Chapter XXX

_Living It Over Again_

One day in the spring of 1881, after having finished the business that had called me to St. Paul from my home in River Falls, Wisconsin (where I was a railway agent and newspaper proprietor combined), I was loafing about the Grand Central Station, killing time until my train should be ready to start. The big whistle of a big boat drew me to the adjacent wharf of the Diamond Jo Line. The craft proved to be the "Mary Morton". As soon as the lines were fast, the stages in position, and the first rush of passengers ashore, I walked aboard and up to the office. A small man, past middle life, his hair somewhat gray, was writing in a big book which I recognized as the passenger journal. By the same token I realized that I was in the presence of the chief clerk, even if I had not already seen the "mud" clerk hard at work on the levee, checking out freight. I spoke to the occupant of the office, and after a few questions and counter questions I learned that he was Charley Mathers, who had been on the river before 1860 as chief clerk, and he in turn learned my name and former standing on the river. From him I learned that the chief pilot of the steamer was Thomas Burns. It did not take a great while to get up to the pilot house. I would not have known my old chief had I not been posted in advance by Mr. Mathers. This man was grey instead of brown, and had big whiskers, which the old Tom did not have. He was sitting on the bench, smoking his pipe and reading a book. He looked up as I entered, and questioned with his eyes what the intrusion might mean, but waited until I should state my business. It took some minutes to establish my identity; but when I did I received a cordial welcome.

And then we talked of old times and new, and war times too--for he had gone out as captain in an Illinois regiment at the same time that I went out as a Wisconsin soldier. From a pilot's view point the old times were simply marvelous as compared with the present. A hundred and fifty dollars a month, now, as against six hundred then; and a "wild" pilot, picking up seventeen hundred dollars in one month as was done by one man in 1857. Now he couldn't catch a wild boat if he waited the season through--there are none. We went over the river, the steamboats, and the men as we knew them in 1860; and then we went down below and hunted up George McDonald, the good old Scotchman, who never swore at you through the speaking tube, no matter how many bells you gave him in a minute, and who never got rattled, however fast you might send them; who never carried more steam than the license called for, and who never missed a day's duty. The same banter had to be gone through with, with the same result--he had forgotten the slim youth who "shipped up" for him twenty years ago, but whom he promptly recalled when given a clue. And then, it being train time, we all walked across to the station and Burns invited me to take a trip with him, next time, down to St. Louis and back, and work my way at the wheel.

I knew that I had not yet been weaned from the spokes, and doubted if I ever should be. I said that I would try, and I did. I filed an application for the first leave of absence I had ever asked for from the railroad company, and it was granted. I found a man to assist the "devil" in getting out my paper, he doing the editing for pure love of editing, if not from love of the editor. We set our house in order, packed our trunk and grips, and when the specified fortnight was ended, we (my wife, my daughter, and myself) were comfortably bestowed in adjoining staterooms in the ladies' cabin of the "Mary Morton", and I was fidgeting about the boat, watching men "do things" as I had been taught, or had seen others do, twenty years ago or more.

The big Irish mate bullied his crew of forty "niggers", driving them with familiar oaths, to redoubled efforts in getting in the "last" packages of freight, which never reached the last. Among the rest, in that half hour, I saw barrels of mess pork--a whole car load of it, which the "nigger" engine was striking down into the hold. Shades of Abraham! pork _out_ of St. Paul! Twenty years before, I had checked out a whole barge load (three hundred barrels) through from Cincinnati, by way of Cairo. Cincinnati was the great porkopolis of the world, while Chicago was yet keeping its pigs in each back yard, and every freeholder "made" his own winter's supply of pork for himself. The steward in charge of the baggage was always in the way with a big trunk on the gangway, just as of old. The engineers were trying their steam, and slowly turning the wheel over, with the waste cocks open, to clear the cylinders of water. The firemen were coaxing the beds of coal into fiercer heats. The chief clerk compared the tickets which were presented by hurrying passengers, with the reservation sheet, and assigned rooms, all "the best", to others who had no reservations. The "mud" clerk checked his barrels and boxes, and scribbled his name fiercely and with many flourishes to last receipts. The pilot on watch, Mr. Burns, sat on the window ledge in the pilot house, and waited. The captain stood by the big bell, and listened for the "All ready, Sir!" of the mate. As the words were spoken, the great bell boomed out one stroke, the lines slacked away and were thrown off the snubbing posts. A wave of the captain's hand, a pull at one of the knobs on the wheel-frame, the jingle of a bell far below, the shiver of the boat as the great wheel began its work, and the bow of the "Mary Morton" swung to the south; a couple of pulls at the bell-ropes, and the wheel was revolving ahead; in a minute more the escape pipes told us that she was "hooked up", and with full steam ahead we were on our way to St. Louis. And I was again in the pilot house with my old chief, who bade me "show us what sort of an education you had when a youngster".

Despite my forty years I was a boy again, and Tom Burns was the critical chief, sitting back on the bench with his pipe alight, a comical smile oozing out of the corners of mouth and eyes, for all the world like the teacher of old.

The very first minute I met the swing of the gang-plank derrick (there is no jack staff on the modern steamboat, more's the pity), with two or three spokes when one would have been a plenty, yawing the boat round "like a toad in a hailstorm", as I was advised. I could feel the hot blood rushing to my cheeks, just as it did twenty years before under similar provocation, when the eye of the master was upon me. I turned around and found that Mr. Burns had taken it in, and we both laughed like boys--as I fancy both of us were for the time.

But I got used to it very soon, getting the "feel of it", and as the "Mary Morton" steered like a daisy I lined out a very respectable wake; although Tom tried to puzzle me a good deal with questions as to the landmarks, most of which I had forgotten save in a general way.

When eight bells struck, Mr. Link, Mr. Burns's partner, came into the pilot house; that let me out, and after an introduction by Mr. Burns, Mr. Link took the wheel. He was a young man, of perhaps thirty years of age. We lingered a few minutes to watch him skilfully run Pig's Eye, and then went down to dinner, and had introductions all around--to Captain Boland, Mr. Mathers, Mr. McDonald, and other officers.

I took the wheel again, later in the afternoon. It was easy steering, and there was no way of getting out of the channel, for a time; and later I found that some things were taking on a familiar look--that I had not forgotten all of the river, and things were shaping themselves, as each new point or bend was reached, so that very little prompting was necessary.

I had the wheel from Pine Bend to Hastings, where I was given permission to step on the end of a board lever fixed in the floor of the pilot house, on one side of the wheel, and give the signal of the Diamond Jo Line for the landing--two long blasts, followed by three short ones. Here was another innovation. In old times you had to hold your wheel with one hand while you pulled a rope to blow for a landing, which was sometimes a little awkward. This was a very little thing, but it went with the landing-stage derrick, the electric search-light, and a score of other improvements that had come aboard since I walked ashore two decades before.

A mile or two below Hastings I saw the "break" on the surface of the water which marked the resting-place of the "Fanny Harris", on which I had spent so many months of hard work, but which, looked back upon through the haze of twenty years, now seemed to have been nothing but holiday excursions.

At Prescott I looked on the familiar water front, and into the attic windows where with my brother I had so often in the night watches studied the characteristics of boats landing at the levee. Going ashore I met many old-time friends, among whom was Charles Barnes, agent of the Diamond Jo Line, who had occupied the same office on the levee since 1858, and had met every steamboat touching the landing during all those years. He was the Nestor of the profession, and was one of the very few agents still doing business on the water front who had begun such work prior to 1860. Since then, within a few years past, he also has gone, and that by an accident, while still in the performance of duties connected with the steamboat business.

Dropping rapidly down the river, we passed Diamond Bluff without stopping, but rounded to at Red Wing for passengers and freight, and afterward headed into a big sea on Lake Pepin, kicked up by the high south wind that was still blowing. We landed under the lee of the sand-spit at Lake City, and after getting away spent the better part of an hour in picking up a barge load of wheat, that was anchored out in the lake.

By a wise provision of the rules for the government of pilots, adopted since I left the river, no one is permitted in the pilot house except the pilot on watch, or his partner, after the sidelights have been put up. For this reason I could not occupy my chosen place at the wheel after sunset; but I found enough to occupy my time down below in the engine-room, watching the great pitman walk out and in, to and from the crank-shaft, listening to the rush of the water alongside as it broke into a great wave on either side, and to the churning of the wheel, and all the while discussing old times with George McDonald. As the wind was still high and the water rough, I had an opportunity to see Mr. McDonald answer bells, which came thick and furious for a good while before we were well fast to the levee at Reed's Landing. There was no excitement, however, and no rushing from side to side as in the old days, to "ship up". He stood amidship, his hand on the reversing bar, just as a locomotive engineer sits with his hand on the bar of his engine. When the bell rang to set her back, he pulled his lever full back, and then opened his throttle without moving a step. After getting started, and under full way, he simply "hooked her back" three or four notches, and the old-time "short link" operation had been performed without taking a step. A great advance in twenty years! But why wasn't it thought of fifty years ago? I don't know. The same principle had been in use on locomotives from the start. It is simple enough now, on steamboat engines. Perhaps none of the old-timers thought of it.

