1865] See _B. M. Sculpt._, II, nos. 1000-1005 and Pl. XVI; for discussion of the group, _J. H. S._, XXX, 1910, pp. 133-162 (J. B. K. Preedy).

[1866] _E. g._, XXXIV, 71 (_Calamis et alias quadrigas bigasque fecit se impari, equis sine aemulo expressis_); XXXV, 99 (_Aristides ... pinxit et currentes quadrigas_); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); 64 (_Lysippus ... fecit et quadrigas multorum generum_); 66 (Euthykrates); 80 (Pyromachos); 88 (Menogenes); 86 (Aristodemos).

[1867] P., VI, 12.1; to be mentioned _infra_, p. 279.

[1868] P., VI, 9.4-5.

[1869] P., V, 27.2.

[1870] P., VI, 14.12.

[1871] P., VI, 10.8 and 19.6, and _cf._ 10.8; Hdt., VI, 36; Hyde, 99a and p. 44; Foerster, 105. Pausanias here confuses this elder Miltiades with the son of Kimon, as does also the pseudo-Andok., IV, 33.

[1872] P., VI, 10.8; _cf._ Hdt., VI, 103; Hyde, 99b and p. 44; Foerster, 77-79.

[1873] Some time between Ols. (?) 68 and 70 (= 508 and 500 B. C.): P., VI, 16.6; Hyde, 160 and pp. 58-9; Foerster, 797 (undated).

[1874] Kalliteles won some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 68 (= 516 and 508 B. C.): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 632; Hyde, 161; Foerster, 774 (undated).

[1875] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f.; date given by schol. on _Pyth._, IV, Argum., Boeckh, p. 342. Pindar’s _Pyth._, IV and V celebrate this victory. The same scholiast also records a chariot-victory of Arkesilas at Olympia in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.); Foerster, 229.

[1876] P., V, 12.5; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 634; _I. G. B._, 100. Kyniska won two chariot-victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.), and for them also had an equestrian group set up in the Altis, the work of the Megarian artist Apellas, which we shall discuss later: P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; see _infra_, p. 267.

[1877] P., VI, 12.7; Hyde, 108; Foerster, 801 (undated).

[1878] He won some time between Ols. (?) 128 and 137 (= 268 and 232 B. C.): P., VI, 1.9; Hyde, 169; Foerster, 446; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 178.

[1879] P., VI, 17.5; _cf._ 10.6-8. In the latter passage (§8) Pausanias says that Kleosthenes, who won in Ol. 66, was the first to dedicate his statue together with a chariot and horses and the statue of a charioteer. Foerster, 38, following Westermann, believes that Archidamas is the name which has fallen out of Phlegon, fragm. 4 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 605), that of a victor from Dyspontion in Elis, and therefore wrongly gives the date of the victory as Ol. 27 (= 672 B. C.); for a refutation of this view and an indeterminate date, see Hyde, 182 and p. 62.

[1880] He won Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1881] He won in two events, the hoplite-race and charioteering, in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1-2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211A. Perhaps one of his two statues by Myron represented his charioteer (so Foerster), though more probably the two statues represented the victor for his two victories.

[1882] He won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17; Foerster, 310; his statue stood beside that of his son Aigyptos on horseback; the latter won κέλητι about the date of his father’s victory: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde 18; Foerster, 301. The two monuments were by the Sikyonian Daidalos.

[1883] He won συνωρίδι καὶ τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345.

[1884] He won some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177.

[1885] Polykles won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796 (undated). For this athletic _genre_ group, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534. On children’s hoops (τρόχοι) see L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_^2, 1873, Ch. VIII, pp. 159 f.

[1886] 1, 96 (quoting Ephoros, fragm. 106 = _F. H. G._, 1, pp. 262-3). Periandros won a chariot victory at Olympia at the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C.: Foerster, 80, who assumes that it was a statue of Zeus, and not of Periandros.

[1887] Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): P., VI, 9.4; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143. This inscription on the recovered base and another from the base of the monument of Pantarkes, who won apparently in the chariot-race at the end of the sixth century B. C. (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 142; Foerster, 149), are the two oldest inscriptions known of chariot victors at Olympia.

[1888] He won Ol. 66 (= 516 B. C.): P., VI, 10.6-7; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143.

[1889] P., VI, 10.7.

[1890] We have mentioned the inscribed relief _supra_, pp. 257 and 258, and n. 1 on p. 258.

[1891] Line 15.

[1892] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 26. For the above examples, see also Gardiner, p. 463.

[1893] P., VI, 2.8; he was represented on horseback.

[1894] P., III, 8.1; _cf._ VI, 1.6.

[1895] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 99; see _A. G._, XIII, 16.

[1896] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 151.

[1897] Noted in _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, p. 60.

[1898] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86: _et adornantes se feminas_. For the five larger bronze figures, see Inv., 5604-5, 5619-21; for the smaller sixth figure, usually known as the _Praying Child_, see Inv., 5603. All six are pictured in E. R. Barker’s _Buried Herculaneum_, 1908, Figs. 18-19.

[1899] P., VI, 12.1; _cf._ VIII, 42.9-10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, and 215. Pindar celebrates the victory of 476 B. C. in his first _Olympian ode_.

[1900] P., V, 27.2. See _supra_, pp. 28, 62, and 163.

[1901] P., VI, 14.12.

[1902] _H. N._, XXXIV, 71. On the basis of this and other references, Reisch built up a theory that there was also a fourth-century B. C. Kalamis, the contemporary of the younger Praxiteles: _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 199 f. He was followed by Amelung (_R. M._, XXI, 1906, pp. 285 and 287) and Studniczka (_Abh. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., philolog.-histor. Klasse_, XXV, no. IV, 1907, pp. 5 f.). Furtwaengler has shown the weakness of such an argument and has rightly referred the monument mentioned by Pliny to the great Kalamis and his younger contemporary, the elder Praxiteles: _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[1903] P., VI, 18.1. Kratisthenes won Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193 A.

[1904] P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 105d. The same Timon is mentioned again: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17. This monument may have been set up for a second victory or even for the victory mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.8; however, I have classed it as an honor dedication, assuming two monuments: Hyde, p. 45.

[1905] Lampos won some time after Ol. (?) 105 (= 360 B. C.): P., VI, 4.10; Hyde, 44; Foerster, 420. Philippi, the native city of Lampos, was founded in Ol. 105 by Philip, father of Alexander, on the site of an older town, Krenides.

[1906] _H. N._, XXXIV, 89; it was by the statuary Piston.

[1907] Reisch, p. 49, believes that she represented a _Nike apteros_; Rouse, p. 164, also believes that such figures were Victories.

[1908] _H. N._, XXXV, 108.

[1909] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XLIV.

[1910] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 814; _Museum Marbles_, IX, Pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2. A. H. Smith (_op. cit._, no. 814; _cf._ _Guide to Græco-Roman Sculpt._, I, no. 176) also mentions another similar votive tablet in the British Museum. It is mounted on a pilaster and represents the visit of Dionysos to Ikarios. Such tablets seem to have been commonly dedicated by agonistic victors.

[1911] Schoene, _Griech. Reliefs_, 1872, Pl. XVIII, fig. 80; F. W., 1142; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 7014. Here only the arms and wings of Nike are left.

[1912] E. Huebner, _Die antiken Bildw. in Madrid_, 1862, 241, 559; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, Pl. G., and p. 103; Reisch, p. 51.

[1913] _Arch. Eph._, 1893, pp. 128 f. (Kabbadias) and Pl. IX; Rouse, p. 177.

[1914] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 49-50; Rouse, p. 176.

[1915] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, I, 437.

[1916] P., V, 17.8.

[1917] Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; etc. See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1918] We have already discussed the style and date of this relief in Ch. III, pp. 128-9. For the relief, see Dickins, no. 1342 and illustration on p. 275; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, no. 5039; Baum., I, p. 342, fig. 359; Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, p. 265, fig. 7; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Collignon, I, pp. 378 f. and fig. 194; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; Le Bas, _Voyage archeol._ (Reinach’s ed.), pp. 50-51 and Pl. I; F. W., 97; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 155. A small piece of the adjacent slab to the right (found on the eastern slope of the Akropolis in 1859-1860), fitting the main block exactly, shows two horses’ tails and one hind leg and proves that the chariot was represented at rest.

[1919] This fragment contains a head whose pointed beard and petasos have been thought to indicate the god: Dickins, no. 1343; Collignon, I, p. 378, fig. 195; von Mach, fig. 11, opp. p. 58; Conze, _Nuove Memorie dell’ Instituto_, II, pp. 408 f. and Pl. XIII A; F. W., 96.

[1920] So O. Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f.; he is followed by Robinson, _Cat. of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston_, no. 33. J. Braun, _Gesch. d. Kunst_, 1858, II, pp. 188 and 549 (quoted by F. W.), Conze, _op. cit._, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, p. 123, Helbig, _Das homerische Epos_^2, 1887, p. 179 and n. 11, Springer-Michaelis, pp. 207-8 (and fig. 389), Dickins, and many others, also interpret the figure as male.

[1921] This coiffure, however, appears on several female heads: _e. g._, on the Harpy monument, F. W., 127 f. Knapp (_Nike in d. Vasenmalerei_, p. 10), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1870, II, pp. 213 f.), W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, 1890, p. 44), Collignon, Overbeck, Friedrichs-Wolters, Reisch (p. 49), and many others call the figure of the charioteer female.

[1922] _E. g._, the headless draped statue, resembling the _Korai_, in the Akropolis Museum: B. B., 551.

[1923] _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f. (especially 321) and Pls. XI, XII (the rebuilding of the temple referred to the time of Peisistratos). He also (p. 320) favors the well-known view of Doerpfeld (_A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; XV, 1890, pp. 420-439) that the Hekatompedon or Old Temple of Athena, rebuilt by the Athenians shortly after the Persian wars, existed not only down to 406 B. C., when Xenophon says that it was burnt (_Hell._, I, 6), but down at least to the time of Pausanias. This view is held by J. Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_, 1890, pp. 505 f., Dickins, _l. c._, and many archæologists. It has been rejected by many others, _e. g._, Petersen (_A. M._, XII, pp. 62-72), Wernicke (_ibid._, pp. 184-189), and _in extenso_ Frazer (_J. H. S._, XIII, 1892-1893, pp. 153-187; reprinted in his edition of Pausanias, II, pp. 553-82). Murray, I, p. 143 and fig. 35, referred the relief to one of the metopes of the Old Temple of Athena.

[1924] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1906, II, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ also _ibid._, 1905, pp. 433 f.

[1925] Springer-Michaelis (_l. c._) think that it may represent a chariot victor; similarly Purgold (_Arch. Eph._, 1885, p. 251). Boetticher (_Die Akropolis_, 1888, pp. 85-6) believes that it represents a Panathenaic victor.

[1926] In the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 951 and Pl. XIII; Sir Charles Fellows, _An Account of Discoveries in Lycia_, 1841, p. 166. The Chimæra may be introduced as a heraldic device of the owner of the tomb (Smith). Bellerophon appears on Pegasos on a relief from a rock tomb of Pinara: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 760. We should also compare with these the reliefs found by Fellows at Xanthos and now in the British Museum. They show a two-horse chariot with a seated charioteer (F. W., 131; Murray, I, Pl. IV), a two-horse chariot with a charioteer and a seated man (F. W., 133; Murray, Pl. III), and a young rider (F. W., 134). See Fellows, pp. 172, 176; Murray, I, pp. 124 f.

[1927] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, slabs XI-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 325. The charioteers on slabs XII and XIV have long, close-fitting tunics.

[1928] Michaelis, _op. cit._, slabs XXIV-XXXIV; _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 327.

[1929] Theophrastos, _ap._ Harpokr., _s. v._ ἀποβάτης), says that it was peculiar to Athens and Bœotia, but there is evidence of its existence elsewhere, _e. g._, at Aphrodisias in Karia (_C. I. G._, II, no. 2758, G. col. IV, line 3, p. 507, and C. col. IV, l. 3), Naples (_ibid._, no. 5807, l. 4), Rome (_C. I. L._, VI, 2, 10047, b, line 8 = _pedibus ad quadrigam_), etc. On the race at the _Panathenaia_, see Michaelis, _op. cit._, pp. 324 f.; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, pp. 153 f., and _Die Feste d. Stadt Athen im Altertum_, 1898, pp. 89 f.; and for the race in general, Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 2814 f.

[1930] For a description of the race, see Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, I, pp. 425-6 and _Dionys. Halikarn._, VII, 73, 2-3; the former account says that the _apobates_ mounted the chariot in full course by setting his foot on the wheel and dismounted again; the latter only that he dismounted in the last lap; the two are apparently describing different moments of the same race.

[1931] National Museum, no. 1391; Svoronos, II, pp. 340-1, Tafelbd., Pl. LVI (right); noted in _A. M._, XII, 1887, p. 146, no. 1; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 237 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1910, pp. 251 f.; Reisch, p. 51. Staïs gives the measurements as 0.60 meter high and 0.36 meter broad.

[1932] _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 410-14, no. 193 (Koerte); _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. 5; _Annali_, Pl. XVI, 1844, pp. 166 f. (F. J. Welcker), and Pl. E.

[1933] A third relief from Oropos, showing the same subject, is in Berlin (no. 725): see Furtwaengler, _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. XXVI (and text, on the subject of the race).

[1934] _B. C. H._, VII, 1883, Pl. XVII and pp. 458 f. (Collignon); Gardiner, p. 238, fig. 34; F. W., 1836.

[1935] Its antiquity has been questioned by Kekulé, who is quoted by F. W.; see on no. 1838.

[1936] _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 1037, Pl. XVIII; von Mach, 231; _Ant. Denkm._, II, 2, 1893-4, Pl. XVIII, 0; Collignon, II, p. 327, fig. 165; Newton, _Travels and Discoveries in the Levant_, 1865, II, p. 133, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 430, fig. 111. It is 2 feet 1.5 inches high.

[1937] For the sarcophagus, see the work of Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892; Text, pp. 272 f., and Pls. XXIII-XXVIII, XXX-XXXI, XXXIV-XXXVII; also Studniczka, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 211 f. (who assigned it to Lysippos’ pupil, Eutychides); Judeich, _ibid._, X, 1895, pp. 165 f. and figs. 1-6; _J. H. S._, XIX, 1899, pp. 273 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 466 f. and fig. 124 (= Hamdy-Bey et Reinach, Pl. XXIX); von Mach, 379-83; Richardson, p. 242, fig. 116; Springer-Michaelis, p. 348, fig. 627; etc.

[1938] We see it, _e. g._, on the cuirass of the statue of _Augustus_ in the Vatican: von Mach, no. 418.

[1939] Von Mach, no. 232; Robinson, _Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1897, pp. 18-19; Klein, _Praxitelische Studien_ (= Suppl. to his _Praxiteles_), 1899, p. 1; in n. 1 Klein says that the statue was found in the Tiber.

[1940] _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 149 f.

[1941] Noted by Klein, _op. cit._, figs. 5 and 7.

[1942] _E. g._, on the vase in the British Museum, discussed in _Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200. Here the driver stands clothed in the regular chiton like that on the _Charioteer_ from Delphi. (Fig. 66.) We see similarly clothed charioteers on various r.-f. vases: _e. g._, on those pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLI-CCLIII; on those enumerated by Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 60 (including some r.-f. ones, _e. g._, the fifth-century B. C. one from Corneto by Euxithoos and Oltos = Baum., III, Pl. XCIII, 2 and p. 2141). Hauser also adds the draped charioteer in the _Helios_ group from the Great Pergamene Altar relief (pictured in Baum., II, Pl. XXXIX, and pp. 1255-6). The general statement of W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, Goettingen, 1880, p. 44), _nam aurigae semper fere longa tunica sola vestiti sunt_, is, of course, correct.

[1943] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori to be mentioned _infra_, p. 276; also other examples in Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6 (in Rome: _B. Com. Rom._, I, 1888, Pl. XV) and 7 (in Athens: _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 173; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 221). We see nude charioteers entering two four-horse chariots on a r.-f. lebes, formerly in the collection of Lucien Bonaparte, now in Munich: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIV (below).

[1944] Von Mach, no. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 488, 7: _A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f. (Friedrichs) and Pls. CXXXIII, CXXXIV; _Bonner Jb._, XXVI, Pl. IV. It is 4 ft. 7 in. tall and represents a boy of about 14.

[1945] Friedrichs, though at first, because of the crown on the hair, interpreting it as a _Bonus Eventus_ (_A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f.), later (_Beschr. d. Skulpt._, no. 4, pp. 5-6) called it a charioteer.

[1946] _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2 (pp. 335 f.); Joubin, pp. 134 f., and fig. 40; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 973 (restored on p. 557, fig. 29); _Guide_, 597 (restored on p. 442, fig. 28); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 81-82; _Mw._, pp. 115-116; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6. Mentioned _supra_, p. 275, n. 7.

[1947] Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, Pl. XXII, 2.

[1948] Including the _Hestia Giustiniani_ in the Museo Torlonia, Rome: B. B., 491; von Mach, 75; the so-called _Aspasia_ head, with copies in Paris (Photo Giraudon, no. 1219) and Berlin (_A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, Pl. VIII, two views), and the _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_ in Athens (Pl. 7B); he assigns the later related _Athena_ in the Villa Albani to Praxias, the pupil of Kalamis and contemporary of Pheidias: F. W., 524; _Mp._, p. 78, figs. 29 and 30 (head); _Mw._, pp. 112-113, figs. 19 and 20 (head). However, as Richardson points out, pp. 137 and 207, the _Hestia_ bears a strong resemblance to the East gable figures at Olympia, especially to those of _Sterope_ and _Hippodameia_, and to several female statues in Copenhagen: Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pls. VII (= Joubin, p. 161, fig. 53), XXXVIII, and fig. 3 on p. 13.

[1949] _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1896, pp. 178, 186, 362, 388, and Pls. I, II; _A. A._, 1896, pp. 173 f. (with fig.); Homolle, in _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, Pls. XV, XVI, pp. 169 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 579, 581-3; _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. XLIX, L (4 views); Bulle, 199 and fig. 134 on p. 460; von Mach, 60; H. B. Walters, _Art of the Anc. Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXVIII; Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 49 f. and Pls. VIII, IX; G. F. Hill, _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, pp. 7-8 and Pl. V; Springer-Michaelis, p. 225, fig. 482; Robinson, _Cat. Mus. Fine Arts in Boston_, Suppl., pp. 1 f., no. 85; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2688; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 1. It is 5 feet 10.75 inches high (A. H. Smith) or 1.80 meters (Bulle).

[1950] See Svoronos, p. 131, n. 3.

[1951] O. M. Washburn, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXV, 1905, cols. 1358 f.; _A. J. A._, X, 1906, pp. 151-3; XII, 1908, pp. 198-208.

[1952] P., X, 15.6.

[1953] _L. c._, and _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, 1905, col. 1549.

[1954] Lechat, _Rev. Arch._, XI, 1908, pp. 126 f., Furtw., _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, II, pp. 157 f., Studniczka, _Jb._, XXII, 1907, pp. 133 f., and others, support Washburn’s view.

[1955] P., X, 9.7-8; _cf._ VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.

[1956] So von Duhn, _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also reached independently by E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 51.

[1957] So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, found von Duhn’s view that the _Charioteer_ is an original work of Pythagoras untenable. He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name, preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective. However, in a former article (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, pp. 129 f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze statuette in London (_B. M. Bronzes_, 515 and Pl. XVI; _Sitzb._, _l. c._, Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the _Charioteer_ Ionic-Attic without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a similar view, see Homolle, _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier (_ap._ Homolle, _l. c._) assigned it to Kalamis. _Cf._ also Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905, p. 100.

[1958] A. D. Keramopoullos, _A. M._, XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle, _op. cit._, pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, _A. A._, 1902, pp. 12 f., had also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.

[1959] P. 152.

[1960] See G. F. Hill, _l. c._

[1961] Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 (= 470 B. C.), and the horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 (= 482 and 478 B. C.); he also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban _Iolaia_ in (?) 475 B. C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in _Pyth._, I-III; Bergk, _P. l. G._,^5 I, pp. 175 f.

[1962] P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.) or in Ols. 69 or 70 (= 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[1963] He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 (= 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI, 13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).

[1964] They won in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121; Foerster, 152.

[1965] So Hyde, pp. 50-1.

[1966] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.

[1967] P., VI, 12.1.

[1968] P., VI, 2.8.

[1969] Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133 (following Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180-181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in Ol. (?) 84 (= 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.

[1970] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154; _I. G. A._, 552a; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 179-81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue of a runner: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος (“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.

[1971] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75 and 78 (_celetizontes pueri_).

[1972] Pliny, XXXIV, 71.

[1973] _B. M. Vases_, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (left).

[1974] Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3; Foerster, 360. _Cf._ a similar jockey on horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, _Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins ... in the British Museum_, Pl. XXIV, 7.

[1975] _B. M. Vases_, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half); Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.

[1976] See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1977] Mentioned in _J. H. S._, XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).

[1978] III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, _Introd. à l’Étude des vases_, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, _e. g._, _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834-38, Pl. XXXII (bottom).

[1979] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.

[1980] F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.

[1981] Von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 307.

[1982] Von Duhn, in _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (_cf._ no. 88).

[1983] On the North frieze, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Tafelbd., slabs XXIV-XLII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze, Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; _B. M. Sculpt._, 326, pp. 179-80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, 327, pp. 181-85.

[1984] _C. I. A._, IV, 2, 373, line 99; _cf._ Studniczka, _Arch. Eph._, 1887, p. 146.

[1985] _Vit. X Orat._, 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the ball-court of the maidens known as _arrephoroi_. Pausanias, I, 18.8, also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.

[1986] Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 527, 1.

[1987] Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 242.

[1988] Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 135-156, figs. 13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358-9, figs. 180 and 181; Schrader, _Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909, p. 81, figs. 72-3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no. 700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = _ibid._, p. 637, fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such archaic horse monuments.

[1989] See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56-59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters high.

[1990] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb_, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29; it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque Nationale_, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze and marble, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 527-533.

[1991] The race is described by P., V, 9.2; _cf._ Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 532-3.

[1992] _E. g._, on a silver stater of the early third century B. C. from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).

[1993] _Les_ ἱππεῖς _athéniens_, 1902 (_Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, Vol. XXXVII). _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 71-2.

[1994] _Heralds_ (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists (αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them (κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: _e. g._, at Oropos, _C. I. G. G. S._, I, nos. 419-20; at Tanagra, _ibid._, 540; at Plataiai, _ibid._, 1667; at Thespiai, _ibid._, 1760 and 1773; on Mt. Helikon, _ibid._, 1776; at Akraiphia, _ibid._, 2727; at Koroneia, _ibid._, 2871; etc. _Cf._ Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see inscription discussed in _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, p. 150.

[1995] Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of heralds at Olympia: _de morte Peregrini_, 32.

[1996] V, 22.1.

[1997] Nestor (_F. H. G._, II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p. 415a) says that he was _periodonikes_ ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89) says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 (= 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos. 395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.

[1998] Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).

[1999] Amarantos of Alexandria, _apud_ Athen., _l. c._, says that he was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, _l. c._, four ells. Athenæus relates examples of his voracity.

[2000] For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 232; _cf._ Foerster, 815-19 (undated). The inscription appears to belong to the first century A. D.

[2001] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, pp. 146-7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.

[2002] _B. M. Bronzes_, 223 (quoted by Dickins, _l. c._).

[2003] See P., X, 9.2.

[2004] Fragm. 65 (= _F. H. G._, I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C. 260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, _l. c._, Clemens Alexandr., _Protrept._, I, p. 2, and poetically in _A. G._, VI, 54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.

[2005] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 52.

[2006] IX, 30. 2 f.

[2007] In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, _cf._ also P., IV, 33. 3 and 7.

[2008] For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25. 7.

[2009] In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 (= 585 B. C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).

[2010] XIV, 24 (p. 629a).

[2011] _C. I. A._, I, 357.

[2012] Froehner, _Notice_, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13, 46; etc.

[2013] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.

[2014] V, 7.10; _cf._ Plutarch, _de Musica_, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p. 154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the music of the flute.

[2015] P., V, 17. 10.

[2016] Ph., 55.

[2017] Plut., _l. c._

[2018] See Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867, pp. 97 f.

[2019] He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 (= 548 and 532 B. C.): P., VI, 14.9-10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: _cf._ P., _l. c._ and Ph., 55.

[2020] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand, of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 19; _cf._ Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, I, p. 289.

[2021] _E. g._, to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 293; etc.

[2022] The first part of the present chapter appeared under the caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in _A. J. A._, 2d Series, XI, 1907, pp. 396-416, and figs. 1-6; the second part, entitled, The Head of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared _ibid._, XVIII, 1914, pp. 462-478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.

[2023] First noted by Homolle, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, III Sér., pp. 452 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; _id._, _ibid._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; _id._, _Rev. Arch._, 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group (without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith, _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).

[2024] The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator, and one unknown: _B. C. H._, XXI, pp. 592 f.; _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45-46.

[2025] _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, p. 452: “_un des meilleures exemples de la manière de Lysippe_.”

[2026] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598.

[2027] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 470-1: “_L’auteur de la statue d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans sa dépendance immédiate...._” On p. 472 he says that in the _Agias_ we have a statue “_qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de Lysippe_.”

[2028] _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck_, 1900; for the inscription referring to the statue of Agias, see _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592-593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the inscriptions on the bases of the group.

[2029] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV (head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX). For the _Agias_, see also _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views) and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has now become usual.

[2030] Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760-1836) visited Pharsalos in September 1811.

[2031] In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl. XI; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 23; _Guide_, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head = 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, _ibid._, pp. 117-18, fig. 22, a, b, c (_cf._ _Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst._, 1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; _Mon. d. I._, V, 1849-53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck, II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107-10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig. 603; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W., 1264; etc.

[2032] _Cf._ F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun (_Annali_, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with Lysippos’ _Apoxyomenos_; _cf._ also Brunn (_Bulletino d. Inst._, 1851, p. 91).

[2033] _Cf._ Becker, _Gallus_,^3 III, p. 108; and especially J. Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in _Progr. des Bonner Gymnas._, 1869.

[2034] _H. N._, XXXIV, 62.

[2035] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 65.

[2036] Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s criticism of the master: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 65.

[2037] _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, p. 39.

[2038] Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned _infra_, p. 290, n. 4.

[2039] _Cf._ Tarbell, _Congress of Arts and Sciences_, St. Louis, 1904, III, p. 614.

[2040] _De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt._, _Orat._ II, 2 (p. 335, b, c); _S. Q._, no. 1479.

[2041] _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 220-1.

[2042] See Ada Maviglia, _L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita su nuova base_, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see _supra_, pp. 136-137.

[2043] In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 57-8, Pl. IV; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also dry and hard in its technique.

[2044] That of Emil Braun, in _Annali_, L, 1850, p. 249.

[2045] _E. g._, Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the _Agias_ “_dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht_,” and assigns it to an Athenian artist.

[2046] Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 130-131 (where he identifies the _Apoxyomenos_ with the _Perixyomenos_ of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 87); _ibid._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the _Apoxyomenos_ just after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of Lysippos); _id._, _Class. Rev._, 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 222; _Hbk._, p. 443. T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 292, makes the _Agias_ the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are cited by Wolters, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3. See also F. Paulson, _Delphi_, 1920, pp. 288-289.

[2047] _E. g._, Collignon, _Lysippe_, p. 31; Amelung, _R. M._, XX, 1905, pp. 144 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, p. 87 (where he says that the _Agias_ offers the closest analogies in style to the _Apoxyomenos_); Michaelis, _Die archaeol. Entdeckungen des 19ten Jahrh._, 1906, p. 276; _A Century of Archæological Discoveries_ (transl. of preceding, by Bettina Kahnweiler, 1908), p. 323; _id._, Springer-Michaelis, p. 335; for others, _cf._ Wolters, _l. c._, n. 2.

[2048] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 61 (= S. Q. no. 1444), quotes Douris as saying that Lysippos was the pupil of no artist. He tells how the painter Eupompos advised the sculptor as a boy _naturam ipsam imitandam, esse non artificem_. Such a judgment, of course, can not be literally true, as every artist is to a large extent a child of his age and circumstances. _Cf._ Jex-Blake, pp. xlviii f., for the anecdotal character of Pliny’s statement. That the statement comes, perhaps, from Eupompos is the view of Kalkmann, _Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius_, 1898, p. 165.

[2049] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598; _id._, XXIII, 1899, p. 471; _cf._ T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, _l. c._ On the relation of Skopas to Lysippos, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 126 f., and E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 198. The influence of Skopas is especially observable in Lysippos’ treatment of forehead and eyes and in the consequent intensity of expression.

[2050] _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 172-3.

[2051] See Wolters, _l. c._, pp. 45 f. Most scholars have followed the contention of Preuner that the statue at Pharsalos was the older: _e. g._, Kern, _I. G._, IX, 2, 249.

[2052] _Cf._ Hill, _op. cit._, p. 39.

[2053] _Mp._, p. 364 and n. 2; _Mw._, p. 597 and n. 3; for the Berlin athlete, see _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 471; for a copy of the Berlin head in the Museo delle Terme, Rome, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1380 _bis_; _Jb._, XXVI, 1911, p. 278, n. 1; and _cf._ _R. M._, XX, 1905, pp. 147 f., figs. 5-7; for the Dresden statues, see Hettner, _Bildw. d. kgl. Antiken-samml._, nos. 245-6; one of these has a beardless head, which is analogous to a more beautiful head in Copenhagen: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 1072. Of this head, which is earlier than that of the _Apoxyomenos_, Furtwaengler says that it is “one of the finest and most purely Lysippan works in existence.” In _Mp._, p. 338, he mentions a bronze statuette of Hermes from Athens now in Berlin (Invent. 6305) “in the swinging posture of the _Apoxyomenos_,” and says that it is of the purest Lysippan style.

[2054] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 239-40 and Pl. XVI; Duetschke, IV, 151.

[2055] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 240; Mahler ascribes this work to Lysippos: _Polykl. u. s. Sch._, 1902, p. 153, n. 1.

[2056] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1747, p. 102; _Mp._, p. 298 and fig. 126; _Mw._, pp. 515 and 517 and fig. 93; _cf._ Mrs. Strong, in _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 297. It is 6 ft. 8 in. high without the plinth (Smith).

[2057] A better copy is the torso in the Louvre, _Photo Giraudon_, no. 1289; a head is in the Lateran, no. 891.

[2058] _De olymp. Stat._, Halle, 1902, and enlarged, 1903, pp. 27 f.

[2059] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV, 3-4, and Textbd., p. 209, fig. 237; _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, 1881, Pl. XX.

[2060] VI, 2.1.

[2061] The head is still exhibited at Olympia in the same room as the _Hermes_.

[2062] _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114; _cf._, _Ausgr. v. Ol._, V, pp. 13-14.

[2063] _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 343 f. and Pl. XVI (right).

[2064] _Restauration d’Olympie_, 1889, p. 137.

[2065] In Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, _s. v._ Herakles, p. 2166.

[2066] _E. g._, Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226, especially p. 217; von Sybel, in _Luetzow’s Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, N. F., II, pp. 253 f.

[2067] _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 209 and n. 1.

[2068] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 456-7.

[2069] _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 149.

[2070] Preuner (_op. cit._, p. 12) dates the dedication 339-331 B. C.; Homolle (B. C. H., XVIII, 1899, p. 440) more closely, 338-334 B. C. Preuner dates Agias’ victory about 450 B. C.

[2071] Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208, gives these measurements: height with neck, 0.270 meter; height of head alone, 0.215 meter; breadth of face, 0.127 meter; height of face, 0.155 meter.

[2072] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65.

[2073] The hair, however, of the _Apoxyomenos_ is an exception, for, even if worked out with some care, it is devoid of expression.

[2074] The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian _Hermes_, but is not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is it common in the first half of the fourth century B. C.: _cf._ Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.

[2075] So Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 208 (though formerly in _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called it a pancratiast with Herakles features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00; Furtwaengler, in Roscher’s _Lex._, _s. v._ Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc.

[2076] See pp. 75 and 94.

[2077] _E. g._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 208 f.

[2078] _Supra_, pp. 167 f.

[2079] Michaelis, pp. 451 f., no. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XL; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 297, fig. 125, _Mw._, p. 516, fig. 92; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189 f., and Pls. VIII-IX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 600; Clarac, V, 788, 1973; etc. It was found in 1790 in the ruins of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli.

[2080] VI, 1.4.

[2081] VI, 2.1.

[2082] VI, 5.1.

[2083] VI, 4.6.

[2084] VI, 17.3.

[2085] East of the temple of Zeus; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342, n. 4.

[2086] See list in Hyde, pp. 3 f. Here nos. 91 and 136 refer to the same victor.

[2087] VI, 1.3.

[2088] _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209. See Plans A and B.

[2089] P., VI, 1.4.

[2090] P., VI, 1.6.

[2091] P., VI, 3.2.

[2092] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). See Plans A and B.

[2093] This fact, together with its place of finding not far from the Great Gymnasion, led Treu to believe that the statue once adorned the interior of the exercise-place of the athletes: _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 209.

[2094] The Praxitelian _Hermes_ similarly shows an unfinished treatment of the back hair; in fact the entire back of the statue is carelessly done (_Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 203, fig. 233), though chisel-rasps show a subsequent attempt to better it. This condition led Treu at first (_Ausgrab. v. Ol._, V, p. 10; followed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 308, n. 7; _Mw._, p. 531, n. 3) to believe that the statue was made at Olympia with regard to its position in the Heraion. Later (_Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 204-5) Treu believed that this merely indicated that the statue was intended to stand against a wall; and since the present base is not the original one (see Bulle, _apud_ Purgold, _Ergebnisse v. Ol._, II, pp. 157 f.), that the statue was not originally meant for the temple, but was moved thither, perhaps in Nero’s day; _cf._ also Wernicke, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 108 f. For the _Hermes_, mentioned by P., V, 17.3, and found in the cella of the Heraion on May 8, 1877, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLIX-LIII; Textbd., pp. 194 f. and figs. 225-234.

[2095] However, Lysippos made the statue of Polydamas of Skotoussa, who won the pankration in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.), many years after the victory: see P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; H. L. von Urlichs, _Ueber Griech. Kunstschriftsteller_, Diss. inaug., 1887, p. 26.

[2096] P. 27.

[2097] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; _cf._ P., VI, 1. 4 (both victories wrongly in Ol. 102); Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345.

[2098] Date given by P., VI, 4.2. See Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[2099] For the earlier dating of Lysippos, see Winter, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 169 (who begins the artist’s activity with the seventies), Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 211, and Milchhoefer, _Arch. Stud. fuer H. Brunn_, p. 66, n. 2; see also Hyde, pp. 26-7, (who gives the sculptor’s artistic activity as Ols. 103-115 = 368-320 B. C.); E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 216-217, who dates his activity 366-316 B. C.; P. Gardner, _infra_, next note.

[2100] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 243-249; on p. 245 he says: “There is some evidence for work by Lysippos at a later date than B. C. 320. And if he were born, as seems probable, about B. C. 390, he may well have accepted commissions, to be executed mainly by his pupils, for several years after 320.”

[2101] P., VI, 4, 6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392, who, on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75, to no. 93b, dates the victories Ols. (?) 112 and 113 (= 332 and 328 B. C.).

[2102] _L. c._, p. 246.

[2103] P., VI, 17, 3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (= Ols. ? 113 and 114, = 328 and 324 B. C. on the basis of _I. G. B._, p. 75).

[2104] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, who gives 350-300 B. C. as the period of his artistic activity: _Mw._, p. 523, n. 3.

[2105] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598 (and copied in XXIII, 1899, p. 422). The _Agias_ is but slightly later than the _Hermes_, if we accept Furtwaengler’s dating for the latter, about 343 B. C.: _Mp._, pp. 307-308; _Mw._, pp. 529-531. Brunn had regarded the _Hermes_ as a youthful work of Praxiteles: _Deutsche Rundschau_, VIII, 1882, pp. 188 f. Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_, pp. 233 f., and S. Reinach, _Gaz. Arch._, 1887, p. 282, n. 9, had assigned it to the year 363 B. C.

[2106] _H. N._, XXXIV, 37.

[2107] _Ibid._, 61 f.

[2108] The two are contrasted in XXXV, 156: _[Varro] laudat et Pasitelen qui plasticen matrem caela turae et statuariae scalpturaeque (= sculpturae) dixit_, etc. _Cf. infra_, Ch. VII, p. 324, n. 4. They are also contrasted in XXXVI, 15. _Sculptura_ is the modern title of Bk. XXXVI.

[2109] II, p. 150. See also Bulle, p. 137. Amongst recent writers who oppose this view are Koepp, _Ueber d. Bildnisse Alex. d. Gr._, p. 29, and Preuner, _op. cit._, pp. 46-7.

[2110] Thus the Sikyonian Kanachos worked in marble, bronze, gold and ivory, and cedar-wood: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 75; XXXVI, 41; P., II, 10.5; IX, 10.2; etc.

[2111] F. Spiro, _Woch. f. kl. Philologie_, XXI, 1904, col. 792 (in his review of my _de olymp. Stat. a Paus. commem._).

[2112] See _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 1-3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.

[2113] This is substantially Preuner’s view: _op. cit._, pp. 39-40 and 46-47; the later view of P. Wolters that the Delphi group was older than the statue at Pharsalos has already been mentioned _supra_, p. 292; see _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 44-45.

[2114] In _A. J. A._, XI, 1907, pp. 414-16, I argued that the statue of Agias was an original and not a copy; in the present work this view is somewhat modified.

[2115] So Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 445 and 459; S. Reinach, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1900, pp. 8 f.; H. Lechat, _Rev. des Études anciennes_, II, 1900, pp. 195 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 441; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 127; _cf._ Preuner, _op. cit._, p. 38; etc. Homolle, _l. c._, p. 471, says that if the _Agias_ is a copy, “_c’est celui d’une copie authentique immédiate, contemporaine du modèle_.” The view that the Delphi group was not original is well expressed by P. Wolters, _l. c._, p. 50, who says that “_niemand die delphischen Statuen fuer Originale des Lysippos erklaeren wird_.”

[2116] _Hbk._, p. 441, n. 2; only two small marble props, reaching to the calves, support the ankles.

[2117] This treatment gives the impression of texture and profusion; see Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 309.

[2118] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 69-71 (list of bronze works).

[2119] Mechanically exact copies were unknown in the fourth century B. C. Furtwaengler has shown that such copies began to be made in the second century B. C., or possibly at the end of the third, and became common only in the first: _Ueber Statuencopien im Altertum_, 1896.

