CHAPTER VIII.

THE MARYLAND PALATINATE.

The Irish village of Baltimore 255

Early career of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore 255, 256

How James I. granted him a palatinate in Newfoundland 256

Origin of palatinates 256, 257

Changes in English palatinates 258, 259

The bishopric of Durham 259, 260

Durham and Avalon 260

How Lord Baltimore fared in his colony of Avalon in Newfoundland 261

His letter to the king 262

How he visited Virginia but was not cordially received 263, 264

How a part of Virginia was granted to him and received the name of Maryland 265

Fate of the Avalon charter 266

Character of the first Lord Baltimore 267

Early career of Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore 268

How the founding of Maryland introduced into America a new type of colonial government 269, 270

Ecclesiastical powers of the Lord Proprietor 271

Religious toleration in Maryland 272

The first settlement at St. Mary's 273

Relations with the Indians 274

Prosperity of the settlement 275

Comparison of the palatinate government of Maryland with that of the bishopric of Durham 275-285

The constitution of Durham; the receiver-general 276

Lord lieutenant and high sheriff 276

Chancellor of temporalities 277

The ancient halmote and the seneschal 277

The bishop's council 278

Durham not represented in the House of Commons until after 1660 278

Limitations upon Durham autonomy 279

The palatinate type in America 280

Similarities between Durham and Maryland; the governor 281

Secretary; surveyor-general; muster master-general; sheriffs 282

The courts 282, 283

The primary assembly 283

Question as to the initiative in legislation 284

The representative assembly 284, 285

Lord Baltimore's power more absolute than that of any king of England save perhaps Henry VIII 285