I turned in at an early hour, and lay in the upper berth, listening to the cinders skating over the roof a couple of feet above my face, and translating the familiar sounds that reached me from engine-room and roof--the call for the draw at the railroad bridge, below the landing; the signal for landing at Wabasha; the slow bell, the stopping-bell, the backing-bell, and a dozen or twenty unclassified bells, before the landing was fully accomplished; the engineer trying the water in the boilers; the rattle of the slice-bars on the sides of the furnace doors as the firemen trimmed their fires; and one new and unfamiliar sound from the engine-room--the rapid exhaust of the little engine driving the electric generator, the only intruder among the otherwise familiar noises, all of which came to my sleepy senses as a lullaby.

I listened for anything which might indicate the passage of the once dreaded Beef Slough bar, but beyond the labored breathing of the engines, that at times indicated shoaling water, there was nothing by which to identify our old-time enemy. So listening, I fell asleep.

"Breakfast is ready, sah", was the pleasant proclamation following a gentle rapping on the stateroom door. Very refreshing, this, compared with the sharp manifesto of the olden-days watchman: "Twelve o'clock; turn out"!

The "Morton" was ploughing along between Victory and De Soto. By the time justice had been done to the well-cooked and well-served meal, the boat had touched at the latter port and taken on a few sacks of barley (potential Budweiser), consigned to one of the big St. Louis breweries. Mr. Link was at the wheel, and as a good understanding had been reached the day before, there was no question as to who was going to do the steering. Mr. Link took the bench and talked river as only a lover could talk, while I picked out the course by the aid of diamond boards and ancient landmarks, without asking many questions. A suggestion now and then: "Let her come in a little closer". "Now you may cross over". "Look out for the snag in the next bend", and like cautions were all that was necessary.

And the pleasure of it! The beautiful morning in June, the woods alive with songbirds; the bluffs and islands a perfect green; the river dimpling under the caresses of a gentle breeze, and blushing rosy under the ardent gaze of the morning sun--a picture of loveliness not to be outdone anywhere in the wide world. And then the sense of power that comes to one who has learned to handle a steamboat with a touch of the wheel, in taking a long bend, a mile or more in length, without moving the wheel an inch, the rudders so slightly angled as to guide the boat along the arc of a circle which would be ten miles in diameter, could it be extended to completion, and leaving a wake as true as if drawn by a pair of dividers!

We did not go into Prairie du Chien, but with the glasses the old French town could be discerned across the island and the slough; it claims to be two hundred years old, and it looked its age. Time was when Prairie du Chien, the terminus of the railroad nearest to St. Paul and the upper river, gave promise of being a big city, the outlet and _entrepôt_ for the trade of a great territory. Her people believed in her, and in her great future. A dozen steamboats might be seen, on many occasions, loading merchandise from the railroad, or unloading grain and produce, in sacks and packages, destined to Milwaukee and Chicago. When I was second clerk I once checked out twenty thousand sacks of wheat in something over thirty-six hours, the cargo of boat and two barges. The wheat now goes through in bulk, in box cars loaded in Iowa and Minnesota, and they do not even change engines at Prairie du Chien, the roundhouse and division terminal being located at McGregor, on the west side of the Mississippi.

At McGregor I saw Joseph Reynolds, at that time owner of five fine steamers, and manager of the Diamond Jo Line. Captain Burns pointed out a man dressed in a dark business suit, sitting on a snubbing post, lazily and apparently indifferently watching the crew handling freight, or looking over the steamer as if it were an unusual and curious sight. He did not speak to any of the officers while we were watching him, and Mr. Burns thought it very unlikely that he would. He did not come on board the boat at all, but sat and whittled the head of the post until we backed out and left him out of sight behind. Mr. Burns allowed that "Jo" was doing a heap of thinking all the time we were watching him, and that he probably did not think of the boat, as a present object of interest, at all.

Joseph Reynolds began his river experience in 1867 with one small boat, carrying his own wheat, and towing a barge when the steamer could not carry it all. When we saw him holding down a snubbing post at McGregor he owned and operated, under the title of the "Diamond Jo Line", the "Mary Morton", "Libbie Conger", "Diamond Jo", "Josephine", and "Josie", all well equipped and handsome steamers. Later, he added the "Sidney", the "Pittsburg", the "St. Paul", and the "Quincy", still larger and better boats.

That night I witnessed for the first time the operation of the electric search-light as an aid to navigation. The night came on dark and stormy, a thunder shower breaking over the river as we were running the devious and dangerous Guttenburg channel, about five or six miles below the town by that name. Instead of straining his eyes out of his head, hunting doubtful landmarks miles away, as we used to do, Mr. Link tooted his little whistle down in the engine-room, and instantly the light was switched on to the lantern at the bow of the boat. Lines running from the pilot house gave perfect control of the light, and it was flashed ahead until it lighted up the diamond boards and other shore-marks by which the crossings were marked and the best water indicated to the pilot. Under a slow bell he worked his way down the ugly piece of river without touching. He had the leads two or three times, just to assure himself, but apparently he could have made it just as well without them.

A mile and a half above the mouth of Turkey River, in the very worst place of all, we found a big log raft in trouble, hung up on the sand, with a steamboat at each end working at it. They occupied so much of the river that it took Mr. Link over an hour to get past the obstruction, the search-light in the meantime turning night into day, and enabling him to look down on the timber and see just where the edge of the raft was. By backing and flanking he finally squeezed past, but not without scraping the sand and taking big chances of getting hung up himself. Coming back, we did hang up for an hour or more in the same place, a mile above the foot of Cassville Slough. Without the aid of the search-light it would have been impossible to have worked the steamer past the raft until daylight came. It is a wonderful aid to navigation, and it is as easy to run crooked places by night as by day, with its assistance.

In St. Louis, after seeing Shaw's Garden and tasting the old French market, the best thing you can do is to go back to the levee and watch the river, the big Eads bridge, the boats, and the darkies. There may be no boats other than the one you came on and are going back upon, but you will not miss seeing the bridge, and you must not miss seeing the darkies. They are worth studying--much better than even imported shrubbery.

There was an Anchor Line boat moored just below us the day we were there, a big side-wheeler, in the New Orleans trade, sixteen hundred tons. The "Mary Morton" was four hundred and fifty, and had shrunk perceptibly since the big liner came alongside. There were two or three other boats, little ones, ferries and traders, sprinkled along the three miles of levee. In 1857 I have seen boats lying two deep, in places, and one deep in every place where it was possible to stick the nose of a steamboat into the levee--boats from New Orleans, from Pittsburg, from the upper Mississippi, from the Missouri, from the Tennessee and the Cumberland, the Red River and the Illinois, loaded with every conceivable description of freight, and the levee itself piled for miles with incoming or outgoing cargoes. Now, it was enough to make one sick at heart. It seemed as if the city had gone to decay. The passage of a train over the bridge every five minutes or less, each way, reassured one on that point, however, and indicated that there was still plenty of traffic, and that it was only the river that was dead, and not the city.

In old times the steamboat crews were comprised principally of white men--that is, deck hands and roustabouts (or stevedores). The firemen may have been darkies, and the cabin crews were more than likely to have been, but the deck crews were generally white. Now, the deck crews are all colored men. They are a happy-go-lucky set, given to strong drink and craps, not to mention some other forms of vice. In old times the crews were hired by the month. The members of a modern deck crew never make two trips consecutively on the same boat. The boat does not lay long enough in St. Louis to give them time to spend ten days' wages, and then get sober enough, or hungry enough, to reship for another trip. Therefore, as soon as the last package of freight is landed, the crew marches to the window of the clerk's office opening out onto the guards, and gets what money is coming to each individual after the barkeeper's checks have been deducted. With this wealth in hand the fellow makes a straight wake for one of the two or three score dives, rum-holes, and bagnios that line the levee. He seldom leaves his favorite inn until his money is gone and he is thrown out by the professional "bouncer" attached to each of these places of entertainment.

The boat does not remain without a crew, however. While one of the clerks is paying off the old crew, another has gone out on the levee with a handful of pasteboard tickets, one for each man he desires to ship for the next round trip to St. Paul. Mounting the tallest snubbing post at hand, he is instantly surrounded by a shouting, laughing, pushing, and sometimes fighting mass of negroes, with an occasional alleged white man. This mob of men are clothed in every conceivable style of rags and tatters, and all are trying to get near the man on the post.