[2120] It is mentioned by Pausanias, IX, 35.3, and the Surname “_Oulios_” by Strabo, XIV, 1.6 (C. 635); it is described by Plutarch, _de Musica_, 14 (= 1136 A), and Macrobius, _Sat._, I, 1713.

[2121] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293.

[2122] Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, p. 299, 8-9; _cf._ Athen., X, 24 (p. 424 f.). It appears on Athenian coins also: see Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8-9.

[2123] P., VIII, 46.3; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. _Cf._ Brunn, I, pp. 74 f.

[2124] P., IX, 10.2.

[2125] _Op. cit._ The transference to the minor arts—reliefs, coins, gems and vase-paintings—was, of course, especially common at all times. See also F. Hauser, _Die neu-attischen Reliefs_, 1889, and Flasch, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 119.

[2126] P., VI, 8.5 and VII, 27.5. He won the pankration in Ol. 94 (= 404 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286.

[2127] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 616-20 (Homolle).

[2128] See Amelung, _R. M._, IX, 1894, pp. 162 f. and Pl. VII. _Cf._, Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 190-191, and fig. 222 B, on pp. 188-189.

[2129] _J. H. S._, XXIX, 1909, pp. 151-2, fig. 1 a and b (F. H. Marshall).

[2130] XIII, 1909, pp. 151-7, with Pl. IV and figs. 1-3 (A head of Heracles in the style of Scopas.)

[2131] _Ibid._, pp. 156 and 157.

[2132] _Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin_, VIII, no. 46 (Aug., 1910), p. 26.

[2133] II, 10.1.

[2134] F. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner, p. 30 (reprinted from articles which appeared in the _J. H. S._, VI-VIII, 1885-1887).

[2135] Discussed by Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 189-226. For the coin, see _ibid._, pp. 212-14.

[2136] For the two heads of heroes, see Kabbadias, pp. 154 f., nos. 179, 180; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 33; B. B., no. 44; Collignon, II, pp. 239, figs. 118 and 119; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 3, 1888, Pl. XXXV, 2-3, 4-5 (from casts); Milchhoefer, _A. M._, IV, 1879, pp. 133-4, nos. 24-25; G. Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 98 f.; Luetzow, _Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst_, XVII, 1882, pp. 322 f.; Baum., III, pp. 1667 f. and figs. 1733 and 1734; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, pp. 255 f.; Springer-Michaelis, p. 306, figs. 544, a, b; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 412, fig. 105; von Mach, 469.

[2137] VIII, 45.6-7; see Mendel, _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, pp. 257 f., and Pls. IV, V (= head of Atalanta?), VI (= torso of Atalanta?), VII, VIII (= heads of Herakles); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 416, fig. 106, has reconstructed the _Atalanta_ from Pls. IV and VI just mentioned.

[2138] _L. c._, p. 259. The head has been restored by a German sculptor, and the chin appears to have been made too retreating: see _Encyl. Brit._, 11th ed., vol. XII, _s. v._ “Greek Art,” Pl. III, fig. 63.

[2139] From his Atalanta of Tegea, in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 172-3, quoted in part by Dr. Bates, _l. c._, pp. 155-6.

[2140] It was chiefly the preponderance of the lower part of the face over the upper, in consequence of the large chin and strongly marked cheek-bones, that led Treu to predicate Peloponnesian rather than Attic influence in the Tegea heads: _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 408. He found them Polykleitan in character, as did also Graef, _l. c._, p. 210, Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 523, and Collignon, II, p. 238. L. R. Farnell, however, long ago combated the theory of Peloponnesian influence, and found analogies in fifth-century Attic works of the time of Pheidias, as well as in works from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.: see _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, pp. 114 f.

[2141] _Descriptiones stat._, B (in _Philostrati opera_, ed. Kayser, p. 891). He also says (_ibid._) that Skopas ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος ἐπιπνοίας κινηθεὶς εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀγάλματος δημιουργίαν τὴν θεοφορίαν ἐφῆκε. The words with which Diodoros (Fragm. 1, Bk. XXVI) characterized Praxiteles, as ὁ καταμίξας ἄκρως τοῖς λιθίνοις ἔργοις τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς πάθη, apply much better to Skopas, for Praxiteles’ “emotions of the soul” are mood and temperament rather than emotion and passion.

[2142] _B. C. H._, XXV, 1901, Pls. IV-V.

[2143] The same overhanging masses of flesh, which we see in the male heads, are, however, visible in several other female heads attributed to Skopas: _e. g._, in the colossal one called _Artemisia_ from the Eastern pediment of the Mausoleion: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIX; in the head of an _Aphrodite_ found in the sea off Laurion: _J. H. S._, XV, 1895, pp. 194f. and fig. (Aphrodite?); in the head of a goddess found south of the Akropolis (and in the copy of it in Berlin): Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 457, fig. 119; and in the Dresden statuette of a _Mænad_: Treu, _Mélanges Perrot_, Pl. V; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LII; etc.; they are also plainly visible in the _Demeter of Knidos_: Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LIII; etc. These heads are discussed by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 190f., and are ascribed by him to Skopas.

[2144] _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 174. Gardner (_ibid._) does not explain this contrast in expression between the _Atalanta_ and the surrounding heroes on the analogy of the contrast in the calmness of _Apollo_ among the struggling _Lapiths_ from the Olympia pediment, since the action in the torso of _Atalanta_ shows that she was no mere spectator. He finds the explanation rather in the sex and youth of the heroine; for this reason he thinks that the sculptor did not represent her as sharing equally with the others the passion of the combat. He finds a truer analogy in the contrast between calm and passion in the _Lapiths_ and _Centaurs_ of the Parthenon metopes, where the human and bestial are thus distinguished; just so the heroine-goddess is here distinguished from her human companions. He also supposes that Skopas was not ready thus early in his career (just after 395 B. C., when the temple of Athena Alea was destroyed by fire) to apply his new extreme of expression to female heads. However, it must not be overlooked that these male heads—because of their marked individuality—presuppose a more mature genius, and so can just as well be assigned to the period of the Arkadian revival of 370 B. C. It has recently been seriously disputed whether the _Atalanta_ should be assigned at all to the Eastern pediment, where the French excavators placed it; thus Cultrera has looked upon it as an akroterion figure, while Thiersch and Neugebauer have identified it with a single figure representing _Nike_. See Cultrera, _Atti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei_, 1910, pp. 22f.; H. Thiersch, Zum Problem des Tegeatempels, _Jb._, XXVIII, 1913, p. 270; Neugebauer, _Studien ueber Skopas_, Leipsic, 1913; the latter has argued that the head and torso do not belong together, while Dugas has maintained the older view, that the turn and position of the neck fit the torso: _Rev. de l’art anc. et mod._, 1911, pp. 9f.

[2145] The effect in the Tegea heads is heightened by the abrupt transition from the brow to the socket—the outer end of the upper lid being almost hidden.

[2146] Kabbadias, I, p. 416, no. 869; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 168 f. and fig.; Conze, _Griech. Grabreliefs_, IX, 1897, no. 1055 and Pl. CCXI; B. B., 469; Bulle, 267; von Mach, 369; P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, Pl. XIV and p. 152; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXV and p. 208; Graef, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 199 f.; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, fig. 204; _id._, _Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst_, N. F., II, p. 293; _cf._ Wolters, _A. M._, XVIII, 1893, p. 6. It is 1.68 meters in height and 1.07 in breadth (Staïs). The likeness of the head of the athlete in this relief to that of the _Agias_ is striking.

[2147] It was formerly in the Sala di Meleagro, but was later removed to the Sala degli animali; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 128, and Nachtrag; _Guide_, I, p. 78, no. 133; Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 33, no. 10, and Pls. II and XII; B. B., 386; von Mach, 216; _id._, _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, pp. 279 f.; Bulle, p. 484, fig. 145; _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 1a, 1b (head); Graef, _R. M._, IV, pp. 218 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 479, 2; Clarac, 805, 2021. It is 2.10 meters high (Amelung).

[2148] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 28.

[2149] _Mp._, 296 f.; _cf._ Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p. 450, n. 2. Furtwaengler thought that the head was Attic and believed that it was the direct successor of the Munich _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11), the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican (Pl. 6), the Florence _Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 12), and analogous to the Ilissos relief (Fig. 74), two bronze heads from Herculaneum (a = F. W., 1302, and Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercol._, Pl. VII, 3; b = _ibid._, Pl. X, 2), and other works; Graef, _op. cit._, p. 199, and Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 198-9, regard it as Skopasian; Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 60, n. 3, believes that it shows Polykleitan influence.

[2150] _Ancient Marbles in Great Britain_, p. 451.

[2151] P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 128 (_cf._ XXV, 1895, p. 240), has called it “definitely a Lysippic work”; similarly Cultrera, Una Statua di Ercole, _Mem. della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, p. 188; recently, T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, pp. 297-298.

[2152] _Op. cit._, pp. 219 f.

[2153] Von Mach, 214; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 484, 1; another in Copenhagen: Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXII (opp. p. 98); a head is also in the Ny-Carlsberg collection there: _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, no. 362 and Pl. 100.

[2154] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 2a, 2b, p. 29 (Petersen); Collignon, II, p. 250, fig. 127; Bulle, 212 and fig. 144, on p. 481; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XV. For the _Apollo_ torso, see M. D., I, no. 215.

[2155] Mentioned in _Not. Scav._, 1895, p. 196, and figs. 1-2, and in _R. M._, X, p. 92 (Petersen); briefly described by R. Norton, _Harvard Graduates’ Magazine_, VIII, 1900 (June), pp. 485 f.; von Mach, 215; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 555, 6. _Cf._ _A. J. A._, IV, 1900, p. 275 and V, 1901, pp. 29 f. (latter = abstract of paper by von Mach). The Cambridge copy was found about 300 feet from the spot where the Berlin copy was discovered.

[2156] _H. N._, XXXIV, 66; in the text, _et Alexandrum Thespiis venatorem_, it is best to understand _venatorem_ as an appositive, therefore indicating a statue of Alexander as hunter. As the boar (in the bronze original no support was necessary) is a Roman accessory like the chlamys, it is best to call the work under discussion not _Meleager_, but merely hunter and dog (so Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, _l. c._). It was probably dedicated by a successful hunter to Artemis, or else it was a grave-monument, as such figures are common on sarcophagi: see Robert, _Ant. Sarcoph. Reliefs_, IV, Pls. XLVII, 154, and XLIX, 155, pp. 188 f.; and also on Attic grave-reliefs: _e. g._, on the Ilissos relief mentioned above (Fig. 74).

[2157] Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 304-5; Furtw.-Urlichs, Amelung, Helbig, von Mach, Arndt, E. Sellers-Strong (see introduction to Furtw., _Mp._, p. XIII), etc.

[2158] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 128-129.

[2159] _Sculpt._, p. 219.

[2160] _Cf._ P. Gardner, _Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XII, 16.

[2161] Pl. LXIX in _Six Greek Sculptors_. E. A. Gardner (p. 226) is doubtless right in believing that this form of brow was a personal peculiarity of Alexander, as it recurs so often in his portraits. It is seen in the head of Alexander on the sarcophagus from Sidon (either by a pupil of Lysippos or by some sculptor under his influence), the reliefs from which portray the same subject as the bronze group by Lysippos in Delphi mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 64, dedicated by Krateros on the occasion narrated by Plutarch, _Vita Alex. Magni_, 40, who states that the group was executed conjointly with Leochares: see Hamdy Bey et Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892, Pl. XXXIII, no. 6 (reproduced by Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXI). So far as I know, it occurs in Lysippan work to a prominent degree only in likenesses of Alexander. We know that Lysippos created the Alexander-type of head, as he alone could reproduce his manly and leonine air (_cf._ Plut., _de Alex. M. fortuna aut virtute_, _oratio_ II, 2, = p. 335). It is, to a less extent, present in the Azara head in the Louvre, which, owing to its likeness to the head of the _Apoxyomenos_, used to be taken as the nearest copy of the original by Lysippos.

[2162] It should be observed that the axis of the right eye in the head from Sparta droops slightly, which causes the eyeball to turn in. This seems to me to be merely the result of imperfect skill in modeling. It has a tendency to give to the face a look of greater intensity.

[2163] See _supra_, pp. 295-6.

[2164] _B. C. H._ XXIII, 1899, p. 455. Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10 f., has shown that it was a favorite device to represent boxers and pancratiasts with a sombre look (“_der finstere Blick_”).

[2165] 1102: κοὐδεὶς τροπαῖ’ ἔστησε τῶν ἐμῶν χερῶν.

[2166] In the passage already cited from _de Alex. Magn. fort. aut virtute_, Orat. II, 2, (= p. 385c); ... καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων τὴν διάχυσιν καὶ ὑγρότητα, κ. τ. λ.; _cf._ also his _Vita Alex. Magni_, IV (= p. 666), ... τὴν ὑγρότητα τῶν ὀμμάτων.

[2167] The hair of the head from Sparta, like that of the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_, has not the expression displayed in some Lysippan heads (notably in portraits of Alexander), nor the detail which we should expect from Pliny’s statement that Lysippos excelled in his treatment of hair (_H. N._, XXXIV, 65; see next note). But the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_ represent pancratiasts, and here we should not expect such expression. In the _Agias_, the hair, even if lacking in detail, is treated carefully and with variety.

[2168] _H. N._, XXXIV, 65: _propriae huius videntur esse argutiae operum custoditae in minimis quoque rebus_. Here the word _argutiae_ means “subtlety,” rather than “animation,” as given in Harper’s Latin Dictionary.

[2169] I need hardly add that such an idealizing tendency should be carefully distinguished from the deification of mortals which came into prominence after the time of Alexander, but existed in Greece from the early fifth century B. C., at least. The case of heroizing the Thasian Theagenes, who won at Olympia in boxing and the pankration in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 475 B. C.), has been discussed with similar ones in Ch. I, p. 35. But the fact that a victor wanted his statue to be more or less assimilated to the ideal type of the hero, whom he regarded as his athletic prototype and ideal, does not mean that he had any idea of looking upon himself as a god.

[2170] This would explain the simple, even sketchy, treatment of the closely cropped hair, just as in the _Agias_ and the _Philandridas_. The similarly parted lips of the Sparta head are certainly more appropriate to an athlete represented as weary with his toil than to a youthful Herakles. The slightly fierce expression of the face, augmented by the already noted imperfection in the modeling of the right eyeball, recalls the γοργόν look characteristic of boxers and pancratiasts; _cf. supra_, p. 317, n. 2. On the threatening eyes of contestants in general, see Xenophon, _Mem._, III, 10, 6-8, and _supra_, p. 59.

The head appears to me to be that of a boy of about sixteen years; its style is too early for a victor in the boys’ pankration, as this event was not introduced at Olympia until the 145th Olympiad (= 200 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.11 and Ph., 13. The wrestling match for boys was introduced in 01. 37 (= 632 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.9, and Afr. Boys were first allowed to box in Ol. 41 (= 616 B. C.): see Paus., _ibid._ (though Philostratos, 13, gives two traditions, Ols. 41 and 60).

[2171] We have record of only one statue of a victor set up in Sparta, that of the wrestler Hetoimokles, who won at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: see Paus., III, 13.9, and _cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 362, no. 4.

[2172] In the present chapter I have partly rewritten two articles which have appeared in the _A. J. A._; the first, entitled, Were Olympic Victor Statues Exclusively of Bronze?, in vol. XIX, 2d Ser., 1915, pp. 57-62; the second, The Oldest Dated Victor Statue, in vol. XVIII, 2d Ser., 1914, pp. 156-164 and Fig. I. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief, for permission to use them in the present work.

[2173] On p. 16 he says: _id unum dubitari non potest quin Olympionicarum statuae posteriorum temporum omnes ad unam aeneae fuerint_; on p. 17 he again says: _fieri non potest quin existimemus illas statuas omnes ex aere factas fuisse_.

[2174] _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235.

[2175] II, 2, p. 530 (note on P., VI, 1.1).

[2176] F. W., under no. 213, p. 101.

[2177] _Denkm._^3, p. 101; Engl. ed., p. 117.

[2178] VI, 1.1-18.7.

[2179] Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.; and _cf._ Brunn, I, p. 72. See _supra_, Ch. III, School of Argos, pp. 109-110.

[2180] Brunn, I, p. 34; etc.

[2181] The inscription gives a fragmentary enumeration of various victories: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 234, p. 346; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 3.

[2182] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 235, pp. 346-347; see _infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 4.

[2183] Ch. IV, pp. 254-5; _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 10-11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2a; F. W., 322; etc.

[2184] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 11-12; Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; F. W., 324. See _supra_, p. 255.

[2185] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a. Furtwaengler assigned it to a statue “_freien Stiles_.” _Cf._ F. W., 325.

[2186] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 22; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, no. 63. Even the veins are here indicated.

[2187] _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 12-13; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, etc., and see text on p. 16. In this connection we have omitted bronze fragments in modern museums known to have once stood in the Altis, _e. g._, the head from Beneventum (Fig. 3) in the Louvre: B. B., 324; von Mach, 481. These have been already discussed in Ch. II, pp. 62 f.

[2188] E. Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, 1851-2, I, p. 85; II, pp. 16 and 96, n. 14; F. Dahn, Die Germanen in Griechenland, in _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 128 f. Of course, long before the barbarians entered Greece many of the best of these statues had been removed to Italy by Roman generals and emperors, especially Nero, and others were destroyed in various ways.

[2189] He won in Ol. 59 (= 544 B. C.): P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187; Foerster, 113.

[2190] He won in Ol. 61 (= 536 B. C.): P., _l. c._; Hyde, 188; Foerster, 120.

[2191] That of Rhexibios was of fig-wood and that of Praxidamas of cypress, and consequently less decayed than the other. We know that cypress-wood was largely used for the early ξόανα because of its hardness and durability: _e. g._, the gilded statue in Ephesos, mentioned by Xenophon, _Anab._, V, 3.12. Theophrastos speaks of the durability of this wood: _de Plant. hist._, V, 4.2 (χρονιώτατα δοκεῖ τὰ κυπαρίττινα εἶναι). _Cf._ Hehn, _Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere_^6, 1894, pp. 276 f.; H. Bluemner, _Technologie und Terminologie d. Gewerbe und Kuenste bei Griechen und Roemern_, 1879, II, pp. 257 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 625.

[2192] VII, 27.5. Scherer also, p. 18, n. 4, adduces a passage from the work of the second-century A. D. rhetorician Aristeides, κατὰ τῶν ἐξορχ., II, p. 544 (ed. Dindorf), which he thinks points to the exclusive use of metal for victor statues: τοὺς ἐπὶ στεφανιτῶν ἀγώνων σκεψώμεθα, οἷον τὸν Δωριέα ... καὶ πάντας, ὧν εἰκόνες χαλκαί; he also refers to a passage in Dio Chrysost., _Orat._, XXVIII, A, p. 531 R (289 M).

[2193] F. W., no. 213, p. 101; Scherer, p. 18, n. 3; Vischer, _Aesthetik_, III, §607, p. 377; and _cf._ S. Reinach, _R. Ét. Gr._, XX, p. 413.

[2194] See Koehler, _Gesam. Schriften_ (ed. Stephani), VI, p. 345.

[2195] VI, 1.2.

[2196] See Hyde, _op. cit._, Catalogue, pp. 3-24. There 188 victors are listed, Philon of Corcyra appearing twice, nos. 91 and 136.

[2197] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16.

[2198] P., VI, 1.1, says that not all victors set up statues. This has been discussed in Ch. I, p. 27.

[2199] Pliny differentiates carefully between _ars sculptura_ (_i. e._, sculpture in stone) and _ars statuaria_ (_i. e._, in bronze): thus Bk. XXXIV of the _H. N._ is concerned with the latter, Bk. XXXVI with the former. In XXXVI, 15, he says that _sculptura_ is the older, and that both bronze statuary and painting began with Pheidias in Ol. 83 (= 448-445 B. C.), a statement which is inconsistent with XXXIV, 83, where he speaks of Theodoros (of the middle or second half of the sixth century B. C.) as casting a likeness of himself in bronze. But it is well known that Pliny in his long work quotes from a variety of sources, without any attempt to reconcile them.

[2200] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 414, says, less correctly, one-sixth. Forty inscribed bases may be referred to victor statues mentioned by Pausanias, while 63 others have been referred to victor statues not mentioned by him: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 340 f., 353 f.

[2201] Taken from Treu’s account in _Bildw. v. Ol._, pp. 29-34 and 216-218.

[2202] Chapter III, _supra_, pp. 162-3; _a_ = _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4 (with fragments, _ibid._, 5-6, 7-8, and figs. 30-32 in the text); _b_ = _ibid._, Pl. VI, 9-10.

[2203] Textbd., p. 216, fig. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2. Furtwaengler, despite the size and material of this torso, ascribed it to the statue of a boy victor: _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1890, pp. 147-148; similarly Treu, _l. c._; both refer it to the fifth century B. C. and to a Peloponnesian sculptor.

[2204] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3; F. W., 330.

[2205] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI. 4.

[2206] P. 216, n. 4 and fig. 242; _a_ = buttocks; _b_ = right upper leg; _c_ = bent upper leg with knee; _d_ = upper arm bent at elbow.

[2207] V, 17.3; here he enumerates images of ivory and gold, the marble _Hermes_ of Praxiteles, an _Aphrodite_ in bronze. Similarly, in II, 17.6, he mentions dedications, of different materials, in the Heraion of Argos; in I, 26.3, he mentions a bronze statue of Olympiodoros at Delphi dedicated by the Phokians, but says nothing of the material of two statues at Athens, where most of the offerings were marble; in I, 28.1, he speaks of a bronze statue of Kylon on the Akropolis; etc.

[2208] P., VIII, 40.1; to be discussed in the second part of the present chapter, pp. 326 f.

[2209] _R. Ét. Anc._, X, 1908, pp. 161 f.

[2210] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XLVI-XLVIII; Textbd., pp. 182 f. and Figs. 210 f.; and _Ergebnisse_, II (_Baudenkmaeler_), Pl. XCIII (basis) and pp. 153-5; _cf._ P., V, 26.1.

[2211] P., V, 17.3 (already mentioned on p. 325, n. 3).

[2212] See Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, p. 216. To-day marble is far commoner than bronze for artistic work; the reverse was true in antiquity. Many varieties of bronze—a combination of copper and tin in varying proportions—were named from places where it was manufactured: _e. g._, Corinthian, Delian (the favorite with Myron), Aeginetan (the favorite with Polykleitos), etc.

[2213] _Cf._ Furtwaengler, _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 21-2; _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 147; Reisch, p. 39. Good examples are the Tuebingen bronze hoplitodrome discussed in Ch. IV, pp. 206 f. (Fig. 42) and the παῖς κέλης from Dodona (Carapanos, _Dodone et ses Ruines_, Pl. XIII. 1). For diskoboloi, see E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pls, XXXV, 1, XXXVII, 4.

[2214] VIII, 40.1: Φιγαλεῦσι δὲ ἀνδριάς ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς Ἀρ<ρα>χίωνος τοῦ παγκρατιαστοῦ, τά τε ἄλλα ἀρχαῖος καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ τῷ σχήματι· οὐ διεστᾶσι μὲν πολὺ οἱ πόδες, καθεῖνται δὲ παρὰ πλευρὰν αἱ χεῖρες ἄχρι τῶν γλουτῶν. πεποίηται μὲν δὴ ἡ εἰκὼν λίθου, λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ἐπίγραμμα ἐπ’ αὐτὴν γραφῆναι. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἠφάνιστο ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου, κ. τ. λ.

On the various spellings of the name, Arrhachion, Arrhachon, Arrhichion, etc., see critical note in Rutgers, p. 19, and Foerster, no. 103.

[2215] Both Africanus (see Rutgers, _l. c._), and Pausanias (_l. c._) date the third victory. Pausanias and Philostratos, 21, place the other two victories in the Ols. just preceding. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 20, n. 1, and Foerster, nos. 98, 101, 103. The story how Arrhachion expired at the moment of victory, throttled by his adversary, whose toe he succeeded in putting out of joint, is told by Africanus, Pausanias (VIII, 40.2), and Philostratos (_Imag._, II, 6 = p. 411); Pausanias also mentions that the body was crowned.

[2216] Frazer, IV, pp. 391-2; III, pp. 40-1. The statue has otherwise not been published. In all probability it is the same one listed by Waldemar Deonna, in his _Les Apollons archaïques_, Geneva, 1909, p. 187, no. 79. This was seen at Phigalia in 1891 by M. Chamonard and notices of it are to be found in the following works: _B. C. H._, XV, 1891, pp. 440 and 448; _Chroniques d’Orient_, II, p. 36; _R. Ét. gr._, 1892, p. 127; Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altoriental. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1906, p. 100; Rouse, p. 307.

Pausanias’ description of Arrhachion’s statue is discussed by the following: Scherer, pp. 16 and 23; Iwan v. Mueller, _Handbuch_, VI, p. 530: Dumont, _Mélanges d’ Arch._, p. 53; Lange, _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelteren griech. Kunst_, 1899; Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, II, p. 73; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 12, no. 9; Klein, p. 146; Reisch, p. 40; Collignon, I, p. 117, n. 1, and _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 321; _cf._ Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 13, n. 4.

[2217] See Lange, _op. cit._, pp. XI f., who states the formula, which we have already given _supra_, Ch. IV, p. 175, _cf._ Loewy, _Die Naturwiedergabe in der aelteren griech. Kunst_, 1900, pp. 25, 27; _id._, _Lysipp und seine Stellung in der griech. Kunst_, pp. 17-18. On the pose, _cf._ S. Reinach, _Manuel de Philologie classique_ (ed. 2), 1907, II, p. 91 n. 2.

[2218] Deonna, _op. cit._, p. 85, says that the size of the αἰδοῖα is an indication of archaism, as the earlier artists exaggerated them in order to show the sex better. Figs. 7 (example from the Kerameikos) and 72 (example from Delphi), on pp. 132 and 179 respectively of his work, resemble our statue in this feature.

[2219] I, pp. 21 f.; _cf._ _Rhein. Mus._, N. F., X, 1856, pp. 153 f.

[2220] See bibliography in Collignon, I, pp. 117-18; _cf._ G. Kieseritzky, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 182 f.

[2221] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 55 f.

[2222] _Mw._, p. 712.

[2223] I, pp. 117-19; more fully in _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, pp. 235 f.; _cf._ also his later treatment in _Mon. Piot_, XX, 1913, pp. 5 f.; he assumes less influence in the corresponding archaic draped female type. _Cf._ also, for a similar view, F. W., p. 11 (to no. 14); von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 114; Kieseritzky, _l. c._; Loewy, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 243 f.; _cf._ _id._, _ibid._, XIV, 1911, pp. 1 f,; _id._, _Griech. Plastik_, 1911, p. 5. While Loewy believes Egyptian influence reached Greece via Crete, Poulson believes that it came via Phœnicia: see the latter’s _Der Orient u. d. fruehgriech. Kunst_, 1912, and _cf._ his article in _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXXIV, 1914, cols. 61 f.; Richardson, p. 39; E. Kroker, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 114 f.; etc.

[2224] _Gaz. B.-A._, XXI, 1899, pp. 177 f.; 313 f.; for a similar view, see also Overbeck, I, pp. 37 f.

[2225] _Les Apollons archaïques_, pp. 21 f.; _id._, _L’Archéologie, sa valeur, ses methodes_, II, pp. 193 f.; _id._, L’influence égyptienne sur l’attitude du type statuaire debout dans l’archaïsme grec, in _Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 102-142.

[2226] _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, 1903, p. 84. On p. 324, however, he admits Oriental influence on the Greek minor arts, especially that of Assyria on early vases.

[2227] So Pottier, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 408 f.; _cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 47 f.; _Sculpt._, pp. 17 f.; etc.

[2228] Schliemann, _Orchomenos_, Pl. I (restored); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 543, fig. 220 (fragment), (restored on p. 544, fig. 221, from Schliemann); Springer-Michaelis, p. 115, fig. 246; etc.

[2229] _E. g._, I, 42.5; II, 19.3; VII, 5.5; _cf._ IV, 32.1.

[2230] I, 98.

[2231] Bulle dates the Old Kingdom from the 30th to the 25th centuries B. C. But early Egyptian dates are too unsettled to be discussed here. For a tabular view of the chronology of the Egyptian dynasties as given by different scholars—Sethe, Meyer, Petrie, Breasted, Maspero, etc., see _Encycl. Brit._, eleventh ed., vol. IX, p. 79 (in the article on Egypt, Chronology and History, by R. S. Poole and F. Ll. Griffith). Breasted, _A History of Egypt_^2, 1916, chart on p. 21, dates dynasties I-VI, 3400-2475 B. C.; XI-XVII, 2160-1580 B. C.; XVIII-(part of) XX, 1580-1150 B. C.

[2232] Both are given by Bulle, Pl. 5; _cf._ _id._, Pl. 37 (“Apollos” of Tenea and Volomandra); Ra-nefer, in Maspero, _Art in Egypt_, 1912, p. 82, fig. 148; Perrot-Chipiez, I, 1882, p. 655, fig. 436; Tepemankh, in Maspero, p. 84, fig. 155, and in Perrot-Chipiez, p. 678, fig. 461. The statue of Ra-nefer is 1.73 meters tall, that of Tepemankh 1.66 meters.

[2233] Ka-aper in Bulle, Pls. 6 and 7 (two views of the head); von Bissing, _Denkm. aegypt. Skulpt._, I, 1914, Pl. XI; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 11, fig. 7; Maspero, _op. cit._, p. 83, figs. 151, 152; _id._, _Manual of Egyptian Archæology_, 1895, p. 218, fig. 188, and p. 221, fig. 191. The “wife,” in Bulle, Pl. 9 (two views); Maspero, p. 83, fig. 154; _id._, _Manual_, p. 222, fig. 192.

[2234] Breasted, _A History of Egypt_^2, _l. c._, dates dynasties XI-XII, 2160-1788 B. C.; the Hyksos, dynasties XIII-XVII, 1788-1580 B. C.

[2235] Bulle. Pls. 11 (two views) and 12 (head); von Bissing, _op. cit._, I, Pl. XL, A (left); Maspero, _Art in Egypt_, p. 110, figs. 203-204.

[2236] We should add to the New Empire the Deltaic dynasties, from the twenty-first on. Breasted, _l. c._, assigns to the New Empire dynasties XVIII-XIX and part of XX, 1580-1150 B. C.

[2237] Bulle, Pl. 17 (left); Maspero, _Hist. anc. des peuples de l’Orient classique_, II, p. 531; _id._, _Art in Egypt_, p. 201, fig. 390 (= the Lady Naï); _Mon. Piot_, II, 1895, Pls. II-IV.

[2238] Bulle, Pl. 17 (right); von Bissing, II, Pl. LXIV; Maspero, _Hist._, III, pp. 503-504 and Pl. II; _id._, _Art in Egypt_, p. 238, fig. 455; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 714, fig. 481 (profile). Though the face is lifeless, the bust and lower trunk are delicately modeled.

[2239] We see the Egyptian treatment of the hair especially marked in the upper part of a stone “Apollo” discovered at Eleutherna in Crete, which is now in the Candia Museum: _Rendiconti della R. Accad. dei Lincei_, 1891, p. 599 (Loewy); _Rev. Arch._, 1893, Pls. III-IV (Joubin); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 147, fig. 21; Perrot-Chipiez, p. 431, fig. 208; etc.

[2240] _E. g._, in the statue of Ra-nefer.

[2241] _E. g._, in the statue of the _Sheik-el-Beled_.

[2242] High-placed ears are common to many archaic Greek works other than the “Apollos.” They persist even in some of the figures on the Parthenon frieze.

[2243] On these common characteristics, see Richardson, p. 39; _cf._ H. N. Fowler, _History of Sculpture_, 1916, pp. 59-60; etc.

[2244] Pottier, _op. cit._, p. 414, assumes a religious reason for the left foot being advanced in both types. For another, natural explanation, see Homolle, _de antiquiss. Dianae Simul._, p. 95, quoted by Collignon, I, p. 118, n. 3.

[2245] The Greeks first copied the type in statuettes: _e. g._, alabaster figurines from Naukratis: W. Flinders Petrie, _Naukratis_^2, 1888, I, Pls. 1, 3, 4; G. Kieseritzky, _Jb._, VII, 1892, Pl. VI (with head, three views); _ibid._ p. 189 (figure in Boston). Pottier, _op. cit._, p. 409, cites two alabaster examples from Egypt (probably from Naukratis) which are nude, and on Pl. XVII, he reproduces four terra-cotta draped figurines in the Louvre, of Phœnician manufacture, similar to Egyptian works. The nudity of the “Apollos” marks the distinction between Greek and barbarian art.

[2246] Brunn, in his _Kunst bei Homer_, 1868, quoted by Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 47, showed by a very true analogy the way in which the Greek artist became an imitator. The Greeks borrowed their alphabet from Phœnicia, but wrote Greek and not Phœnician with it; just so the Greek artist borrowed the alphabet of art from Egypt, but with it wrote his own language of art.

[2247] _Gesch. des Materialismus_,^3 I, p. 127 (quoted by F. W., on p. 12).

[2248] This is the view of K. Kouroniotis, who carefully examined them. I quote his words incorporated in Dr. Svoronos’ letter to me of Dec. 29, 1911: τὰ γράμματα ἐπὶ τοῦ κορμοῦ, νομίζω ὅτι δὲ ἔχουσι καμμίαν σημασίαν, ἴσως δὲ μάλιστα εἶνε τὰ χαράγματα νέου τινός.

The inscriptions on the great majority of victor monuments found at Olympia were engraved upon the horizontal upper face of the base in front of the feet—at least down to the fourth century B. C.: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235. Dittenberger and Purgold have referred two inscribed convex bronze fragments found in the Altis to the flanks of victor statues set up in imperial times: _ibid._, nos. 234-5.

[2249] Only one other victor from Phigalia is known, Narykidas, who won πάλῃ some time in the first half of the fourth century B. C., as the mutilated epigram and artist’s name found upon fragments of the pedestal of his statue at Olympia attest, a date out of the question for our statue: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 161: _cf._ P., VI, 6, 1; Foerster, no. 324.

[2250] P., VI, 15.8; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[2251] P., I, 28.1; _cf._ for the date, Foerster, no. 55. See _infra_, p. 362.

[2252] P., III, 13.9; Foerster, nos. 86-90. See _infra_, p. 362.

[2253] P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6.

[2254] P., VI, 13.2; it was accordingly set up about Ols. 77-8 (= 472-468 B. C.): see Hyde, no. 111, and _cf._ p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-46. See _infra_, p. 362.

[2255] The god was so described in the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, v. 134, and that to the Pythian Apollo, v. 272. On the grounds of long hair and nudity G. Koerte identified the example from Orchomenos: see his article, Die Antiken Skulpturen aus Boeotien, _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 305 f.

[2256] So Vitet, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1862, p. 29.

[2257] See list in Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 13, n. 1.

[2258] _E. g._, on an amphora from Vienne: see _Annali_, XXI, 1849, Pl. D., and pp. 159 f.; on another from Nola, now in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, III, p. 230, E 336; _cf._ also _ibid._, E 313; on a wall-painting from Pompeii: _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 58; on a marble bas-relief in the Palazzo Corsini in Florence: Duetschke, II, p. 114, no. 283. These examples represent the god only.

[2259] I, 98. _Cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, II, p. 76, and _Griech. Kuenstler_, I, pp. 36-37, no. 11; Mueller, _Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altorient. und aelteren griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1906, pp. 112 and 122; Roscher, _Lex._, I, _s. v._ Apollon, p. 450; Overbeck, I, pp. 38 and 78.

[2260] P., VIII, 53. 7-8.

[2261] P., II, 32. 5; _cf._ IX, 35. 3; described by Plut., _de Musica_, 14 (p. 1136); _cf._ _Annali_, XXXVI, 1864, p. 254; etc. Discussed _infra_, p. 335 and n. 7.

[2262] See list in _B. M. Sculpt._, I, pp. 81 f. (from which we have taken some of the following examples).

[2263] Petrie, _Naukratis_, I, Pl. 1, fig. 4.

[2264] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 323.

[2265] Deonna, _op. cit._, nos. 1, 2; _cf._ _Gaz. Arch._, 1886, p. 235.

[2266] See Deonna, nos. 28 f.; _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 66 f.; B. B., 12; etc.

[2267] _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 210.

[2268] _B. M. Sculpt._, nos. 202 (torso = Petrie, _Naukratis_, I, Pl. I, fig. 9) and 204 (torso = _Naukratis_, I, Pl. I, fig. 3).

[2269] _Ibid._, no. 203 (= _Naukratis_, II, Pl. XIV, fig. 13).

[2270] See _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 304.

[2271] _See_ Rapporto d’un viaggio nella Grecia nel 1860, in _Annali_, XXXIII, 1861, p. 80.

[2272] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, pp. 168 f., already quoted. For the monument of Dermys and Kitylos, see _Gaz. Arch._, 1878, Pl. 29; _A. M._, III, 1878, Pl. XIV; F. W., 44.

[2273] On the subject of hair on “Apollo” statues, see Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 14 (_cf._ note f); and _cf._ Milchhoefer, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 54, who discards this feature as a criterion.

[2274] For examples, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 12, n. 4 and n. 5.

[2275] _Cf._ the colossal bearded statue of Dionysos found in the quarries on Naxos (Komiaki), described by Deonna, p. 221. In a preceding note (p. 334, n. 4) we have already listed examples of the type of Apollo appearing on vases, etc.; see _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 82.

[2276] The date of these sculptors is fixed by that of their pupil, the Aeginetan Kallon, who lived at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; _cf._ Akropolis inscription, _I. G. B._, no. 27. This statue is mentioned by P., IX, 35. 3, as holding the _Graces_ in one hand. Plutarch, who cites Antikles and Istros as his authorities, gives a better description of it in _de Musica_, 14; he says that it held the bow in the right hand and the _Graces_ playing on musical instruments in the left. A scholion on Pindar, _Ol._, XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293, mentions such an image of Apollo in Delphi, manifestly a copy of the Delian one. Both the scholiast and Macrobius, _Saturnalia_, 1, 17. 13, place the bow in the left hand and the _Graces_ in the right, an arrangement confirmed by Athenian coins which are copied from the replica of the statue in Athens (Bekker, _Anecdota gr._, I, p. 299, ll. 8-9). Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8-9, reproduces two of these coins.