After a minute's delay the clerk cries out: "All set! Stand by"! and gives his handful of tickets a whirl around his head, loosening them a few at a time, and casting them to every point of the compass so as to give all a fair chance to draw a prize. The crowd of would-be "rousters" jump, grab, wrestle, and fight for the coveted tickets, and the man who secures one and fights his way victoriously to the gang plank is at once recorded in the mate's book as one of the crew. The victorious darky comes up the gang plank showing every tooth in his head. It is the best show to be seen in St. Louis.

"Why do they not go out and pick out the best men and hire them in a business-like and Christian-like manner?" inquires the unacclimated tourist.

"Because this is a better and very much quicker way", says the mate, who knows whereof he speaks. "The nigger that can get a ticket, and keep it until he gets to the gang plank, is the nigger for me. He is the 'best man'; if he wasn't he wouldn't get here at all. Some of 'em don't get here--they carry 'em off to the hospital to patch 'em up; sometimes they carry 'em off and plant 'em. There wasn't much of a rush to-day. You ought to see 'em in the early spring, when they are pretty hungry after a winter's freezing and fasting, and they want to get close to a steamboat boiler to get warm. There was not more'n three hundred niggers out there to-day. Last April there was a thousand, and they everlastingly scrapped for a chance to get close to the post. Some of 'em got their 'razzers', and sort of hewed their way in. The clerk got a little shaky himself. He was afraid they might down him and take the whole pack."

"I shouldn't think that you would care to ship the men with 'razzers' as you call them."

"Oh, I don't mind that if they can tote well. Anyway, they all have 'em. They don't use them much on white men, anyhow. And then we look out for them. After we back out from here they will get enough to do to keep them busy. They don't carry any life insurance, and they don't want to fool with white folks, much."

Having watched the mates handling the crew on the down trip one could form a pretty clear judgment why the "niggers" were not solicitous to "fool with" the white men with whom they were in contact while on the river.

That night we steamed across to East St. Louis and took on three thousand kegs of nails for different ports on the upper river. These were carried on the shoulders of the newly-hired deck crew a distance of at least two hundred feet from the railroad freight house to the boat; every one of the forty men "toting" seventy-five kegs, each weighing a hundred and seven pounds. At the conclusion of this exercise it is safe to say that they were glad enough to creep under the boilers so soon as the boat pulled out from the landing. The next morning we were well on our way up the river. I steered most of the daylight watches for Mr. Link all the way upstream. He had a terrible cough, and was very weak, but had the hopefulness which always seems to accompany that dread disease (consumption), that he "would soon get over it". I was glad to relieve him of some hard work, and I was also greatly pleased again to have an opportunity to handle a big boat. Poor fellow, his hopefulness was of no avail. He died at his home in Quincy within two years of that time.

We arrived at St. Paul on schedule time, with no mishaps to speak of, and I parted with regret from old and new friends on the boat, none of whom I have ever seen since that parting twenty-five years ago. Thomas Burns, Henry Link, George McDonald, and Captain Boland are all dead. Charles Mathers, the chief clerk, was living a few years ago at Cairo, an old man, long retired from active service.

As we started to leave the boat, we were arrested by an outcry, a pistol shot, and the shouting of the colored deck hands, followed by the rush of the mate and the fall of one of the men, whom he had struck with a club or billet. Still another colored man lay groaning on the wharf, and a white man was binding up an ugly gash in his neck made by the slash of a razor. In a few minutes the clang of the patrol wagon gong was heard, as it responded to the telephone call, and two darkies were carried off, one to the hospital and the other to the jail. The slightly-interrupted work of toting nail kegs was then resumed. Thus the last sights and sounds were fit illustrations of river life as it is to-day, and as it was a half a century ago--strenuous and rough, indeed, but possessing a wonderful fascination to one who has once fallen under the influence of its spell.

Appendix

Appendix A

_List of Steamboats on the Upper Mississippi River, 1823-1863_

In the following compilation I have endeavored to give as complete a history as possible of every boat making one or more trips on the upper Mississippi River--that is to say, above the upper rapids--prior to 1863, not counting boats engaged exclusively in the rafting business. Owing to the repetition of names as applied to different steamers, which were built, ran their course, and were destroyed, only to be followed by others bearing the same name, it is altogether likely that some have escaped notice. Others that may have made the trip have left no sign. In nearly every case the record is made either at St. Paul or at Galena. Whenever possible, the names of the master and clerk are given. Where boats were running regularly in the trade but one notation is made: "St. Paul, 1852; 1854; etc.", which might include twenty trips during the season. The record covers the period from 1823, when the first steamer, the "Virginia", arrived at St. Peters from St. Louis, with government stores for Fort Snelling, up to 1863, one year after the writer left the river.

ADELIA--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 127 tons; St. Paul, 1855; 1856; 1857--Capt. Bates, Clerk Worsham.

ADMIRAL--Side-wheel; built at McKeesport, Pa., 1853; 245 tons; 169 feet long, 26 feet beam; in St. Paul trade 1854--Capt. John Brooks; went into Missouri River trade; was snagged and sunk October, 1856, at head of Weston Island, in shallow water; had very little cargo at time; was raised and ran for many years thereafter in Missouri River trade.

ADRIATIC--Side-wheel; built at Shousetown, Pa., 1855; 424 tons; was in great ice jam at St. Louis, February, 1856.

ADVENTURE--In Galena trade 1837--Capt. Van Houten.

A. G. MASON--Stern-wheel; built at West Brownsville, Pa., 1855; 170 tons; in St. Paul trade 1855; 1856; 1857--Captain Barry, Clerk Pearman.

ALBANY--Very small boat; in Minnesota River trade 1861.

ALEX. HAMILTON--Galena and St. Paul trade 1848--Captain W. H. Hooper.

ALHAMBRA--Stern-wheel; built at McKeesport, Pa., 1854; 187 tons; Minnesota Packet Company, St. Paul trade 1855--Captain McGuire; 1856--Captain W. H. Gabbert; 1857--Captain McGuire; same trade 1858; 1859; 1860; 1861; 1862, in Dunleith Line, Captain William Faucette.

ALICE--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 72 tons; at St. Paul 1854.

ALPHIA--Galena and St. Louis trade 1837.

ALTOONA--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1853; 66 tons; was in great ice jam at St. Louis, February, 1856; at St. Paul 1857; sunk at Montgomery tow-head 1859.

AMARANTH--(First)--Galena trade 1842--Captain G. W. Atchinson; sunk at head of Amaranth Island 1842.

AMARANTH--(Second)--At Galena, from St. Louis, April 8, 1845.

AMERICA--Sunk 1852, opposite Madison, Iowa.

AMERICAN EAGLE--Cossen, master, burned at St. Louis, May 17, 1849; loss $14,000.

AMERICUS--Stern-wheel; at St. Paul 1856.

AMULET--At Galena, from St. Louis, April 9, 1846.

ANGLER--St. Paul 1859.

ANNIE--At Galena, on her way to St. Peters, April 1, 1840.

ANSON NORTHRUP--Minnesota River boat; was taken to pieces and transported to Moorhead in 1859, where she was put together again and run on the Red River of the North by Captain Edwin Bell for J. C. Burbank & Co., proprietors of the Great Northwestern stage lines.

ANTELOPE--Minnesota River packet 1857; 1858; 1860; 1861. One hundred and ninety-eight tons burden.

ANTHONY WAYNE--Side-wheel; built 1844; in Galena & St. Louis trade 1845, 1846, and 1847--Captain Morrison first, later Captain Dan Able; 1850--Captain Able; went up to the Falls of St. Anthony 1850, first boat to make the trip; made a trip up the Minnesota River into the Indian country, as far as Traverse des Sioux with a large excursion party from St. Paul in 1850; went into Missouri River trade and sank March 25, 1851, three miles above Liberty Landing, Mo., being a total loss.

ARCHER--At Galena, from St. Louis, Sept. 8, 1845; sunk by collision with steamer "Di Vernon", in chute between islands 521 and 522, five miles above mouth of Illinois River, Nov. 27, 1851; was cut in two, and sunk in three minutes, with a loss of forty-one lives.

ARCOLA--St. Croix River boat, at St. Paul 1856; sunk in Lake Pepin 1857, cut down by ice.

ARGO--Galena and St. Peters trade, 1846--Captain Kennedy Lodwick; 1847--Captain M. W. Lodwick, Clerk Russell Blakeley; regular packet between Galena and St. Paul, including Stillwater and Fort Snelling; at Galena from St. Croix Falls 1847, with 100 passengers; sunk fall of 1847 at foot of Argo Island, above Winona, Minn.

ARIEL--(First)--At Fort Snelling and St. Peters June 20, 1838; August 27, 1838; Sept. 29, 1838, from Galena; 1839--Captain Lyon, at Fort Snelling April 14; made three other trips to Fort Snelling that season. She was built by Captain Thurston.

ARIEL--(Second)--Built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1854; 169 tons; Minnesota River packet 1861.

ARIZONA--Stern-wheel--Captain Herdman, from Pittsburg, at St. Paul, 1857.

ASIA--Stern-wheel; St. Paul trade 1853; made twelve trips between St. Louis and St. Paul during season.

ATLANTA--At St. Paul, from St. Louis, Captain Woodruff, 1857; again 1858.

ATLANTIC--At St. Paul 1856--Captain Isaac M. Mason.

ATLAS--Side-wheel; new at Galena, 1846--Captain Robert A. Riley; at St. Peters, from Galena, 1846; sunk near head of Atlas Island.

AUDUBON--Stern-wheel; built at Murraysville, Pa., 1853; 191 tons; St. Paul trade 1855; Captain William Fisher made his initial trip as an independent pilot on this boat.

AUNT LETTY--Side-wheel; built at Elizabeth, Pa., 1855; 304 tons; in Northern Line, St. Louis and St. Paul, 1857--Captain C. G. Morrison; 1859, same.

BADGER STATE--Built at California, Pa., 1850; 127 tons; St. Paul trade 1855 and 1856; sunk at head of Montgomery tow-head 1856.

BALTIMORE--Sunk, 1859, at Montgomery tow-head; hit wreck of "Badger State" and stove. Wreck of "Baltimore" lies on top of wreck of "Badger State".

BANGOR--St. Paul 1857; 1859.

BANJO--Show boat--first of the kind in the river; was at St. Paul in 1856; with a "nigger show". Was seated for an audience, and stopped at all landings along the river, giving entertainments. Captain William Fisher was pilot on her part of one season.

BELFAST--At St. Paul 1857; 1859.

BELLE GOLDEN--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1854; 189 tons; at St. Paul 1855--Captain I. M. Mason.

BELMONT--At Galena, from St. Louis, April 9, 1846; again May 22, 1847.

BEN BOLT--Side-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 228 tons; at St. Paul, from St. Louis, 1855--Captain Boyd; at St. Paul, 1856; 1857.

BEN CAMPBELL--Side-wheel; built at Shousetown, Pa., 1852; 267 tons; in Galena & Minnesota Packet Co., 1852--Captain M. W. Lodwick; rather slow, and too deep in water for upper river; at St. Paul 1853--Capt. M. W. Lodwick; at St. Paul 1859.

BEN COURSIN--Stern-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1854; 161 tons; at St. Paul 1856; 1857; sunk above mouth of Black River, near La Crosse, fall of 1857.

BEN WEST--Side-wheel; at St. Paul, from St. Louis, spring 1855; went into Missouri River trade; struck bridge and sank near Washington, Mo., August, 1855.

BERLIN--At St. Paul 1855; 1856; 1859.

BERTRAND--Rogers, master, at Galena 1846; regular St. Louis packet; advertised for pleasure trip to St. Peters June 19, 1846.

BLACKHAWK--Captain M. W. Lodwick, 1852; bought that year by the Galena Packet Co., for a low water boat; ten trips to St. Paul 1853; Captain R. M. Spencer, opening season 1854, later O. H. Maxwell; 1855, Minnesota River packet, Capt. O. H. Maxwell; at St. Paul 1859.

BLACK ROVER--Eleventh steamboat to arrive at Fort Snelling, prior to 1827.

BON ACCORD--At Galena, from St. Louis, Captain Hiram Bersie, August 31, 1846; in Galena and upper river trade, same captain, 1847; in St. Louis and Galena trade 1848, same captain.

BRAZIL--(First)--Captain Orren Smith, at Galena April 4, 1838; at Fort Snelling June 15, 1838; advertised for pleasure excursion from Galena to Fort Snelling, July 21, 1839; advertised for pleasure excursion from Galena to Fort Snelling, 1840; sunk in upper rapids, Rock Island, 1841, and total loss.

BRAZIL--(Second)--Captain Orren Smith, new, arrived at Galena Sept. 24, 1842; 160 feet long, 23 feet beam; arrived at Galena from St. Peters, Minn., June 5, 1843.

BRAZIL--(Third)--Stern-wheel; built at McKeesport, Pa., 1854; 211 tons; at St. Paul 1856; 1857--Captain Hight, from St. Louis; at St. Paul 1858.

BRIDGEWATER--At Galena, from St. Louis, April 11, 1846.

BROWNSVILLE--Snagged and sunk in Brownsville Chute, 1849.

BURLINGTON--(First)--At Galena, from St. Peters, June 17, 1837; at Fort Snelling, Captain Joseph Throckmorton, May 25, 1838, and again June 13, 1838; third trip that season, arrived at the Fort June 28, 1836, with 146 soldiers from Prairie du Chien, for the Fort.

BURLINGTON--(Second)--Sunk at Wabasha, prior to 1871; in Northern Line; built 1860.

BURLINGTON--(Third)--Large side-wheel, in Northern Line, 1875; St. Louis and St. Paul Packet.

CALEB COPE--Galena & St. Paul Packet Company; in St. Paul 1852.

CALEDONIA--In Galena trade, 1837.

CAMBRIDGE--At St. Paul 1857.

CANADA--Side-wheel, with double rudders; Northern Line Packet Co., Captain James Ward, 1857; 1858; 1859, as St. Louis and St. Paul packet; Captain J. W. Parker, 1860, 1861, same trade; 1862, same trade.

CARRIE--Stern-wheel; 267 tons; went into Missouri River trade and was snagged two miles above Indian Mission, August 14, 1866; boat and cargo total loss; boat valued at $20,000.

CARRIER--Side-wheel; 215 feet long, 33 feet beam; 267 tons; at St. Paul 1856; snagged at head of Penn's Bend, Missouri River, Oct. 12, 1858; sank in five feet of water; boat valued at $30,000; was total loss.

CASTLE GARDEN--At St. Paul 1858.

CAVALIER--At Galena April 9, 1836, for St. Louis; in Galena trade 1837.

CAZENOVIA--At St. Paul 1858.

CECILIA--Capt. Jos. Throckmorton, at St. Peters 1845. Bought by the captain for Galena & St. Peters trade. Same trade 1846, regular.

CEYLON--Stern-wheel; at St. Paul 1858.

CHALLENGE--Built at Shousetown, Pa., 1854; 229 tons; at St. Paul 1858.

CHART--At St. Paul 1859.

CHAS. WILSON--At St. Paul 1859.

CHIPPEWA--(First)--Capt. Griffith, in Galena trade 1841; arrived at Galena from St. Peters May 2, 1843.

CHIPPEWA--(Second)--Capt. Greenlee, from Pittsburg, at St. Paul, 1857; in Northwestern Line, Capt. W. H. Crapeta, St. Louis and St. Paul trade 1858; 1859; burned fifteen miles below Poplar River, on the Missouri, in May, 1861; fire discovered at supper time on a Sunday evening; passengers put on shore and boat turned adrift, she having a large amount of powder on board; boat drifted across the river and there blew up; fire caused by deck hands going into hold with lighted candle to steal whiskey. She was a stern-wheel, 160 feet long, 30 feet beam.

CHIPPEWA FALLS--Captain L. Fulton, in Chippewa River trade, 1859; stern-wheel.

CITY BELLE--Side-wheel; built at Murraysville, Pa., 1854; 216 tons; Minnesota Packet Co., Galena & St. Paul trade 1856--Captain Kennedy Lodwick; 1857--Captain A. T. Champlin, for part of the season; 1858; burned on the Red River in 1862, while in government service; was a very short boat and very hard to steer, especially in low water.

CLARA--Stern-wheel, of St. Louis; 567 tons burden, 250 horse-power engines; at St. Paul 1858.

CLARIMA--At St. Paul 1859.

CLARION--(First)--Went to Missouri River, where she was burned, at Guyandotte, May 1, 1845.

CLARION--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at Monongahela, Pa., 1851; 73 tons; made 25 trips up Minnesota River from St. Paul, 1853; same trade 1855; 1856--Captain Hoffman; 1857; 1858; had a very big whistle, in keeping with her name--so large that it made her top heavy.

COL. MORGAN--At St. Paul 1855; 1858.

COMMERCE--At St. Paul, from St. Louis, 1857--Captain Rowley.

CONESTOGA--St. Louis and St. Paul trade 1857--Captain James Ward, who was also the owner.