[2277] This image, known as the _Philesian Apollo_, already discussed on pp. 118f., is described by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 75. It was made between 494 and 479 B. C.: see Frazer, IV, pp. 429-30. It is copied on Milesian coins, which represent the god nude, holding a stag in the right hand and a bow in the left: see Overbeck, _Griech. Mythol._, III, _Apollon_, Muenztafel I, 22 f. P., IX, 10.2, mentions a cedar replica of the statue in Thebes. In the British Museum is a bronze, the so-called Payne Knight statuette, a copy of the one on the coins; it is reproduced by Frazer, _l. c._, p. 430, fig. 45 (= _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 209); Frazer mentions as other copies a statuette in Berlin, described in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and one from the Ptoian sanctuary, described in _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190-6, and Pl. IX. On Milesian reliefs, see one published by Kekulé von Stradonitz, Ueber d. Apoll. des Kanachos, _Sitzb. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss._, 1904, I, fig. on p. 787, and p. 797, and another by Th. Wiegand, Siebenter vorlaeufiger Bericht ueber Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma (_Abh. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss., Philosoph.-histor. Cl._, 1911), p. 21.

[2278] Mentioned by P., X, 24. 5, and Philochoros, in _F. H. G._, I, fragm. 22 on p. 387. Imperial Delphic coins from the time of Hadrian on represent the god nude with outstretched arms; such coin-types may be copies of this statue; _cf._ Frazer, V, p. 352.

[2279] See _B. C. H._, XII, 1888, p. 468.

[2280] In the Ottoman Museum, Invent. no. 374; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 78, 2. It is described by Mendel, in _B. C. H._, XXVI, 1902, pp. 467 f.; _cf._ Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 226, no. 127.

[2281] See Deonna, pp. 191 f., no. 81 and figs. 84-90; _cf._ Annali, XXXVI, 1864, p. 253 (Michaelis).

[2282] _Ibid._, pp. 185 f., no. 77 and fig. 82.

[2283] _E. g._, the two colossal statues from Cape Sounion discovered by Staïs in 1906 in front of the ruins of the temple of Poseidon, and now in Athens, possibly meant for the Dioskouroi: see Deonna, pp. 135-8, nos. 7-8 and figs. 14-17; for one, see _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 363-4; Deonna, no. 7, pp. 135 and 347; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, no. 2720, pp. 6-7 and fig.; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 197, fig. 40; it is 3.05 meters high (Staïs); two from Delphi, called either Kleobis and Biton, or the Dioskouroi by Homolle, _B. C. H._, XXIV, 1900, pp. 445 = B) and 446 (= A), and 450 f.; Homolle here has the letters changed; his B = _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1 (= our A, = Pl. 8B); see Deonna, pp. 176-8, nos. 65-6, figs. 66-9; see list of statues from sanctuaries of Apollo and other gods, _ibid._, pp. 18-19.

[2284] See Milchhoefer, _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 54-55.

[2285] See Loeschke, _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 304; _cf._ Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 57; Hiller von Gaertringen, _Thera_, III, 1904, p. 285; Ross, _Reisen auf d. griech. Inseln des Aegaeischen Meeres_, I, 1840, p. 8.

[2286] See Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, pp. 238-9, no. 141; _B. M. Sculpt._, 207 (= torso).

[2287] Deonna, p. 247, no. 155. This is one of the most recent of the series and belongs to the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Orsi, _Monumenti antichi_, I, pp. 789 f.

[2288] Bulle, 37 (left).

[2289] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28; see _supra_, pp. 106-7. Scherer, _op. cit._, pp. 23 ff., thought that this statue conformed with the type of the _Apollo_ of Kanachos already mentioned. Reisch, p. 40, rightly believes that it had “_noch geschlossene Beine, aber geloeste Arme_,” _i. e._, like the _Apollo_ of Tektaios and Angelion already discussed.

[2290] Arndt, _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, pp. 1-2 and Pls. I-II; Deonna, pp. 143-4, no. 21. It has been ascribed to different artists of the last quarter of the sixth century B. C.: Lechat, _Au Musée de l’Acropole_, pp. 359-60; Klein, I, p. 246 f.; we have already discussed it on pp. 127-8. E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 190, refers some of the statues found at the Ptoian sanctuary to athletes, but Holleaux believes that these statues represent Apollo: _B. C. H._, X, 1886, p. 68; _cf._ also Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 8. W. Vischer, _Kleine Schriften_, II, 1878, p. 307, admits that some of the “Apollos” can be athletes, as Conze and Michaelis had done: _Annali_, XXXIII, 861, p. 80.

[2291] See Deonna, p. 253.

[2292] Thus Scherer, p. 22, n. 3, and Reisch, p. 40, leave the question unsettled; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 98, n. 1, thinks that the material for a decision as to a given statue, whether of this god or that, or of a worshiper or athlete, hardly exists; Collignon, _Mythol. figurée de la Grèce_, p. 84, recognizes that these statues stood for both gods and athletes; Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 1, p. 262, think that the type passes equally well for gods and sepulchral statues; Overbeck, I, pp. 114-115, and F. W., p. 11, believe that it represents a general scheme for athletes, sepulchral statues, and Apollos.

[2293] The first part of this chapter appeared, under the title The Positions of Victor Statues at Olympia, in _A. J. A._, XVI, 2d Ser., 1912, pp. 203-229, with Plan; the second part, entitled, Greek Literary Notices of Olympic Victor Monuments outside Olympia, appeared in _Trans. Amer. Philol. Assn._, XLII, 1912, pp. 53-67. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief of the _A. J. A._, for permission to use the former, and to Prof. Clarence Bill, the present secretary of the American Philological Association, for permission to use the latter. Only slight changes have been made in the original articles for the present work. The summary of the last section, Statistics of Olympic Victor Statuaries, is revised from my note published in _Proceedings of the American Philological Association_, XLIV, 1913, pp. xxx-xxxi. I am also indebted to Professor Bill for permission to use it in the present work.

[2294] ἵππων ἀγωνιστῶν ... καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀθλητῶν τε καὶ ἰδιωτῶν ὁμοίως (VI, 1.1).

[2295] VI, Chs. 1-16. 169 in my _de olympionicarum Statuis_: Philon of Kerkyra, who had two statues, is there named twice, under nos. 91 and 136.

[2296] VI, Chs. 17-18.

[2297] See _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Karten u. Plaene, 1899, III, IV (Doerpfeld); _cf._ also H. Luckenbach, _Olympia und Delphi_, 1904, p. 11, fig. 5 (= _A. J. A._, XVI, 1912, p. 204, fig. 1).

[2298] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 119 f. (and Sketch-plan).

[2299] Pp. 45 f.

[2300] In Baum., II, pp. 1094 f.

[2301] _Olympia, Ergebnisse_, Textbd., I (_Topographie und Geschichte_), pp. 87 f.; _cf._ _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 335 f.

[2302] _De olymp. Stat._, Ch. III, pp. 63 f. The outline therein forms the basis of the present treatment. The numbers of the victors from the catalogue of that work, showing the order of presentation by Pausanias, are here retained in parentheses: _e. g._, Telemachos (122). A letter after the number indicates either that an adjacent “honor” statue, _e. g._, Philonides (154a), stood next to a victor statue, _e. g._, Menalkeas (154), or that no statue is mentioned.

[2303] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, p. 88.

[2304] _E. g._, nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 were Eleans; 7-9 and 11-14 were Spartans; 17-18 and 23-26 were Eleans; 45 and 48-49, 51, 54, 57 were Arkadians; 6-9 and 11-14 were victors in chariot-races; 30, 34, 37, 40 were pancratiasts; 25-28 had statues by Sikyonian artists; 39-40 had statues by Athenian artists; 59-63 formed a family group; etc.

[2305] _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 393.

[2306] The lack of continuity in describing the altars led R. Heberdey, _Eranos Vindobonensis_, 1893, pp. 39 f., (Die Olympische Altarperiegese des Pausanias), to conclude wrongly that Pausanias took over bodily from an earlier work his enumeration of the altars, only here and there interposing a remark of his own, as _e. g._, V, 15. 2, where he parenthetically describes the Leonidaion.

[2307] _E. g._, the statue of the Akarnanian boxer (10) stood among those of Spartan victors (7-14); Eukles (52), a grandson of Diagoras, had his statue away from his family group (59-63); the two statues of Timon (17 and 105 d) stood in different parts of the Altis.

[2308] VI, 1.3.

[2309] So Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 146; Treu, _ibid._, p. 207; Flasch, Hirschfeld, and Scherer, in the works already cited.

[2310] So Doerpfeld, _l. c._, p. 88; Michaelis, _A. Z._, XXXIV, 1876, p. 164; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 531; etc.

[2311] Hyde, p. 64. I here append three such passages: in V, 24.3, in speaking of the statue of the _Zeus_ of the Lacedæmonians, he says that it τοῦ ναοῦ δέ ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ μεγάλου Ζεὺς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου, _i. e._, at the southeast corner of the temple near where the pedestal was found (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 252, and _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 86); in V, 26.2, in speaking of the offerings of Mikythos, he says that they stood παρὰ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου τὴν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ πλεύραν, _i. e._, on the northern side of the temple of Zeus, where most authorities find their foundations (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, 267-269, and Flasch, _op. cit._, p. 1093); in VIII, 38.2, he says that Mount Lykaion is ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς Δεσποίνης, _i. e._, to the north of that temple. _Cf._ also V, 21.2. Professor Bluemner, reviewing my monograph _de olymp. Stat._, in the _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXIV, 1904, col. 1382, objects to my interpretation of ἐν δεξιᾷ, and admits not one but three possibilities: (_a_) of the temple _pro persona_, _i. e._, its south side; (_b_) of a spectator facing the chief, _i. e._, east front, the northern half of the space before it; (_c_) of a spectator with his back to this front, _i. e._, the southern half of this space. But if Pausanias had meant either of the two latter, he would have said πρὸ τοῦ ναοῦ, as in VIII, 37.2, κατὰ τὸν ναόν, _cf._ V, 15.3, or ἀντικρὺ τοῦ ναοῦ, _cf._ V, 27.1.

[2312] For locations of bases, see _Insch. v. Ol._, nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). Because of the finds in the Prytaneion both Hirschfeld and Scherer started this ἔφοδος west of the Heraion.

[2313] From the unfinished condition of the back of the Lysippan marble head from the statue of Philandridas (10), as well as its excellent surface preservation (Frontispiece and Fig. 69), we have already argued that some of these early statues may have stood along the southern steps of the temple against the columns of the peristyle: _supra_, p. 300.

[2314] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 248; _cf._ P., V, 27.9.

[2315] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 161 (Narykdas); 146 (Kallias); 159 (Eukles); 144 (Euthymos); 156 (Charmides); 155 (Hellanikos). Other bases of statues which must have stood in this vicinity have also been found, far from their original positions: _i. e._, those of Athenaios (36), 56 meters west of the Leonidaion; of Polydamas (47), fragments 26 meters southeast of the Echo Hall; of Diagoras (59), five fragments near the Metroon; of Damagetos (62), in the Leonidaion; of Dorieus (61), near the _Victory_ of Paionios; of Kyniskos (45), inside the Byzantine church; of Damoxenidas (54), near the Heraion. See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 168 (Athenaios), 151 (Diagoras), 152 (Damagetos), 153 (Dorieus), 149 (Kyniskos), 158 (Damoxenidas); for the sculptured base of Polydamas (47), see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., PI. LV, 1-3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.

[2316] Argum., Boeckh, pp. 157-8. Pausanias names them in the order: Diagoras, Akousilaos, Dorieus, Damagetos, Peisirhodos. The scholiast names them in the order: Diagoras, Damagetos, Dorieus, Akousilaos, Eukles, Peisirhodos.

[2317] See for Aristotle, _F. H. G._, II, p. 183, fragm. 264. Apollas Ponticus is little known: _cf._ _F. H. G._, IV, p. 307, fragm. 7; he probably copied from Aristotle’s work.

[2318] This is Dittenberger’s explanation, _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 151 and 159; and also that of Robert, _O. S._, p. 195, Scherer, p. 49, and Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 411; Purgold, however, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 262, has tried to reconcile the two accounts on the theory of no change.

[2319] However, Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, p. 90, thinks that the two groups of Diagoras and Alkainetos stood apart.

[2320] The base of the statue of Pythokles was found between the Heraion and the Pelopion: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-163.

[2321] Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 412, assumed the possibility of the existence of two different statues of Lysandros, one 35 a, and the other somewhere after Charmides (58) in the family group of Diagoras; Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 105 and note 4, explains the discrepancy between the scholiast and Pausanias on the theory that the latter borrowed from older lists; Purgold, _Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet_, pp. 238 f., assumed but one statue of Lysandros.

[2322] Scherer, p. 51 (_cf._ Plan opposite p. 56), and Flasch, _l. c._, p. 1095, note 1, proposed a route south from the Heraion to the west of the so-called Great Altar site, while Hirschfeld, _l. c._, p. 119, made it run to the east of it. Doerpfeld, _op. cit._, p. 88, starting east of the Heraion, made the route run first to the west along the south side of the temple, and thence around the western side of the Pelopion, and so across to the _Eretrian Bull_; Michaelis, _l. c._, p. 164, with the same starting-point, had it bear first to the east parallel with the Treasury Terrace, and thence south. See Plans A and B.

[2323] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 259, and _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 153-155, etc.; _cf._ P., V, 26.1.

[2324] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 157 (So[si]krates; for the restoration of the name, see Hyde, p. 37); 167 (Kritodamos); 164 (Xenokles). The plate from the pedestal of the statue of the unknown Arkadian victor (79) was found far away from this point, in the Palaistra. We have shown (_supra_, pp. 244-5,) that the statue of Philippos (79a), mentioned by Pausanias as the work of Myron (_cf._ VI, 8.5), was probably only that of this older unknown Arkadian, later used for Philippos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304 and 280 B. C.); see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 174; _cf._ Hyde, _op. cit._, pp. 39-41.

[2325] On the name, see Hyde, p. 42.

[2326] See _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 86, and _cf._ II, p. 78. A slit in the lower step of the base of the _Zeus_ may have contained the tablet mentioned by P., V, 23.4. Three of the four inscribed blocks of Gelo’s chariot base were found in the Palaistra: _Inschr. v. Ol._, under no. 143.

For Doerpfeld’s identification of the Council-house (Bouleuterion) with the tripartite building south of the temple of Zeus just outside the South Altis wall, see _Ausgrab. zu Ol._, IV, 1878-1879, pp. 40-46, and _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 76-79. Others, on the basis of a passage in Xenophon’s _Hell._, VII, 4.31, wrongly place it near the Prytaneion in the northwestern part of the Altis. _Cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 636 f., and Doerpfeld, _l. c._, pp. 78 f. See Plans A and B.

[2327] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 177. It stands on the south edge of the South Terrace wall between its gateway and the later East Byzantine wall of the Altis.

[2328] Hyde, pp. 49 f., where I assume that the passage VI, 13.8 is a digression, and that the name of a victor has dropped out at the end of 13.7. There I have inserted, from a recovered inscription, the name of Akestorides of Alexandria Troas, placing his statue next to that of Agemachos (118) of similar date, the only other Asiatic in this part of the Altis. Foerster, 501, dates Akestorides wrongly in the second century B. C. (on the basis of Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 30, n. 2, end), although the inscription from the base is referred by Dittenberger to the end of the third; Agemachos won in Ol. 147 (= 192 B. C.); I have therefore dated Akestorides tentatively between Ol. (?) 142 and Ol. (?) 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.).

[2329] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148 (Tellon, inscription renewed in the first century B. C.); 165 (Aristion); 184 (Akestorides).

Roehl (_I. G. A._, no. 355 and Add., p. 182) referred an inscription on two marble fragments found in 1879 (_cf._ _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 161, no. 312), one found near the Heraion, the other east of the temple of Zeus, to the victor Agiadas (103); Dittenberger (_cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 150) and others have rightly rejected this ascription. Similarly the inscribed base of the statue of Areus (105 b), son of Akrotatos, King of Sparta, found in the Heraion (see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 308), belongs rather to the second statue of Areus (148 a) dedicated by Ptolemy Philadelphus; _cf._ Hyde, pp. 44-45. I have also referred the second inscription of the artist Pythagoras (_Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 145) found in the Leonidaion, to the statue of Astylos (110), because of its similarity to that on the base of the statue of Euthymos (56) likewise by Pythagoras: _ibid._, pp. 47-48.

[2330] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 169 (Aristophon), 154 (Xenombrotos and Xenodikos), following Robert’s ascription, _O. S._, 1900, pp. 179 f.; a second epigram referring to Xenombrotos alone (_Inschr. v. Olymp._, no. 170) must belong to a second monument not mentioned by Pausanias; _cf._ Hyde, p. 53.

[2331] _E. g._, Furtwaengler, _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 140 (quoted by Dittenberger); Frazer, IV, p. 43.

[2332] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 176 (Aischines; see Foerster, no. 451), 173 (Archippos), 186 (Epitherses), 304 (Antigonos); [a fragment of the base of the statue of Demetrios (147 e) was also found, the exact location not being recorded, no. 305]; 276 (Philonides; a second mutilated copy of this inscription was found nearby built into a late wall north of the Byzantine church; see no. 277); Pausanias (VI, 15.10) mentions two statues of Kapros. For the bronze foot (Fig. 62) of one of them, see _supra_, p. 255 and n. 3.

[2333] VI, 18.7. He gives this honor to Praxidamas and Rhexibios (187-188), who won in Ols. 59 and 61 (= 544 and 536 B. C.) respectively. We have already pointed out that the statue of Oibotas (29), who won in Ol. 6 (= 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.) by the Achæans (VI, 3.8).

[2334] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 294 (Leonidas; _cf._ _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 322, note 1, Treu); 183 (Seleadas; this is my own ascription; see Hyde, p. 58; Dittenberger wrongly restored the name as Σέλευκος); 632 (Polypeithes and Kalliteles); 171 (Deinosthenes); 178 (Glaukon; his monument was a little bronze chariot, not a statue, thus imitating earlier sixth-century victor dedications, like that of Kyniska (7); no. 296 is another inscription from a statue of Glaukon dedicated by Ptolemy Euergetes).

The pedestal of the statue of Paianios (167) was found behind the south side of the Echo Colonnade and therefore far removed (_Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 179); Pausanias again mentions Paianios in VI, 15.10. Another pedestal (no. 632), found south of the west end of the Byzantine church, has been referred by Purgold to the statue of Lysippos (162): _cf._ _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 85 f., no. 387. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 615, and others have rejected the ascription.

[2335] Διέστηκε δὲ ἀγυιὰν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς πομπικῆς, τοὺς γὰρ δὴ ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων καλουμένους στενωποὺς ἀγυιὰς ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι.

[2336] See _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 327-336 and Pl. VII (Die Altis Mauer in Olympia). On the west of the Altis are the ruins of two parallel walls, the inner Greek, the outer Roman; the original South wall of the Altis ran along the line of the South Terrace wall, the later Roman wall (dating from Nero’s time) to the south of it. Thus in Pausanias’ day, the ἔσοδος πομπική was opposite the Leonidaion. In two other passages, however, it appears to be at the southeast corner of the Altis (V, 15.7; VI, 20.7). R. Heberdey (in _Eranos Vindobonensis_, 1893, pp. 34-47) explains this discrepancy by saying that Pausanias, in mentioning the southwestern entrance, is writing from his own observation after the Roman extension, and in the other passages is copying from other writers who wrote before that extension. Doerpfeld’s explanation, however, is better: in the Roman extension a gate was built at the southwest corner of the new West wall superseding the older southeast entrance. Processions still passed along the same way, but were now _inside_ the Altis, the great gateway of Nero at the southeast corner being given up after his death. _Cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 570-572; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 375-6.

[2337] P., VI, 17.1.

[2338] _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 317-326 (Die Bauinschrift des Leonidaions zu Olympia); and _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 651, and _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II, _Die Baudenkmaeler_, pp. 83-93, and Tafelbd., Pls. LXII-LXVI (R. Borrmann).

[2339] _E. g._, K. Lange, _Haus und Halle_, 1885, pp. 331 f; Hirschfeld, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 121; Flasch, in Baum., II, pp. 1095 and 1104 K. Others placed it elsewhere: _e. g._, Curtius-Adler, _Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, pp. 23 f.; Scherer, _op. cit._, pp. 55 f. (and Plan), identified it with the “_South-east Building_,” where he had this second ἔφοδος begin.

[2340] V, 13.9. For full account of the altar, see V, 13.8-11.

[2341] Thus Curtius, Altaere v. Ol., _Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1882, p. 4 (= _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, 1894, II, pp. 42 f.); Adler, _A. A_., 1894, p. 85; _ibid._, 1895, pp. 108 f. (_cf._ his reconstruction in _Olympia, Ergebn._, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXXII and Textbd., II, pp. 210 f.); Curtius-Adler, _Olympia u. Umgegend_, p. 35; Flasch, _op. cit._, p. 1067 (_cf._ _Funde v. Ol._, pp. 238-239); Boetticher, _Olympia_^2, 1886, pp. 190 f. (and Plan); Furtwaengler, _Bronzen v. Olympia_, p. 4; Hirschfeld, _op. cit._, p. 119 (= Plan); Scherer, _op. cit._, p. 56 (with Plan); Trendelenburg, _Der grosse Altar des Zeus in Olympia_, 1902, pp. 17 f.; Doerpfeld, _Olympia, Ergebn._, Textbd., II (_Baudenkmaeler_) p. 162, (_cf._ I, p. 82, where he admits the possibility that it may have stood further northwest, nearer the Heraion); Frazer, III, p. 556; etc.

[2342] See _A. M._, XXXIII, 1908, pp. 185-192 (Olympia in praehistorischer Zeit); _cf._ _Year’s Work in Classical Studies_, III, 1908, p. 12.

[2343] For Puchstein’s location and form of the altar of Zeus, see _A. A._, 1893, p. 22; _ibid._, 1895, p. 107; _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 53 f. (with “oblong” reconstruction by Koldewey, pp. 76-77); for Wernicke’s view, see _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 93 f. This view was already refuted by Adler, _A. A._, 1895, p. 108, and Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., II, pp. 162 f. Doerpfeld later referred these remains also to prehistoric houses (_cf._ preceding note)

[2344] V, 13.8. The exact site of the Pelopion is given in V, 13.1 (see Plans A and B). Wernicke, (_l. c._, pp. 94 f.) placed the older altar of Zeus (who was at first worshiped in common with Hera) between the Heraion and Pelopion (as Puchstein also did). He believed that later, however, after the building of the temple of Zeus and the Pelopion, the altar was moved east of both and stood somewhere northwest of the elliptical depression, where Pausanias saw it. He explained the lack of remains on the theory that the Christians would completely destroy this, the chief pagan altar. But it is difficult to see why the few Christian settlers in this out of the way place should have shown any such anger. Doerpfeld (_Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., II, _Baudenkmaeler_, p. 163) suggested that it may have stood south of the _Exedra_ of Herodes Attikos, where its site must certainly be sought.

[2345] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, p. 359, rightly say that the words of Pausanias point to a place in the Altis where there are neither foundations nor ashes. Since it is incredible that the Christians should have destroyed it so completely, they assume that Pausanias made a mistake in his directions. Their conclusion that the elliptical depression best fits the conditions is untenable now.

[2346] _Op. cit._, p. 164.

[2347] See _A. M._, XIII, 1888, pp. 335-336, and _Ergebn._, Textbd., I, p. 88. In the latter he says: “_Zu unserer Verwunderung sehen wir, dass der zweite Teil die ununterbrochene Fortsetzung des ersten Teiles ist, also in Wirklichkeit nur eine Ephodos, nur ein einziger Rundgang._”

[2348] This pillar stood between the Great Altar and the temple of Zeus: P., V, 20. 6.

[2349] Ἀνδριάντας δὲ ἀναμεμιγμένους οὐκ ἐπιφα<νέ>σιν ἄγαν ἀναθήμασιν, κ. τ. λ., (VI, 17.7); again in VI, 18.2 he says that he discovered the statue of Anaximenes “by searching” (ἀνευρών).

[2350] Similarly, on arriving at the statue of Telemachos, he moved first to the east and then returned (passing the chariot of Kleosthenes) before proceeding west, without mentioning it: see _supra_, p. 345.

[2351] On analogy with V, 15.1. See Hyde, p. 68.

[2352] The Terrace wall can still be traced before the western front of the temple and also to the north-east of it; _cf._ Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 36: “_So umgab denn vermutlich einst den ganzen Tempel eine statuenbekroente Terrasse._” Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 619, suppose such a road to the west and north of the temple, but would interpret it as being ἐν ἀριστερᾷ.

[2353] _Cf._ Hyde, p. 70. Hitz.-Bluemn. (see preceding note) rejected this textual change of mine as unnecessary, and followed Hirschfeld and Doerpfeld in having Pausanias return along the south side of the temple of Zeus. I proposed this change by analogy with the text of V, 24.1, V, 21.2, and other passages.

[2354] The bronze tablet of Demokrates (170), found south of the southwest corner of the temple of Zeus, did not belong to his victor statue, but to a base which stood probably inside the temple: _Inschr. v. Ol._ no. 39. Also the archaic marble helmeted head and arm with the remains of a shield attached (see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1-4, and 5-6), the head being found west of the temple and the arm before the gate of the Pelopion, wrongly ascribed by Treu (_A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f., and _Bildw. v. Ol._, III, pp. 33-34) and Overbeck (I, pp. 198 f., and p. 178) to Eperastos (183), I have referred to an older hoplite, Phrikias of Pelinna (Foerster, nos. 151, 155): see Hyde, p. 43, and _supra_, Ch. III, pp. 162-3 and Fig. 30a, b.

[2355] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 293.

[2356] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-269. The supposed foundation was found thirty feet north of the temple; _cf._ Frazer, III, pp. 646 f.; etc.

[2357] V, 20.6 f. A large foundation, between the pedestal of Dropion, King of the Paionians, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 303, (see Plans A and B), and the pedestal of the _Eretrian Bull_, may have formed part of the house of Oinomaos (_cf._ Curtius-Adler, _op. cit._, p. 40; Flasch, _l. c._, p. 1074). Wernicke, (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 95), however, refers it to the oval depression called the Great Altar site. Doerpfeld (_Ergebn. v. Ol._, Textbd., I, p. 82) is opposed to this view and places it further north, near the Metroon.

[2358] This is Kalkmann’s theory (_op. cit._, p. 89), who calls this section (VI, 18.7) the “_letzter Trumpf_,” an addition having no connection with the second ἔφοδος. He compares it with V, 24.9, where Pausanias, after ending the _periegesis_ of the altars, adds one more, that of “Zeus Horkios,” which stood in the Council House, though he had already passed this point twice without mentioning the fact. Kalkmann also compares it with V, 27.12 (the transition to the account of the victor statues). Gurlitt (_op. cit._, p. 392) explains this last section, _i. e._, V, 27.12, as due to a later revision of Pausanias’ work.

[2359] VI, 19.1.

[2360] See the Catalogue in my _de olymp. Stat._, (pp. 3 f.) for dates; and _cf. ibid._, Ch. IV, pp. 72 f., for results. The summaries are made only on the basis of the 153 monuments which can be exactly or approximately dated.

[2361] Eutelidas (148), Praxidamas (18), Rhexibios (188), Polypeithes and Kalliteles (160-161).

[2362] On the date of the temple of Zeus (?468-456 B. C.), _cf._ Doerpfeld, _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II, pp. 19. f.

[2363] Enation (176) is simply called an Arkadian by P., VI, 17.3.

[2364] VI, 1.2, and _cf._ his words in VI, 17.1.

[2365] The last dated victor statue at Olympia, known from inscriptions, is that of Valerios Eklektos of Sinope, four times victor as herald, winning in Ols. 256, 258, 259, 260 (= 245, 253-261 A. D.): Foerster, 741-744. Philoumenos of Philadelphia in Lydia, victor in wrestling (?) in Ol. (?) 288 (= 373 A. D.), Foerster, 750, had a statue, as we learn from the conclusion of an epigram preserved by Panodoros in Cramer’s _Anecd. gr. Parisiensia_, 1839-41, II, p. 155, 17 f.; _cf._ _Inscr. Graecae metricae_, ed. Preger, 1891, no. 133. It may have been in Olympia.

[2366] On his use of older lists of victors and especially of the Elean register, see P. Hirt, _de Fontibus Pausaniae in Eliacis_ (Greifswald, 1878), pp. 12 f.; Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae_ (Rostock, 1888), pp. 17 f.; Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, pp. 72 f. and 103 f.; Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, p. 426, note 43; Robert, _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; Hirschfeld, _A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 105 and 111; J. Juethner, _Philostratos ueber Gymnastik_, pp. 60-74 (Elean register), and 109 f.; Gardiner, p. 50. Pausanias frequently mentions such sources himself, especially the Elean register: _e. g._, III, 21.1; V, 2.19; VI, 2.3. Hirschfeld (_l. c._, pp. 105 and 113) and others have unreasonably doubted whether Pausanias ever visited Olympia at all.

[2367] Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476; P., VI, 15.3 f.

[2368] Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; P., VI, 15.10 (two statues).

[2369] Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; P., VI, 13.7, and _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.

[2370] Hyde, 42; Foerster, 800; P., VI, 4.9.

[2371] Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494; P., VI, 4.5.

[2372] Hyde, 152; Foerster, 391; P., VI, 16.2.

[2373] Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515; P., VI, 6.7.

[2374] Hyde, 125a; Foerster, 651; P., VI, 14.2.

[2375] Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648-650; P., VI, 13.3.

[2376] Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654-6, 659, 660, 662-664; P., VI, 13.3.

[2377] _H. N._, XXXIV, 16. See _supra_, pp. 27 and 54.

[2378] _Cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 235. P., VI, 1.1, distinctly states that not all victors had statues, adding that some of the most distinguished had none.

[2379] Thus the epigram on the base of a monument of Xenombrotos (133; _cf._ P., VI, 14.12) states that it was a portrait of the victor: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 170. We have, however, aside from this inscription, no record that he was a victor more than once. See _supra_, pp. 54-5. On the basis of three or more victories, several victors should have had portrait statues: _e. g._, Foerster, 60, 86, 144, 351, 358, 495, 603, 741, 815.

[2380] Discussed _supra_, Ch. II, p. 58.

[2381] For dates, places of finding, and contests, references are constantly made by number to Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._; the number of each victor is given also from Foerster’s lists, which, though incomplete, are the best that have yet appeared. Where the exact dates are known they are cited from Foerster; otherwise, the probable dating of the inscription as given by Dittenberger is followed. See Plans A and B.

[2382] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 142 (Pantares, son of Menekrates of Gela); Foerster, 149, = Ol. (?) 67 (= 572 B. C.); Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): Foerster, 180.

[2383] Phrikias won twice, in Ols. 68 and 69 (= 508 and 504 B. C.): Foerster, 151 and 155. Phanas was three times victor on the same day (τριαστής), in the στάδιον, δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης, in Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.): Foerster, 144-146. For the ascriptions, see _supra_, pp. 162-3.

[2384] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 150. Roehl (_I. G. A._, 355 and Add., p. 182) wrongly ascribed it to Agiadas (103), boy boxer of Elis, whose statue was by the Aeginetan Serambos (P., VI, 10.9). His victory should fall between Ols. 72 and 74 inclusive (= 492 and 484 B. C.): Hyde, p. 44. Foerster, 519, following Roehl and Gurlitt (_op. cit._, pp. 369 and 419), who placed Serambos in the second century B. C., referred the victory of Agiadas to Ol. (?) 161 (= 136 B. C.). Robert, _O. S._, p. 181, identifies the inscription with Epitimiadas mentioned in the _Oxy. Pap._ as victor in παγκράτιον in Ol. 78 (= 468 B. C.). Dittenberger and Loewy (latter in _I. G. B._, 416) refer the inscription to the first half or middle of the fifth century B. C.

[2385] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 170; _cf._ Hyde, p. 53.

[2386] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 175; Foerster, 375. Foerster’s proposed dating of this victor, Ol. 110 (= 340 B. C.), is wrong.

[2387] _Ibid._, no. 180.

[2388] _Ibid._, no. 181.

[2389] _Ibid._, no. 182.

[2390] _Ibid._, no. 185.

[2391] _Ibid._, no. 187.

[2392] _Ibid._, no. 188.

[2393] _Ibid._, no. 189.

[2394] This Greek building dates from the first half of the fifth century B. C. _Cf._ F. Adler, _Ol., Ergebn._, Textbd., II (_Die Baudenkmaeler_), pp. 93-105 (especially 98 f.), and Flasch, in Baum., pp. 1070-1 and 1104 M f., both of whom identify it with the workshop of Pheidias (P., V, 15.1); Curtius, Die Altaere v. Ol., _Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1882, p. 20 (= _Gesamm. Abhandl._, 1894, II, pp. 57 f.), refers it to the Theekoleon, generally identified with the easternmost of the two buildings further north. See Plans A and B.

[2395] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 190.

[2396] _Ibid._, no. 192.

[2397] _Ibid._, no. 193.

[2398] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 194; Foerster, 484.

[2399] _Ibid._, no. 195.

[2400] _Ibid._, no. 196.

[2401] _Ibid._, no. 197; Foerster, 808 (undated).

[2402] _Ibid._, no. 191; Foerster, 807 (undated).

[2403] _Ibid._, nos. 198-204; see Foerster, 542-547; one of the group, Telemachos, son of Leon, had another statue at Olympia: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 406.

[2404] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 205; Foerster, 822 (undated).

[2405] _Ibid._, no. 206; Foerster, 828 (undated).

[2406] _Ibid._, no. 207.

[2407] _Ibid._, no. 208.

[2408] _Ibid._, no. 209; Foerster, 482.

[2409] _Ibid._, no. 210.

[2410] _Ibid._, no. 211.

[2411] _Ibid._, no. 212.

[2412] _Ibid._, no. 213; Foerster, 614, 619.

[2413] _Ibid._, nos. 214, 215.

[2414] _Ibid._, nos. 216, 217; Foerster, 550.

[2415] _Ibid._, no. 218; Foerster, 535 (= Ol. ? 171 = 96 B. C.).

[2416] _Ibid._, no. 219; Foerster, 593; he won in Ol. 190 (= 20 B. C.).

[2417] _Ibid._, no. 220; Foerster, 601, who dates the victory in Ol. (?) 194 (= 4 B. C.).

[2418] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 221; Foerster, 612. He won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 199 (= 17 A. D.); his statue was set up by M. Antonios Peisanos.

[2419] _Ibid._, no. 222; Foerster, 585, 587. He won two victories (perhaps after 17 A. D.) in an unknown contest; Foerster dates them Ols. (?) 184 and 185 (= 44 and 40 B. C.).

[2420] _Ibid._, no. 223; Foerster, 568; his statue was erected by his mother, Klaudia Kleodike.

[2421] _Ibid._, no. 224; Foerster, 823 (undated); his statue was set up by his native state.

[2422] _Ibid._, no. 225; Foerster,632. The base contained two epigrams by T. Klaudios Thessalos, of Kos: E. Cougny, _Epigramm. Anth. Pal._, III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 169.

[2423] _Ibid._, 226; Foerster, 634. His statue was erected by L. Betilenos Phloros, of Elis.

[2424] _Ibid._, no. 227; Foerster, 666; he won Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.). His brother Diodoros set up the statue. The victor was an ἔφεδρος; see A. E. J. Holwerda, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 171 f.

[2425] _Ibid._, 228; Foerster, 671.

[2426] _Ibid._, nos. 229, 230 (newer inscription); _I. G. B._, 125; Foerster, 624-625. He was a περιοδονίκης and won in Ols. (?) 205 and 207 (= 41 and 49 A. D.).

[2427] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 231; Foerster, 595 and 597. Foerster dates his two Olympic victories in Ols. (?) 191 and 192 (= 16 and 12 B. C.). Hermas was περιοδονίκης twice, and also gained victories besides at the Nemean and other games.

[2428] _Ibid._, no. 232; Foerster, 815-819 (undated). He was twice περιοδονίκης and won besides at the Isthmus, Nemea, and at other games—eighty victories in all.

[2429] _Ibid._, no. 234 and p. 346; he won in either πάλη or παγκράτιον.

[2430] _Ibid._, no. 235 and pp. 346-347. These bronze fragments have been noted in our list of surviving fragments of victor statues, Ch. VII, p. 322.

[2431] _Ibid._, no. 233 (name restored from no. 440, line 4). On her father, see Foerster, under no. 634.

[2432] _Ibid._, 236; Foerster, 686. Both Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 421, and Foerster think that this monument is mentioned by P., V, 20.8 (that of a Roman senator). Dittenberger is against this view, and the place of finding also is against it. On the victor’s full name and that of his father, see Foerster, _l. c._

[2433] _Ibid._, no. 237; Foerster, 692. He won at Olympia in Ol. 229 (= 137 A. D.), and the inscription names many other victories elsewhere.

[2434] _Ibid._, no. 238; Foerster, 679 and 681, who dates the victories in Ols. (?) 224 and 225 (= 117 and 121 A. D.), while Dittenberger dates them in the next century. He was twice περιοδονίκης: see Foerster, _l. c._

[2435] _Ibid._, no. 239; Foerster, 746 (date = end of second or third centuries B. C.). For the epigram, see also Cougny, Epigramm. Anth. Pal., III (_Appendix nova_), p. 46, n. 284.

[2436] _Ibid._, nos. 242-243; Foerster, 741-744. He was a τρισπερίοδος, _i. e._, three times περιοδονίκης. For his other victories outside Olympia, see Foerster, _l. c._

[2437] _Ibid._, nos. 240-241; Foerster, 739. Asklepiades won the πένταθλον in Ol. 255 (= 241 A. D.).

[2438] Philinos, son of Hegepolis of Kos (173), won 24 victories, 5 at Olympia, 4 at Delphi, 4 at Nemea, 11 at the Isthmus, mostly in the στάδιον, he was, therefore, four times περιοδονίκης. He won in Ols. 129 and 130 (= 264 and 260 B. C.): _cf._ P., VI, 17.2 and Foerster, 441 and 442; Leonidas of Rhodes (111c) was τριαστής in the four different Ols. 154-157 (= 164-152 B. C.), winning 12 races: _cf._ P., VI, 13.4, and Foerster, 495-497, 498-500, 502-504, 507-509.

[2439] Omitting the votive bronze diskos of the victor P. Asklepiades of Corinth mentioned above.

[2440] Foerster, pp. 26-30, records the names of 634 Olympic victors who are known to us from all available sources.

[2441] Sepulchral monuments are either entirely excluded or mentioned only incidentally. The tombs of nine Olympic victors are known from various sources.

[2442] The dating of victories in the present section will necessitate certain repetitions of dates already given elsewhere in this work. While heretofore dates have been referred usually to the compilations of Foerster and Hyde, the original authorities for them will be cited in this section.