CONEWAGO--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1854; 186 tons; St. Louis and St. Paul Packet Co., 1855; 1856; 1857--Capt. James Ward; 1858; 1859.

CONFIDENCE--At Galena, from St. Louis, Nov. 7, 1845; same April 11, 1846; same March 30, 1847.

CONVOY--Stern-wheel; built at Freedom, Pa., 1854; 123 tons; at St. Paul 1857.

CORA--Side-wheel; single engine; two boilers; hull built by Captain Jos. Throckmorton at Rock Island; 140 feet long, 24 feet beam, five feet hold; engine 18 inches by 5 feet stroke, built at St. Louis. At Galena, on first trip, Sept. 30, 1846, Captain Jos. Throckmorton, in Galena and St. Peters trade; first boat at Fort Snelling 1847, Captain Throckmorton; Galena and St. Peters trade 1848, same captain, also running to St. Croix Falls. Sold to go into Missouri River trade fall of 1848; snagged and sunk below Council Bluffs, May 5, 1850, drowning fifteen people.

CORNELIA--Sunk, 1855, in Chain of Rocks, lower rapids; hit rock and stove.

COURIER--Built at Parkersburg, Va., 1852; 165 tons; owned by W. E. Hunt; in St. Paul trade 1857.

CREMONA--Stern-wheel; built at New Albany, Ind., 1852; 266 tons; in Minnesota River trade 1857--Captain Martin.

CUMBERLAND VALLEY--At Galena August 2, 1846; broke shaft three miles above Burlington, Aug. 18, 1846.

DAISY--Small stern-wheel; St. Paul 1858.

DAMSEL--Stern-wheel; 210 tons; in St. Paul trade 1860; 1864, Farley, clerk; chartered as a circus boat, Charles Davis, pilot; snagged at head of Onawa Bend, Missouri River, 1876; had on board the circus company, which was taken off by Captain Joseph La Barge, in the steamer "John M. Chambers"; no lives lost; boat total loss.

DAN CONVERSE--Stern-wheel; built at McKeesport, Pa., 1852; 163 tons; at St. Paul 1855, and at other times; went into Missouri River trade and was snagged Nov. 15, 1858, ten miles above St. Joseph, Mo.; total loss.

DANIEL HILLMAN--At Galena May 25, 1847, from St. Louis.

DANUBE--(First)--Sunk, 1852, below Campbell's Chain, Rock Island Rapids; hit rock and stove.

DANUBE--(Second)--Stern-wheel; at St. Paul 1858.

DAVENPORT--Side-wheel; built 1860; in Northern Line; sunk by breaking of ice gorge at St. Louis, Dec. 13, 1876, but raised at a loss of $4,000.

DENMARK--(First)--Sunk, 1840, at head of Atlas Island, by striking sunken log.

DENMARK--(Second)--Side-wheel, double-rudder boat; Captain R. C. Gray, in Northern Line, St. Louis & St. Paul, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860; 1861, same line, Captain John Robinson; 1862, same line.

DES MOINES VALLEY--St. Paul 1856.

DEW DROP--Stern-wheel; 146 tons; at St. Paul 1857; 1858; Capt. W. N. Parker, 1859, in Northern Line; went into Missouri River trade and was burned at mouth of Osage River, June, 1860.

DIOMED--St. Paul 1856.

DI VERNON--(Second)--Built at St. Louis, Mo., 1850; cost $49,000; at St. Paul June 19, 1851; in collision with steamer "Archer" Nov. 27, 1851, five miles above mouth of Illinois River. (See "Archer".)

DR. FRANKLIN--(First)--First boat of the Galena & Minnesota Packet Co.; bought 1848; owned by Campbell & Smith, Henry L. Corwith, H. L. Dousman, Brisbois & Rice; M. W. Lodwick, Captain, Russell Blakeley, Clerk, Wm. Meyers, Engineer; first boat to have steam whistle on upper river; Captain Lodwick 1849; 1850; in Galena and St. Paul trade; Capt. Lodwick in 1851; took a large party on pleasure excursion from Galena to the Indian treaty grounds at Traverse des Sioux, Minnesota River; 1852, Captain Russell Blakeley, Clerk Geo. R. Melville; out of commission 1853; sunk at the foot of Moquoketa Chute 1854; total loss.

DR. FRANKLIN--(Second)--Called "No. 2"; bought of Capt. John McClure, at Cincinnati, in the winter of 1848, by Harris Brothers--D. Smith, Scribe and Meeker--to run in opposition to "Dr. Franklin No. 1"; Smith Harris, Captain; Scribe Harris, Engineer; 1850 went up to St. Anthony Falls; in 1851 was the last boat to leave St. Paul, Nov. 20; the St. Croix was closed and heavy ice was running in the river; Capt. Smith Harris 1852; made 28 trips to St. Paul in 1853; Capt. Preston Lodwick, 1854.

DUBUQUE--(First)--At Galena April 9, 1836, for St. Louis, Captain Smoker; lost, 1837; exploded boiler at Muscatine Bar, eight miles below Bloomington.

DUBUQUE--(Second)--At Galena April 20, 1847, Captain Edward H. Beebe; 162 feet long, 26 feet beam, 5 feet hold; on her first trip; regular St. Louis, Galena and Dubuque trade; same 1848; at Galena July 29, 1849, Captain Edward H. Beebe, loading for Fort Snelling; sunk above Mundy's Landing 1855.

DUBUQUE--(Third)--Side-wheel, 603 tons; in Northern Line, St. Louis & St. Paul 1871.

EARLIA--At St. Paul 1857.

ECLIPSE--Eighth steamboat to arrive at Fort Snelling prior to 1827.

EDITOR--Side-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1851; 247 tons; very fast; St. Louis & St. Paul 1854--Capt. Smith; same trade 1855--Capt. J. F. Smith; 1856; 1857--Captain Brady, Clerks R. M. Robbins and Charles Furman.

EFFIE AFTON--At St. Paul 1856; small stern-wheel; hit Rock Island Bridge and sank, 1858; total loss.

EFFIE DEANS--St. Paul 1858; Captain Joseph La Barge; burnt at St. Louis 1865.

ELBE--In Galena trade 1840.

ELIZA STEWART--At Galena May 26, 1848, from St. Louis, with 350 tons freight. Left for St. Louis, with 100 tons freight from Galena.

EMERALD--In Galena trade 1837; sunk or burned 1837.

EMILIE--(First)--Side-wheel, Capt. Joseph La Barge, American Fur Company, at St. Peters, 1841; snagged, 1842, in Emilie Bend, Missouri River.

ENDEAVOR--Stern-wheel; built at Freedom, Pa., 1854; 200 tons; at St. Paul 1857.

ENTERPRISE--(First)--Small stern-wheel; twelfth boat to arrive at Fort Snelling, prior to 1827; again at the Fort June 27, 1832; sunk at head of Enterprise Island, 1843.

ENTERPRISE--(Second)--Small side-wheel boat from Lake Winnebago; owned and captained by Robert C. Eden, son of an English baronet, on an exploring and hunting expedition; Geo. B. Merrick piloted for him for two months on the upper river and the St. Croix.

ENTERPRISE--(Third)--Built in 1858, above the Falls of St. Anthony, to run between St. Anthony and Sauk Rapids. Work superintended by Capt. Augustus R. Young. Before the work was completed the boat was sold to Thomas Moulton, and when finished she was run above the Falls during 1859, 1860, and 1861. She was officered by four brothers--Augustus R. Young, Captain and Pilot; Jesse B. Young, Mate; Josiah Young, First Engineer, and Leonard Young, Second Engineer. Thomas Moulton and I. N. Moulton took turns in running as clerk. In 1863 she was sold to W. F. and P. S. Davidson, who moved her around St. Anthony Falls on skids, and launched her in the river below. She ran as freight boat in the Davidson Line between La Crosse and St. Paul for several years, and was then sold to go south. She was a stern-wheel boat, 130 feet long, and 22 feet beam. The Youngs are dead, with the exception of Leonard. Captain I. N. Moulton is living (1908) at La Crosse, where he is engaged in the coal business.

ENVOY--(First)--In Galena trade 1857.

ENVOY--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at West Elizabeth, Pa., 1852; 197 tons; at St. Paul 1857--Capt. Martin, Clerk E. Carlton; at St. Paul 1858.

EOLIAN--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1855; 205 tons; in Minnesota River trade 1857--Captain Troy; same trade 1858; 1859.

EQUATOR--Stern-wheel; built at Beaver, Pa., 1853; 162 tons; in St. Paul trade 1855, 1856; Minnesota River 1857--Captain Sencerbox; wrecked in great storm on Lake St. Croix April 1858--Captain Asa B. Green, pilots Charles Jewell, Geo. B. Merrick; Engineer John Lay; Mate Russel Ruley.

EXCELSIOR--Side-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1849; 172 tons; St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1850; Captain James Ward, owner and captain; same 1852; arrived at St. Paul Nov. 20, 1852, with 350 tons of freight, taken at $1.00 per hundredweight for any distance; over $8,000 in the trip. In 1853 made 13 round trips from St. Louis to St. Paul; "Billy" Henderson owned the bar on this boat and sold oranges and lemons, wholesale, along the river; 1854, Captain Owen; 1855, Capt. James Ward; 1856, Capt. Kingman; 1857, Capt. Conway, in St. Paul trade.

EXPRESS--One of the first boats to reach Fort Snelling prior to 1827.

FALCON--Capt. Legrand Morehouse, St. Louis, Galena, Dubuque & Potosi regular packet 1845; same 1846; in August, in Galena and St. Peters trade, reports very low water at St. Peters; 1847, Capt. Morehouse, St. Louis and Galena regular packet.

FALLS CITY--Stern-wheel; built 1855, at Wellsville, Ohio, by St. Anthony Falls merchants, who ran her to the foot of the Falls in order to show that the river was navigable to that point; 155 feet long, 27 feet beam, 3 boilers; Captain Gilbert, 1855; in St. Louis trade 1856, and got caught in great ice jam at St. Louis that year; Capt. Jackins, 1857; wintered above the lake and was sunk by ice in Lake Pepin in April, 1857. 183 tons.

FAIRY QUEEN--At St. Paul 1856.

FANNY HARRIS--Stern-wheel; 279 tons; built at Cincinnati, and owned by Dubuque merchants; put into St. Paul trade in 1855, from Dubuque and Dunleith, Capt. Jones Worden, Clerk Charles Hargus; same 1856; 1857, Capt. Anderson, Clerk Chas. Hargus, Second Clerk Geo. B. Merrick, in Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul Packet Co.; same 1858, 1859; Capt. W. H. Gabbert 1860; wintered at Prescott; 1861, Capt. William Faucette, Clerks Hargus and Merrick, Engineers McDonald and William Hamilton, Pilots James McCoy, Harry Tripp, James Black, Thomas Burns and Thomas Cushing, Mate "Billy" Wilson; went up Minnesota River in April, three hundred miles to bring down Sherman's Battery; Thos. Burns raised a company for the 45th Illinois in 1861; Capt. Faucette in command 1862; Merrick left her for the war in August, 1862; she was sunk by the ice at Point Douglass in 1863; Charles Hargus died at Dubuque, August 10, 1878.

FANNY LEWIS--Of St. Louis, at St. Paul.

FAVORITE--Side-wheel; Minnesota River packet 1859; same 1860, Capt. P. S. Davidson; transferred to La Crosse trade in 1860; Capt. P. S. Davidson, 1861, in La Crosse trade; Minnesota River trade 1862; 252 tons burden.

FAYETTE--At Fort Snelling May 11, 1839; reported at St. Croix Falls May 12, 1839.

FIRE CANOE--Stern-wheel; built at Lawrence, Ohio, 1854; 166 tons; at St. Paul May, 1855--Captain Baldwin; 1856; 1857--Captain Spencer; in Minnesota River trade 1858; sunk by ice in Lake Pepin, three miles below Wacouta, April, 1861; passengers and crew were taken off by "Fanny Harris", which was near her when she sank.

FLEETWOOD--At St. Paul June 26, 1851.

FLORA--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1855; 160 tons; St. Paul trade 1855; Dubuque and St. Paul 1856, in Dubuque and St. Paul Packet Co.

FOREST ROSE--Built at California, Pa., 1852; 205 tons; at St. Paul 1856.

FORTUNE--Bought by Captain Pierce Atchison in April, 1845, at Cincinnati at a cost of $6,000, for St. Louis & Galena trade; same trade 1846; same 1847; sunk, Sept., 1847, on upper rapids.

FRANK STEELE--Small side-wheel; length 175 feet; beam 28 feet; Capt. W. F. Davidson, in Minnesota River trade 1857; same 1858; same trade, Capt. J. R. Hatcher, 1859, and spring of 1860; transferred to La Crosse & St. Paul trade 1860, in Davidson's Line; same 1861; Minnesota River 1862.

FRED LORENZ--Stern-wheel; built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1855; 236 tons; Capt. Parker, St. Louis & St. Paul Line, 1857, 1858, 1859; in Northern Line Packet Co., St. Louis & St. Paul, Captain I. N. Mason, 1860, 1861.

FREIGHTER--In Minnesota River trade 1857, 1858; Captain John Farmer, 1859. She was sold, 1859, to Captain John B. Davis, who took a cargo for the Red River of the North, and attempted to run her via Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake, and over the portage to Red River. His attempt was made too late in the season, on a falling river, with the result that the "Freighter" was caught about ten miles from Big Stone Lake and was a total loss. Her timbers remained for many years a witness to Captain Davis's lack of caution.

FRONTIER--New 1836; built by D. S. and R. S. Harris, of Galena; Captain D. Smith Harris, Engineer R. Scribe Harris, arrived at Fort Snelling May 29, 1836.

FULTON--Tenth steamboat to arrive at Fort Snelling prior to 1827; at Galena, advertised for St. Peters, June, 1827.

G. B. KNAPP--Small stern-wheel; 105 tons, built and commanded by Geo. B. Knapp, of Osceola, Wisconsin; ran in the St. Croix River trade most of the time.

G. H. WILSON--Small stern-wheel; built for towboat, and powerfully engined; 159 tons; at St. Paul first 1857; afterward in Northern Line as low water boat; sunk opposite Dakota, Minnesota, 1862.

G. W. SPARHAWK--Side-wheel; built at Wheeling, Va., 1851; 243 tons; in St. Paul trade 1855; sunk one mile below Nininger, Minnesota.

GALENA--(First)--Built at Cincinnati for Captain David G. Bates; Scribe Harris went from Galena to Cincinnati and brought her out as engineer, David G. Bates, Captain; at Galena 1829, 1835, 1836, 1837.

GALENA--(Second)--Captain P. Connolly, at Galena, in Galena & St. Peters trade; nearly wrecked in great wind storm on Lake Pepin in June, 1845; J. W. Dinan, clerk, August 12, 1845; at Dubuque Nov. 28, 1845, at which time she reports upper river clear of ice, although Fever River is frozen so that boats cannot make that port; 1846, Captain Goll, Clerk John Stephens.

GALENA--(Third)--Side-wheel; 296 tons; built 1854 at Cincinnati for Galena & Minnesota Packet Company; in St. Paul trade, D. B. Morehouse, 1854; Captain Russell Blakeley 1855; Captain Kennedy Lodwick, 1856; Captain W. H. Laughton, 1857; first boat through lake 1857, arriving at St. Paul at 2 A. M., May 1; passed "Golden State" and "War Eagle" under way between Lake Pepin and St. Paul; there were twelve boats in sight when she got through; burned and sunk at Red Wing in 1857, the result of carelessness, a deck passenger having dropped a lighted match into some combustible freight; several lives lost; had 46 staterooms.

GALENIAN--At Galena March 30, 1846.

GENERAL BROOKE--Side-wheel; built 1842; Captain Joseph Throckmorton, at Galena, from St. Peters, May 26, 1842; seven trips Galena to St. Peters, 1843; at Galena 1845; sold to Captain Joseph La Barge, of St. Louis, in 1845, for $12,000, to run on the Missouri; continued in that trade until 1849, when she was burned at St. Louis levee.

GENERAL PIKE--Side-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1852; 245 tons; at St. Paul 1857; 1859.

GIPSEY--(First)--In Galena trade, 1837; at Galena, for St. Peters, 1838; at Fort Snelling with treaty goods for Chippewa Indians, Oct. 21, 1838; Captain Gray, at Fort Snelling, May 2, 1839.

GIPSEY--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1855; 132 tons; at St. Paul, 1855; 1856.

GLAUCUS--Captain G. W. Atchison, in Galena trade, 1839; at Fort Snelling, May 21, 1839, and again June 5, 1839.

GLENWOOD--At St. Paul 1857.

GLOBE--Captain Haycock, in Minnesota River trade, 1854, 1855, 1856.

GOLDEN EAGLE--At St. Paul 1856.

GOLDEN ERA--Side-wheel; built at Wheeling, Va., 1852; 249 tons; in Minnesota Packet Company; Captain Hiram Bersie, 1852; Captain Pierce Atchison, at St. Paul, from Galena, May, 1855; later in season Captain J. W. Parker, Dawley, clerk; Captain Parker, 1856; Captain Sam Harlow and Captain Scott in 1857, in Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul Line; same line 1858; Captain Laughton, in La Crosse & St. Paul Line 1859; Captain Laughton, in Dunleith Line 1860; Captain W. H. Gabbert, in Dunleith Line 1861.