[2443] Chionis, (= Charmis in Afr.), according to P., III, 14.3, won seven victories at Olympia: four in the στάδιον, in Ols. 28 to 31 (= 668 to 656 B. C.); 1-4 = Afr.; 1 = P., IV, 23.4; 2 = IV, 23.10; 3 = VIII, 39.3; three in the δίαυλος, probably in Ols. (?) 29-31: see Rutgers, p. 11, n. 4, and pp. 10-11; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-46.

[2444] Kylon won the δίαυλος in Ol. 35 (= 640 B. C.): Afr.; _cf._ Rutgers p. 13; Foerster, 55.

[2445] Hdt., V, 71; Thukyd., I, 126; Plut., _Solon_, 12.

[2446] _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 27 and n. 1. Kuhnert, _Jahrb. f. classische Philol._, Supplbd., XIV, 1885, pp. 278 f., and n. 2, agrees with Furtwaengler, and thinks that it was set up long after the death of Kylon, and that it is possible that the name of the conspirator became mixed with that of an Athenian victor of the same name, but of later date.

[2447] _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, pp. 183 f.; he is followed by Frazer, II, p. 348.

[2448] Thukyd., I, 134.

[2449] Loeschke, _A. M._, IV, 1879, p. 295, n. 1.

[2450] See also Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, pp. 299-300.

[2451] His six victories in πάλη are mentioned by P., III, 13.9; he won πάλη παίδων in Ol. 37 (= 632 B. C.): P., V, 8.9; Afr.; πάλη ἀνδρῶν in Ols. 39-43 (= 624-608 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73. He is mentioned by Ph., I.

[2452] See Wide, _Lakonische Kulte_, 1893, pp. 38 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, pp. 792-3.

[2453] Pausanias, III, 13.9, mentions his five victories in πάλη. He must have won after his father’s victories, and so at the beginning of the sixth century B. C. Rutgers, pp. 109 f., conjectures that the first victory was πάλη παίδων; Foerster, 86-90.

[2454] Arrhachion (on various spellings of the name, _cf._ Rutgers, p. 19) won thrice in the παγκράτιον in Ols. 52-54 (= 572-564 B. C.). The third victory is recorded by Afr. and P., VIII, 40.1; the first two by P., _l. c._ _Cf._ also Ph., 21. Foerster, 98, 101, 103. See _supra_, pp. 326 f.

[2455] He had the nickname _Koalemos_: Plut., _Cimon_, 4. He won two victories τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 62 and 64 (= 532 and 524 B. C.); his horses, under the name of Peisistratos, won in the same event in Ol. 63 (= 528 B. C.): Hdt., VI, 103; they were buried in front of the city beyond the so-called “Hollow Way,” opposite the tomb of Kimon; Hdt., _l. c._; Plutarch, _Cato Major_, 5. _Cf._ Aelian, _de Animal._, XII, 40, where he says that the mares of Miltiades—meaning Kimon—were buried in the Kerameikos. See Foerster, 124, 128 and 132.

[2456] _Var. Hist._, IX, 32.

[2457] Hdt., VI, 103.

[2458] IV, 33.

[2459] On _Nubes_, 64.

[2460] Foerster, 85.

[2461] He won in an unknown contest. He accompanied Dorieus, the younger brother of Kleomenes I of Sparta, on his futile expedition to Sicily, and died there: Hdt., V, 47. Kleomenes began to reign in 519 B. C., and the Sicilian expedition occurred about 510 B. C.; Foerster, 138, therefore dates the victory of Philippos about Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.).

[2462] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath., on Iliad, Bk. III (p. 383, 43).

[2463] Astylos (on variations of the name, see Rutgers, pp. 32 f.) won victories in στάδιον and δίαυλος in three successive Ols.: P., VI, 13.1: στάδιον in Ols. 73-75 (= 488-480 B. C.): 1 = Afr., and Dionys. Hal., VIII, 1; 2 = Afr., and Dionys., VIII, 77; 3 = Afr., Dionys., IX, 1, and Diod. Sic., XI, 1. So the victories in δίαυλος, 1, 2, 3, must have been in the same Ols. The _Oxy. Pap._ also names Astylos a victor twice as ὁπλίτης, in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.). So Grenfell and Hunt thought that P. had mixed the victories in δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 163 f., however, supports P., and thinks that Astylos won eight victories, the victories in δίαυλος and στάδιον all preceding Ol. 76, as other names appear here in the _Oxy. Pap._ Astylos, therefore, won three victories in Ol. 75, one in Ol. 76, and the other four in Ols. 73-74. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 32, 34-35; Foerster, 176-177, 181-182, 187-188; Hyde, 110.

[2464] Rutgers, p. 34, n. 1 (_cf._ Robert, _O. S._, p. 164) has shown that the tyrant named Hiero by Pausanias should be Gelo; _cf._ Hertzberg, _Gesch. v. Hellas u. Rom_, I, 1879, p. 181; Foerster, 181-2.

[2465] I, pp. 409-410; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59, calls the statue of Astylos that of a _stadiodromos_.

[2466] Euthymos won πύξ three times in Ols. 74, 76, and 77 (= 484, 476, and 472 B. C.): 1 = P., VI, 6.5; 2 and 3 = P., VI, 6.6 and _Oxy. Pap._ _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 34, 38, 41; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 167, 184 f.; Hyde, 56.

[2467] Inscribed base found: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144; _I. G. B._, 23; _I. G. A._, 1882, 388.

[2468] See Kallimachos, _apud_ Plin., _H. N._, VII, 152.

[2469] Strabo, VI, 1.5 (= C. 255); Aelian, _Var. Hist._, VIII, 18; Suidas, _s. v._ Εὔθυμος; P., VI, 6. 7-11. _Cf._ also E. Curtius on the Olympia base, _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 83, no. 127. On the legend of the statue, see Eusebios, _Praep. evang._, V, 34.7.

[2470] Theagenes won πύξ in Ol. 75 (= 480 B. C.): P., VI, 6.5; _Oxy.Pap._; and παγκράτιον in Ol. 76 (= 476 B. C.): P., VI, 11.4; _Oxy. Pap._; he was twice περιοδονίκης and won many victories elsewhere, carrying off 1400 crowns, according to P., VI, 11.5, and 1200, according to Plut., _Praec. reipub. ger._, 15, p. 811 D. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 36, 38; Foerster, 191, 196; Hyde, 104. Dio Chrys., _Orat._, XXXI, p. 339 M, wrongly mentions three Olympic victories.

[2471] _Op. cit._, p. 340 M.

[2472] _Praep. evang._, V, 34.7.

[2473] _Deor. Conc._, 12; _cf._ P., VI, 11.9.

[2474] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1900, p. 332, n. 2.

[2475] Ladas won δόλιχος in Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.): Robert, _O. S._, p. 165, because of an older dating for Myron, 480-444 B. C., necessitated by the _Oxy. Pap._ (see also _ibid._, p. 184). Foerster, 249, has given Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B. C.) as the date of the victory, on the basis of the earlier dating of Myron, 460-420 B. C.; _cf._, _e. g._, Brunn, 1, p. 142; Bergk, _P. l. G._, III, p. 473, no 125 and note, and Rutgers p. 107.

[2476] _A. Pl._, nos. 53, 54; see _supra_, Ch. IV, pp. 196-197.

[2477] Foerster assumed that the statue by Myron stood in Olympia. Against this view, see Furtwaengler (_Mw._, p. 379, n. 5), Kalkmann (_Jb._, X, 1895, p. 56, and XI, 1896, p. 197), Studniczka (article cited in note on Theagenes preceding), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1880, pp. 474 f.). Benndorf (_de anthol. Gr. Epigram._, 1862, 15, n. 1) thought it more probable that the statue stood formerly at Olympia, but in the time of Pausanias was in Rome. Thus it is best to assume two statues, the one in Argos not by Myron. Brunn (p. 475) showed that Ladas was a Spartan because of P., III, 21. I and VIII, 12.5; Benndorf (_op. cit._, p. 13) thought that he was an Argive. Kuhnert (_Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., XIV, p. 269 n. 13) argued that the Argive statue was set up by the Argive state, an improbable assumption if Ladas were a Spartan. A different Ladas is the stade runner from Aigion, mentioned by P., III, 21.1, and X, 23.14.

[2478] Kallias won παγκράτιον in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): P. V, 9.3. He was περιοδονίκης: _C. I. A._, I, 419. _Cf._ Foerster, 208; Hyde, 50. Three other Athenian victors at Olympia named Kallias are known: Kallias, son of Pheinippos, won κέλητι in Ol. 54 (= 564 B. C.): Foerster, 104; Rutgers, p. 21; Kallias, son of Hipponikos, grandson of preceding, won τεθρίππῳ thrice in Ol. (?) 74, and Ols. 83, 84 (= 484, 448, 444 B. C.): Foerster, 186 a, 242, 247; Rutgers, p. 142; Kallias, mentioned by Polyb., XXVIII, 16, won παγκράτιον in the second century B. C.: _cf._ Foerster, under no. 208.

[2479] Inscribed base found: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41.

[2480] _C. I. A._, I, 419. The painter Mikon, mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXV, 59, is also named by him as a sculptor of athlete statues: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 88; he is also known from an inscription found on the Akropolis at Athens: _C. I. A._, I, 418; _I. G. B._, 42.

[2481] Diagoras won πύξ in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 157, and _Oxy. Pap._ He was περιοδονίκης, and his other victories are mentioned by Pindar and the scholiast on the ode cited. On Diagoras, see H. van Gelder, _Geschichte der alten Rhodier_, 1900, p. 435; on Kallikles, see Robert, _O. S._, pp. 194 f. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 43; Foerster, 220; Hyde, 59.

[2482] Boeckh, p. 157 and _cf._ p. 159; _F. H. G._, IV, p. 410 (= Gorgon, fragm. 3).

[2483] Agias was περιοδονίκης. The date of his victory in the παγκράτιον at Olympia can not be determined exactly. Although the dedication of Daochos occurred in the latter half of the fourth century B. C., the time of Lysippos (Preuner = between 339 and 331 B. C.: see _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenk_, 1900, p. 12; Homolle dates it more closely between 338 and 334 B. C.; _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, 440), the victory of Agias fell over a century earlier. Homolle proposed 428 B. C. as the _floruit_ of Agias, but gave no date for his victory at Olympia; Preuner (p. 17) sets the victory before the middle of the fifth century B. C.; K. K. Smith (_Class. Phil._, 1910, pp. 169-174) has proposed Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.), the only lacuna for παγκράτιον in the _Oxy. Pap._; however, Robert (_O. S._, p. 183) has placed Timodemos of Acharnai in that place. Foerster, 214, dates Timodemos Ol. (?) 78 (= 468 B. C.).

[2484] _Pharsalos_, p. 28. See _supra_, pp. 286-287.

[2485] Cheimon won πάλη in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; _cf._ Robert, _O. S._, pp. 171 and 191; Hyde, no. 88. Foerster, 285, had proposed Ol. (?) 94 (= 404 B. C.), on the basis of the older dating of Naukydes = 423-390 B. C. (see Robert, _Arch. Maerchen_, 1886, p. 107). Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, p. 192, n. 1, thought that the statue at Olympia and the one at Rome were identical; Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, pp. 374 and 423, n. 38 a, has shown that the assumption is unfounded.

[2486] The temple of Peace was built by Vespasian (between A. D. 70 and 75) east of the _Forum Augusti_. Pliny (_H. N._, XXXIV, 84, and XXXV, 102) mentions works of art in it; Josephus (_de Bell. Judaico_, VII, 5.7) also describes it.

[2487] Leon, according to Eustathius, on Iliad, II, 851 (= p. 361, 10), won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.). This date is followed by Schubart, Pausanias und seine Anklaeger, _Jb. f. cl. Philol._, XXX, 1884, p. 99, and Preger, _Inscript. Gr. metricae ex scriptoribus praeter anthologiam collectae_, (Lipsiae, 1891), on no. 128. He won in Ol. 89 (= 424 B. C.), according to Polemon (fragm. 22), the date followed by Foerster, 264 and 264 N. Foerster places Arkesilaos of Sparta (= 250) as victor τεθρίππῳ in Ol. (?) 85; Hyde (13) places Arkesilaos either in Ol. 86 or Ol. 87, leaving Ol. 85 free for Leon. Polemon (fragm. 22) calls Leon the “father of Antikleidas”; Preger, _op. cit._, p. 49, proposes the “son of Antikleidas,” thus having Leon win with his father’s chariot. Bergk, _P. l. G._, III, p. 40, note, changed the name to Antalkidas.

[2488] Fragm., 22 (= schol. on Euripides, _Hippolytus_, 230); see _F. H. G._, III, p. 122; _cf._ _P. l. G._, _l. c._

[2489] Eubotas (on the name, _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 573-574) won στάδιον in Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.): Afr.; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.10; Diodoros, XIII, 68.1; and τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 104 (= 304 B. C.): P., VI, 8.3 and _cf._ VI, 4.2; Foerster, 277, 350; Hyde, 75. Pausanias (VI, 8.3) says that his Olympia statue was made before his victory. Ol. 104 was a non-Olympiad; see on no. 28 _infra_ (Xenodamos), p. 369 and notes.

[2490] Aelian, _Var. Hist._, X, 2.

[2491] Promachos won παγκράτιον in Ol. 94 (= 404 B. C.): see Rutgers, p. 56, n. 4, who gives this date on the basis of P., VII, 27.6, and Ph., 22. _Cf._ Foerster, 286; Hyde, 81.

[2492] He won in an unknown contest, either in the fifth or the fourth century B. C.: Preger, _op. cit._, no. 144, on the basis of the epigram. _Cf._ Foerster, 293a; Foerster, in another place, under no. 159, wrongly refers this same epigram (which he there ascribes to Simonides) to another unknown victor of Argos who won in some gymnic contest, some time between Ols. 65 and 76 (= 527 and 476 B. C.), the dates of Simonides’ sojourn in Greece (_cf._ K. Sittl, _Gesch. d. griech. Litt._, 1884-1887, III, pp. 59 f.). It can, however, refer to but one victor.

[2493] I, 7, p. 1365a and I, 9, p. 1367b.

[2494] _Ap._ Eustath., on Od., XIV, 350 (= p. 1761, 25).

[2495] See G. Kaibel, Quaestiones Simonideae, _Rhein. Mus._, XXVIII, 1873, pp. 452-3. _Cf._ _P. l. G._, III, p. 503; fragm. 163 (Simonides).

[2496] Kyniska won τεθρίππῳ twice in Ols. (?) 96 and 97 (= 396 and 392 B. C.): see Hyde, 7, on the basis of Robert, _O. S._, p. 195; Foerster, 326 and 333, proposed Ols. (?) 100 and 101 (= 380 and 376 B. C.) on the basis of the inscription found at Olympia (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; _I. G. B._, no. 99 and p. XXI). _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 143-144.

[2497] She won συνωρίδι some time near the middle of the fourth century B. C.; Foerster, 344, dates the victory Ol. (?) 103 (= 368 B. C.).

[2498] Curtius, _Peloponnesos_, II, 1852, p. 313, n. 29; for King Pausanias, see Thukyd., I, 134.

[2499] Archias won as κῆρυξ in three successive Olympiads: Pollux, IV, 92; the epigram says (ὃς τρὶς ἐκάρυξεν). Foerster, 351, 356, 361; he proposes (see under no. 351) Ols. (?) 104-106 (= 364-356 B. C.).

[2500] _A. Pl._, 372; also in Pollux, IV, 92.

[2501] [Phil]okrates won συνωρίδι about the middle of the fourth century B. C. (see Koehler on the inscription cited in the following note). Foerster, 365, proposes Ol. (?) 107 (= 352 B. C.)

[2502] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1303; see L. Ross, _Die Demen von Attika_, 1846, pp. 80 and 111.

[2503] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1319; Le Bas, _Voyage archéologique_, I, _Attique_, no. 595. The inscription appears to belong to the fourth century B. C.

[2504] Phorystas won as κῆρυξ some time toward the end of the fourth century B. C., _i. e._, in the time of the artist Kaphisias: see Loewy, on the inscription cited in the following note. Foerster, 405, proposes Ol. (?) 117 (= 312 B. C.).

[2505] _C. I. G._, I, 1582; Kaibel, _Epigr. Gr. ex lapid. conlecta_, 1878, no. 938; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 119; Collitz and Bechtel, _Samml. d. gr. Dialekt-Inschr._, 1883-90, no. 945.

[2506] _I. G. B._, 120. See Foerster, under no. 405.

[2507] Aristophon won παγκράτιον some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.), as we infer from the date of the inscription from the base of his statue at Olympia: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 169. _Cf._ Hyde, 123 and p. 51. Foerster, 758 (following Rutgers, p. 122) had left the victory undated.

[2508] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1475. See Ross, _Die Demen von Attika_, no. 70; Le Bas, _Attique_, no. 115.

[2509] Strabo, XII, 4.2 (= C. 624).

[2510] Attalos won ἅρματι πώλων some time during the reign of his older brother Philetairos, founder of the Attalid dynasty, _i. e._, between Ols. 124 and 129 (= 284 and 264 B. C.): see Foerster, 436. An epigram of the philosopher Arkesilaos of Pitane (mentioned by Foerster), celebrating the chariot-race of this Attalos, is preserved by Diog. Laert., IV, 6.30; _cf._ Fraenkel on the inscription, no. 10 (see next note).

[2511] _Inschr v. Pergamon_ (ed. Fraenkel), 1890, I, nos. 10-12; _cf._ _I. G. B._, no. 157.

[2512] He won παγκράτιον ἀνδρῶν in Ol. 211 (= 67 A. D.): P., X, 36.9.

[2513] _A. Z._, XL, 1882, p. 110.

[2514] P., VI, 22.2.

[2515] _Ibid._

[2516] P., VI, 22.3; 4.2; _cf._ 8.3 (where Eubotas won τεθρίππῳ, no. 17 _supra_).

[2517] V, pp. 454-455; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 2, p. 829.

[2518] _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, V, 7.

[2519] Suetonius, _Nero_, 24; Dio Cassius, LXIII, 14. Foerster, 642-647.

[2520] _Cf._ also Schubart, Pausanias u. seine Anklaeger, _Jb. f. cl. Philologie_, XXIX, 1883, pp. 472 f.; Brunn, _ibid._, XXX, 1884, p. 24; and Foerster, 641 and under no. 638.

[2521] T. Phlabios Artemidoros won παγκράτιον twice. He was also περιοδονίκης. The _Magna Capitolia_, in which he was also victor, were instituted by Domitian in 86 A. D.; Foerster, 657, 661, proposes Ols. (?) 215 and 216 (= 81 and 85 A. D.) for the two victories.

[2522] _C. I. G._, III, 5806; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._, 1890, no. 746.

[2523] T. Phlabios Metrobios won δόλιχος, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): _cf._ Boeckh on the inscription (see next note) and Rutgers, p. 91, n. 2; Foerster, 665. He was also περιοδονίκης and won δόλιχος at the _Capitolia_ in Rome, as “first of all men.”

[2524] _C. I. G._, II, 2682.

[2525] Sarapion won πὺξ παίδων in Ol. 217 (= 89 A. D.): P., VI, 23.6. _Cf._ Foerster, 667; Rutgers, p. 91, n. 3, who doubts whether Sarapion was an Olympic victor, though Pausanias says that he was.

[2526] _I. e._, Sarapion, from Alexandria, who won στάδιον in Ol. 204 (= 37 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 620; Rutgers, p. 86; another Sarapion, from Alexandria, who, Pausanias (V. 21.18) says, came to Olympia in Ol. 201 (= 25 A. D.) to enter the παγκράτιον, but ran away the day before the contest and was fined for cowardice; Sarapion of Magnesia ad Sipylum, victor in an unknown contest and at an unknown date, known from an inscription from Tralles: _C. I. G._, II, 2933; Foerster, 824; Rutgers, p. 156.

[2527] M. Aurelios Demetrios won παγκράτιον some time before his son’s victory in the same contest in Ol. 240 (= 181 A. D.), as we learn from the inscription mentioned in the next note; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 96; Foerster, 719. Foerster, 682, therefore proposes Ol. (?) 225 (= 121 A. D.) for the father’s victory; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 122. Both father and son were περιοδονῖκαι. The father was called ὁ παράδοξος.

[2528] _C. I. G._, III, 5912, 5913, and 5914; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._, 1102-1104.

[2529] This victor won πάλη ἀνδρῶν, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 229 (= 137 A. D.); date from the inscription (see next note); Foerster, 691.

[2530] _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, pp. 80 f. (P. Foucart).

[2531] Kranaos won στάδιον in Ol. 231 (= 145 A. D.): Afr.; and πένταθλον twice, δίαυλος once, and as ὁπλίτης once, according to Pausanias (II, 11.8), but in unknown Olympiads: Foerster, 697, 702-703, 707-708. He dates the four last victories in Ols. (?) 232 and 233 (= 149 and 153 A. D.).

Most writers have identified the Granianos of Pausanias with Kranaos of Africanus, as both are from Sikyon; _cf._ Rutgers, p. 94 and n. 1. Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, p. 74, note 6, however, is doubtful of the identification.

[2532] T. Ailios Aurelios Apollonios won as κῆρυξ during the reign of Antoninus Pius (= 138-161 A. D.): _cf._ Dittenberger on the inscription (see next note). Foerster, 700, proposes Ol. (?) 231 (= 145 A. D.). He was περιοδονίκης.

[2533] _C. I. A._, III, 120 (Dittenberger).

[2534] Mnasiboulos won στάδιον in Ol. 235 (= 161 A. D.): Afr., and P., X, 34.5; and as ὁπλίτης in Ol. 235: P., _ibid._ He was περιοδονίκης in both events: Foerster, nos. 712-713. His son of the same name had a statue in the temple of Athena Kranaia at Elateia, whose marble inscribed plate has been recovered: see _B. C. H._, XI, 1887, p. 342, no. 13 (P. Paris).

[2535] Aurelios Toalios won (?) παγκράτιον twice in the time of Alexander Severus (= 222-235 A. D.): see Holleaux and Paris on the inscription (see next note). Foerster, 735-736, proposes Ols. (?) 251 and 252 (= 225 and 229 A. D.).

[2536] _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 233 f., no. 13.

[2537] Aurelios Metrodorus won παγκράτιον about the time of Alexander Severus (see Boeckh, on the inscription mentioned in the next note). Foerster, 737, proposes Ol. (?) 253 (= 233 A. D.).

[2538] _C. I. G._, III, 3676.

[2539] Valerios Eklektos won as κῆρυξ four times in Ols. 256, 258, 259, and 260 (= 245, 253, 257, and 261 A. D.): see inscription mentioned in the next note; Foerster, 741-744. He was περιοδονίκης thrice (= τρισπερίοδος), and won 80 crowns in various games.

[2540] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 242-243; _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 164 f., no. 369.

[2541] _C. I. A._, III, 129 (Dittenberger).

[2542] Klaudios Rhouphos won (?) πάλη or (?) πύξ or (?) παγκράτιον near the beginning of the fourth century A. D. (see Kaibel and the inscription mentioned in the next note); Foerster, 748-749, and Rutgers, p. 154. He was twice περιοδονίκης.

[2543] _C. I. G._, III, 5910; Kaibel, _Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital._, no. 1107, p. 299.

[2544] Philoumenos won (?) πάλη, according to Rutgers, p. 98, n. 3, either in Ol. 288 (= 373 A. D.) or _certe non multo prius_ (on the basis of the passage in Panodoros cited in the following note). He is also mentioned in a Roman inscription given by Rutgers, _ibid._ Foerster, 750.

[2545] _Ap._ Cramer, _Anecd. gr. Parisiensia_, 1839-41, II, p. 155, 17 (quoted by Foerster); Preger, _Inscr. Gr. metricae_, no. 133.

[2546] Ainetos was victor in πένταθλον. _Cf._ Rutgers, p. 112; Foerster, 754, who wrongly gives the contest as πύξ.

[2547] Nikokles, according to Pausanias, _l. c._, won five prizes in running δρόμος in two Olympiads. Foerster, under nos. 788-792, explains these words by arranging victories in δίαυλος, δόλιχος, and as ὁπλίτης in one Olympiad, and two of these contests in the next; none of them could have been in στάδιον, since his name does not appear in Africanus. _Cf._ Rutgers, pp. 105-106, 107, and 126. Le Bas long ago (_R. arch._, II, 1845, p. 220) connected a restored inscription with this victor.

[2548] Aigistratos won πάλη παίδων: Foerster, 806.

[2549] _C. I. G._, II, 2527.

[2550] He won in an unknown contest and was three times περιοδονίκης, gaining 35 crowns at various games. _Cf._ Foerster, 825-827.

[2551] _C. I. G._, I, 1715.

[2552] Ross, _Arch. Aufsaetze_, 1855-1861, I, pp. 163 f; _C. I. A._, I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39; E. S. Roberts, _An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy_, I, 1887, 68a.

[2553] _Rhein. Mus._, XVI, 1861, p. 224.

[2554] _Hermes_, XII, 1877, p. 345 and n. 29.

[2555] _E. g._, by R. Schoell, _Hermes_, XIII, 1878, p. 437; _cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, pp. 158 f., Loewy on the inscription, and Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, p. 261.

[2556] IX, 105.

[2557] _C. I. A._, I, 402; _I. G. B._, 46; Ross, _Arch. Aufsaetze_, I, pp 168 f. This is possibly to be connected with the statue of the _Volneratus deficiens_ mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 74. See _supra_, p. 199. However, the lettering is not later than 444 B. C., while Diitrephes is known to have been living as late as 411: Thukyd., VIII, 64.

[2558] Th. Bergk, _Zeitschr. f. d. Altertumswissensch._, III, 1845, pp. 961 f.; Wilamowitz, _Hermes_, XII, 1877, p. 346; Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 28 and n. 2; _cf._, however, Gurlitt, _op. cit._, pp. 159 f.; Robert, Die Marathonschlacht in der Poikile und Weiteres ueber Polygnot, _18stes Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr._, 1895, p. 22; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, I, pp. 255 f. and 262 f.

[2559] II, p. 289; _cf. ibid._, pp. 275 f.

[2560] _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 185 f. _Cf._ the remarks of Gercke, _ibid._, VIII, 1893, pp. 113 f.

[2561] III, 75; IV, 119 and 129.

[2562] _Mw._, pp. 278 f.

[2563] _Vit. X Orat._, IV (Isokrates), 42, (p. 839 c.) It was in the ball-court of the Arrephoroi. The same author, IV, 41, (839b), also mentions a bronze statue (with inscription) of Isokrates set up by the orator’s adopted son Aphareus. See _supra_, pp. 24 and 281. I assume that these two passages refer to one and the same monument.

[2564] Three victors, Ladas (no. 11), Agias (no. 14), and Sarapion (no. 30), had two statues each. Theagenes (no. 10) had several, according to Pausanias, who, however, mentions only one definitely. We have omitted from our total the statue set up by T. Phlabios Artemidoros (28a) to his father.

[2565] We have here included the tablet of Chionis at Sparta (no. 1), a victor of the seventh century B. C., whose monument, however, was erected in the fifth century B. C.

[2566] Including the two Lysippan statues of Agias, a victor of the fifth century, B. C.

[2567] Of the 192 monuments referred to 187 victors mentioned by Pausanias in his victor _periegesis_ at Olympia, only 153, belonging to 148 victors, can be exactly or approximately dated. Of these, 33 monuments (referred to 32 victors) belong to the epoch prior to the approximate date of the founding of the temple of Zeus, _i. e._, prior to Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.); 51 monuments (referred to 50 victors) from this date on, to the approximate date of the battle of Aigospotamoi (B. C. 404), _i. e._, down to Ol. 93 (= 408 B. C.); 36 monuments (referred to 34 victors) from then on, to about the time of the birth of Alexander the Great, _i. e._, to Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.); and 33 monuments (referred to 32 victors) from that date, to the close of the description of the athlete _periegesis_, i_. e._, from Ols. 107 to 149 (= 352 to 184 B. C.). See Hyde, _op. cit._, Ch. IV, pp. 72 sq., and _supra_, pp. 352-3. (In my victor lists, _op. cit._, pp. 3-24, I have enumerated 188 victors; however, Philon of Kerkyra is listed twice, nos. 91 and 136, for two different statues.) Of these 153 monuments, nearly one-half (_i. e._, 74) belong properly to the fifth century (Ols. 70 to 94 = 500 to 404 B. C.).

[2568] Pausanias mentions 192 (referred to 187 victors, as above); we have found in the present chapter that 63 others (referred to 61 victors) are known from inscribed base fragments found at Olympia; and that 47 (referred to 44 victors) are known from literary sources as having stood elsewhere. If we deduct 10 victors who had monuments both at Olympia and elsewhere, we have a grand total of 282 victors, in whose honor these 302 monuments of various kinds were erected.

[2569] See Hyde, pp. v-vi, for an alphabetic list of sculptors mentioned by Pausanias, or known from the recovered bases of statues at Olympia. See _supra_, p. 339, n. 1, end.

[2570] Lysippos made two statues _honoris causa_ for Pythes, son of Andromachos, of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134a. Mikon made two statues for King Hiero of Syracuse, one represented on foot and the other on horseback, which I have classed as “honor” statues: P., VI, 12.2; Hyde, 105a. All the “honor” statues at Olympia named by Pausanias are listed in the work cited, on p. v.

[2571] _H. N._, Bk. XXXIV, _passim_. One other sculptor, Kratinos, named by Pausanias, is noted by Pliny as a painter only: _ibid._, XXXV, 140 and 147.

INDEX.

Aberdeen head, 87.

Academy, festival in honor of Athenian soldiers at the, 11.

Achæans, games among, 20; in Homer, 1, 7; origin of sports among, 1.

Achaia, erects victor statue at Olympia, 30; Pausanias’ account of, 323.

_Achilleae_, definition of, 92, note 6; statues, 87, 226.

Achilles, casts _solos_ at games of Patroklos, 218; fights with Telephos, on Tegea pediment, 306, 307; shield of, 5; yields prize to Agamemnon, 8.

Acrobats, among Athenians, 5; in Crete, 2, 3; in Homer, 5; in modern Italy, 5; in Thessaly, 5; at Tiryns, 2, 3; on Vapheio cups, 5.

Actors, statues of victorious, at Olympia, 285.

_Adlocutio_, gesture of, 132.

Admetos, boxing match with Mopsos, on chest of Kypselos, 285.

Adonis(?), statue of, 74.

_Adorantes se feminae_, statues by Apellas, 131.

Adoration and prayer, as athletic motives, 130f.

Aegean civilization, 1f.; unathletic character of, 7.

Aegina, games on, 20; date of gable statues from temple of Aphaia, 125; gable statues from temple of Aphaia, 123f.; influence of sculptors on “Apollo” statues, 102; kneeling Herakles, from East gable, 195; movement in gable statues, 176; observation of nature in, 244; runners, from West gable, 195; sculptors from, 122f.; sculptors in favor at Olympia, 264; temple of Aphaia on, 123f.

Aeginetans, at battle of Salamis, 125.

Aelian, on bronze horses of Kimon, 363.

Aesthetic judgments of classical writers, 58.

Africanus, list of stade victors in, 191; on omission of 211th Olympiad, 369.

Agamemnon, prize of, 8; the _Agamemnon_ of Aischylos, 75.

Agasias, sculptor, 208.

Agathinos, statue at Olympia, 345.

Age, classification of Greek athletes by, 189; in Plato’s _Republic_, 189.

Ageladas; see Hagelaïdas, 190.

Agenor, statue at Olympia, 30, 118.

Agesarchos, statue at Olympia, 129.

Agiadas, statue at Olympia, 123.

Agias, statue at Delphi, 46, 365, 366; statue at Pharsalos, 366; careless finish of Delphian statue, 304; compared with _Apoxyomenos_ of Vatican, 289; compared with _Farnese Herakles_, 253; epigram on base of statue, 328; as example of assimilation, 94; fillet on, 150; as statue “double,” 304; as statue of a pancratiast, 292; supplants _Apoxyomenos_ as norm of Lysippos, 290, 291f.; swollen ear of, 168; why considered copy, 303f., 316.

Agids, tomb in Sparta, 362.

Agilochos, statue at Olympia, 357.

_Agon_ (_Contest_), figure in group of Mikythos, 164, 215.

Agorakritos, sculptor, 182.

Agrippa, M., removes the _Apoxyomenos_ to Rome, 289.

Aiakos, games in honor of, 20.

Aigion, boy from, chosen as priest for his beauty, 57.

Aigistratos, Olympic victor statue at Lindos, 372.

Aigospotamoi, battle of, 352; memorial at Delphi, 278.

Aigyptos, equestrian monument at Olympia, 120, 267, 279.

Ainetos, statue at Amyklai, 371.

Aischines, statue at Olympia, 29, 214, 346.

Aischylos, on ἀγώνιοι θεοί, 75; _Agamemnon_ of, 75.

Aischylos, victor relief, in honor of the Dioskouroi, 96, 97.

Ajax, acrobatic feat of, 3; combat with Diomedes, 8; on r.-f. Etruscan stamnos, 132.

Akarnania, 318.

Akastos, games of, depicted on chest of Kypselos and on throne of Apollo at Amyklai, 12.

Akestorides, statue at Olympia, 345, 354.

Akontistai; see Javelin-throwers.

Akousilaos, statue at Olympia, 130, 165.

Akragas, bronze statue dedicated at Olympia by people of, 130; decadrachm of, 48.

Akropolis at Athens, Aeginetan bronze head from, 123; Argive bronze head from, 114, 115; athlete statue from, 115, 127; chariot-race relief from, 128; ephebe head, yellow-haired, from, 116; excavations of, 126; Hermes relief from, 270; Korai from, 115, 126; _la petite boudeuse_ from, 115; pre-Persian sculptures from, 126f.; Old Temple of Athena on, 128, 271.

_Akroteria_, winged figures as, 177.

Aktion, “Apollos” from, 103, 334.

Alabastron, on statue of Milo at Olympia, 107.

Alexander the Great, bust of, from Alexandria, 316; coin of, showing Herakles, 253; funeral games in honor of, 11; head of, in Copenhagen, from sarcophagus, 95; institutes funeral games for Hephaistion, 11; portraits of, 56; portraits of, by Lysippos, 290, 311, 316; pensiveness in portraits of, 318; statue of, by Lysippos, 73.

_Alexander Sarcophagus_, so-called, in Constantinople, 275.

Alexinikos, statue at Olympia, 122.

Alkainetos, statue at Olympia, 343, 352.

Alkamenes, and _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ type, 89; _Enkrinomenos_ of, 134; and Olympia gable statues, 113; and _Standing Diskobolos_, 76.

Alkandridas, P. Ailios, statue at Olympia, 360.

Alketos, statue at Olympia, 120, 344.

Alki, temple of Apollo at, 336.

Alkibiades, victor at Olympia, 257; so-called _Alkibiades_ of the Vatican, 199.

Alkibios, base of statue of, from Akropolis, 284.

Alkinoos, King of Scheria, 210.

Alkmena, 10.

Alpheios, river at Olympia, 49, 258.

Altars, at Olympia: of Aphrodite, 351; near Stadion, 283; of Nymphs, 351; of Seasons, 351; scattered positions of, 341; of Zeus; see Great Altar of Zeus.

Altis at Olympia, East Byzantine wall of, 345, 357; erection of statues in, 27, 99; excavation of, 24; honor statues in, 339; location of earliest statues in, 299; North Byzantine wall of, 359; _periegesis_ of Pausanias in, 151, 298; positions of victor statues in, 339f.; processional entrance of, 347; processional way of, 348; Roman enlargement of, 348; routes (ἔφοδοι) of Pausanias in, 339f.; South Terrace wall of, 346; South wall of, 339, 341, 345, 347, 352, 357; Southwest gate of, 360; statues “within,” 347; topography of, 339; West Byzantine wall of, 358; West wall of, 347, 355f.

Alypos, sculptor, 120.

Amaltheia, ivory horn of, at Olympia, 264, 265.

Amastris, coin of, showing figure of Hermes, 78.

Amazon, of Polykleitos, 159; torso of Atalanta from Tegea pediment, draped as, 306.

Ambrakia, 105.

Amelung, W., on supposed absence of libation-pouring in athletic art, 140; on head in Turin, 93; on statuette in Vatican, 212, 244.

Amenartas; see Amenerdis.

Amenerdis, Egyptian queen, statue of, 331.

Amenemhat III, co-regent of Horfuabra, 330.

Amentum; see Thong.

Amertas, statue of, at Olympia, 117.

Amphiaraos vase, in Berlin, 13, 269, 280; Amphiaraos, on chest of Kypselos, 269; reliefs in honor of, 273.

Amphiareion, at Oropos, 272, 273.

Amphidamas, games of, 19.

Amphiktyonic League, 17.

Amphion, sculptor, 277.

Amphipolis, games at, 11.

Amyklai, temple of Apollo at, 19.

Amykos, boxing match of, with Polydeukes, 269; invention of boxing-gloves ascribed to, 236.

Amyntas, statue at Olympia, 129, 354.

Analogy, in Greek art, 66.

Anatomy, knowledge of, in Greek sculpture, 56; in Aeginetan gable statues, 124; in Ligourió bronze, 111; studied in Alexandria, 289.

Anauchidas, statue at Olympia, 341.

Anaxandros, statue at Olympia, 130, 266.

Anaxilas, as dedicator of Delphi _Charioteer_, 278.

Ancestors, worship of, in Greece, 14.

Ancient writings of the Eleans, 15.

Andokides, vase-painter, 229, 230.

Andreas, sculptor, 118.

Angelion, sculptor, 122, 304, 334. See also Tektaios.

Aniconic statues, 58.

Anochos, statue at Olympia, 110, 111.

Anointing, as athletic motive, 133f.

Antaios, bout with Herakles, on proto-Attic amphora, 13.

Antenor, sculptor, 174, 175.

Anthologies, Greek, 43, 239, 368.

Anthropometry in Greek sculpture, 68.

Antidotos, painter, 29, 233.

Antigenes, statue at Olympia, 357.

Antignotos, sculptor, 136.

Antigonos, statue at Olympia, 346.

Antikythera, bronze statue of youth from sea near, 80f.; statuette from sea near, 78, 79.

Antioch, date of founding of, 121.

Antipatros, statue at Olympia, 118; father of, bribed by Syracuse, 33.

Antoninus Pius, coins of, showing pine, 21.

Apellas, sculptor, 131, 267, 367.

Aphaia, temple of, on Aegina, 123f.

Aphrodeisios, Tiberios Klaudios, statue at Olympia, 359; victor in horse-race, 262.

Aphrodite, altar at Olympia, 351; statue in Heraion at Olympia, 326; temple at Naukratis, 334.

_Apobates_, chariot-race, 272f.; armor worn in, 272, 273; known at Athens and in Bœotia, 273; preserves tradition of Homeric warfare, 272; on reliefs, 272; _apobates_, horse-race, at Olympia, 282f.

Apollas, lost work of, on Olympic victors, 45, 130, 343.

Apollo, as athlete, 88; beaten in running, 76; beats Ares in boxing, 88, 235, 285; beats Hermes in running, 88, 285; as charioteer, 129, 270; combat with Herakles, 88, 89; cult statue of, represented on vases, 335; as god of boxing at Delphi, 235; as god of boxing in Homer, 235; as god of contests, 75; as god of youth, 88; hymn to, 25; on coins of Athens, 90; on relief in Capitoline, 89; on relief with Artemis and Leto, in Louvre, 284; tripods in worship of, 19.

Statues: _Apollo Alexikakos_, by Kalamis, 90; from temple of Apollo at Alki, 336; from Delos, 334, 335; colossal, from Delos, 336; from Mausoleion, 311; colossal, from Olympia, 91; _Philesian Apollo_, by elder Kanachos, 107, 118, 336; from Porto d’Anzio, 144; Praxitelian, in Medici Gardens, Rome, 313; from West gable, Olympia, 114-116.

Statuettes: bronze from Naxos, in Berlin, 74, 119; Payne Knight bronze, British Museum, 108, 119; bronze, from Piombino, Louvre, 118; Sciarra bronze, Rome, 119.

Temples: of Apollo Lykios, 364; at Bassai, 327; at Naukratis, 334.

“Apollo,” type of, in sculpture, 100f.; Aeginetan influence on, 102; _Choiseul-Gouffier_, 89f., 91, 148; funerary in character, 336, 337; “grinning” and “stolid” groups, 100; name “Apollo,” 337; name rightly applied to statues found in sanctuaries of Apollo, 334-336; nudity of, 48; represents early victor statues, 334f.; _on-the-Omphalos_, 89f., 168.

Statues of: from Aktion, 103, 334; from Cyprus, 337; from Delphi, 148; colossal, from Megara, 336; from Melos, 100f.; from Mount Ptoion, 100-103, 120, 123, 334; from Naukratis, 334; from Naxos, 328, 334; from Orchomenos, 100, 101, 103, 328, 334; from Pompeii, 111; from Tenea, 100f., 127, 148, 327, 328, 336; from Thera, 100f., 327, 337; from Volomandra, 100, 104, 337.

Apollonia, head from, 157.

Apollonios, sculptor, 168, 224; quoted by Philostratos, 107.

Apollonios, T. Ailios Aurelios, Olympic victor, statue at Athens, 370.

Apollonios, victor at Olympia, fined by the umpires, 34.

_Apoxyomenos_, the, after Lysippos, 74; statue in Vatican, 136, 288f.; pose of, 81, 99; regarded formerly as center of stylistic treatment of Lysippos, 288; so regarded by some scholars now, 291; present doubts of, 290; display of anatomical knowledge in, 289; compared with the _Agias_, 289f.; as work of Lysippos’ school, 292; of third century B. C., 292; _Apoxyomenos_ of Polykleitos, 136; statue in Uffizi as, 136, 137, 168.

Apples, prizes at Delphi, 21, 107, 182.

Aratos, statesman, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

Aratos, victor, painting of, 29.

Archaism, break with, in the statue of the ephebe from the Akropolis, 115.

Archedamos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Archemoros, 10.

Archery, in Homer, 8.

Archiadas, statue at Olympia, 358.

Archias, victor statue at Delphi, 368.

Archidamas, chariot victor, statue at Olympia, 265.

Archidamas III, King of Sparta, statues at Olympia, 42.

Archippos, statue at Olympia, 346.

Ares, beaten by Apollo in boxing, 235, 285; _Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos converted into Ares, 74; head of, in Munich, 170; helmeted head of, in Louvre, 170; Ludovisi statue of, 170; swollen ears on heads of, 170.

Argeiadas, sculptor, 110.

Argive “Apollos” from Delphi, 104, 106; Argive and Sikyonian canons, 68.

Argos, canon of early sculptors of, 68; characteristics of sculptors of, 116; Nemean games held at, 17; prizes at, 20; public chariot of, victorious at Olympia, 31, 257; public horse of, victorious at Olympia, 31, 257; school of sculptors from, 58, 109f., 105; schools of Argos and Sikyon, 109f.; square shoulders of canon of sculptors from, 112.

Arion, victor statue on Helikon, 284.

Aristarchos, statue at Olympia, 358.

Aristeides, the Elder, painter, 29.

Aristeus, statue, at Olympia, 344.

Aristion, statue at Olympia, 46, 88, 117, 159 and note 3, 240, 345.

Aristion, stele of, 124, 127. See Aristokles.

Aristodamos, statue at Olympia, 356.

Aristodemos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Aristogeiton, statue of, 173f. See also Harmodios and _Tyrannicides_.

Aristokles, Cretan sculptor of Sikyon, 118, 120.

Aristokles, sculptor of Aristion stele, 127.

Ariston, of Rhegion, kitharoidos, 284.

Ariston, P. Kornelios, statue at Olympia, 359.

Aristonikos of Egypt, beaten at Olympia, 147.

Aristonikos of Karystos, ball-player, 84.

Aristophanes, 36, 246; scholia on, 110, 363.

Aristophanes, of Byzantion, 367.

Aristophon, statue at Olympia, 31, 345, 368; at Athens, 368.

Aristotimos, 42.

Aristotle, honor statue at Olympia, 42; lost work of, on Olympic victors, 45, 130, 343; on inscribed base of statue of unknown Olympic victor, 367; on jumping, 214; on jumping-weights, 216; in praise of “mimetic” arts, 58.

Arkadia, funeral games in, 9, 20; Pausanias’ description of, 326; statue of unnamed boxer from, at Olympia, 245.

Arkas, father of Azan, 9.

Arkesilaos, of Sparta, statue at Olympia, 29.

Arkesilas IV, of Kyrene, chariot victor at Olympia 257; chariot model at Delphi, 24, 265, 267; as dedicator of the Delphi _Charioteer_, 277.

Arm, right, of boy victor, from Olympia, 46; bronze right arm from statue of Olympic victor, 322.

Armed contest, in early Greek art, 8-9.

Armor, race in; see Hoplite-race.

Arndt, P., on so-called _Jason_, of Louvre, 87; on the Perinthos and allied heads, 180.

Arolsen, statuette of diskobolos in, 187.

Arrhachion, crowned after death, 247; statue at Phigalia, 100, 325, 326f., 328, 335, 337, 363; inscription on, 333; one of oldest victor statues, 327, 333; three victories of 327; throttled by adversary, 247.

_Ars statuaria_, defined by Pliny, 302.

Artemas, P. Ailios, statue at Olympia, 360.

Artemidoros, Olympic victor, 354.

Artemidoros, T. Phlabios, statue in Naples, 369.

Artemis, on Sparta relief, 284.

Artemisia, chariot-group of, 264.

Artists, statues of, at Olympia, 285.

Arvanitopoullos, A. S., on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 81, 84.

Aryballos, 74, 119, 137, 138, 212; on vase-paintings, 133; wrongly as wrestler attribute, 165.

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, head of _Diadoumenos_ in, 154.

Asiatics, wear loin-cloth, 48.

Asios, fragment of, 52.

Asklepiades, M. Aurelios, dedicates statue in Rome to father, 370.

Asklepiades, P., dedicates bronze diskos at Olympia, 22, 360.

Asklepieion, the, at Athens, statues in, 130.

Asklepios, temple at Sikyon, 370.

Assimilation of statues of men to god and hero types, 71f.; of Olympic victor statues, 71f.; to types of Apollo, 88f.; of the Dioskouroi, 96f.; of Herakles, 93f., 319; of Hermes, 75f.

Assurbanipal, reliefs from palace of, at Nineveh, 330.

Assyro-Babylonian art, reliefs of, represented in motion, 177; influence on early Greek art, 329.

Astragalos, base in form of, at Olympia, 240.

Astylos, bribed by Hiero of Syracuse, 33; statue at Kroton, 33, 363; at Olympia, 179, 363.

Asymmetry, example of, 70.

Atalanta, soul of, chooses body of athlete, in Plato’s myth of Er, 36; statue of, from Tegea, 306, 310, 316.

Athena, Alea, temple at Tegea, 306; Chalkioikos, hieron of, in Sparta, 283; helmeted heads of, 53; _Lemnia_, 53; Old Temple of, on Akropolis, 128, 271; on relief from Tarentum, 96.

Athenæus, 57, 284.

_Athenaia_; see _Panathenaia_.

Athenaios, statue at Olympia, 244, 343, 353.

Athens, athletes at, divided into two classes according to age, 189; coins of, showing Apollo, 90; statues of victors in, 26-27; Gymnasion of Ptolemy at, 166.

Athletes: bare-foot and bare-headed, 48; head of, in Capitoline called Juba II, 166; head of, in Metropolitan Museum, showing swollen ears, 168; statue of, in Copenhagen resembling the _Agias_, 293; statue found at Ephesos, 137, 138; two statues in lunging attitude, in Dresden, 292; statue from Palazzo Farnese, now in London, 293; statue of late style in Lansdowne House, London, 180; statues of, adorn palæstræ and gymnasia, 297; statues of, assimilated to types of Apollo, 88f.; of the Dioskouroi, 96-97; of Herakles, 93f.; of Hermes, 75f.; bronze statuette in Louvre, 213, 214; etc.

Athletics, origin and early history of Greek, 1f.; in Crete, 1f.; at Delphi, 25; in Homer, 7f.; athletics and Greek religion, 14; influence on sculpture, 64; athletic funeral scene on a Cypriote silver vase from Etruria, 13; Argive-Sikyonian school of athletic sculptors, 1, 109f.

Attalos, base of victor statue of Attalos, father of Attalos I, at Pergamon, 368; Portico of, in Athens, 368.

Attic sculptors, 126f.; characteristics of, 128; examples of pre-Persian sculptures, 281; influence on Polykleitos, 152, 153; old Attic canon of proportions, 68.

Attributes of victor statues, 147f.; primary, 148f.; secondary 161f.

Augustus, coins of, showing celery, 21; enlarges privileges of athletes in Rome, 33; statue from Primaporta, 82.

Aura, victorious mare of Pheidolas, 279.

Aurelius, M. Antoninus, 43.

Authors; see Poets, Prose-writers.

Autolykos, statue in Athens, 27.

Autun, statuette of pancratiast from, in Louvre, 167, 250.

_Aves_, the, of Aristophanes, quoted, 206.

Azan, games of, in Arkadia, 9, 259.

Bacchiadas, flutist, statue on Helikon, 284.

Bacchylides, 10, 36.

Ball-playing (σφαιρίζειν), in antiquity, 83, 84; game known as φανίνδα, 84; Spartan origin of, 84.

Barbarians, invade Greece in Middle Ages, 322; destroy victor statues at Olympia, 43.

Barberini Palace, Rome, statue in, 142; estate of the Barberini, 50.

Barracco Collection, Rome, athlete statue in, 156.

Bases; see Victor statue bases.

Bassai, temple of Apollo Epikourios at, 327.

Bates, W. N., on interpretation of head of boy statue from Sparta, 305.

Bathykles, sculptor, 12.

Battos of Kyrene, group of, dedicated at Delphi, 277.

Baukis, statue at Olympia, 117.

Beauty, contest of, among women, in Arkadia, 57; in Elis, 57; on Lesbos, 57; at Panathenaic games, Athens, 57; on Tenedos, 57; games in honor of, 57; Greek worship of, 57; youth chosen for, at Tanagra, 57.

Bellerophon, on Chimæra tomb, Xanthos, 271.

_Belvedere Hermes_, statue in Vatican, 72.

Beneventum, head from, in Louvre, 63.

Beni-Hasan, Egypt, wall-paintings at, 1, 228.

Benndorf, on Boboli athlete in Florence, 180; on epigram relative to Ladas, 197; on Pliny’s _nudus talo incessens_ of Polykleitos, 250.

Bieber, Fräulein, on various artistic tendencies in the Daochos group, 291.

_Bigae_ and _quadrigae_, mentioned by Pliny, 264.

Biting, prohibited in pankration, 246.

Biton (?), statue of, from Delphi, 105.

Bloch, on the Uffizi _Apoxyomenos_, 137.

Boboli athlete in Florence, 180; _Hermes_, 85.

Boeckh, on division of athletes according to age at Athens, 189.

Boëdromion, month of, 18.

Bœotian games in Thebes, statues erected for, 26.

Boetticher, on Praxitelian origin of head from Olympia, 294.

Bologna, r.-f. krater in, 90.

_Bonus Eventus_ (?), statue found in Rhine, 276.

Boreas, winged, on relief in Metropolitan Museum, 194.

_Borghese Warrior_ (_Gladiator_), statue by Agasias, 169, 208, 209, 290.

Borsdorf, bronze bowl from, 231.

Bosanquet, R. C., on bronze statuette found in sea off Antikythera, 79.

_Boudeuse, la petite_, statue from Akropolis, 115.

Bouleuterion; see Council-house.

Bouprasion, Nestor contends at, 9.

Bow, attribute of _Philesian Apollo_, 119.

_Boxer Vase_, from Hagia Triada, 6, 7, 235.

Boxers, bases of statues of, at Olympia, 240, 241; bearded, on University of Pennsylvania Panathenaic amphora, 239; between groups of warriors and dancers on an eighth century B. C. vase, 13; boxer known as “man with crushed ear,” 167; on _Boxer Vase_, 6, 7; bronze head of boxer or pancratiast, from Olympia, 146, 254, 255, 322; on bronze shield from Mount Ida, 235; caps of, 165f.; head in Munich, with swollen ears, 63, 168; positions of, on vases, 239; _pyctae_ (?), by Myron, 188; on pyxis, from Knossos, 7; on r.-f. kylix in the British Museum, 239; on r.-f. kylix of Douris, 239; _Seated Boxer_, of Museo delle Terme, 145f.; statues of, represented in motion, 243; statue of, with _Diadoumenos_ motive, 155; statue in Kassel, 242; statue in Lansdowne House, London, 155; statue in Palazzo Albani, Rome, 165; statue from Sorrento, 242; statuette of, from Olympia, 28, 244; swollen ear of, 240, 241.

Boxing, 234f.; antiquity of, 235; in Crete, 3, 5, 6, 7, 235; in Homer, 8, 234; invented by Theseus, 235; more dangerous than pankration, 246; most popular sport at Olympia, 235; one of oldest sports, 234; when introduced at Olympia, 235; boys’ contest, when introduced at Olympia, 235; painful character of, 234f.; two periods of, 235; at Sparta, 167; on vases, 239.

Boxing-gloves, 235f.; on _Boxer Vase_, 7, 235; in Crete, 235; in Homer, 235; described by Pausanias and Philostratos, 236; forms of, 236; heavy (σφαῖραι or ἱμάντες ὀξεῖς), 235f.; soft (ἱμάντες λεπτοί or μειλίχαι) 235f.; method of putting on, 236; not used in pankration, 246; soft, on bronze arm found in sea off Antikythera, 236; on fist from Verona, 238; on forearms of _Seated Boxer_ of the Museo delle Terme, 237, 238; on statue from Herculaneum, 238; on statue from Sorrento, 238.

_Boy Binding on a Fillet_ (ἀναδούμενος), by Pheidias, 150.

_Boy Crowning Himself_, copies of statue of, identified with statue of Kyniskos at Olympia, 156; on funerary relief, 155.

Boy victors, statues of, at Olympia, 31; fragments of, 324, 325; less than life-size, 46; boy victor (?) from Sparta, head from statue of, 305f.; as case of assimilation, 319f.; as an eclectic work, 37, 38; chiefly Lysippan, 311, 318; compared with head of Philandridas, 316; surface modeling of, 318.

Branchidai, 304, 336.

Brasidas, games in honor of, 11.

Bribery, of Olympic victors, 33; at Epidauros, the Isthmus, etc., 34.

Brimias, statue at Olympia, 346.

Bronze, used for victor statues, 321f.; more expensive than marble, 323, 326; bronze and stone monuments together, 323.

Brunn, on Aeginetan art, 124; on archaic Attic art, 124; on Daidalian ξόανα, 328; on the _Oil-pourer_ in Munich, 134; on Olympia pediment groups, 114; on _Standing Diskobolos_, 76; on symmetry and rhythm, 66; on Tux bronze, 207; on the Vaison and Farnese types of the _Diadoumenos_, 154.

_Brutus_, the, of Cicero, 60.

Brygos, r.-f. kylix in style of, 204.

Bull, in Crete, 1f.; zone of the, at Olympia, 355.

Bulle, on boxer head from Olympia, 255; on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 82; on the Polykleitan _Diadoumenos_, 151; on _Doryphoros_, 227; on dying hoplite relief, 209; on Egyptian influence on early Greek sculpture, 330; on ephebe statue from Akropolis, 115; on _Farnese Herakles_, 253; on hair technique of Greek sculptors, 53; on the _Idolino_, 141, 142; on the _Oil-pourer_, 134; on Tux bronze, 207; on statues of two wrestlers, from Herculaneum, 231.

Bull-grappling, in Crete, 2f.; in Tiryns, 2, 3; on Vapheio cups, 355; in Thessaly, 5; in Viterbo, 5.

Bull-ring, ivory model of, from Knossos, 3.

Burgon vase, 260.

Bybon, inscribed _solos_ of, from Olympia, 22, 218.

Bykelos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Byzantine church, the, at Olympia, 347, 356f.

Byzantine walls, at Olympia, 345, 357, 358, 359.

Caere (Cerveteri), Amphiaraos vase from, 13 and note 1; hydrias from, 52.

Candia, Museum at, 2, 3.

Canina, discovers the _Apoxyomenos_ of the Vatican, 288.

Canon, of Polykleitos, 69.

Canons of proportions, 65f.

Cap, of boxers and pancratiasts, 165f.; on athlete head called Juba II, 166; on relief in Rome, 166; on Munich kylix, 166-167; on statuette from Autun, 167.

Capua, bronze statuette from, 207.

Caracalla, baths of, 252.

Caricature, Theban law against, 57.

Casa Buonarroti, Florence, arm of _Diskobolos_ from, 186.

Caskey, L. D., on Sparta head of boy athlete, 305, 306, 310, 319.

Castel Porziano, copy of _Diskobolos_ from, 184.

Castellani copy of _Spinario_, 202.

Catania, coins of, showing _Nike_, 182.

Cauldron, as early prize, from Cumae, 20.

Celery, fresh, used for wreaths at Nemea, 20, 21; wild, used for wreaths at the Isthmus, 21.

_Celetizontes pueri_, of Kanachos, 120.

Cerveteri; see Caere.

Cestus, described by Virgil, 239; metal, invented by Romans, 238, 239; not mentioned by late Greek writers, 239; not used in Greek contests, 235.

Chabrias, general, statue of, 173.

Chæroneia, battle of, 301.

Chalkis, 19.

_Champion_, the, of East gable of temple on Aegina, 207; of West gable, 126.

Chamyne; see Demeter.

Chancery, hold in pankration, 247, 248.

Chaplet, as victor attribute, 148.

Chariots, Athenian type on vases, 262; on Cretan relief, 262; war-chariot in Crete and at Mycenæ, 262; on Mycenæan tombstones, 262; dedication of, 22; descendant of Homeric war-chariot, 260; four-horse, 262; four-horse, on vases, 263; four-horse, on marble relief, 268, 269; miniature models of, at Olympia, 23; war-chariot from Monteleone, in Metropolitan Museum, 263; two-horse, on vases, 263; two types of Greek racing-chariot, 262; on eighth century B. C. vase, 263; zone of, at Olympia, 345, 346, 352.

Charioteers, statues of, 274f.; close-fitting chiton of, 275; long chiton of, 48, 263, 273, 274; nude, 48, 275, 276; statue of, in Boston, 275; statue of, at Delphi, 48, 81, 90, 276f.; inscription on, 277; part of a group, 277; copies of, 277; deficiencies of, 278; Gelo as dedicator of, 278; as Aeginetan, 278; as Attic work, 278; assigned to Pythagoras, 278; statue of, from Esquiline, 276; statue of (?) found in Rhine near Xanten, 276; relief of, mounting chariot, from Akropolis, 128, 269.

Chariot-groups, at Olympia, 264f.; remains of, 269.

Chariot-race, antiquity at Olympia, 259; common in Greece, 257f.; most brilliant event at Olympia and elsewhere, 257; one of earliest events at Olympia, 259; with two colts (συνωρὶς πώλων), at Olympia, 260; harnessing of two horses, on b.-f. hydria, 263; groups, remains at Olympia, 269; with four colts (πώλων ἅρμα), at Olympia, when introduced, 260; with four horses (τέθριππον or ἵππων τελείων δρόμος), when introduced at Olympia, 259, 260; four-horse (τέθριππον), on Panathenaic vase from Sparta, 263; length of race with four colts at Olympia, 260; length of race with four full-grown horses at Olympia, 260; with mules (ἀπήνη), when introduced at Olympia, 261; at oldest funeral games, in Arkadia, 259; oldest monument of, at Olympia, 264, 265; origin of in mythical times, 259; originally with two horses, 260; when stopped at Olympia, 261; sport of wealthy, 257; representations, common on vases, 262f.; trotting-race with mares (κάλπη), 261, 282. See _Apobates_, chariot-race.

Chariot victors, dedicate chariot-groups at Olympia, 264f.; dedicate models of chariots at Olympia, 265; dedicate statues at Olympia, 265; act as own charioteers, 266-267.

Charmides, statue at Olympia, 342.

Charops, statue at Olympia, 358.

Chase, G. H., on bronze tripods in Loeb collection, 194, note 7; on Monteleone chariot, 264.

Cheilon, ephor of Sparta, died of joy at Olympia, 36.

Cheilon, date of second victory of, 301; fights at Lamia, 301; statue at Olympia, 32, 121, 298.

Cheimon, statue at Argos, 366; at Olympia, 117, 234, 344, 366.

Cheirisophos, sculptor, 334.

Chewsurs, of the Caucasus, funeral games among, 11.

Chimæra tomb, so-called, at Xanthos, 271.

Chinnery _Hermes_, head, 181.

Chionis, statue at Olympia, 32, 333, 352, 362; tablet of, at Sparta, 362; record jump of, at Olympia, 216.

Chios, early sculpture of, 177; games on, 189.

Chisel, used in hair of the _Agias_ and _Philandridas_, 297.

Chiton, conventional dress of charioteers, 275.

Chiusi, wall-painting from, 217.

Chlamys, on statues of Meleager, 313.

_Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_, statue known as, 89f.; replica of head in British Museum, 91; replica of head, from Kyrene 334; thongs on tree-trunk nearby, 165.

Chorus, of boys and girls, in honor of victors, 34.

Christodoros, description of statue of Hermes by, 87.

Chrysippos, quoted by Galen, 70.

Chrysothemis, sculptor, 105, 116.

Cicero, as art critic, 60.

Cincinnatus, 87.

Circassians, funeral games among, 11.

Circus, Roman, hair-fashion of athletes at, 52; finally supersedes equestrian contests of Olympia, 261.

Cloak, prize at Pellene, 20.

Club, on Cretan grave-relief, 199; on statuette from Palermo, 199.

Cockerell, on dedication from Delphi, 372.

Coins: of Antoninus Pius, showing pine, 21; of Alexander the Great, showing Herakles, 253; of Athens, showing Apollo, 90; of Augustus, showing celery, 21; of Catania, showing Nike, 182; of Commodus as Hercules, 74; of Delphi, showing Apollo, 92, 336; of Euagoras I, King of Salamis in Cyprus, showing swollen ears, 169; of Geta, 306; of Lucius Verus, 21; of Markianopolis, 87; of Messana, showing mule-car, 263; of Messene, 111; of Miletos, 74, 118, 119, 336; of Nero, 21; of Philip II, King of Macedon, showing victorious jockey with palm-branch, 280; of Philippopolis, 78; of Rhegion, showing mule-car, 263; of Selinos, showing celery wreath, 21; of Sicily, showing racing chariots, 262, 263; of Syracuse, showing Nike with tablet, 182; of Tarentum, showing _apobates_ horse-race, 282; showing poses of Olympic victor statues, 44; showing scenes of wrestling, 228.

Collignon, M., on statue of Astylos, at Kroton, 364; on so-called _Borghese Warrior_, 209; on the _Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos, 227; on Egyptian influence on early Greek sculpture, 329; on identification of the statue of Kyniskos, 159; on the Olympia gable sculptures, 114; on Tux bronze, 207.

Color, on early Attic sculpture, 126.

Commodus, statue in Mantua, 72; coins of, showing him as Hercules, 74.

Concentration (αὐτάρκεια), in Greek statues, 82; in Myron’s statues, 183; in the _Diskobolos_, 137, 201.

Concord, temple of, Rome, 234.

Constantinople, sack of, by Franks, 253.

_Contest_ (_Agon_), figure of, in Mikythos group at Olympia, 164, 215.

Conversion of athlete statues into those of gods, 74.

Conze, A., on “Apollo” type as representing victors, 335; on _Choiseul-Gouffier_ statue type, 90; on statue of Commodus at Mantua, 72.

Copenhagen, heads in Ny-Carlsberg collection at, with swollen ears, 168.

Corfu, bronze from, 96.

Corinth, clay tablets from, 52, 182; festival at Isthmus of, 1; meeting-place of East and West, 17; near Isthmian games, 25; end of tyranny at, 17.

Corn-grinding slave woman, Egyptian statuette of, 177.

Council-house (Bouleuterion), at Olympia, 227, 344, 346, 349, 350, 355, 357, 358.

Cow, sacrificed to Hera at the _Heraia_, Olympia, 49.

Cowardice, case of, at Olympia, 34.

Crete, acrobats of, 2; center of Aegean civilization, 1; costumes of men and women acrobats, 2, 4; Cretan youths dedicate offerings to Eros, 57; Cretan youths sacrifice to Apollo, the runner, 88; famed in the long race, 191; motion figures from, 3; origin of sports in, 1; physical development in, 6; sports in, 1f.

Crœsus, fall of empire of, 126.

Cross-buttocks, throw in wrestling, 229; shown in small bronze group in the Loeb Collection, 232, 233.

Crown of wild olive, as temporary reward for victor, 37, 155f.

Cuirass (?), prize at Argos, 20.

Cumae, inscribed cauldron from, as prize, 20.

Cures, effected by victor statues, 35.

Curtius, E., on the Σκήνωμα in Sparta, 367.

Cypriote silver vase in repoussé from Etruria, in Florence, 13.

Daidalian ξόανα, 328.

Daidalos, of Crete, mythical sculptor, 118.

Daidalos, of Sikyon, sculptor, 109, 120, 138, 266, 279; Daidalos and canon of Polykleitos, 69; statues of _destringentes se_ by, 136; leg position of statues of, 159.

Daïkles, victor, 20.

Daïppos, sculptor, statues at Olympia, 121; _perixyomenoi_ by, 136.

Daitondas, sculptor, 121.

Dalecampius, on Myron’s _pristae_, 188.

Damagetos, statue at Olympia, 36, 46, 355.

Damaithidas, statue at Olympia, 358.

Damaretos, statue at Olympia, 105, 116, 117, 161, 203.

Dameas, sculptor, 116.

Damokritos, sculptor, 120.

Damonon, hippodrome victories of, in and near Lakonia, 257; acts as own charioteer, 266.

Damoxenidas, statue at Olympia, 44.

Damoxenos, slays Kreugas in pankration at Nemea, 237, 247.

Danaë and Perseus, in a chest, 188.

Dancers, bronze, from Herculaneum, identified with statue of Kyniska, 267; ceremonial of, at Knossos, 3; on shield of Achilles, 5.

Daochos, dedicates statuary group at Pharsalos and Delphi, 286f.

Dead, cult of, as origin of Greek games, 9f.

Dedication, of athletic prizes, 21f.; formulæ at Olympia, 37.

Deida, M., statue at Olympia, 359.

Deinolochos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Deinosthenes, statue at Olympia, 347.

_Delian Apollo_, of Angelion and Tektaios, 304; “doubles” of, in Athens and Delphi, 304.

Delos, Apollo from, 334; colossal Apollo from, 336; copy of _Diadoumenos_ from, 92f., 152, 153; Ionian festival on, 15; contests of Theseus in honor of Apollo on, 160; tripods in temple of Apollo on, 9.

Delphi, “Apollos” from, 104; athletes divided into three classes according to age, 189; coins of, showing Apollo, 92, 336; coins of, showing laurel wreath, 21; contests at, 25; athletic, 25; dramatic, 25; equestrian, 25; flute solo, 25; lyre-playing, 25; music, as chief contest at, 25; painting, 25; poetry, 25; singing, 25; decrees of, to athletes, 26; Delphians sacrifice to Apollo the boxer, 88; festival at, 9; inscribed bases of victor monuments from, 26; mentioned by Homer, 9; oracle at, 18, 30, 34; religious interest of Pausanias in, 24; statue of pancratiast at, 26; statuette of victor from, 28; temple of Apollo at, 336; tripods in temple of Apollo at, 19; victor monuments at, 26; victor grave-relief from, 138.

Demeter, the _Eleusinia_ in honor of, 18; Chamyne, priestess of, admitted to Olympia, 16; of Knidos, statue of, 311.

Demetrios, M. Aurelios, Olympic victor statue in Rome, 370.

Demetrios of Phaleron, honor statues in Athens, 41.

Demetrios, sculptor, 56.

Demokrates, statue at Olympia, 358.

Deonna, W., against Egyptian influence on early Greek sculpture, 329.

Dermys and Kitylos, grave-figures of, from Tanagra, 335.

_Destringentes se_, statues mentioned by Pliny, 136.

Diadoumenoi, or fillet-binders, 150f.

_Diadoumenos_, of Pheidias, 150f.; older than that of Polykleitos, 151; motive of, 151; Farnese copy, 151; of Polykleitos, 152f.; as example of rest statue, 99; as example of “ethical grace,” 63; leg position of, 159; copy of, from Delos, 92f., 152, 153; other copies of, 152f.; head-style of, 152; British Museum head of, 153, 154; Dresden head of, 153; Kassel head of, 153; statuette from Smyrna, 154; on throne of Zeus at Olympia, 150; pose of Vaison and Farnese copies, 155.

Diagoras, most famous Greek boxer, 365; statue at Olympia, 130, 365; size of, 45; family group of, 342, 343, 352.

Diaulodromos, or double sprinter, 193; on Athens inscribed vase, 194.

Dickins, G., on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 90; on statuette of trumpeter from Sparta, 283.

Didymaion, near Miletos, 108; statues at, 26.

Diitrephes, statue on Akropolis, 199 and note 5, 373.

Dikon, three statues at Olympia, 29, 55; bribed by Syracuse, 33.

Dio Chrysostom, on art, 61; on confusing athlete and hero statues, 71; on difference between victor and honor statues, 41; on Theagenes’ statue at Thasos, 364.

Diodoros, on Egyptian influence on early Greek sculpture, 330; on proportion in Egyptian statuary, 67, note 4; on family of the artist Rhoikos of Samos, 330; on _Pythian Apollo_ by Telekles and Theodoros, 334.

Diogenes, five times victor in trumpeting, at Olympia, 283; base of statue at Olympia, 360.

Diogenes Laertios, on gold statue vowed by Periandros, 266; on Pythagoras, 67, 179.

Diomedes, as boxer, 169; Delphic tripod ascribed to, 21; single combat of, with Ajax, 8; statue known as, in Munich, 157, 169; statue known as, in Palazzo Valentini, Rome, 163, 207.

_Dionysia_, games at the, in Kyrene, 50; at Sparta, 50; statue of victor at, in Athens, 27.

Dionysios, sculptor, 268.

Dionysios, tyrant of Syracuse, 33.

Dionysos, bearded type of, 335; short hair of, on Parthenon frieze, 53; statue of, in group, 144; statue of (?), found in Rhine near Xanten, 276; tripods in honor of, at Athens and Rhodes, 19.

Diophanes, statue at the Isthmus, 27.

Diophon, pentathlete, epigram on, 210.

Dioskouroi, athlete statues assimilated to, 96, 97; diskos dedicated to, by Exoïdas, 218; on grave-relief in Verona, 97; relief of, from Tarentum, 96; on votive relief in London, 97.

Dipoinos, sculptor, 118, 122, 334. See also Skyllis.

Dipylon geometric vase from Akropolis, in Copenhagen, showing funeral games, 13.

Diskoboloi, statuettes of, 28, 218f.; bronze statuette in London, 221; bronze statuette in Metropolitan Museum, 116, 148, 220, 221; on cover of lebes in London, 221.

_Diskobolos_, the, of Myron, 184f.; cast of, from various copies, 186; concentration of (αὐτάρκεια) 137, 183, 201; copies of 184f.; copy of, in Capitoline, 185; from Castel Porziano, 184; in Lancellotti Palace, Rome, 184; Græco-Roman copy from Tivoli, in London, 184, 185; in Vatican, from Tivoli, 184; on a gem, 187; as example of a diskos-thrower, 164; as example of rhythm, 66; Lucian’s description of, 186, 187; moment chosen by Myron in, 187; pose of, 219, 220; predecessors of, 222; Quintilian on, 187; relief of, from Dipylon, 127; represents trained athlete, 183, 184; right arm of, from Casa Buonarroti, Florence, 186; short hair of, 52; small bronze in Berlin, 221; statuettes in Munich and Arolsen, 187; compared with _Tyrannicides_, 183. See also _Standing Diskobolos_.

Diskoi, bronze, from the Altis, 22, 218; dedication of bronze, 22; kept in Sikyonian treasury at Olympia, for use of pentathletes, 22; on r.-f. vase in Munich, 164; diskos, as attribute of pentathlete statues, 164; bronze, from Sicily, 217; inscribed, of Asklepiades, 40; inscribed, of Exoïdas, from Kephallenia (?), 97, 218; known to Homer, 218; lighter for boys than for men, 218.

Diskos-throwing (δισκοβολία), goes back to mythology, 218; shown by statues, statuettes, reliefs, vase-paintings, etc., 164, 218; seven positions of, given by Gardiner, 218f.; record throw of Phaÿllos in, discussed, 216.

Dittenberger, W., on division of athletes at Athens, according to age, 189; on Pliny, 27; on votive character of inscriptions on victor statue-bases, at Olympia, 39; Dittenberger and Purgold, on exclusive use of bronze for Olympic victor statues, 321.

Diver (?), statuette of, from Perugia, 217.

Dodona, bronze statuette from, 143; bronze statuette of ephebe on horse-back from, 28, 281; bronze statuette of warrior from, 126, 178; mentioned by Homer, 16; tripods in temple of Zeus at, 19.

Doerpfeld, W., on base of the Platæan _Zeus_ at Olympia, 344; on bases of victors found in South wall of Altis, 347; on beginning of Pausanias’ first route in the Altis, 341; on excavations at site so-called of Great Altar of Zeus at Olympia, 349; on positions of victor statues in the Altis, 340; on second route of Pausanias in the Altis, 351; on statues, ἐν τῇ Ἄλτει, 350.

Dolichodromos, endurance runner, 193.

Domitian, stadion at Rome, 50.

Dorians, the, 1.

Dorieus, prisoner at Athens, 36; victor statue at Olympia, 355.

Dorykleidas, victor dedication to Herakles and Hermes by, 75, 76.

Doryphoroi, mentioned by Pliny, 226.

_Doryphoros_, of Kresilas, 145; of Polykleitos, 77, 224f.; as an _Achilles_, 92; converted into god-type, 74; converted into Hermes, 87, 88; compared with _Diadoumenos_, 152; copy at Olympia, 227; green basalt torso in Florence, 225; marble torso formerly in Pourtalès Collection, 225; from Pompeii, its measurements, 70; copy in Vatican, 225; etymology and use of word, 225, 226; head from Herculaneum, by Apollonios, 168; as highest ideal of manly beauty, 141; as example of javelin-thrower, 164; leg position of, 159; as master of Lysippos, 70, 301; as norm of proportions, 58, 68, 69, 70; original as pentathlete victor statue, 227; pose of, 225; style of head of, 152; as victor statue, 226, 227.

Double foot-race (δίαυλος), 190; date of introduction at Olympia, 191.

“Doubles” of statues, 304, 305.

Douris, on Lysippos, 69.

Douris, vase-painter, r.-f. kylix by, 239.

Dramatic contests, at Delphi, 25.

_Dresden Boy_, the, statue in Dresden, 213.

Dromeus, statue at Olympia, 179, 343; identified with _mala ferens nudus_, of Pliny, 182.

_Drunkenness_, statue of, 144.

Duerer, Albrecht, on proportions, 68.

Duetschke, on the Mantuan _Commodus_, 72.

Dumont, on division of athletes at Athens by age, 189.

Dying hoplite runner, relief of, in Athens, 194, 209.

Dying Gaul statues, 255.

Dyneiketos, victor, represented on r.-f. Panathenaic vase, 280.

Ear, swollen, as attribute of victor statues, 167f.; as professional characteristic of athlete and god statues, 168; on various heads, 168; on heads of gods and heroes, 169f.

Ear-lappets (ἀμφωτίδες, ἐπωτίδες), on marble head, 167; worn by boys in the palæstra, 167.

Echembrotos, musician, dedicates a tripod to Herakles 22.

Echo Colonnade, at Olympia, 343, 345, 352, 358, 360.

Egesta, Sicily, 35; honors Philippos, victor, with a heroön, 57.

Egypt, division of, into Old and Middle Kingdoms, and New Empire, 330-331.

Egyptian art, proportions in, 67 and note 4; adopted by Greeks, 330; becomes fixed, 331; influence of, on early Greek art, 328f., 332; Egyptian statues, characteristics of, 332; compared with Greek, 332.

Eklektos, Valerios, statue at Athens, 371; at Olympia, 359, 360, 371.

Elean register, 31; school of sculpture, 114; umpires, 94.

Eleans, led by Oxylos from Aitolia, 15.

_Electra_, of Sophokles, quoted, 267.

_Eleusinia_, the, 18; prizes at, 20; statue of victor in Athens, 27.

Eleusis, copy of statue of Kyniskos (?) from, 74, 156.

_Eleutheria_, games at Platæa, 11, 203.

Emerson, A., on statue of Kyniska, 267.

Energy, as characteristic of Myron’s statues, 152.

_Enkrinomenos_, statue by Alkamenes, 77, 134.