GOLDEN STATE--Side-wheel; built at McKeesport, Pa., 1852; 298 tons; 1856--Captain N. F. Webb, Chas. Hargus, clerk; 1857, Captain Scott, Clerk Frank Ward, in Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul Line; at St. Paul 1859.

GOODY FRIENDS--At St. Paul 1859.

GOSSAMER--At St. Paul 1856.

GOV. BRIGGS--At Galena July 23, 25, and 28, 1846, in Galena & Potosi run.

GOV. RAMSEY--Built by Captain John Rawlins, above the Falls of St. Anthony, to run between St. Anthony and Sauk Rapids; machinery built in Bangor, Maine, and brought by way of New Orleans and up the Mississippi River.

GRACE DARLING--At St. Paul 1856.

GRAND PRAIRIE--Side-wheel; built at Gallipolis, Ohio, 1852; 261 tons; made three trips from St. Louis to St. Paul 1853; in St. Paul trade 1856.

GRANITE STATE--Side-wheel; built at West Elizabeth, Pa., 1852; 295 tons; in Minnesota Packet Company, 1856--Captain J. Y. Hurd; 1857--Captain W. H. Gabbert, Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul Line.

GREEK SLAVE--Side-wheel; Captain Louis Robert, 1852; made 18 trips Rock Island to St. Paul in 1853; St. Paul trade 1854; Captain Wood 1855; St. Paul trade 1856.

GREY CLOUD--Side-wheel; built at Elizabeth, Ky., 1854; 246 tons; St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1854; 1855.

GREY EAGLE--Large side-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, by Captain D. Smith Harris, for the Minnesota Packet Company; cost $63,000; length 250 feet; beam 35 feet; hold 5 feet; four boilers, 42 inches diameter, 16 feet long; cylinders 22 inches diameter, 7 feet stroke; wheels 30 feet diameter, 10 feet buckets, 3 feet dip; 673 tons burden; launched spring of 1857; Captain D. Smith Harris, Clerks John S. Pim and F. M. Gleim; Engineers Hiram Hunt and William Briggs; in Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul trade 1857, 1858 and 1859; in St. Louis and St. Paul trade 1860, 1861; sunk by striking Rock Island Bridge, May 9, 1861, at 5 o'clock in the evening going downstream. Captain Harris was in the pilot house with the rapids pilot when a sudden gust of wind veered her from her course and threw her against the abutment; she sank in less than five minutes, with the loss of seven lives. Captain Harris sold out all his interest in the Packet Company and retired from the river, broken-hearted over the loss of his beautiful steamer, which was the fastest boat ever in the upper river. She had made the run from Galena to St. Paul at an average speed of 16-1/2 miles per hour, delivering her mail at all landings during the run.

H. S. ALLEN--Small stern-wheel; Minnesota River boat 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859; after 1860 went into St. Croix River trade as regular packet between Prescott and St. Croix Falls, Captain William Gray, Pilots Chas. Jewell, Geo. B. Merrick.

H. T. YEATMAN--Stern-wheel; built at Freedom, Pa., 1852; 165 tons; wintered above lake, at Point Douglass, 1856-7; left St. Paul for head of Lake, April 10, 1857, and was sunk at Hastings by heading into rocks at levee, staving hole in bow; drifted down and lodged on bar one-half mile below landing; in Minnesota River trade 1855, 1856.

H. M. RICE--Minnesota River packet 1855.

HAMBURG--Large side-wheel; Captain J. B. Estes, Clerk Frederick K. Stanton, Dubuque and St. Paul packet, 1855; Captain Rowe, St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1856, 1857; at St. Paul 1858.

HANNIBAL CITY--Sunk, 1855, at foot of Broken Chute.

HARMONIA--Stern-wheel; Captain Allen, at St. Paul, from Fulton City, Iowa, 1857.

HASTINGS--At St. Paul 1859.

HAWKEYE STATE--Large side-wheel; in Northern Line; at St. Paul 1859; same trade, Captain R. C. Gray, 1860, 1861, St. Louis & St. Paul; same line 1862; 523 tons; made 14 trips St. Louis to St. Paul 1866.

HAZEL DELL--At St. Paul 1858.

HEILMAN--Sunk 1856, half way between Missouri Point and second ravine below Grafton, Mo.

HELEN--At Galena April 11, 1846, from St. Louis.

HENRIETTA--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 179 tons; 2 trips to St. Paul, 1853; 1854--Captain C. B. Goll; St. Paul trade 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859.

HENRY CLAY--New 1857; in Northern Line; Captain Campbell 1857; Captain Chas. Stephenson 1858; at St. Paul 1859; Captain Chas. Stephenson 1860; Captain C. B. Goll 1861; sunk by Confederate batteries at Vicksburg 1863.

HENRY GRAFF--Stern-wheel; built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1855; 250 tons; St. Paul 1856; 1857--Captain McClintock, Clerk Stewart, at St. Paul from St. Louis.

HERALD--At Galena July 11, 1845, from St. Louis.

HERMIONE--Captain D. Smith Harris, at Galena, prior to 1852.

HEROINE--In Galena trade 1837; sunk or burned same year.

HIBERNIAN--At Galena, for St. Peters, 1844; same 1845, Captain Miller, Clerk Hopkins.

HIGHLANDER--In upper river trade, burnt at the levee, at St. Louis, May 1, 1849; valued at $14,000.

HIGHLAND MARY--(First)--Sunk, 1842, at foot of Thomas Chute.

HIGHLAND MARY--(Second)--Galena & St. Paul trade 1848, Captain Joseph Atchison; arrived at St. Paul April 19, 1850, together with the "Nominee", first arrivals of the season, Captain Atchison in command; she was sold to Captain Joseph La Barge to run on the Missouri in 1852; was greatly damaged by fire at St. Louis July 27, 1853. (Captain Jos. Atchison died of cholera, which was very prevalent on the river in 1850, and his boat was temporarily withdrawn from service.)

HINDOO--Two trips to St. Paul, from St. Louis, in 1853.

HUDSON--(First)--Upper River trade about 1830, at which time she was at Fort Snelling; sunk one mile below Guttenburg Landing, Iowa.

HUDSON--(Second)--Stern-wheel; 176 tons; still running, 1868.

HUMBOLDT--Eleven trips to St. Paul 1853; in St. Paul trade 1854.

HUNTRESS--In Galena trade 1846.

HUNTSVILLE--At Galena May 6 and May 17, 1846, from St. Louis; Clerk Hopkins.

IDA MAY--St. Paul 1859.

ILLINOIS--Captain McAllister, in Galena trade 1841.

IMPERIAL--Large side-wheel; burned at the levee at St. Louis in 1861 by rebel emissary, as is supposed.

INDIANA--Fifth steamboat at Fort Snelling prior to 1827; Captain Fay, at Galena, 1828.

INDIAN QUEEN--Captain Saltmarsh, at Galena 1840.

IOLA--Made five trips to St. Paul 1853; in St. Paul trade 1854, 1855.

IONE--In Galena trade 1840; made pleasure trip Galena to St. Peters, 1840; Captain LeRoy Dodge, in Galena trade 1842, also 1845. (Captain James Ward, afterward one of the most successful steamboatmen from St. Louis, was carpenter on this boat.)

IOWA--Captain Legrand Morehouse, Clerk Hopkins, in Galena trade 1842; same captain, in Galena and St. Peters trade 1844, 1845. She was a side-wheel steamboat of 249 tons burden, and cost her captain $22,000 to build. Snagged and sunk at Iowa Island Sept. 10, 1845, in her third year; total loss.

IRENE--At Galena, for St. Peters, June, 1837.

IRON CITY--At Galena Nov. 7, 1844, from Pittsburg; at Galena Oct. 24, 1845; last boat out of Galena Nov. 28, 1845, at which date Fevre River closed; at Galena April 11, 1846, from St. Louis, Captain J. C. Ainsworth; same trade and same captain 1847, 1848; crushed and sunk by ice at St. Louis, Dec. 31, 1849, killing the cook and steward.

ISAAC SHELBY--At St. Paul Nov. 14, 1857; in Minnesota River trade 1858, 1859.

ITASCA--Side-wheel; new 1857; sister boat to "Key City"; 230 feet long, 35 feet beam; 560 tons; cylinders 22-inch, seven feet stroke; wheels 28 feet diameter, 10 feet buckets; Captain David Whitten, Clerks Chas. Horton and W. S. Lewis, 1857; Prairie du Chien and St. Paul 1857, 1858, 1859, Captain Whitten; St. Louis & St. Paul, Captain Whitten, 1860; Dunleith & St. Paul 1861, 1862, Captain J. Y. Hurd; burned at La Crosse Nov. 25, 1878.