Enymakratidas, hippodrome victories of, in Lakonia, 257.

Epainetos, inscribed jumping-weight of, from Eleusis, 215.

Epeios, boxing-match with Euryalos, 7, 88.

Epeirote singer, pummelled by order of Nero, 34.

Eperastos, victor at Olympia, 163.

Ephebe, head of, with yellow hair, from Akropolis, 116; statue from Akropolis, 115, 175; statue from Hadrian’s villa, assimilated to Hermes, 80; victorious ephebes leading horses, on Athenian relief, 281; ephebes (ἀγένειοι), 189.

_Ephodoi_ (ἔφοδοι), or routes of Pausanias, in the Altis, 339, 341f., 348f.

Epicharinos, statue on Akropolis, 27, 176, 179, 206, 372.

Epidauros, inscription from, 34.

Epigonos, erects monument to Attalos, 368.

Epigrams, on Olympic victor statue bases, 43.

Epikradios, statue at Olympia, 122, 352.

_Epitaphia_, festival at Athens, 18.

Epitherses, statue at Olympia, 31, 244, 346.

Eponymus victor, at Olympia, 191.

Equestrian contests, at Delphi, 25; at Olympia, replaced by amusements of Roman circus, 261; revived at Olympia under Empire, 261. See also Chariot-race, Horse-race.

Er, myth of, in Plato’s _Republic_, 36.

Erasistratos, physician at Alexandria, 290.

_Eretrian Bull_, the, at Olympia, 342, 352, 357, 358, 359; zone of, at Olympia, 343.

Eriphyle, on archaic vase, 13.

Eros, offerings to, 57; bronze statue from Tunis, 156, 158.

_Erotidia_, division of athletes at the Bœotian, according to age, 189.

Etruria, funeral games of, borrowed by Romans, 11; athletic scenes from tombs of, 11.

_Etruscan Orator_, statue in Florence, 82.

Euagoras I, King of Salamis, in Cyprus, coins of, showing swollen ears, 169.

Euagoras of Sparta, chariot-group of, at Olympia, 23, 37, 265.

Eubotas, statue at Kyrene, 366; at Olympia, 31, 352, 366.

Eudelos, of Rhodes, adversary of Straton, at Olympia, 34.

Eukles, statue at Olympia, 45, 117, 241, 342, 343.

Eumastas, inscribed stone of, from Thera, 218, note 3.

Eunomos, kitharoidos, statue in honor of Pythian victory, 284.

Euphorbos, on painted terra-cotta plate, 178.

Euphranor, sculptor, 23, 36, 69; books of, on symmetry, 69; canon of, 69; head of athlete statue from circle of, 233.

Euphronios, r.-f. kylix by, 204.

Eupolemos, statue at Olympia, 120, 342.

Eupolos, bribes three adversaries at Olympia and all four are fined, 33.

Eupompos, painter, 29, 69, 160.

Euripides, protests against professionalism in athletics, 36.

Euryalos, 8, 88.

Eurybates, pentathlete, 59.

Euryleonis, victress, statue at Sparta, 367.

Eurytos, 8.

Eusebios, on statue of Theagenes, 364.

Eutelidas, sculptor, 105, 116.

Eutelidas, victor statue at Olympia, 106, 333, 337, 346.

Euthykrates, sculptor, 314.

Euthymenes, statue at Olympia, 120, 344, 352.

Euthymos, boxing match with Theagenes, 247; son of river god Kaikinos, 35; statue at Lokroi Epizephyrioi, 364; statue at Olympia, 55, 62, 90, 179, 183, 342, 352; inscribed base from, 38; statue at Olympia identified by Waldstein with _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ type, 179.

Eutychides, sculptor and painter, 121, 324.

Evans, A., on ivory statuettes from Knossos, 3; on stucco reliefs from Knossos, 4.

Exainetos, victor, drawn into native city by fellow-citizens, 35.

_Exhortation to the Arts_, work by Galen cited, 37.

Exoïdas, bronze diskos of, 97, 218.

Eye, almond-shaped, in archaic art, 127; in the _Agias_, 315; in Skopaic heads, 308, 311f.; treatment of, by Lysippos, 311f.

Fabius Maximus, carries off colossal Herakles from Tarentum to Rome, 253.

Fagan head, the, in British Museum, 87.

_Farnese Diadoumenos_, statue in British Museum, 151f., 154; compared with _Diadoumenos_ from Vaison, 154.

_Farnese Herakles_, statue in Naples, 252, 253; of Lysippan origin, 253; as realistic work, 289.

_Farnese Hermes_, statue in British Museum, 72.

Farnsworth Museum, Wellesley, Mass., statue of athlete in, 139.

Fawn, as attribute of _Philesian Apollo_, 119.

Fellows, C., discovers Chimæra tomb at Xanthos, 271.

Fevers, cured by victor statues, 364.

Ficoroni cista, in Rome, 243, 269.

Fierce expression (γοργόν), of Philandridas head from Olympia, 294, 297; threatening look of athletes mentioned by Sokrates, 59.

File, use of, on Philandridas head, 295.

Fillet, victor, 168f.; on victor statues, 149f.; on statue from Piræus, 150; in hand of victor, 150; on heads, 96; as symposium attribute, 149; rolled, on heads of Herakles, 170. See _Tainia_.

Fillet-binders, or diadoumenoi, 150f.

Fine, paid by Theagenes, 247.

Finger, as common measure in proportions, 68.

Flasch, A. F., on bronze head of a boxer from Olympia, 255; on the Olympia gable sculptures, 114; on positions of victor statues in Altis, 340.

Flaxman, John, sculptor, on proportions, 68.

Flute-playing, at Delphi, 25; accompanies pentathlon, at Olympia, 284; on vases, 285.

Flutists, statues of victorious, 284; honor statue of, 42; on chest of Kypselos, 285.

Flying mare, throw in pankration, 247; throw in wrestling, 229.

Foal-race, at Olympia, 260.

Foerster, H., on location of statue of Ladas, 197; on statue of Leon, 366.

Foerster, R., on head of hoplitodrome, from Olympia, 163.

Foot, as common measure in proportions, 68; bronze, from victor statue at Olympia, 255, 322; left, forward in Egyptian and early Greek statues, 332.

Footmarks, on bases of victor statues, at Olympia, 43.

Foot-race, the, at games of Patroklos, 8; at the _Heraia_, at Olympia, 49. See Stade-race.

Forearm, fragment of, with horn, in relief, 4.

Fragments, bronze, of victor statues, from Olympia, 322; marble, from Olympia, 324; bronze, of boy victor statues from Olympia, 322; marble, of boy victor statues from Olympia, 324, 325.

Frascati, statuette from, in Boston, 138.

Frazer, J. G., on Arrhachion’s statue, 327; on funeral games, 11; on omission of Olympiad 211 from Elean register, 369; on statue of Diitrephes, Athens, 373.

“Free” leg, motive in sculpture, 109, 226.

Friedrichs, K., on identifying _Doryphoros_ from Pompeii, 224.

Friedrichs-Wolters, on Olympia gable sculptures, 114.

Fritsch, G., on body proportions in Greek sculpture, 67.

Froehner, W., on the _Jason_ of the Louvre, 87.

“Frontality,” law of, formulated, 175, 328.

Frost, K. T., on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 82; on differences between the _Agias_ and _Apoxyomenos_, 290; on Ligourió bronze, 111.

Funeral games, on archaic vases, 13; attested by early Greek art, 12; on Dipylon vase, in Copenhagen, 13; in honor of Azan, 9; in honor of eminent men, 11; in honor of Patroklos, 8, 9; origin of, 14; periodic, 13, 14; on sarcophagus from Klazomenai, 13; funeral customs survive in later ritual, 11.

Funerary reliefs, Attic, 66.

Furtwaengler, A., on Akropolis chariot relief, 271; on the _Alkibiades_ of Vatican, 199, 200; on the _Apoxyomenos_ of Uffizi, 137; on the _Apoxyomenos_ of Vatican, 136; on Aristion’s statue, 88, 241; on athlete head in Copenhagen, 95; on athlete statue in British Museum, 293; on bronze head of a boxer in Glyptothek, 63; on bronze head of a boxer from Olympia, 255; on bronze foot from Olympia, 255; on bronze head from Akropolis, 115; on bronze statuette in Louvre, 139; on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ type, 90; on statue of Diitrephes, on Akropolis, 373; on so-called _Diomedes_, of Palazzo Valentini, Rome, 207; on doryphoroi of Pliny, 226; on term doryphoros, 226; on Dresden athlete statues, 292; on _Dresden Boy_, 213; on Egyptian influence on “Apollo” type, 329; on ephebe statue from Akropolis, 115; on erecting statues of victors at Olympia, 38; on Esquiline charioteer, 276; on Eupompos’ painting of Olympic victor, 160; on excavations at Aegina, 124; on Hagelaïdas, 110; on _Idolino_, 141, 142; on influence of athletics on Greek art, 64; on Kassel boxer, 155; on Kassel head of Polykleitos’ _Diadoumenos_, 153; on kneeling figures from West gable at Olympia, 195; on Kresilæan athlete head, 145; on statue of Kylon, on Akropolis, 362; on statue of Kyniska, at Olympia, 131; on Kyniska’s victor group at Olympia, 267; on Kyniskos’ statue, 74; on _Lansdowne Herakles_, 313; on libation-pouring, 139; on Ligourió bronze, 111; on marble head in Turin, 93; on Monteleone chariot in Metropolitan Museum, 264; on motive of Pheidias’ _Diadoumenos_, 151; on Munich _Oil-pourer_, 134; on _Munich King_, (?), 226; on Myron’s _pristae_, 188; on _nudus talo incessens_ of Polykleitos, 250, 251; on Olympia gable sculptures, 114; on Petworth ephebe, 133; on Pheidias’ hair treatment in goddess heads, 53; on Philandridas head, 294; on Pythagoras, 179, 180; on Pythokles’ statue, 212; on Rayet head, 128; on Riccardi bust in Florence, 180; on right arm of boy victor, from Olympia, 46; on rolled fillet, 96; on short and long hair of god heads, 52; on Somzée athlete, 251; on sparring motive in Berlin torso, 244; on _Standing Diskobolos_, 76; on statue from Carinthia, 131; on statue “doubles,” 304; on statue of youth in Berlin, 292; on tin-foil wheels, from Olympia, 23; on two heads of hoplitodromes from Olympia, 163; on use of marble in Olympic victor statues, 324; on “Vatican athlete at rest,” 140; Furtwaengler and Urlichs, on use of bronze for Olympic victor statues, 321.

Galen, on ball-playing, 84; on the _Doryphoros_, 70; protests against professionalism in athletics, 36, 37.

Games, early Greek, 1f.; origin of, in cult of dead, 9f.; origin of four national, 9; early history of, 14f.; local, 17f.

Ganymedes, identified with statue of youth from Subiaco, 195.

Gardiner, E. N., on _apobates_ horse-race, 282; on colossal _Farnese Herakles_, 252; on diskos-throwing, 218f.; on earliest event at Olympia, 37; on Irish fairs, 12; on origin of four-horse chariot-race at Olympia, 259; on positions in javelin-throwing, 223; on rules of pankration, 246; on shapes of jumping-weights, 214; on Uffizi pancratiast group, 252.

Gardner, E. A., on the _Agias_, 303; on artist school at Olympia, 58; on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 81; on contrast between the _Atalanta_ and other Tegea heads, 310, note 3; on epigram from statue of Ladas, 197; on eye treatment in the _Agias_, 315; on eye treatment in the _Atalanta_ from Tegea, 310; on honors paid to victors, 36; on helmeted head from Tegea, 308.

Gardner, P., on date of Lysippos 300, 301; on Greek portraiture, 55; on head of _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos, in Oxford, 154, 155; on the _Meleager_ and _Lansdowne Herakles_ as Lysippan, 315; quotes K. T. Frost on the _Agias_ and the _Apoxyomenos_, 290; on symmetry, 66.

Gelados; see Hagelaïdas.

Gelo, chariot-group at Olympia, 23, 122, 257, 264, 266, 344, 355; as dedicator of Delphi _Charioteer_, 278.

Gem, showing _Apoxyomenos_ of Polykleitos, 136; showing _Diskobolos_, 187; showing Perseus and Gorgon’s head, 83; showing poses of Olympic victor statues, 214.

Genzano, bust of Herakles from, 169, 170.

Geraistos, Euboea, 373.

Gerhard, E., on vases showing four-horse chariots, 263.

_Germanicus_, statue so-called, 85.

Germanicus Caesar, victor in chariot race at Olympia, 257, 261, 357, 358, 359.

Germans, excavations of Olympia by, 43.

Gestures, “transitory” and “stationary,” 83.

Geta, coin of, 306.

Girl runner, statue in Vatican, 49, 50; statuette from Dodona, 28.

Gladiatorial shows, borrowed from Etruria by Romans, 11.

Glaukias, sculptor, 32, 122, 125, 176, 243, 244, 264, 266, 278.

Glaukon, chariot-group at Olympia, 23, 265, 347.

Glaukos, statue at Olympia, 32, 122, 125, 176, 243.

Glykon, sculptor, 252, 253.

Gods, statues of, dedicated to other gods and goddesses, 335; worship of, supersedes that of heroes, 14.

Goldsmiths, in Crete, 4.

Gorgias, honor statue at Olympia, 42, 351.

Gorgon, on Pindar’s VIIth Olympic ode, 365.

Gorgos, statue at Olympia, 55, 59.

Gouging, prohibited in pankration, 246; shown on r.-f. kylix, 246.

Graef, B., on Antenor’s female statue from Akropolis, 174; on copies of original of _Lansdowne Herakles_, 313; Skopaic group of, 315.

Grain, as prize at the _Eleusinia_, 20.

Grained-hair technique, 53.

Granianos; see Kranaos.

Grave-relief, fragment from Dipylon, 127.

Great Altar; see Zeus, Great Altar of.

Greaves, early attribute of hoplitodromoi, 161; later discarded, 203.

Greece, dependent on outside peoples in early art, 329; debt to Orient, 330; Roman conquest of, 261.

Greek anthologies, see Anthologies, Greek.

Greek and Egyptian statues compared, 332.

“Grinning” group, of so-called “Apollo” statues, 100.

Guillaume, E., on measurements of _Doryphoros_, 70.

Gurlitt, W., on Pausanias’ routes in Altis, 340.

Gymnasia, absent in Homer, 7; statues of athletes in, 297; statues of athletic gods in, 75, 94.

Gymnasiarch, Hermes as, 78.

Gymnasion, Great, at Olympia, 297, 299, 356.

Gymnasium, scene from, on r.-f. kylix, 164.

Gythion, statue of Herakles, at, 319.

Habich, G., on _Standing Diskobolos_, 78.

Hadrian, revives Nemean games at Argos, 17; villa of, at Tivoli, 80, 174.

Hagelaïdas. sculptor, 36; canon of, 68, 148, 159; chariot-group of Kleosthenes, at Olympia, by, 266; date of, 61, 321; teacher of Myron and Polykleitos, 61, 110; teacher of Pheidias, 110; called Gelados by scholiast on Aristophanes’ _Ranae_, 110.

Hair-fashion, athletic, 50f.; Bulle on hair, 53; ephebes dedicate hair to a god, 51; grained style, 53; on Hellenistic heads, 296. Long, at Athens, after Persian Wars, 51; long, on athletes, before Persian Wars, 335; braided, by boxers and pancratiasts, 51; discarded in wrestling, 51; in Homer, 50, 51; on monuments, 52; on old Attic vases, 52; as sign of effeminacy, 51; at Sparta, 51; at Thermopylæ, 51; worn by knights, 51; long and short, on god statues, 52; pearl-string style of, 53; pictorial treatment of, 53. Short hair, on “Apollo” statues, 335; short, on athletes, after Persian Wars, 51, 335; on children, at Sparta, 51; on early vases, 52; on monuments, 52; not characteristic of athletes, 50, 51; as sign of mourning, at Athens, 51; of slaves, 51; sketchy treatment, on _Hermes_ of Praxiteles, 303; snail-volute style of, 53. See _Krobylos_.

Halikarnassos, funeral games at, 11; chariot-group from Mausoleion at, 244.

Halimous, grave-relief from Attic deme of, 249.

_Halteres_; see Jumping-weights.

Hamilton, Gavin, 76.

Harmodios, statue of, 148, 173f. See also Aristogeiton and _Tyrannicides_.

Hartwig, P., on bronze statuette from Capua, 207.

Hauser, F., on Autun statuette of pancratiast, 249-251; on armor worn in hoplite-race, 203; on bronze athlete statue from Ephesos, 138; on bronze wrestlers from Herculaneum, 231; on Delian _Diadoumenos_, 92; on Tux bronze, 207.

Head-dress, artificial, on charioteers, 275, 276.

“Healer,” epithet of the _Delian Apollo_, 304.

Heave, in wrestling, 229; bronze wrestler-group in Paris, showing, 232; on metope of Theseion, 232; on r.-f. kylix, 230.

Hegestratos, statue at Athens, 27.

Hegias, sculptor, 110, 126, 175, 279; compared with Kallon, 122; criticism of, by Lucian, 60.

Hekatompedon, the, on Akropolis, 128.

Hektor, 7.

Helbig, W., on Barracco athlete statue, 157, 159; on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_, 90; on _Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos, 226; on funerary relief, from Dipylon, 156; on Greek knights, 282; on head of _Standing Diskobolos_, 77, 78; on _Spinario_, 201; on Vatican statuette, 212.

Helikon, Mount, statues of poets and musicians on, 284; tripod on, dedicated by Hesiod, 21, 22.

Heliodoros, description of wrestling-match by, 252.

Hellanikos, statue at Olympia, 240, 342, 343.

Hellanodikai, the, at Olympia, 27 and n. 20, 29, 45, 227, 259.

Hellenistic Prince, statue of a, 73; assimilated to type of Alexander, 73.

Helmets, on _Boxer Vase_ from Crete, 7; as early attributes of hoplite runners, 161; of hoplite runners, 48.

_Hemerodromoi_, institution of, 190.

Hephaistion, funeral games in honor of, 11.

Hera, temple of Lakinian, near Kroton, 363; worship of, at Olympia, earlier than that of Zeus, 16. See _Heraion_.

_Heraia_, the, games at Argos, 20; games at Olympia, 49; girls at, divided into three classes, 189; reliefs vowed by girl runners at, 29; running race for girls at, 191.

Heraion, the, at Olympia, 16, 259, 299, 341, 342, 343, 349, 352, 353, 358; monuments inside of, 325.

_Herakleia_, the, at Marathon, 18, 20; at Thebes and elsewhere, 19, 27.

Herakleides Ponticus, on the _krobylos_ hair-fashion, 52.

Herakleion, the, at Sparta, 319.

Herakles, as boxer, 169, 235; of Crete, 10; destroys statue of self at Elis, 178; as father of athlete Theagenes, 35; first to win pankration and wrestling on same day, 252; as founder of Olympic games, 10, 93; Herakles and Hermes, as protectors of contests, 75; as inventor of pankration, 247; at Marathon, 18; in Odyssey, 8; plants olive at Olympia, 20; son of Zeus and Alkmena, 10; in Sophokles’ _Trachiniae_, 318; tripods in honor of, 19, 22; as wrestler, 13, 93, 228.

Herakles, heads of: beardless, in British Museum, 96; of boy athlete from Sparta so interpreted, 305; boyish, in British Museum, 319; bust from Genzano, 95; bust from Herculaneum, 170; colossal filleted, in Vatican, 95; from Tegea pediment, 306-311; marble, in Munich, 170; Philandridas head so interpreted, 297; showing swollen ears, 169; with rolled fillets, 96.

Statues of: _Alexikakos_, by Hagelaïdas, 110; colossal, by Lysippos, 253; colossal, by Onatas, 122; in group with Telephos, in Vatican, 70, 95; in gymnasia and palæstræ, 94, 297; kneeling, from East gable from Aegina, 195; as knee-runner, bronze in Metropolitan Museum, 195; Kyniskos, converted into type of, 74; in Lakonia, 319; in Palazzo Altemps, Rome, 243; by Skopas, 306; victor statues assimilated to, 354f.

Heralds, contests of, when introduced at Olympia, 283; statues of, at Olympia, 283.

Herculaneum, bronze head from, in Naples, 63, 140.

Hercules, guild of athletes of, in Rome, 371.

_Hermaia_, the, games at Pheneus, 76.

Hermann, G., on Perinthos head, 180.

Hermas, base of statue of, at Olympia, 359.

Hermes, altar of, ἐναγώνιος, at Olympia, 76; beaten by Apollo in running at Olympia, 285; founder of wrestling, 76; god of youth and sports, 75; gymnasion of, at Athens, 76; one of athletic gods, 75; “presider over contests,” 36; head, in Boston, 85; bearded herma, by Alkamenes, 77; bearded type, 335; compared with Philandridas head, 293, 294; hair-treatment of, 303; on relief fragment from Athens, 270.

Statues: from Andros, 71f.; in gymnasia and palæstræ, 94; in Lansdowne House, 88, 241; Logios or Agoraios, 80, 82, 84, 131; Ludovisi, 84; by Onatas, at Olympia, 122; by Praxiteles, at Olympia, 72, 144; victor statues assimilated to type of, 181, 354; statuette of, in Boston, 108; bronze, in British Museum, 88.

_Hermes-Diskobolos_, statue by Naukydes, 78.

Hermes Kriophoros, festival at Tanagra, 57.

Hermesianax, statue at Olympia, 30.

Hermione, stadion at, 96.

Hermitage, copy of head of boy athlete in, 157.

Hermogenes, victor at Olympia, 354.

Hermokrates, statue at Athens, 27.

Hermolykos, statue on Akropolis, 27, 372, 373.

Herodoros, trumpeter at Olympia, 283.

Herodotos, historian, on Hermolykos, pancratiast, 373; style of, imitated by Pausanias, 61.

Herodotos, of Klazomenai, statue at Olympia, 30.

Herodotos, of Thebes, as his own charioteer, 266, 267.

Heroes, nine Greek, on curved base at Olympia, 122.

Heroizing, custom of, in sculpture, 71.

Herophilos, physician at Alexandria, 290.

Hertz, Miss, copy of head of _Nike_ by Paionios in collection of, Rome, 304.

Hesiod, wins tripod at Chalkis, 19; dedicates tripod to muses on Helikon, 21, 22; victor statue of, on Helikon, 284.

Hetoimokles, statue at Sparta, 106, 333, 337, 362.

Hiero, chariot-group at Olympia, 23, 122, 257, 264, 267, 278, 279; Pythian victory of, 278; tyrant of Syracuse, 362.

Hierothesion, the, at Messene, 19.

Hill, G. F., on _Apoxyomenos_ and Lysippos, 288, 289.

Hipparchos, tyrant of Athens, 173.

Hippodameia, 14, 259.

Hippodrome races, at Olympia, non-athletic, 257; programme of, 259f.; horses and colts distinguished in, 259. See Chariot-race and Horse-race.

Hippodromes, common in Greece, 257f.; at Constantinople, 253; at Olympia, 258.

Hippokleides, 5.

Hippos, statue at Olympia, 120.

Hipposthenes, victor, temple dedicated to, at Sparta, 362.

Hirschfeld, G., on locations of victor statues in Altis, 340; on omission of Olympiad 211 from Elean register, 369.

Hirt, A., on Pliny’s “iconic” (iconicus = εἰκονικός) statues, 54; on Tux bronze, 207.

_Historia Naturalis_, of Pliny, 60, 321, and _passim_.

Hitzig-Bluemner, on exclusive use of bronze in Olympic victor statues, 321; on statue of Milo, at Olympia, 107.

Holleaux, M., on “Apollo” torso from Mount Ptoion, 119, 120.

Home-coming of Olympic victors, 34, 35.

Homer, athletics in, 7f.; does not mention Olympia, 16; κελετίζειν in, 3, 261; makes men and gods shriek, 57; on painful character of boxing, 234; warrior in, 8.

Homolle, Th., on appellation “Apollo,” 336; on artistic influences in the _Agias_, 291, 301; assigns the _Agias_ to Lysippos, 292, 311; on expression of face of the _Agias_, 317; on group of Daochos at Delphi, 286; on resemblance between Philandridas head and that of the _Agias_, 294; on small heads outside school of Lysippos, 294; on differentiating statues of Herakles and victors, 94; on swollen ears of athlete statues, 168.

Honor statues, at Olympia, 41, 42, 339f.

Honors, extraordinary, paid to victors, 32f., 71.

Hoplite-race (ὁπλίτης), 190f.; belongs to mixed athletics, 203; called ἀσπίς, 190, 204; date of introduction at Olympia, 191; as diaulos at Olympia and Athens, 203; finish of, on a r.-f. kylix, 204; in full armor at the _Eleutheria_, at Platæa, 203; last in gymnic contests at Olympia and elsewhere, 203; most complete representation of, on a r.-f. kylix in Berlin, 204; preparations for, on a r.-f. kylix by Euphronios, 204; racers in, turning central post, on r.-f. kylix in Berlin, 204; round shields and Attic helmets used in, 204; semi-comic character of, on vases, 205; start of, on a r.-f. kylix in Berlin, 204; weapons used in, 203.

Hoplitodromoi, attributes of, 161 f.; so-called dying hoplite runner on grave-relief from Athens, 149, 209; statues of, in motion, 203f.; two heads from statues of, 46, 162f., 324; paintings of, by Parrhasios, 206; Tux bronze of, 206f.

Horarios, inscribed votive relief of, 75.

Horfuabra, statue from Dahshur, Egypt, 330.

Horse, crowned by Nike, on votive relief from Athens, 269; imported into Crete from Libya, 1; models of miniature horses at Olympia, 23.

Horse-race (ἵππος κέλης): common in Greece, 257f.; horses and colts distinguished in, 259; length of course at Olympia, 261; monuments, illustrating, 280f.; sport of the rich, 257; when introduced at Olympia, 260; race known as the _apobates_, at Olympia, 282f.

Horse-racers: bronze statuette of, from Dodona, 281; bronze statuette of, in Loeb collection, 282; bronze statuette of, from Volubilis, Morocco, 281; dedications of, at Olympia, 23, 278f.; on funerary relief, from Sicily, 281; on galloping horse, on terra-cotta relief from Thera, 281; mounted, on Athens relief, 281; nude, on vases, 281; small figures of, from Olympia, 24; statue of, in Florence, 281; two fragments of statues of, from Akropolis, 281; victorious racer leading-horse, on Athenian relief, 281.

Human sacrifice, as origin of funerary games, 14.

Hunter, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

Hyblæans, the _Zeus_ of the, at Olympia, 344.

Hydriæ, from Caere (Cerveteri), 52; bronze, as prize at the _Panathenaia_, 20.

Hylas, identified with statue of youth from Subiaco, 196.

Hyperboreans, home of wild olive among, 20.

Hysmon, statue at Olympia, 120, 164.

Iapygians, King of the, 125.

Iconic and aniconic statues, 54f.

Ida, Mount, grotto of Zeus in, 235.

Idealism, in Greek art, 56, 71; idealism and realism, 57.

Identification of athlete statues in Roman copies, 44.

_Idolino_, the, statue in Florence, 131, 139, 141f.; as highest ideal of boyish beauty, 141; interpretation of, 142f.

Ikkos, slain by Kleomedes, 35; as teacher of gymnastics, 59.

Ildefonso group, in Madrid, 158.

Iliad, games of Patroklos in, 9.

Ilissos, river in Attica, 20; relief from, 312.

Impressionism, in hair technique, by Greek artists, 53; by Lysippos, 69.

Ince Blundell head of athlete, 167, note 4, 168, 180, 181.

Indians, the, of North America, funeral games among, 12.

Information, sources of, in reconstruction of Olympic victor statues, 43.

Inscriptions, earliest, using pankration for dates, 191; on pillars, in honor of victors, 34; on victor statue bases at Olympia, 43.

Iolaos, hurls stone diskos, 218.

Ionia, passes Egyptian influence to Greek sculptors, 332; school of sculpture from, 114; women of, witness games, 49.

Ionians, short hair with, 52.

Ionism, in Greek art, 115f., 126, 129, 175; reaction against, 116, 126.

Iphitos, restores Olympic games, 15.

_Ismenian Apollo_, the, statue in Thebes, 304.

Ismenion, the, at Thebes, tripods in, 19.

Isokrates, statue on Akropolis, 24, 27, 281, 373.

Isthmian festival, athletes divided into three classes according to age at, 189; beast contests at, 25; excavations on site of, 25; famed in Roman days, 25; funerary origin of, 9; history and administration of, 17; inferior to Olympia, 25; later in honor of a god, 9; in honor of Melikertes, 10; most frequented, 25; statue of victor at, in Athens, 27; statues of victors at, on Isthmus, 26.

Italian Archæological Mission, 3.

Italy, funeral games, in ancient, 11.

Jahn, O., on symmetry, 66; on the _Wounded Amazon_ of Capitoline, 157.

_Jason_, statue so-called, of Louvre, 86.

Javelin (ἀκόντιον), 164, 165; as athletic attribute, 108, 164; Greek names for, 223; size of, 223; on vase-paintings, 164, 223.

Javelin-throwers (ἀκοντισταί), 222f.; two bronze statuettes of, 227, 228; on Spartan relief, 223.

Javelin-throwing, 222f.; athletic type of, 223; for distance, 223; from horseback, on vase-paintings, 223; at games of Patroklos, 222; origin of, mythical, 222; positions in, 223f.; positions, given by E. N. Gardiner, 223; practical, in war and the chase, 223; in sculpture, 224; two types of, 222, 223.

Jockey, nude, on vase-paintings, 280; in short-sleeved chiton, on b.-f. Panathenaic vase, 280.

Jones, H. Stuart, on Pliny’s _Perseus et pristae of Myron_, 188.

Joubin, A., on Delphi _Charioteer_, 278; on Olympia gable sculptures, 114.

Juba II, King of Numidia, 166.

Juethner, J., on Greek origin of javelin-throwing, 222; on shapes of jumping-weights, 214f.; on _Standing Diskobolos_, 220; on statue of boxer from Sorrento, 243.

Jumping, 214f.; adapted to painter and not to sculptor, 217; ancient records in, 216; modern records in, with and without weights, 216; modern record in, front spring-board, 216; most difficult feature of pentathlon, 216; most representative feature of pentathlon, 214; in Odyssey, 9, 214; as part of pentathlon, 214; popularity of, 216; spring-board not used in Greece in, 216; various moments in, depicted on vases, 216, 217; with weights, 216, 217.

Jumping-weights (ἁλτῆρες), 214f.; as attribute of pentathletes, 164; on bronze statue in Berlin, 164; dedications of, 22; forms of, 214f.; club-like form, 215; semispherical, 215; forms of, divided by Philostratos, 215; shown on vases, 215; on mosaic in Lateran, 215; not in Homer, 214; on r.-f. kylix in Munich, 164; on relief from Sparta, 164; on Roman copies of Greek athlete statues, 215; on statue of Hysmon, at Olympia, 164; on statues in Dresden and Florence, 215; stone, from Corinth and Olympia, 215; on tree-trunk beside statue, 164; use of, according to Aristotle and Philostratos, 216; use of, in medical gymnastics, 21; use of, according to vase-paintings, 216.

Justin, on chariot-groups at Delphi, 26.

Ka-aper, wood statue of, in Cairo, 330; statue of “wife” of, so-called, in Cairo, 330.

Kabbadias, P., on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 81.

Kabeirion, statuette from, 28.

Kalamis, sculptor, 36, 324; Kalamis and _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ type, 89; characterized, 90, 279; chariot-groups by, 23; criticism of, by Cicero, 60; horse-groups by, 24, 279; horses by, characterized by Pliny, 62; jockeys on horseback by, 23; Kalamis and nude charioteer from Esquiline, 276; Kalamis and Onatas, 219, 264, 267, 268; Kalamis and Praxiteles, 268; as predecessor of Pheidias, 279; statues at Olympia by, set up by the Akragantines, 130; Kalamis as unrivalled sculptor of horses, 279.

Kalkmann, A., on _Herakles Alexikakos_ of Hagelaïdas, 110; on kneeling figures from West gable of temple on Aegina, 195; on proportions of face in Greek sculpture, 67.

Kallias, statue at Athens, 27, 182, 183, 365; statue at Olympia, 45, 129, 251, 352, 365.

Kallikles, sculptor, 365.

Kallikrates, dates of victories of, at Olympia, 301; statue at Olympia, 121, 298.

Kallimachos, on statues of Euthymos being struck by lightning, 364.

Kallippos, bribes opponents and is fined, 34.

Kallistratos, characterizes Skopas, 309.

Kalliteles, statue at Olympia, 265, 347.

Kallon, sculptor, 122, 125.

Kallon, victor, statue at Olympia, 121.

Kalydonian boar hunt, represented in Tegea pediment group, 307.

Kanachos, the Elder, sculptor, 24, 118, 120, 279, 324, 336; _celetizontes pueri_, by, 120; compared with Kallon, 122; criticism of, by Cicero, 60.

Kanachos, the Younger, sculptor, 120.

Kantharos, sculptor, 122.

Kaphisias, sculptor, 368, 375.

Kapros, boxing-match with Kleitomachos, 247; bronze foot from statue of, 255, 346; first to win pankration and wrestling at Olympia on same day, 252; Kapros and bronze boxer head from Olympia, 254; two statues at Olympia, 29, 342, 354.

Karrhotos, charioteer, 267.

Kasia Mnasithea, statue base at Olympia, 360.

Kassel, statue of Apollo in, 360; statue of boxer in, 46, 155; head of _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos in, 153, 154.

Kastor, victor in foot-race at Olympia, 96; as horse-racer, 96; hurls stone diskos, 218.

Kebriones, 5.

Kekulé, on the _Idolino_, 141, 142; on Olympia gable sculptures, 114; on the _Spinario_, 201; on the _Standing Diskobolos_, 76.

Kephisodotos, sculptor, 252.

Kerameikos, Athens, 11.

Keramopoullos, A. D., on the Delphi _Charioteer_, 278.

Kerykeion, symbol of Hermes, 71, 72, 78, 82, 88, etc.

Kettle, prize at early games, 20.

Kicking, allowed in pankration, 246, 247.

Kietz, on the _Standing Diskobolos_, 78.

Kimon, son of Miltiades, 18.

Kimon, son of Stesagoras, bronze mares of, at Athens, 27, 363.

Kirchhoff, A., on statue of Hermolykos on Akropolis, 373.

Kirghiz, the, of India, funeral games among, 12.

Kittos, boxing and wrestling scenes on Panathenaic amphora of, 248.

Kitylos and Dermys, grave-figures of, from Tanagra, 335.

Kladeos, the, river at Olympia, 299, 342, 357, 358.

Klazomenai, paintings from, 52; reliefs from, 264, 268.

Klein, W., on the Boston _Charioteer_ (?), 275; on the _Idolino_, 141; on the _Jason_ of Louvre, 86; on the _Oil-pourer_ of Munich, 134.

Kleito; see Polykleitos.

Kleitomachos, statue at Olympia, 353; identified wrongly with the _Seated Boxer_ of Museo delle Terme, Rome, 253; story of, from Polybios, 147, 247.

Kleitor, son of Azan, 9.

Kleitor, relief from, 132.

Kleobis (?), statue of, from Delphi, 105.

Kleoitas, sculptor, 27.

Kleomedes, heroized at death, 35.

Kleomenes, sculptor, 85.

Kleon, sculptor, 69, 120, 121, 164; leg position of statues by, 159.

Kleonai, 17.

Kleosthenes, King of Pisa, 15.

Kleosthenes, of Epidamnos, chariot-group of, at Olympia, 23, 266, 344, 345.

Knee-runners, on bronze tripod reliefs, 194; on small bronze relief in Metropolitan Museum, 194; on marble relief of dying hoplite runner, 194; on small bronzes, 195; on vases, 194; statue of kneeling youth from Subiaco, 195.

Knights, Helbig on Greek, 282; Homeric method of, fighting from chariot, 272, 282; on Parthenon frieze, 281.

Knossos, bull-grappling at, 1, 2; ivory statuettes from, 3; paved inclosure at, 3; reliefs from, 3, 4; seal from, showing huge horse, 1; theatral area at, 3; toreadors on wall-paintings from, 1, 3.

Koblanos, sculptor, 242.

Kodias (Κῳδίας), jumping-weight of, 40.

Koehler, U., on the _Apoxyomenos_ of Vatican, 290.

Koerte, on name “Apollo” for early statues, 335.

_Korai_, statues of, on Akropolis, 53, 115.

Koroibos, victor in first recorded Olympiad, 15, 191.

Kostobokoi, barbarian invaders of Greece, 370, 371.

Kouroniotis, K., letter of, quoted 327.

Kranaos, or Granianos, statue near Sikyon, 370.

Krates, victor as herald at Olympia, 283.

Kratinos, statue at Olympia, 122; set up by trainer of, 31.

Kratisthenes, chariot-group of, at Olympia, 179, 268.

Kresilas, sculptor, 36, 93; the _Alkibiades_ of Vatican ascribed to, by Furtwaengler, 199; _Doryphoros_ by, 145; portrait of Perikles by, 56; statue of the _Wounded Amazon_ by, 157.

Kresilæan athlete head, five copies of, 144, 145.

Kreugas, crowned after death, 247; killed in boxing match, 236, 247; statue at Argos, 236, 237.

Krison, statue ascribed to, by Furtwaengler, 200.

Kritios, sculptor, 115, 126, 173, 174; criticism of, by Lucian, 60; Kritios and Tux bronze 207.

Kritodamos, statue at Olympia, 120, 344, 352.

_Krobylos_, old Attic hair-fashion, 51, 52, 89, 128, 135, 270.

Krokon, dedicates small bronze horse at Olympia, 23, 279.

Kronos, altar of, at Olympia, 16; wrestling match of, with Zeus, 14.

Krotonians, famed as pentathletes, 60.

Ktesibios, philosopher, on ball-playing, 84.

Kylon, conspiracy of, in Athens, 362; statue on Akropolis, 106, 333, 337, 362.

Kylon, of Elis, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

Kyniska, bronze horses of, at Olympia, 265, 267; chariot-group of, at Olympia, 23, 131, 267, 299, 342, 367; first woman to enter and win chariot-race at Olympia, 267, 367; shrine in honor of, at Sparta, 367.

Kyniskos, statue at Olympia, 74, 117, 239; copies of (?), 156f., 159; foot position on base of statue of, 239; date of victory, 160.

Kynosarges, Attic amphora from Gymnasion of, 13.

Kypselos, chest of, at Olympia, 12, 13.

Kypselos, King of Arkadia, 57.

Kyrene, the _Dionysia_ at, 50; head from, 89; personified as charioteer in Delphi group, 277, 278; statue found in baths of, 141.

Kyrnos, battle of, 373.

Ladas, of Sparta, fleetness of, 364; grave of, 365; stadion in honor of, 365; statue in Argos, 364; statue of, by Myron, 196f., 364; compared with that of girl runner of Vatican, 197; epigrams on statue of, 196, 197; pose of, 197; story of death of, 196.

Lakonia, statues of Herakles in, 319.

Laloux and Monceaux, on Philandridas head, 294.

Lamia, date of battle of, 301; relief from, 132.

Lampos, chariot-group at Olympia, 268.

_Lancellotti_ (or _Massimi_) _Diskobolos_, 184 and note 2.

Lange, F. A., on Egyptian influence on early Greek culture, 332.

Lange, J., on law of “frontality,” 175, 328; on Olympia gable sculptures, 114.

_Lansdowne Herakles_, statue, 81, 82; ascribed to Myron, 181; head of, compared with that of Philandridas, 298; regarded as Lysippan, 298, 311; regarded as Skopaic, 313.

_Laokoön_, the, group, Pliny’s praise of, 61; as realistic work, 289; of Lessing, 54, 187.

Las, statue of Herakles near, 319.

Lasso, boy throwing, wrongly identified with statue of kneeling youth from Subiaco, 196.

Lateran, athlete mosaic in, 215; boxers on relief in, 238.

Laurel, as prize at Delphi, 20, 21.

Laurentum, now Castel Porziano, 184.

Leaf, W., on chariot-race in the Iliad, 8.

Leaping-weights; see Jumping-weights.

Lechat, on bronze statue found in sea off Antikythera, 84; on evolution of Greek sculpture, 329; on the housing of stone statues, 325.

Leg, right lower, fragment of victor statue, 322; leg holds in pankration, 247; “free” and “rest” legs, as motives in sculpture, 109, 226.

Lekythion, athletic attribute, 84.

Lekythos, 137, 138.

_Lemnian Athena_, the, statue in Dresden, 53.

_Lemniskos_, 155, 156.

Leon, statue of, 366.

Leonidaion, the, (_Suedwestbau_), at Olympia, 339, 340, 346, 347, 348, 350, 353, 355, 356.

Leonidas, at Thermopylae, 51; funeral games in honor of, 11.

Leonidas, of Naxos, statue at Olympia, 346, 347.

Leontiskos, painter, 29.

Leontiskos, of Sicily, statue at Olympia, 62, 179, 183, 249.

Lessing, characterization of _Diadoumenos_ and _Doryphoros_ by, 152; on most fruitful moment to be chosen by artist, 178. See _Laokoön_.

Libation-pourer, statue of, 143, 144.

Libation-pouring, 138f.

Libya, figure in Delphi group, 277; oracle of, 31.

Lichas, statue at Olympia, 31, 342; scourged by umpires, 33, 149.

Life, athlete, happy, 36.

Lifelike statues, 59.

Life-size statues at Olympia, 46.

Ligourió, bronze statuette from, 105, 111, 114.

_Limping Man_, the, statue at Syracuse, 182.

Lindos, temple of Athena at, 345.

Loeb collection, Munich, bronze group of wrestlers in, 232, 233; bronze statuette in, 136; bronze statuette of boy-rider in, 282; three bronze tripods in, 194, 264.

Loeschke, G. L., on appellation “Apollo” for early statues, 335; on statue of Kylon on Akropolis, 362 and note 7.

Loewy, E., on Delian _Diadoumenos_, 92; on group of Kyniska, at Olympia, 267; on style of statue of Pythokles, at Olympia, 213.

Loin-cloth, of athletes, 47; absence of, on Cretan frescoes, 47; worn by Asiatics, 48; in Homer, 47; on early vases, 47, 48; dropped first by Orsippos of Megara, 47; Plato on, 48; used by boxers and wrestlers, 48.

Lokroi, Ozolian, colonization of the, 201.

Lokros, ancestor of the Ozolian Lokroi, 201.

Longpérier, H. A., on bronze statuette in Paris, 142.

Long race (δόλιχος), at Olympia, 190; boys admitted to, at Delphi, 190; men admitted to, at Olympia, 190.

Lucian, on apples as prizes at Delphi, 21, 107; on art criticism, 60; criticism of Hegias, Kritios, and Nesiotes, by, 175; description of _Diskobolos_ by, 186, 187; ideal statue of, 60; on life-size victor statues, 45, 227; on prohibition against biting and gouging in pankration, 246; on statue of Pelichos, 56; on statue of Theagenes on Thasos, 364.

Lucius Verus, coins of, 21.

_Luctator anhelans_, painting of, by Naukeros, 233.

_Lykaia_, the, statues at the games of, 26.

Lykaios, Mount, in Arkadia, hippodrome on, 258.

Lykidas, of Sparta, enters colts as full-grown horses at Olympia, 259.

Lykinos, of Elis, statue at Olympia, 343.

Lykinos, of Heraia, statue at Olympia, 121.

Lykinos, of Sparta, two statues at Olympia, 24, 29, 265, 266.

Lykios, sculptor, 134, 243.

Lykomedes, bases of two statues at Olympia, 358.

Lykourgos, of Sparta, 15, 51.

Lykourgos, rhetorician, 27.

Lyre-playing, at Delphi, 25.

Lyres, in Parthenon, 23.

Lysandros, statue at Olympia, 343.

Lysippos, of Elis, victor statue of, by Andreas, 118, 354.

Lysippos, sculptor, 36, 375; as art reformer, 301; borrows from other sculptors, 291; canon of, 68, 69, 136, 288; characteristics of, 311; chariot-groups by, 23; circle of, 131, 255; as court sculptor of Alexander, 296, 318; criticism of, by Pliny, 61; date of, 300f.; dates of Lysippos, Skopas, and Praxiteles, 301; divergent style of, 253; follows _Doryphoros_ and nature, 301; improvements in hair technique by, 53, 296; influence of, on realism, 56; influenced by Skopas, 291, 301; inscription on base of statue in Pharsalos by, 287; _Lansdowne Herakles_ ascribed to, 313; Lysippos and Skopas compared, 311f.; Lysippos and type of weary Herakles, 253; makes 1500 statues, 302; Philandridas head at Olympia, by, 298; portraiture after time of, 54; poses of statues of, 44; regarded exclusively as bronze founder, 302; statue of Agias by, 286, 366; statues of _destringentes se_, by, 136; statues of, at Olympia, 121, 266; surpasses earlier artists in symmetry, 66; as worker in marble, 302f.

Lysistratos, sculptor, first to make plaster moulds from face, 56, 255, 304.

Macedon, coins of, showing racing chariots, 262; kings of, 73; princes of, as horse-racers, 357.

Mach, E. von, against oriental influence on Greek sculpture, 329; on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 84; on the _Charioteer_ (?) in Boston, 275, 276; on original of _Farnese Herakles_, 253.

Madrid, copy of _Diadoumenos_ in, 153; Ildefonso group in, 153.

Mæcenas, and victor privileges in Rome, 33.

Magna Græcia, cities of, honor victors, 35; fond of hippodrome contests, 258.

Magnesia ad Sipylum, victor statue base from, 370.

Mahler, A., on copies of _Doryphoros_, 224; on identifying statue of Ladas, 197; on the _Idolino_, 141; on resemblance between head of the _Agias_ and Philandridas, 294.

Maiden, figure of, in chariot-groups, 268.

Maltho, gymnasium in Elis, 370.

Manetho, Egyptian dynasties of, 330.

Mantua, statue of Apollo in, 111.

Marathon, battle of, 18, 209; _Herakleia_, the, at, 18.

Marble, less expensive than bronze, 28; some victor statues made of, at Olympia, 324.

Markianopolis, coin of, 87.

Markios, Gnaios, base of statue at Olympia, 359.

_Marsyas_, the, statue by Myron, 134, 183, 184.

Masks, dedication of, 22.

_Massimi Diskobolos_; see _Lancellotti Diskobolos_.

Materials of Olympic victor statues, 321f.

Matz and von Duhn, on so-called _Diomedes_, in Palazzo Valentini, Rome, 207.

Mau, A., on the _Praying Boy_ of Berlin, 132.

Mausoleion, Halikarnassos, chariot frieze from, 271, 289; chariot-group from, 264; small chariot frieze from, 274, 275.

Mausolos, games in honor of, 11.

Maviglia, Ada, on _Diadoumenos_ of Delos, 93; rejects the _Apoxyomenos_ and the _Agias_ as evidence of style of Lysippos, 290.

Mayer, M., on athlete (?) statue from Olympieion, 143; on Myron’s _pristae_, 188.

Medes, the, 11.

Mediterranean culture, 1; gymnastic exercises in, 6; origin of Greek athletics in, 7.

Megakles, victor at Olympia, 363.

Megara, colossal torso of “Apollo” from, 336.

Megara Hyblaia, Sicily, necropolis in, 337; statue of Zeus of, at Olympia, 344.

Meleager, head of, on Praxitelian trunk in Medici Gardens, Rome, 313; statue of, in Fogg Museum, Boston, 314; statue of, in Vatican, 312; statue of Kyniskos converted into, 74.

Melikertes, 10.

Melite, deme of, 110.

Melos, “Apollo” from, 100, 101, 103, 104.

Memorials, miscellaneous, of victors, 40, 41.

Memphis, motion statuettes from, 177; art of, 330.

Mende, offering of people of, at Olympia, 164, 341.

Mendel, M., excavations of, at Tegea, 306; on head of Herakles, from Tegea, 306, 307.

Menedemos, bases of two statues at Olympia, 358.

Menelaos, sculptor, 113.

Mengs, Raphael, painter, cast from collection of, showing swollen ears, 169; on proportions, 68.

Messana, coins of, showing mule-car, 263.

Messene, coins of, 111; hierothesion at, 19.

Messenians, of Naupaktos, 110.

Metageitnion, month of, 18.

Metellus Macedonicus, base of statue at Olympia, 348.

Metrobios, T. Phlabios (Flavius), base of statue at Iasos, 369.

Metrodoros, Aurelios, base of statue at Kyzikos, 371.

Michaelis, A., on _apobates_ chariot-race on Parthenon frieze, 272; on base of statue of Epicharinos, on Akropolis, 372; on use of ἐν δεξιᾷ and ἐν ἀριστερᾷ by Pausanias, 349; on _Lansdowne Herakles_, 298, 313; on Petworth ephebe statue, 133; on the _Standing Diskobolos_, 76; Michaelis, A., and Conze, A., on “Apollo” type as victor statues, 335.

Middle Kingdom, Egypt, dates of, 330 and note 6; sculptures of, 330.

Mikon, of Athens, sculptor, 61, 62, 129.

Mikon, of Syracuse, sculptor, 375.

Mikythos, or Smikythos, group dedicated at Olympia by, 215, 351.

Milchhoefer, A., on painting by Eupompos, 160.

Miletos, coins of, 74, 118, 119, 336.

Military runner (δρομοκῆρυξ), 209.

Milo, statue at Olympia, 31, 106f., 130, 165, 337.

Miltiades, games in honor of, on Thracian Chersonesos, 11.

Miltiades, son of Kypselos, votive offering at Olympia, 264, 265.

Minoans, the, of Crete, 1; influenced by Orient, 1; love of sports among, 6. See Crete.

Mnaseas, statue at Olympia, 161, 179, 181.

Mnesiboulos, statue in Elateia, 204, 371.

Monceaux; see Laloux and Monceaux.

Mopsos, boxing match with Admetos, 285.

Mosaic, athlete, in Lateran, Rome, 215.

Mosso, A., on _Boxer Vase_, 6; on origin of Greek boxing-glove, 235; on Vapheio cups, 4.

Motion statues, antiquity of, in Greece, 176f.; in Assyro-Babylonian art, 177; in Cretan art, 177; in Egyptian art, 176, 177; in Greece, not developed out of “Apollo” statue type, 177; on early vases, 177; victor statues in, 173f.; victor statues in various contests, 188f.

Motives, general, of statues in motion, 188f.; at rest, 130f.

Mounot, Étienne, sculptor, 185.

Mueller, K. O., on common features of victor statues, 44.

Mule-car, on Rhegian and Messanian coins, 263.

Mule-race (ἀπήνη); see Chariot-race with mules.

_Munich King_, statue so-called, 226.

Muscles, in Cretan art, 3, 4.

Muses, group of, by Hagelaïdas, Arostokles and Kanachos, 118.

Musical contests, dedications for, at Olympia and elsewhere, 283f.; at Delphi, 25; honor dedications for, at Olympia, 285; monuments for, victor or votive in character, 284; at Olympia, non-athletic, 283, 285, represented on imitation Panathenaic vases, 284; on reliefs, 284; victors in, at Delphi, 284; victor statues for musicians, on Helikon, 284.

Mussius, L., gravestone of, 72.

Mycenæ, 1, 7; lack of athletic scenes at, 8; no Egyptian influence on art of, 332.

Mykale, battle of, 373.

Myrina, terra-cotta statuettes from, 135.

Myron, sculptor, 183f., 324, 353, 375; αὐτάρκεια of, 183; criticism of, by Cicero, 60; by Pliny, 180, 184; dated by Pliny, 61; love of movement of, 183; Myron and _Hermes Ludovisi_, 85; Myron and Pythagoras, difficulty of separating works of, 181, 245; Myron and _Standing Diskobolos_, 76; Olympic victor statues by, 129, 187f., 245, 333; poses of victor statues by, 44; pupil of Hagelaïdas, 110; as realist, 188; statue of Ladas by, 196f.; surpasses Polykleitos in rhythm and symmetry, 66; versatility of, 188; victor statues at Delphi by, 26, 188.

Myron, tyrant of Sikyon, dedicates bronze chapel at Olympia, 41.

Mytilene, statue from, 92.

Narkissos, 158.

Narykidas, base of statue at Olympia, 342.

Natalis, L. Minikios (Minicius), equestrian monument at Olympia, 37.

_Natural History_, of Pliny; see _Historia Naturalis_.

Naturalism, in Greek Art, 44.

Naukratis, Egypt, 105, 329, 334.

Naukydes, sculptor, 76, 117, 120; leg position of statues by, 159; Naukydes and _Standing Diskobolos_, 76f.; Naukydes and canon of Polykleitos, 69; statue of Cheimon by, characterized by Pausanias, 62.

Naupaktos, 110.

Nausikaa, 83.

Naxos, “Apollo” from, 328, 334; bronze statuette from, 74, 119; statue of Nikandre from, 177.

Nelson, Philip, head in collection of, 157.

Nemea, athletes at, divided into three classes, by ages, 189; athletic contests at, 25; athletic interest of, secondary to that of Olympia, 25; boy contests at, 25; festival at, 1; founded by Adrastos, 17; held every two years, 17; in honor of Opheltes or Archermoros, 10; later in honor of a god, 9; origin of, 9; records of victors at, 21; relief from, 132; retired valley of, 25; revived by Hadrian, 17; statues of victors at, 26; statues of victors at, in Athens, 27; summarily treated by Pausanias, 24; transferred to Argos, 17; under Argive influence, 17; the _Nemea_ of Thebes, 27.

Nemead, first dated, 17.

_Nemesis_, statue by Agorakritos at Rhamnous, 182.

Neolaïdas, statue at Olympia, 120.

Nepos, on first date of representing athlete statues in motion, 173.

Nero, coins of, 21; uses force to win at the _Isthmia_, 34; villa of, at Subiaco, 195; wins chariot-races at Olympia, 257, 262, 369.

Nesiotes, sculptor, criticism of, by Lucian, 60.

Nestor, 8; contests at Bouprasion, 9; statue at Olympia, by Onatas, 122.

Net, on Vapheio cup, 5.

New Empire, Egypt, dates of, 331 and note 2; sculptures of, 331.

Nida-Haddernheim, terra-cotta statuette from, 202.

Nikandre, statue of, 177.

Nikandros, statue at Olympia, 121.

Nikanor, fragment of base of statue at Olympia, 359.

Nikarchos, base of statue at Olympia, 356.

_Nike_, the, of Archermos, 177; bronze figurine from Akropolis, 177; as charioteer, 268; on Ficoroni cista, 269; on hand of statue of Olympian Zeus, at Olympia, 149; on Nike balustrade from Akropolis, 86; on relief in Madrid, 269; on relief from Phaleron, 269; on sarcophagus from Klazomenai, 268. See also Paionios, the _Nike_ of.

Nikeratos, date of archonship of, 194.

Nikeus, casts stone diskos, 218.

Nikodamos, sculptor, 244.

Nikokles, victor monument at Akriai, 372.

Nikomachos, painter, 268; _Victoria quadrigam in sublime rapiens_ by, 268.

Nineveh, reliefs from, 330.

Niobid, identified with statue of youth from Subiaco, 195.

_Nordostgraben_, the, at Olympia, 358.

_Nordwestgraben_, the, at Olympia, 356.

North Greek-Thracian school of sculpture, 114.

Noses, bloody, on vase-paintings, 167.

_Novus Annus_ (?), nude statue found in Rhine identified as, 276.

Nudity, characteristic of archaic statues, 335; as essential difference between Greek and foreigner, 48; not observed by charioteers, 48; of victor statues, 47f.

_Nudus talo incessens_, statue by Polykleitos, 158, 249, 250; statuette from Autun showing the Polykleitan motive, 249, 250.

Numismatic commentary on Pausanias, 306.

Ny-Carlsberg Museum, Copenhagen, archaic head of youth in, 128; two heads in, 180, 181; etc.

Nymphs, altar at Olympia, 351.

Odysseus, 8.

Oibotas, statue at Olympia, 30, 32, 333, 343, 351.

Oil, used in wrestling, 165.

Oil-flask, on r.-f. kylix in Munich, 164.

_Oil-pourer_, bronze statuette of, from South Italy, 135; statue so-called, in Munich, 99, 133f., 137; as Attic work, 137; head in Boston, copy of original of, 134; pose of, 158; torso in Dresden as variant of, 134, 135.

Oil-pouring, on gems, reliefs and terra-cotta statuettes, 135.

Oil-scraping, as athletic motive, 135f.

Oinoanda, base of victor statue from, 371.

Oinomaos, chariot-race with Pelops, 14, 259; column at Olympia, 323, 350, 351.

Olaidas, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

Old Kingdom, Egypt, dates of, 330 and note 3; sculptures of, 330.

Olive, crown of, as prize at Olympia, 155f.; of “Fair Crown,” at Olympia, 20, 351; wild, 20.

Olympia, account of monuments at, by Pausanias, 24; age of boy victors at, 189; antiquity of, from excavations and religious history, 16; athletes at, divided into two classes, by ages, 189; boxer head from, 62; celebrated every four years, 15; controlled by Eleans alone after Persian wars, 15; early controlled by Pisa, 15; early overshadowed by Delphi and Delos, 14, 15; founded before Dorian invasion, 14; funeral origin of, 9; German excavations at, 43; history of, 14; held in honor of a god, 9; held in honor of Pelops, 10; importance of, from seventh century B. C., 15; later controlled by Pisa and Elis, 15; prehistoric buildings at, 16, 349; sacrifices at, to Pelops and Zeus, 11; as sanctuary prior to advent of Achæans, 14; style of head of athlete (Philandridas) from, 293f.; style of gable statues from, 113, 114; traditional history of, by Pausanias and Strabo, 15; two figures from West gable of temple of Zeus from, 195; victor statues in Altis at, 26; etc.

Olympia register, 15.

Olympiad, first dated, 15; traditional first, 8; the 8th, 34th, 104th, 211th, omitted from Elean register, 369.

Olympieion, statue from ruins of, 143.

Olympos, sculptor, 120.

_Omphalos_, from Athens, 89.

Onatas, sculptor, 122; group of Opis at Delphi by, 125; inscribed base from Akropolis, 24, 281; Onatas and East gable statues from temple on Aegina, 125; Onatas and Kalamis, 129, 264; works of, at Olympia, 122, 267.

Onomastos, games of, at Cumae, 20.

Onomastos, of Smyrna, institutes boxing rules at Olympia, 235.

Opheltes, 10.

Opis, group of, at Delphi, by Onatas, 125.

_Opportunity_ (Καιρός), altar at Olympia, 76; statue by Lysippos, 250.

Orchomenos, “Apollo” from, 100, 101, 103, 328, 334; ceiling of treasury of, 329.

Orestes, as his own charioteer, 267.

Oriental influence on early Greek art, 328f.

Originals of victor statues at Olympia, 62f., 322.

Orpheus and Telete, victor group on Helikon, 284.

Orsippos, first athlete to drop the loin-cloth, 47.

_Osthalle_, the, at Olympia, 358.

Overbeck, J., on _Farnese Herakles_, 253; on head of hoplitodromos from Olympia, 163; on heads of Apollo, 275; on Lysippos as exclusively a bronze founder, 302; on Olympia sculptures, 114; on Piombino statuette, 119; _Schriftquellen_ of, 61; on _Standing Diskobolos_, 76.

Oxylos, King of Dorian Eleans, 15.

_Oxyrhynchus Papyri_, the, 31; order of contestants at Olympia in, 189.

Paianios, statue at Olympia, 234.

Paidotribes, or trainer of athletes, 229, 236, 248.

Paint, used on sculptures, 326.

Painting, competition in, at Delphi, 25.

Paintings, as victor monuments, 28.

Paionios, sculptor, 113; the _Nike_ of, at Olympia, 326, 343, 344, 352, 360; replica of, at Delphi, 304; replica of head of, in Rome, 304.

Palæstra, absent in Homer, 7; palæstra gymnast, statuette of, 108; origin of name, 228; statues of athletes in, 297; statues of athletic gods in, 75, 94.

Palaistra, the, at Olympia, 347, 355, 356, 359, 360, etc.; at Pompeii, 224.

Palatine, the, at Rome, 50; fragment of leg of statue from, 89.

Palladion, carried off by Diomedes, 169.

Palm, the, as common measure in proportions, 68.

Palm-branch, on so-called _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_ and _Apollo Choiseul-Gouffier_, 161; in hand of victorious jockey on coin of Philip II, 280; on statue from Formiae, 161; on statue of girl runner in Vatican, 161; on stele from Dipylon, 161; on unfinished statue of athlete in Athens, 160; on vases, 161; as victor attribute, 50, 160f.

Palm-wreath, common to many games, 21, 160.

Pammachos, statue at Thebes, 368.

Pamphilos, grave-relief of, in Vienna, 97.

Pan, _Doryphoros_ converted into, 74.

_Panathenaia_, the; see Panathenaic games.

Panathenaic amphoræ, runners on, 106, 194; four-horse chariot on, from Sparta, 263; Dyneiketos, victor, on, 280; etc.

Panathenaic games, Great, Athens, acrobatic feats at, 20; contest of beauty at, 57; dedication of victor in chariot-race at, 129; held every fourth year, 18; hydria as prize at, 20; jars of oil as prizes at, 20; money as prizes at, 33; origin of, 17; paintings dedicated by victors at, 29; remodeled by Solon, 17; statue of boy victor at, in Athens, 27.[s/b ;] Little, annual Athenian festival, 18.

Pancratiasts, 246f.; bronze statuette of, from Autun, 249; cap of, 165f.; ear of, as no criterion of athlete statues, 95; group of, in Florence, 99, 233, 251f.; head of, from Olympia, 254, 255; in sculpture, 170, 248.

Pan-hellenic fame of victors at four national games, 33.

_Panionia_, the, festival at Mykale, 19.

Pankration (παγκράτιον), Artemidoros on, 247; biting and gouging allowed at Sparta in, 246; boys’ contest introduced at Olympia, 247; boys’ contests outside Olympia, 247; as combination of boxing and wrestling, 246; contrasted with wrestling, 246; as dangerous sport, 246; eight Pindaric odes in honor of, 246; etymology of word, 246; “fairest” of contests, 246; fight on ground, 248; grips and throws shown on vases, 247; introduced at Olympia, 247; invented by Theseus or Herakles, 247; not in Homer, 247; not so brutal as popularly believed, 246; often ended with preliminary sparring, 249; often resulted in death, 247; pankration and wrestling on same day, 93, 94; popularity of, at Olympia, 247; rules of, 246.

Panodoros, 371.

Pantares, statue at Olympia, 354.

Pantarkes, favorite of Pheidias, 150.

Pantarkes, victor statue at Olympia, 150, 151.

Pantheion, the, at Olympia, 21.

Pantias, sculptor, 268, 279.

Papyrus, containing wrestling instructions, 229.

Paris, statue by Euphranor, 83.

Parnon, Mount, statue of Herakles on, 319.

Paros, torso of ephebe from Akropolis, work of sculptor from, 127.

Parrhasios, painter, 29, 67, 206.

Parsley, not used as prize wreath at Nemea, 21.

Parthenon, frieze of the, 18, 53, 86, 151; Athenian knights on, 281; chariot scenes on, 271; representing _apobates_ race, 272; youth crowning self on, 158; metopes of, 149.

Pasiteles, sculptor, 60, 112; Pasiteles and _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 89; Pasiteles and _Spinario_, 201, 202.

Patrokles, sculptor, 117, 120, 131, 138, 141.

Patroklos, contests at funeral games of, 8; funeral games of, in Iliad, 7f., 11, 51; tripods in honor of, 19.

Pausanias, King of Sparta, flees from ephors, 367; funeral games in honor of, at Sparta, 11.

Pausanias, the _Periegete_, on art, 61; description of Greece by, 43; description of victor statues in Altis by, 339; on girl runners at the _Heraia_ at Olympia, 49, 50; on honor and victor statues, 39; mentions only part of victor statues in Altis, 324; on origin of Olympic games, 15; _periegesis_ of Altis by, 190; on reason for Pythian air being played at pankration, 284, 285; routes (ἔφοδοι) of, in Altis, 339, 341f., 348f.; on similarity between Greek and Egyptian sculptures, 330; on statue of Euthymos, at Olympia, 183; use of words ἐν ἀριστερᾷ and ἐν δεξιᾷ by, 299; on victor statues of poets and musicians on Helikon, 284; on votive character of victor statues at Athens and Olympia, 38; etc.

Payne Knight bronze statuette, so-called, in British Museum, 108, 119.

Peace, temple of, in Rome, 366.

Pearl-string hair technique, 53.

Peisanos, M. Antonios Kallippos, statue at Olympia, 359.

Peisirhodos, victor at Olympia, 47, 49.

Peisistratidai, 128.

Peisistratos, tyrant, 363; head of, so-called, 181.

Peisthetairos, in _Aves_ of Aristophanes, 206.

Pelias, funeral games of, 11; on chest of Kypselos, 12; tripods in honor of, 19.

Pelichos, statue of, 56.

Pelopion, the, at Olympia, 348, 349, 350, 357.

Peloponnesian sculptors, 109f., 114.

Pelops, chariot-race with Oinomaos, 14, 259; contestants at Olympia sacrifice to, 11; Olympian games in honor of, 10; Peloponnesian boys lashed at altar of, 11; statue of, in East gable, temple of Zeus at Olympia, 176; worship of, at Olympia, preceded that of Zeus, 16.

Pensive expression, in portraits of Alexander, 296.

_Pentaëteris_, or four-year festival, 17.

Pentathletes, attributes of, 164, 165; statues in motion, 210f.; statues at rest, 164; on vases, 164.

Pentathlon, the, accompanied by flute, 284; all-round development from, 59, 211; boys’, introduced at Olympia, 210; events in, on r.-f. vases, 210; five events of, 9, 210; diskos throwing, 218f.; javelin throwing, 222f.; jumping, 214f.; jumping most difficult part of, 216; jumping-weights used in, 214; men’s introduced at Olympia, 210; not in Homer, 9, 210; Pythian air played at, 285.

Pergamon, dying Gaul statues from, 255; frieze of Great Altar at, 252; small frieze from, 253.

Periandros, tyrant, gold statue vowed by, 266; refounds Isthmian games, 17.

_Periboëtos_, statue of satyr known as the, 144.

Perikles, 52, 362; portrait of, by Kresilas, 56, 199; statue of slave of, 143.

Perinthos, head from, 179, 180, 181; prototype of Riccardi and Ince Blundell heads, 181.

Peripatetics, criticism of Greek sculpture by the, 58.

_Perixyomenoi_, statues of, 136.

Perrot and Chipiez, on so-called dying hoplite relief, 209.

Perseus and head of Medusa, on engraved gem, 83; Perseus and Danaë, in a chest, 188.

Persian Wars, 51; sack of Akropolis during, 126.

Perugia, statuette of diver (?) from, 217.

Pesaro, the _Idolino_ found at, 141.

Petasos, as attribute of Hermes, 108, 207, note 1, etc.

Peter cista, the, in Vatican, 243.

Petersen, E., on Kyniskos’ statue, 159; on Pythokles’ statue base, 212.

Petrograd, head of athlete in, 180; etc.

Petworth House, Sussex, Kresilæan head of athlete in, 145; statue of ephebe in, 133.

Phaistos, theatral area at, 3.

Phanas, head ascribed to, 163; statue at Olympia, 106, 355.

Pharsalos, home of Daochos, 286; statue base of the _Agias_ at, 303.

Phaÿllos, record diskos-throw of, 216; record jump of, 216; statue at Delphi, 26.

Pheidias, 36, 110; goddess types of, 53; ideal tendency of, 152; relation of, to _Diadoumenos Farnese_, 151; relation of, to _Hermes Ludovisi_, 85; statue of boy crowning himself at Olympia by, 150f.

Pheidippides, runner, 209.

Pheidolas, sons of, monument at Olympia, 23, 279.

Pheidon, king of Argos, 15.

Pheneus, games at, 76.

Pherenike, mother of Peisirhodos, 47, 49.

Phigalia, victor statue of Arrhachion in market-place of, 326.

Philandridas, date of victory of, 300; head from statue of, at Olympia, by Lysippos, identified, 293f.; head called youthful Herakles by some, 297; compared with head of boy athlete from Sparta, 316f.; crushed ear of, 168; location of, in Altis, 300; under life-size, 46.

_Philesian Apollo_, of elder Kanachos, 74, 107, 108, 118-120, 336 and note 1; “double” of, in Thebes, 304.

Philinos, statue at Olympia, 30, 55.

Philios, D., on dying hoplite relief, so-called, 209.

Philip II, king of Macedon, coin of, showing victorious jockey with palm-branch, 280; coins of, showing Athenian type of chariot, 263; equestrian victor at Olympia, 257, 263.

Philippeion, the, at Olympia, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358.

Philippopolis, coin of, 78.

Philippos, of Kroton, Olympic victor, heroön of, at Egesta, 35, 57, 363.

Philippos, of Pellene, inscribed bronze plate from victor statue base at Olympia, 244f.

Philistos, monument base at Olympia, 357.

Phillen, or Philys, statue at Olympia, 344.

Philon, statue at Olympia, 122.

Philonides, courier of Alexander, honor statue at Olympia, 42, 346, 356, 359.

Philonides, sculptor, 109, 266.

Philonikos, base of statue at Olympia, 358.

Philokrates, base of statue at Olympia, 368.

Philoktetes, in Sophokles’ drama, the _Philoctetes_, 59.

Philostratos, of Rhodes, adversary of Straton at Olympia, 34.

Philostratos, on athletes wearing coarse mantle, 47; on Eleans allowing strangling in pankration, 246; on jumping-weights, 215, 216; on method of putting on boxing thongs, 236; on omitted 211th Olympiad, 369; on pankration as “fairest of contests,” 246; on prohibition against biting and gouging in pankration, 246; on reason for nudity of Olympic athletes, 47; on Spartans allowing biting and gouging in pankration, 246; on statue of Milo, 106, 337; on style of long race, 194; on reason for Pythian air being played at pentathlon, 285.

Philotimos, sculptor, 123, 264, 268, 279.

Philoumenos, inscription from base of statue of, 371.

Philys; see Phillen.

Phlegon, on olive crown, 20.

Phœnicians, the, transmit Assyrian and Egyptian designs to Greece, 330.

Phokis, confederacy of, sets up statue at Olympia, 30.

Phormis, offering at Olympia, 28, 62, 163, 264.

Phorystas, base of statue from Tanagra, 368.

Phradmon, sculptor, 117.

Phrikias, head ascribed to, 162, 163, 353; statue at Olympia, 106.

Phrixos, on shield relief, 162.

Physical differences, in athletes, 59.

Piankhi, King of Aethiopia and invader of Egypt, 331.

Pictorial hair technique, 53.

Pinakotheke, the, at Athens, 29.

Pinax, of victresses at the _Heraia_, at Olympia, 49; votive on Attic vase, 29; πινάκιον, iconic, 182.

Pindar, on boxing and wrestling, 8; on connection of Pelops with Olympia, 10; on early value of bronze, 19; on non-existence of the pentathlon in heroic days, 210; ode on flutist Sakadas, 284; scholia on, 26, 130, 190; seventh Olympic ode of, 343; sings praises of victors, 36; sixth Pythian ode of, 267; writes eight odes in praise of pankration, 246.

Pine, the, at the Isthmus, 21; wreath of, at the Isthmus, 20; at Nemea, 21.

Piombino, bronze statuette from, 118.

Pison, sculptor, 278.

Plane-tree Grove, Sparta, 319, 367.

Plastic hair technique, 53.

Platæa, the _Eleutheria_ at, 11.

Platæan _Zeus_, the, statue at Olympia, 344.

Plato, on boys’ stade-race, 191; divides athletes into three classes, 189; on Egyptian art, 60; on happy life of victors, 36; on length of stade-race for boys, 191; on length of stade-race for ephebes, 191; on loin-cloth, 48; mentions σφαῖραι, 237; on mythical origin of wrestling, 228; omits pankration in his ideal state, 246; protests against competition in athletics, 36; on swollen ear of athletes, 167.

Plectra, in Parthenon, 23.

Pliny, on Alkamenes’ _Enkrinomenos_, 77; on the _Apoxyomenos_ of Lysippos, 289; on art, 60, 61; on custom of setting up statues of victors at Olympia, 27, 324, 354; on Euphranor’s canon, 69; on Eutychides, sculptor, 121; on Greek origin of equestrian monuments, 24; _Historia Naturalis_ of, 43, 321; on iconic statues, 54, 55; on Kanachos’ statue of the _Philesian Apollo_, 118; on Kanachos’ _celetizontes pueri_, 120; on Kresilas’ portrait of Perikles, 56; on Lysippos’ proportions, 46; on Lysistratos making portraits from plaster moulds, 56; on monotony in the art of Polykleitos, 152, 226; on Myron, 184; on nudity of athletes, 47; on the _nudus talo incessens_ of Polykleitos, 249, 250; on representing victors by paintings, 29; on the sculptor Apellas, 267; on the _Splanchnoptes_ of Styphax, 143; on statue of pancratiast at Delphi by Pythagoras, 26; on statue represented in prayer, 130; on statue of victors by Myron at Delphi, 26; on symmetry, 66; etc.

Plutarch, on Apollo as boxer, 88; on art, 61; on portraits of Alexander by Lysippos, 290, 328.

_Plutus_, the, of Aristophanes, quoted, 36.

Poetic competitions at Delphi, 25.

Poets, statues on Helikon, 284; statues at Olympia, 285.

Polemon, on statue of Leon, 366; on statue of Epicharinos, 372.

Polites, victor at Olympia, 354.

Pollux, describes game of σκαπέρδη, 236.

Pollux; see Polydeukes.

_Pollux_, the statue in Louvre, so-called, 180, 181, 188, 245.

Polybios, on Kleitomachos, boxer of Thebes, 147.

_Polychalchos_, surname of Spartan victor Polykles, 266.

Polydamas, relief from base of statue of, 303; statue of, at Olympia, by Lysippos, 32, 45, 121, 298, 299; statue of, cures fevers, 364.

Polydeukes, boxing-match with Amykos on Ficoroni cista, 269; as famed boxer, 235; wins boxing match at Olympia, 96, 235.

Polykleitos, the Elder, sculptor, 117, 118; _Apoxyomenos_ of, 136; called Kleito by Sokrates, in Xenophon’s _Memorabilia_, 59; canon of, 68, 111, 136, 148, 288; characteristics of, 152; date of, by Pliny, 61; _destringentesse_ of, 136, 288; _Diadoumenos_ of, 152, 154; _Doryphoros_ of, 211, 224f.; as idealist, 188; influence of, on Lysippos, 291; influenced by Attic art, 152; innovation of, in statue poses, 226; monotony of, 152, 226; poses of victor statues of, 44; pupil of Hagelaïdas, 110; pupils of, 139; victor statues of, 36.

Polykleitos, the Younger, sculptor, statues of victors at Olympia by, 30, 117, 118.

Polykles, the Elder, sculptor, 129, 324.

Polykles, victor group at Olympia, 150, 266.

Polymedes, sculptor, 105.

Polypeithes, chariot-group at Olympia, 23, 265, 347.

Polyxenos, statue at Olympia, 359.

Polyzalos, brother of Gelo, 278.

Pomegranate, attribute of victor statues, 107, 165.

Pompeii, _Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos found at, 70; Palaistra at, 87.

Poros sculptures, 53, 128.

Porto d’Anzio, statue from, 135, 144.

Portraiture, Greek, 54, 55f.; privilege of erecting portrait statues at Olympia, 57, 354; privilege rarely given, 57; realistic, 56, 57.

Poseidon, altar at Isthmus, 259; god of contests, 75; pine sacred to, 21; sanctuary at Isthmus, 21; statue from Melos, 73, 74; surnamed ἵππιος, at Sparta, 362.

Poses, of victor statues, found on various sculptured and painted works, 44; general, of victor statues at rest, 130f.; general, of victor statues in motion, 188f.

Poulsen, F., on the _Agias_, 291, note 2.

Prado, copy of _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos in the, Madrid, 153.

Praisos, seal from, 3.

Praxidamas, wood statue at Olympia, 106, 322, 326, 333, 337, 351.

Praxiteles, sculptor, 36, 80; the _Agias_ of Lysippos influenced by, 291; art of, rooted in fifth century B. C., 134; as bronze worker, 303; delicate male types of, 297; hair technique of, 53; head-type of, 77, 309; Praxiteles and boy athlete head from Sparta, 305, 311; Praxiteles and Kalamis, chariot-group by, 268; Praxiteles and Philandridas head from Olympia, 293; Praxiteles and Skopas differentiated, 311; statue of a ψελιουμένη by, 131.

Prayer, as motive in votive monuments, 130; position of hands in Greek, 132; statue of youth represented in, from Carinthia, 131; statue of youth represented in, Berlin, 131; statuette of youth represented in, Metropolitan Museum, 132, 133.

_Praying Boy_, the, statue so-called, in Berlin, 131, 132.

Preuner, E., on inscription from statue base in Pharsalos, 286, 317, 318, 363.

_Pristae_, by Myron, 188.

Prizes, on chest of Kypselos, 13; at contests of beauty, 57; early athlete, 18f.; at games of Azan, 9; at games of Patroklos, 19.

Processional entrance, the, of the Altis, 347.

Processional way, the, of the Altis, 348, 349, 350.

Professionalism in athletics, at Olympia, 361; protests against, 36, 37.

Profile, first example of Greek, 116.

Prokles, statue at Olympia, 345, 346.

Promachos, statues at Olympia and Pellene, 31, 304, 323, 325, 326, 367.

_Proportio_, in Greek art, 66.

Proportions, canons of, 65f.; in Egyptian art, 67; Fritsch on, of body, 67; Kalkmann on, of face, 67.

Prose writers, statues at Olympia, 285.

Protogenes, athlete painted by, 29.

Protolaos, statue at Olympia, 179, 352.

Prytaneion, the, in Athens, victors eat at public expense at, 32; the, in Olympia, 299, 342, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360.

Psammetichos, tyrant of Corinth, 17.

Pseudo-Andokides, 363.

Pseudo-Plutarch, on statue of Isokrates at Athens, 24 and note 11, 27 and note 4, 281, 373.

Ptoion, Mount, statues of “Apollo” from, 100, 101, 102, 103, 334; tripods in temple of Apollo on, 19.

Ptolemy, Gymnasion at Athens, 166.

Ptolichos, sculptor, 61, 122.

Puchstein, O., on location of Great Altar of Zeus at Olympia, 349.

Pummeling, allowed in pankration, 246.

Pyanepsion, month of, 18.

Pyrilampes, statue at Olympia, 343, 346, 353.

Pythagoras, sculptor, 138, 178f., 364, 375; dated by Pliny, 61; first to aim at rhythm and symmetry, 67, 179; first to express sinews and veins, 138; Pythagoras and _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 89; Pythagoras and Delphi _Charioteer_, 278; Pythagoras and Myron, 181, 245; Pythagoras and Tux bronze, 207; statue of Delphic pancratiast by, 26, 178, 182; statue of _mala ferens nudus_ by, 107; style of, 179; victor statues at Olympia, by, 36, 62, 161, 178f., 268.

Pytheos, see Pythis.

Pythes, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

_Pythia_, the, festival at Delphi, 16, 17; as athletic meet, inferior to Nemea and Isthmia, 24, 25; as festival, second to Olympia, 24; in honor of the Python, 10; statue of victor at, in Athens, 27. See Delphi.

Pythian air, played at pentathlon, 88, 285.

_Pythian Apollo_, the, statue of, 330, 334.

Pythis, or Pytheos, architect, 264.

Python, the, at Delphi, 10, 25.

Pythokles, replicas of statues of, 212f.; statue of, at Olympia, 93, 117, 159 and note 3, 211, 212, 343.

Pythokritos, flutist, honor statue at Olympia, 42, 285, 352.

Pythokritos, sculptor, 244.

Pyxis, from Knossos, 7.

_Quadrigae_, mentioned by Pliny, 264. See Chariot-race.

Quatremère de Quincy, on _Borghese Warrior_, 208.

“Quiet grandeur” (_stille Grosse_) of Greek Art, 57.

Quintilian, on art, 61; on the _Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos, 70, 226; on the _Diskobolos_ of Myron, 187.

Quintus Smyrnæus, on jumping among the Trojans, 214.

Quiver, on Torlonia copy of the _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 89.

Quoit; see Diskos.

_Ram-offerer_, statue by Naukydes, 78.

Rampin head, of Louvre, 126, 128, 176; hair technique of, 53.

Ra-nefer, limestone statue in Cairo, 330.

Rayet, on _Borghese Warrior_, 208.

Rayet-Jacobsen head, so-called, in Copenhagen, 127, 128, 167, 337.

Realism in Greek art, 56, 57, 146f.; in Greek portraiture, 56, 57.

Reconstruction of Olympic victor statues, 43f.

Reinach, S., on bronze statue of youth from Antikythera, 83; on stone statues being placed under cover, 325.

Reinach, Th., on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 81.

Reisch, E., on javelin-throwers in sculpture, 224; on Pliny’s _puer tenens tabellam_ and _malaferens nudus_, 181; on statue of Euthymos at Olympia, 183; on votive character of Olympic victor statues, 39.

Reliefs, of akontistai, from Sparta, 223; Amphiaraos, 273; _apobates_ chariot race, 272; Apollo, Artemis, and Leto, in Louvre, 284; Aristion, 124, 127; Boreas, in Metropolitan Museum, 194; boxers, in Lateran, 238; boy crowning self, 155; boxer, on bronze shield, from Mount Ida, Crete, 235; cap, in Rome, 166; charioteer, from Akropolis, 128; charioteer mounting chariot, 269; chariots, from Crete, 262; Dermys and Kitylos, from Tanagra, 335; Dioskouroi, set up by Aischylos, 96, 97; Dioskouroi, in London, 97; from Dipylon, 156; diskobolos, from Dipylon, 127; dying hoplite, from Athens, 194, 209; four-horse chariot, 268, 269; funerary, from Tanagra, 72; funerary, from Athens, 66; from Halimous, 249; Hermes, fragment from Athens, 270; hoplite runners, from Tarentum, 96; horse crowned by Nike, from Athens, 269; horseman, from Athens, 281; horse-racer, from Sicily, 281; horse-racer from Thera, 281; horse-racer leading horse, from Athens, 281; jumping-weights, from Sparta, 164; from Klazomenai, 264, 268; from Kleitor, 132; from Knossos, 3, 4; from Lamia, 132; from Loeb collection, Munich, 194; from Nemea, 132; palæstra victor, from Delphi, 138; in honor of Pamphilos and Alexandros, in Verona, 97; showing poses of victor statues, 44; as victor monuments, 28; war-chariots, from Mycenæ, 262.

Religion and Greek athletics, 14.

Remnants of victor statues at Olympia, 43.

Renaissance, the, 4; bronze copies of _Spinario_ from period of, 202.

“Repose” of Greek art, 57.

“Rest” leg, motive in sculpture, 109.

Resting after contest, athletic motive, 144.

Rewards, money, of victors at Athens, 32.

Rhamnous, the _Nemesis_ of Agorakritos at, 182.

Rhegion, Anaxilas, tyrant of, 278; coins of, showing mule-car, 263.

_Rhetoric_, the, of Aristotle, 58; inscribed base of Olympic victor mentioned in, 367.

Rhexibios, wood statue at Olympia, 106, 332, 326, 337, 351; wrongly called oldest at Olympia by Pausanias, 333.

Rhodes, scene of fighting combatants, in art of, 178; tripods in honor of Dionysos at, 19; _Zan_ at Olympia, set up by, 34.

Rhoikos, bronze founder, date of, 321; family of, 330. See also Telekles and Theodoros.

Rhouphos, Klaudios (Rufus, Claudius), statue in Rome, 371.

Rhythm, definition of, 66; in Greek Art, 66.

Riccardi head, 169, 180, 181, 183.

Richardson, R. B., on bronze head from Akropolis, 114; on _Farnese Herakles_, 253, 254.

Richter, G., on statuette of diskobolos in Metropolitan Museum, 220 and note 5.

Ridder, A. de, on Tux bronze, 207; on two statuettes of diskoboloi from Akropolis, 221, 222.

Robert, C., on _Diadoumenos_ of Pheidias, 150f.; on date of victor Kyniskos, 160.

Robinson, D. M., 267.

Robinson, E., on _Charioteer_ (?), in Boston, 275; on head of Hermes, in Boston, 85; etc.

Roehl, H., on inscription referred to statue of Milo, 38.

Roman copies of victor statues, on, 44; no copy proved to be of victor statue, 160; on Roman patrons of art, 44.

Ross, L., on inscribed base from statue of Epicharinos, 372.

Rothschild, E. de, bronze copy of _Spinario_, in Paris collection of, 202.

Rouse, W. D., on votive character of victor statues at Olympia, 39, 40.

Routes, of Pausanias in the Altis; see _Ephodoi_.

Runners, difference in style of various, shown by vase-paintings, 193, 194; on Panathenaic amphoræ, 106, 194; represented as running with bent knee, 194; statues of boy, 200f.; statues of, from Velletri, in Rome, 198, 199; statues of, without special attributes, 170.

Running race (δρόμος), various kinds of, 190f.; in mythology, 190; number of victors in, named by Pausanias, 193; origin of, at Eleusis, 190; part of all Greek games and exercises, 190. See Double foot-race, Hoplite-race, Long race, Stade-race.

Sabouroff collection, head from, 128.

Sacred war, the, 17.

Sakadas, flutist, statue of, 284.

Salamis, Aeginetans at battle of, 125; date of battle of, 125.

Salis, A. von, on statue from Olympieion, 143.

Salutation, attitude of, to a divinity, in statuette in Metropolitan Museum, 133.

_Sandal-binder_, statue of, so-called, with copies, 86, 87, 202, 203.

Sandal-binding, motive of, originates with Lysippos, 86.

Sandals, worn by charioteers, 48.

Santa Marinella, statue from, in Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, Mass., 314.

Sarapion, flees adversary and is fined, 34; two statues in Elis, 370.

_Satrap Sarcophagus_, so-called, in Constantinople, 276.

_Satyr_, of Praxiteles, called _Periboëtos_, 144; statue of, in Dresden, 144.

Sawyers (?) (_pristae_), group by Myron, 188.

Scarab, chalcedony, in British Museum, 138.

Schaefer, A., on statue of Kylon on Akropolis, 362.

Scherer, Chr., on exclusive use of bronze in Olympic victor statues, 321; on “iconic” statues of Pliny, 54; on Milo’s statue at Olympia, 107; on positions of victor statues at Olympia, 340.

Scheria, games on, 210.

Schnaase, on _Farnese Herakles_, 253.

Schober, A., on Perinthos and allied heads, 181.

Schoell, R., on votive character of victor monuments, 39.

Scholiasts, statements of, on victor statues at Olympia, 43.

Schrader, H., on Attic relief from the Akropolis, 271.

Schreiber, T., on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 90.

Schwabe, L., on Tux bronze, 207.

Sciarra bronze, statuette so-called, in Rome, 119.

Scraper; see Strigil.

Sculptors, of Olympic victor statues, 36; statistics of, 375.

_Sculptura_, definition of, from Pliny, 302.

Sculpture, Greek, after Persian Wars, 278; ancient criticism of, 58f.; evolution of, on traditional lines, 67; knowledge of, necessary in reconstructing Olympic victor statues, 44.

Sea-monsters (?) (_pristes_), group by Myron, 188.

Seasons, altar at Olympia, 351.

_Seated Boxer_, statue of the, in Museo delle Terme, Rome, 145f., 168; realism of, 57, 254.

See-saw (?) (_pristae_?), group by Myron, 188.

Seleados, base of statue at Olympia, 346.

Seleukos I, date of founding Antioch by, 121.

Selinos, coins of, showing celery wreath, 21; temple E at, 114.

Sellers, Eugénie; see Strong, Mrs. Eugénie.

Selling out, examples at Olympia, 33.

Seraglio, Old, manuscript from the, 258.

Serambos, sculptor, 123.

Shadow-fighting; see Sparring.

_Sheik-el-Beled_, the; see Ka-aper, statue of.

Shield, as attribute of hoplitodromoi, 161; as prize at Argive _Heraia_, 21; 25 bronze ones kept in temple of Zeus for Olympic hoplite runners, 22.

Siamese, funeral games among, 12.

Sicily, cities of, honor victors, 35; coins of, showing racing chariots, 262, 263; Greeks of, fond of hippodrome contests, 258; princes of, as victors at Olympia, 357; school of sculpture of, 114.

Sidon, _Alexander Sarcophagus_ from, in Constantinople, 275; _Satrap Sarcophagus_ from, in Constantinople, 276.

Sikyon, athletic school of sculptors from, 58, 118f.

Sikyonians, treasury of, at Olympia, 41, 265.

Silanion, sculptor, 129.

Silver bowl, as prize at games of Patroklos, 19; silver cups, as prizes at Sikyonian Pythian games, 20.

Simon, sculptor, 264, 268.

Simonides, of Keos, 36, 47, 210.

Singing, competition in, at Delphi, 25.

Single-combat, between Ajax and Diomedes, in Iliad, 8.

Six, J., on _Borghese Warrior_, 208; on statue of Hermolykos on Akropolis, 373.

Size of victor statues, 45f.

_Skenoma_ (Σκήνωμα), the, at Sparta, 367.

Skopas, sculptor, 36; characteristics of, 311; head in style of, in Capitoline Museum, Rome, 169; head-type of, 77; influence on the _Agias_, 291; intense expression of, 307; Kallistratos on, 309; knowledge of, recently augmented, 286; as master of expression of passion, 309; Philandridas head wrongly ascribed to, 293; Skopas and boy athlete head from Sparta, 305; Skopas and Lysippos compared, 311f., 315; style of, from Tegea heads, 306.

Skripou, convent of, 334.

Skyllis, sculptor, 122, 334. See also Dipoinos.

Skyros, 18.

Slings for diskoi, on r.-f. vase, 164.

Smikythos; see Mikythos.

Smile, in archaic sculpture, 100, 126.

Smith, A. H., on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 89, 90; on athlete statue from Palazzo Farnese, Rome, in British Museum, 293.

Snail-volute, hair technique, 53.

_Snatcher_, the, from East gable, temple of Aegina, 125.

Sodamas, statue at Olympia, 354.

Sogliano, A., on boxer statue from Sorrento, 243.

Sokrates, philosopher, condemns “mimetic” arts, 58; on physical development of runners and boxers, 59; visit of, to sculptor Kleito, 59.

Sokrates, victor; see Sosikrates.

Solon, assigns money prizes to Olympic and Isthmian victors, 25, 32.

_Solos_, throwing of, in Iliad, 8; as type of diskos, 218.

Somzée Collection, athlete from the, 176, 251.

Songs, in honor of victors, 34.

Sophios, statue at Olympia, 299, 342.

Sophokles, _Trachiniae_ of, 318.

Sorrento, statue of boxer from, by Koblanos, 242.

Sosikrates (or Sokrates), victor statue of, at Olympia, 200, 344.

Sostratos, dates of Olympic victories of, 300; inscribed base from statue, at Delphi, 249; statue at Olympia, 55; surnamed ἀκροχερσίτης, 248, 249.

Sotades, Olympic victor, bribed and exiled, 33.

Southeast Building, the, at Olympia, 344.

Sparring, preliminary, called ἀκροχερισμός in boxing and pankration, 248 and note 4; depicted on Ficoroni cista in Rome, 243; depicted on Peter cista in Rome, 243; as motive of boxer statues, 243; as motive of statuette of boxer in Vatican, 243; as motive of marble torso in Berlin, 243; preliminary in pankration, 248; called σκιαμαχεῖν (to shadow-fight), in boxing, 122, 243 and note 4.

Sparta, Akropolis, of, 305; _Dionysia_ at, 50; Δρόμος at, 309; funeral games at, in honor of Leonidas and Pausanias, 11; head of statue of boy from, 305f.; Σκήνωμα at, 367.

Spartans, allow biting and gouging in pankration, 246; ball-playing among, 84; as boxers, 167; boxing of, in Plato, 167; excluded from Olympia on certain Olympiads, 31; girls contest with boys, 49; physical exercise among, 1; sacrifice to Apollo the Runner, 88; youths dedicate offerings to Eros in contest of beauty, 57.

Spear, casting of, at games of Patroklos, 8.

Sphairians (σφαιρεῖς), title of Spartan youths, 84, 319.

_Spinario_, the, statue in Rome, 201f.; as example of asymmetry, 70; imitations of original of, 202.

_Splanchnoptes_, statue of, by Styphax, 143.

Sponges, shown on r.-f. kylix, 164.

Spring-board, not used in Greek jumping, 216.

Stackelberg, O. von, traveling journal of, 286, 366.

Stade-race (δρόμος, στάδιον), 190f.; first event at Olympia and at the _Panathenaia_, 191; for boys, introduced at Olympia, 191; the oldest (?) event at Olympia, 191; victor in, eponymus at Olympia, 37; wrongly regarded as chief event at Olympia, 191.

Stadia, absent in Homer, 7.

Stadion, the, at Olympia, 258, 359, 360.

Staïs, V., on _Hermes of Andros_, 71; on two statuettes of diskoboloi from Akropolis, 221, 222.

Stamnos, r.-f., from Etruria, in Vienna, 132.

Standard of physical development uniform in fifth century B. C., 147f.

_Standing Diskobolos_, the statue in Vatican, 76f.; pose of, 219, 220; replica of, 77.

_Standing Hermes_, the, statue in Vatican, 72.

“_Stand-motif_,” Polykleitan, 82.

“Starters of the race,” epithets of Kastor and Polydeukes at Sparta, 96.

Stassoff, on supposed Oriental origin of javelin-throwing, 222.

Statuettes, of ivory acrobats, from Knossos, 3; akontistai, two bronze, 227, 228; Apollo, from Naxos, in Berlin, 74, 119; Apollo (Payne Knight), in British Museum, 108, 119; Apollo, from Piombino, in Louvre, 118; Apollo, from Palazzo Sciarra, Rome, 119; apoxyomenos, in Loeb collection, Munich, 136; athlete, archaic, from Delphi, 28; athlete, from Ligourió, 105, 111, 114; athlete, in Louvre, 213, 214; boxer, from Akropolis, 28; boxer, from Corfu, in British Museum, 96; boxer, from Olympia, 28, 244; boxer, in Vatican Museum, 243; diadoumenos, terra cotta from Smyrna, in London, 154; diadoumenos, from Akropolis, 155; diskoboloi, 28, 218f.; diskoboloi, two bronze, from Akropolis, 222; diskoboloi, group in Loeb collection, Munich 232, 233; diskobolos, in Berlin, 221; diskobolos, in British Museum, 221; diskobolos, from cover of lebes, in British Museum, 221; diskobolos, from the Kabeirion, 28; diskobolos, in Metropolitan Museum, 220, 221; girl runner, from Dodona, 28; girl extracting thorn, terra cotta from Nida-Haddernheim, 202; Herakles or victor, in Berlin, 96; Herakles, or victors, in British Museum, 96; _Hermes Diskobolos_, from sea off Antikythera, 78, 79; hoplitodrome, from Capua, in Vienna, 207; hoplitodrome, Tux bronze, in Tuebingen, 28; horse-racer, from Dodona, 28, 281; horse-racer, in Loeb collection, Munich, 282; horse-racer, from Volubilis, 281; horse-racers, from Olympia, 24; oil-pourer, from S. Italy, in British Museum, 135; oil-pourers, terra cottas from Myrina, 135; pancratiast, from Autun, in Louvre, 249f.; praying boys, two bronze, in Metropolitan Museum, 132, 133; sacrificer, from Dodona, 143; trumpeter, from Sparta, 283; warrior, from Dodona, 126; wrestlers, group from Akropolis, 28; wrestlers, group in Loeb Collection, Munich, 232; statuettes in motion, from Egyptian art, 177; in Paris and Rome, showing motive of statue of Xenokles, 138, 139.

Stelæ, in honor of victors, 40.

Stephanos, sculptor, statue by, 111f.

“Stolid” group of so-called “Apollo” statues, 100.

Stomach throw, in pankration, 247.

Stomios, famous pentathlete, 59; statue of, at Olympia, 42.

Stone, used in Olympic victor statues, 323f.

Strabo, on origin of Olympic games, 15.

_Strangford Apollo_, the, statue in British Museum, 102, 103, 123, 244.

Strangling, allowed in pankration, 246, 247.

Straton, Olympic victor, 34, 93.

Strigil, or scraper (στλεγγίς), used by athletes as a common palæstra attribute, 135, 138, 288.

Stroganoff, statuette formerly in Collection, 166.

Strong, Mrs. Eugénie (_née_ Sellers), on Apollo head, in British Museum, 92; on Beneventum head, in Louvre, 63.

Studniczka, F., on the gable statues from Olympia, 114; on the _Idolino_, 141; on statues of Theagenes, 364.

Styphax (or Styppax), sculptor, 143.

Subiaco, statue of kneeling youth from, 195; date and interpretation of, 195, 196.

Succession, contests of, as explanation of funerary games, 14.

_Suedwestbau_; see Leonidaion.

Svoronos, J. N., on bronze arm found in sea off Antikythera, 236; on bronze statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 83; on bronze statuette found in sea off Antikythera, 79; on Delphi _Charioteer_, 277; on dying hoplite relief, from Athens, 209; on the _Idolino_, 142.

Swollen ear, as attribute of victor statues, 167f.; not a determining distinction between heads of athletes and Herakles, 297, 319, 320; on various heads of athletes, gods, and heroes, 168f.

Symmachos, statue at Olympia, 120, 342.

Symmetry, in Greek art, 65, 66; Pliny and Vitruvius on, 66.

_Symplegma_, group representing a, by Kephisodotos, 252.

_Symposium_, of Xenophon, 59.

Syracuse, coins of, representing Nike with tablet, 182; funeral games at, in honor of Timoleon, 11; Hiero and Gelo, kings of, 257.

_Tainia_, or fillet, as victor attribute, 148f.

Tanagra, ephebe chosen at, for his beauty, 57; grave-stele from, 72.

Tarentum (Taras), captured by Q. Fabius Maximus, 253; coins of, showing _apobates_ horse-racers, 282.

Tarsos, athlete head from, 168.

Tegea, excavations at temple of Athena at, 306; heads from gable of temple at, 306; heads from, compared with small frieze from Mausoleion, 275; heads from, compared with boy athlete head from Sparta, 305; torso of the _Amazon_ from, 306.

Teisikrates, chariot victor, at Delphi, 268.

Teisikrates, pancratiast, inscribed base of statue of, from Delphi, 249.

Teisikrates, Theban sculptor, 368.

Tektaios, sculptor, 122, 304, 334, 335. See also Angelion.

Telekles, sculptor, 330, 334. See also Rhoikos and Theodoros.

Telemachos, base of statue at Olympia, 346, 348, 355; statue at Olympia, 109, 266, 339, 345; zone of, at Olympia, 345, 346.

Telephos, battle with Achilles, in Tegea pediment, 306; in group, on small frieze from Pergamon, 253; in group, in Vatican, 95.

Telesikrates, hoplite victor, statue at Delphi, 26, 162.

Tellon, base of statue at Olympia, 240, 345; statue at Olympia, 31, 352.

Temessa, Black Spirit of, 35.

Tempe, vale of, as home of laurel, 21.

Temple, spoken of as _pro persona_, 299.

Tenea, “Apollo” of, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 127, 327, 336; “Apollo” of, as runner, 148; necropolis of, 337.

Tenerani, sculptor, 288.

Tepemankh, wood statue in Cairo, 330.

Terrace wall, South, at Olympia, 346, 348, 357, 358.

Tetradrachm, silver, in honor of Olympic victory of Philip II, 280.

Thaliarchos, base of statue of, 358; oldest prose inscription making an Olympic victor statue votive, 39.

Thamyris, victor statue on Helikon, 284.

_Thargelia_, the, statue of boy victor at, 27.

Thasos, statue of Theagenes on, 364; temple of Apollo at Alki on, 336.

Theagenes, Olympic victor, boxing match with Euthymos, 247; heroized after death, 35; statue at Olympia, 122, 244, 364; story of statue on Thasos, 364; too wearied by boxing to enter pankration, 247; wrestling match with Aethiopian, 252.

Theekoleon, the, at Olympia, 353, 355, 357.

Theochrestos, chariot dedicated at Olympia, 265.

Theodoros, bronze founder, 321, 330, 334. See also Rhoikos and Telekles.

Theodosius, Roman emperor, abolishes Olympic games, 15.

Theognetos, statue at Olympia, 61, 165, 352.

Theopompos, statue at Olympia, 161.

Theopropos, base of statue at Olympia, 360.

Theoros, painter, 29, 133.

Theotimos, statue at Olympia, 121.

Thera, “Apollo” of, 100, 101, 103, 104, 327, 337.

Thermæ, the, of M. Agrippa, Rome, 289.

Thermopylæ, battle of, 51.

Thersias, first victor in mule-race at Olympia, 261.

Thersilochos, statue at Olympia, 117.

Thersonides, base of statue from Olympia, 356.

_Theseia_, the, 18; boys at, divided into three classes, 189.

Theseus, 18; contest of, on Delos, in honor of Apollo, 160; as inventor of boxing, 235; as inventor of pankration, 247; statues of, in gymnasia and palæstræ, 94; Theseus and Kerkyon, on metope of Theseion, 232.

Thessalonika, funeral games at, 11.

Thessaly, bull-grappling sport in, 5.

Thong (ἀγκύλη, _amentum_), of javelin, 223.

_Thorn-puller_; see _Spinario_.

Thorwaldsen, sculptor, restores Aegina gable statues, 123.

Thracian Chersonesos, games on, 11.

Thrasyboulos, drives father’s car at Delphi, 267.

Thrasymachos (or Thrasymedes), base of statue at Olympia, 358.

Threatening look of victor statues, 59.

Thukydides, on Diitrephes, 373; on _krobylos_ hair-fashion, 52; on loin-cloth of athletes, 48; on refuge of King Pausanias, 367; uses pancratiasts for dating, 191.

Tiberius, Roman emperor, base of statue at Olympia, 357, 358; chariot victor at Olympia, 261; enamored of the _Apoxyomenos_ of Lysippos, 289.

Tilting, hold in pankration, 247.

Timainetos, painter, 29.

Timaios, first victor in trumpeting at Olympia, 283.

Timaios, historian, 284.

Timarchides, sculptor, 129, 324.

Timasitheos, statue at Olympia, 111, 355.

Timokles, sculptor, 129.

Timoleon, funeral games in honor of, at Syracuse, 11.

Timon, chariot victor, statue in equestrian group, 120, 266, 268, 279.

Timon, pentathlete, statue at Olympia, 109, 354.

Timoptolis, honor statue at Olympia, 42.

Timosthenes, statue at Olympia, 121, 342.

Tiryns, fresco from, 2, 3; lack of athletic scenes at, 8.

Titus, baths at Rome, 371.

Toalios, Aurelios, base of victor statue at Oinoanda, 371.

Torches, dedications of, 22.

Toreadors, paintings of, male and female, at Knossos, 1, 3.

Torlonia, Palazzo, Rome, copy of _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type in, 89; head of _Ares_ in, 170.

_Trachiniae_, of Sophokles, 318.

Trainers at Olympia, nude, 49.

Treasuries, the, at Olympia, 351.

Treu, G., on colossal Apollo from Olympia, 92; on copy of _Doryphoros_ of Polykleitos, at Olympia, 227; on gable statues from temple of Zeus, Olympia, 114; on head of hoplite runner from Olympia, 163; identifies Leonidaion, at Olympia, 348; on Philandridas head, 293, 294; on use of marble in Olympic victor statues, 324, 326.

_Triopia_, the, at Mykale, 19.

Triphylia, 15.

Tripods, as early prizes, 19; found at Olympia and elsewhere, 22; in honor of various gods and heroes, 19; reliefs on bronze, in Loeb collection, Munich, 194.

Tripping, in wrestling, 229; shown by five bronze groups, 233.

Triptolemos (?), statue of Kyniskos converted into, 74.

Troilos, dates of victories at Olympia, 300, 301; statue at Olympia, 29, 121, 266, 298; tablet from base of statue of, 299, 342.

Trotting-race with mares (κάλπη), introduced at Olympia, 261; why introduced, 282.

Trumpeters, on Attic vases, 284; bronze statuette of, from Sparta, 283; contests of, introduced at Olympia, 283; statues at Olympia, 283.

Tuebingen bronze; see Tux bronze.

Tui, wood statue of, in Louvre, 331.

Tumblers, among Athenians, 5; among Trojans, 5; on shield of Achilles, 5.

Turin, head of athlete in, 87; marble head of Apollo in, 93; Roman grave-stone from, 72.

Tux bronze, statuette of hoplitodromos (?), in University Museum, Tuebingen, 28, 123, 164, 206, 207.

_Tyche_, statue by Eutychides, at Antioch, 121.

Types, various, of Olympic victor statues, 44, 99f., 173f.; etc.

_Tyrannicides_, the, group by Kritios and Nesiotes, 60, 148, 173f.; break with law of “frontality,” 175; as first examples of honor statues, 41; group of, returned from Susa by Alexander, 173; reconstruction of, from reliefs, vase-paintings, etc., 174; represented on oinochoe in Boston, 175; sculptors of, 173f., 372; _Tyrannicides_ and _Diskobolos_ compared, 183.

Umpires, at Olympia, 149. See also Hellanodikai.

Uncritical judgments of ancient writers on art, 58.

Uniformity, standard of, in physical development in fifth century B. C., 147f.

Urlichs, H. L. von, on _pristae_ of Myron, 188; on _puer tenens tabellam_ of Pythagoras, 182.

Urlichs, L. von, on _mala ferens nudus_, mentioned by Pliny, 182; on _puer tenens tabellam_ of Pythagoras, 182.

Vaison _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos, 152.

Valerian, Roman emperor, 11.

Vapheio, cups from, 4.

Varro, opinions of, on art, 60.

Vase-paintings, showing poses of Olympic victor statues, 44.

“Vatican athlete standing at rest,” so-called, 140.

Veins, shown in Cretan art, 3, 4.

_Venator_, statue of, by Euthykrates, 314.

Ventnor head in British Museum, 89.

Verona, grave-relief in, 72.

Victor fillets, 52.

Victor statues, assimilated to types of gods and heroes, 71f.; bases of, from Altis, 43, 353f.; carried off to Italy, 43; dedication of, an old Greek custom, 99; dedication at Olympia and elsewhere, 24f.; distinguished from statues of gods and heroes, 71; general characteristics of, 43f.; groups of, in Altis, 300, 340; hair-fashion of, 50f.; life-size, examples of, 46; materials of, 321f.; in motion, 173f.; nudity of, 47f.; _periegesis_ of, in the Altis, by Pausanias, 321; positions of, in Altis, 339f., 352; remnants of, 43, 62f.; at rest, 99f.; set up at Olympia, long after victory, 32; set up at Olympia, soon after victory, 31; set up at Olympia by relatives of victor, by native city of victor, by fellow-citizens of victor, 30; set up by trainers, 30; set up outside Olympia, 361f.; size of, 45f.; statuaries of, 375; two classes of, 99; zones of, at Olympia, 340.

Victor statuettes, set up at Olympia, 27, 28; on Akropolis, 28.

_Victoria quadrigam in sublime rapiens_, painting by Nikomachos, 268.

Victors, special privileges of, at Rome, 33; _Victor certamine gymnico palmam tenens_, painting of, by Eupompos, 160; victor, represented as crowned, on chest of Kypselos, 13; victor in wrestling and pankration on same day, called παράδοξος or παραδοξονίκης, 94; victors at four national games, called περιοδονῖκαι, 361.

_Victory_, of Paionios; see Paionios, _Nike_ of; zone of, at Olympia, 344, 355.

Vincent, Edgar, head of athlete in Collection of, 156.

Vinci, Leonardo da, on body proportions, 68.

Visconti, on so-called _Borghese Warrior_, 209; on Pliny’s “iconic” statues, 54.

Viterbo, bull-grappling in province of, 5.

Vitruvius, on analogy, rhythm, and symmetry, in Greek art, 66.

_Volneratus deficiens_, the, statue by Kresilas, 199.

Volomandra, “Apollo” from, 100, 104, 337.

Volubilis, Morocco, French excavations at, 281.

Votive offerings (ἀναθήματα), mentioned by Pausanias, 339; victor monuments as, 37.

Wace, A. J. B., on Parian marble male head in Turin, of athlete or Apollo, 93; on Roman male head in Turin, resembling the _Apoxyomenos_ of Lysippan school, 292.

Waldstein (Walston), C., on appellation “Apollo” for early athlete statues, 335; on bronze

statue of youth found in sea off Antikythera, 81; on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 90, 179; on the _Strangford Apollo_, 244; on victor fillet, 149.

Walking motive in sculpture, not Polykleitan in origin, 226.

Walston, C.; see Waldstein, C.

Warrior, or hoplitodromos, bronze head from Akropolis, 123.

Washburn, O. M., on Delphi _Charioteer_, 277, 278.

Wernicke, K., on Great Altar of Zeus at Olympia, 349.

_Westgraben_, the, at Olympia, 358.

_Westmacott Athlete_, the, 156f., 158, 305.

Wheels, four-spoked, one dedicated at Argos, 97; tin-foil, dedicated at Olympia, 23.

White, H. G. E., on two statuettes of diskoboloi from Akropolis, 221, 222.

Wilamowitz, U. von (Wilamowitz-Moellendorf), on inscribed base of statue of Epicharinos on Akropolis, 372.

Winckelmann, J., on character of Greek Art, 57; on _Jason_ of Louvre, 87.

Wine-pourers, statues of, 144.

Winged figures, represented in motion before sixth century B. C., 176f.

Winnefeld, H., on _Westmacott Athlete_ statue type, 158.

Winter, F., on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 90; on the _Seated Boxer_ of Museo delle Terme, 147.

Woelfflin, E., on _nudus talo incessens_ of Polykleitos, 250, 251.

Wolters, P., on bronze foot from Olympia, 255; on _Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo_ statue type, 90, 91; on head of hoplitodrome, from Olympia, 163; on inscribed base of the _Agias_, 292; on _Spinario_, 201; on Tux bronze, 207; on use of bronze in Olympic victor statues, 321.

Woman, statue of Muse type, from Andros, 71; head in Louvre, 128.

Women, admitted to chariot-race at Olympia, 49; excluded from Olympia, 49; victress statues of, draped, 48; admitted to the _Heraia_, Olympia, 49.

Worship of victors after death, 35.

_Wounded Amazon_, statue in Capitoline Museum, 151.

_Wounded Man_, the, statue of; see _Volneratus deficiens_.

Wreath of leaves, as prize at various games.

Wrestlers, attributes of statues of, 165; bronze group of, in Paris, 232; bronze statue in Naples, 99; five copies of bronze group of, showing tripping, 233; group of, on bronze bowl from Borsdorf, showing hand grip, 231, 232; groups of, on cista handles, 232; groups of, on Etruscan cista in Metropolitan Museum, 231; group of, at Olympia (?), 233f.; paintings of wrestlers by Naukeros, and by Antidotos, 233; part of group of, found

in sea off Antikythera, 232; small bronze group of, in Loeb Collection, showing cross-buttocks, 232; statues of, at Olympia, 234; statues of, without special attributes, 170; two bronze statues of, from Herculaneum showing front hold, 230, 231; two groups of, on rim of bronze bowl, in Boston, 232.

Wrestling (πάλη), 228f.; bout between Theseus and Kerkyon, on metope of Theseion, 232; cap used in, 166; depicted on proto-Attic amphora, 13; for boys, introduced at Olympia, 228; at games of Patroklos, 8; ground wrestling, on gems and vases, 248; holds in, on vases (arm, body, front, neck, side, wrist), 229; introduced at Olympia, 228; oldest(?) of athletic sports, 228; one of most popular sports, 228; positions in, on various monuments, 229; on r.-f. kylix, in Philadelphia, 230; scenes in, on r.-f. vase, by Andokides, 230; throws in, on vases (buttocks, cross-buttocks, flying mare, heave, tripping), 229; two kinds of, upright (ὀρθὴ πάλη), ground (κύλισις), 228, 229; victors in wrestling and pankration on same day, 93, 94; on wall-paintings at Beni-Hasan, Egypt, 1, 228; wrestling and boxing on Panathenaic amphora of Kittos, 248; wrestling and boxing in pankration, 247; wrestling and pankration contrasted, 246.

Wunderer, C., on the _Seated Boxer_ of Museo delle Terme, 147.

Xanten, bronze statue of boy found in Rhine near, 276.

Xanthos, Chimæra tomb at, 271.

Xenodamos, statue at Antikythera, 369.

Xenodikos, statue at Olympia, 279, 345.

Xenokles, base of statue at Olympia, 234, 344; copies of statue of, 228, 234; motive of statue of, 138, 139; statue at Olympia, by Polykleitos the Younger, 118.

Xenokrates, of Akragas, chariot victor at Delphi, 267.

Xenokrates, sculptor, 61.

Xenombrotos, base of statue at Olympia, 345; base of second statue at Olympia, 355; portrait statue of, at Olympia, 54; statue at Olympia, by Philotimos, 122, 264, 279; two monuments of, at Olympia, 29.

Xenophanes, philosopher, on dangerous character of pankration, 246; on painful character of boxing, 235; protest of, against reverencing victors, 36.

Xenophon, historian, on athletics, 58, 59; _Symposium_ of, 59.

Xenophon, of Aigion, statue at Olympia, 120, 343.

Xerxes, carries off the _Tyrannicides_ to Susa, 173; sacks Akropolis, 271.

Xoana (ξόανα), Daidalian, 328.

Youth, bronze head of, from Akropolis, 114; bronze head of, from Herculaneum, 95; bronze statue of, found in sea off Antikythera, 80f., 82f.; Polykleitan statue of, crowning himself, 155; youth with tablet, on Munich vase, 182.

_Zanes_, statues of Zeus, so-called, near entrance to Stadion, at Olympia, 33, 34.

Zenobios, 182.

Zeus, contestants at Olympia sacrifice to, 11; diadoumenos on throne of, at Olympia, 150, 151; father of Herakles, 10; games in honor of, at Argos, 285; Great Altar of, at Olympia, 339, 349, 350, 351, 355; Nemean games in honor of, 17; as one of the gods presiding over contests, 75; sculptures from pediments of temple of, at Olympia, 53, 113, 114; site of Great Altar of, at Olympia, 348f.; statues of Hyblæan, at Olympia, 344; of Megarian, at Olympia, 344; of Olympian, by Pheidias, 52; of Platæan, at Olympia, 344; of Zeus Ithomatas, 110, 111; of Zeus παῖς, at Aigion, 111; with short hair, 52; temple of, at Olympia, 342, 344, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360; throne of, at Olympia, described by Pausanias, 61; worship of, at Olympia, later than that of Hera, 16; wrestling match of, with Kronos, 14.

Zeuxis, painter, 29.

Zones, of victor statues at Olympia, 340; of the _Chariots_, 345, 346; of the (_Eretrian_) _Bull_, 343, 346; of _Telemachos_, 345, 346; of the _Victory_, 344, 346.