J. BISSEL--Captain Bissell, from Pittsburg, 1857; in Minnesota River trade 1857, 1858.

J. B. GORDON--Minnesota River boat 1855.

J. M. MASON--Stern-wheel; sunk 1852, above Duck Creek Chain, Rock Island Rapids; hit rock and stove.

JACOB POE--St. Paul 1857.

JACOB TRABER--Large stern-wheel; had double wheels, operated by independent engines; very slow; at St. Paul 1856, 1857, 1858.

JAMES LYON--Stern-wheel; built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1853; 190 tons; at St. Paul, from St. Louis, 1855, 1856; 1857--Captain Blake; 1858; went into Missouri River trade, and was snagged and sunk at Miami Bend, Missouri River, 1858; total loss.

JASPER--Made seven trips Galena to St. Peters, Minn., 1843.

JAMES RAYMOND--Stern-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1853; 294 tons; show boat; at St. Paul 1858; William Fisher piloted her for one season.

JEANETTE ROBERTS--Small stern-wheel; Captain Louis Robert 1857, 1858, in Minnesota River trade; Captain F. Aymond 1859, same trade; same trade 1860, 1861, 1862; 146 tons.

JENNIE WHIPPLE--Small stern-wheel boat, built for Chippewa River trade; at St. Paul 1857.

JENNY LIND--Stern-wheel; built at Zanesville, Ohio, 1852; 107 tons; one trip to St. Paul 1853; at St. Paul 1859.

JO DAVIESS--Captain D. Smith Harris, in Galena and St. Peters trade prior to 1850.

JOHN HARDIN--Built at Pittsburg 1845, for St. Louis, Galena and upper river trade.

JOHN P. LUCE--At St. Paul 1856.

JOHN RUMSEY--Stern-wheel; Captain Nathaniel Harris, Chippewa River boat 1859.

JOSEPHINE--(First)--Ninth steamboat to reach Fort Snelling; arrived there 1827; at Galena 1828, Capt. J. Clark; in Galena & St. Louis trade 1829, Captain J. Clark.

JOSEPHINE--(Second)--Stern-wheel; St. Paul trade 1856, 1857, 1858.

JULIA--(First)--Side-wheel; snagged in Bellefontaine Bend, Missouri River, about 1849.

JULIA--(Second)--In Upper River trade 1862.

JULIA DEAN--Small stern-wheel, at St. Paul 1855, 1856.

KATE CASSELL--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1854; 167 tons; at St. Paul 1855; wintered above the lake; 1856--Captain Sam. Harlow, Clerk Chas. Hargus; Geo. B. Merrick and Sam. Fifield made their first appearance on the river as pantry boys on this boat this season; Russell Ruley mate, Nat. Blaisdell, engineer; at St. Paul 1859.

KATE FRENCH--Captain French, at St. Paul 1857, from St. Louis.

KENTUCKY--Side-wheel; Captain W. H. Atchison, at Galena April 3, 1847, from St. Louis; in Sept. same year, Captain Montgomery, running from Galena to the Rapids, and connecting there with the "Anthony Wayne" and "Lucy Bertram" for St. Louis, not being able to run the rapids on account of low water.

KENTUCKY NO. 2--Side-wheel; built at Evansville, Ind., 1851; 149 tons; at St. Paul 1855; owned by Captain Rissue, of Prescott; at St. Paul 1857; sunk on bar at foot of Puitt's Island, one mile below Prescott, 1858.

KEOKUK--Side-wheel; St. Paul trade 1858, 1859; Captain E. V. Holcomb, in Minnesota Packet Company, La Crosse & St. Paul, 1860, 1861; Davidson's Line, La Crosse & St. Paul, 1861; first boat at Winona, April 2, 1862, Captain J. R. Hatcher; 300 tons.

KEY CITY--Side-wheel; new 1857; built for the Minnesota Packet Co.; sister boat to "Itasca"; length 230 feet, beam 35 feet, 560 tons burden; very fast; Captain Jones Worden, Clerk George S. Pierce, 1857, Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul run; same 1858, 1859; same captain, in St. Louis & St. Paul run, 1860, 1861; same captain, in Dunleith & St. Paul run, 1862. "Ned" West was pilot of the "Key City" every season, I think, from 1857 to 1862. He was one of the very best pilots on the upper river. He died at St. Paul in 1904.

KEY STONE--Side-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1853; 307 tons.

KEY WEST--At St. Paul 1857.

KNICKERBOCKER--At Fort Snelling June 25, 1839.

LACLEDE--(First)--Built at St. Louis in 1844, for the Keokuk Packet Co.; burned at St. Louis August 9, 1848.

LACLEDE--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1855; 197 tons; at St. Paul 1855, 1856, 1857--Captain Vorhies at St. Paul from St. Louis; St. Paul 1858.

LA CROSSE--At St. Paul, from Pittsburg, 1857--Captain Brickle; again 1861.

LADY FRANKLIN--Side-wheel; built at Wheeling, Va., 1850; 206 tons; at St. Paul June 19, 1851, for first time; in Minnesota Packet Company; at St. Paul, from St. Louis, May 5, 1855, with 800 passengers--Captain J. W. Malin, Clerks Ed. W. Halliday, Orren Smith; 1856--Captain M. E. Lucas, at St. Paul; sunk at foot of Coon Slough fall of 1856--snagged.

LADY MARSHALL--In St. Louis & Galena trade 1837.

LADY WASHINGTON--Captain Shellcross, at Galena, loading for Fort Snelling, 1829.

LAKE CITY--Stern-wheel; built at Pittsburg 1857; Captain Sloan, at St. Paul 1857; in St. Paul trade 1858, 1859; burned by guerrillas at Carson's Landing, Mo., 1862.

LAKE OF THE WOODS--At Galena, from St. Louis, June 5, 1847.

LAMARTINE--First trip to St. Paul 1850; went up to Falls of St. Anthony 1850; at St. Paul June 19, 1851.

LASALLE--At Galena from St. Louis, April 19, 1845.

LATROBE--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1853; 159 tons; at St. Paul from St. Louis, 1855.

LAWRENCE--Sixth steamboat to reach Fort Snelling; arrived there in 1826.

LEWIS F. LYNN--Captain S. M. Kennett, at St. Peters, from Galena, 1844.

LIGHT FOOT--In company with "Time and Tide" took excursion from St. Louis to Fort Snelling in 1845; Captain M. K. Harris, first boat at Galena from St. Louis April 20, 1847; at Galena Sept. 25, 1846.

LINN--At Galena, for St. Anthony Falls, May, 1846. (Possibly intended for "Lewis F. Lynn".)

LITTLE DOVE--Captain H. Hoskins, regular Galena & St. Peters packet, season 1846.

LLOYD HANNA--Advertised for a pleasure excursion from Galena to St. Peters, summer of 1840.

LUCIE MAY--Stern-wheel; built at West Brownsville, Pa., 1855; 172 tons; in St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1856, 1857; 1858--Captain J. B. Rhodes, same trade; 1859, Northwestern Line, St. Louis & St. Paul; sunk five miles below Lagrange, Mo., 1860.

LUCY BERTRAM--Running from St. Louis to the foot of rapids, summer of 1847, in connection with "Kentucky", running above rapids, forming a low water line from St. Louis to Galena.

LUELLA--Stern-wheel; built at Nashville, Tenn., 1851; 162 tons; first trip to St. Paul fall of 1852--Captain D. Smith Harris; seven trips to St. Paul 1853, 1854, 1855--Captain Sam. Harlow, Galena & St. Paul run; 1856; had boilers and engines of a much larger boat which had been sunk, and was consequently very fast; dismantled at Dunleith.

LYNX--At Galena from St. Louis, 1844, Captain W. H. Hooper; Captain John Atchison, Galena & St. Peters trade 1845, Mr. Barger, clerk; Captain Atchison, in Galena & St. Peters trade 1846, 1847; sunk at head of Atlas Island 1849; first through lake 1846.

MAID OF IOWA--At Galena June 15, 1845; running to Fort Winnebago (now Portage, Wis.) on Wisconsin River, in connection with steamer "Enterprise" on Fox River, the two forming a line from Green Bay to Galena; Captain Peter Hotelling master and owner.

MALTA--Side-wheel; Captain Joseph Throckmorton, at Fort Snelling July 22, 1839; advertised at Galena in summer of 1840 for pleasure trip to St. Peters; went into Missouri River trade, where she was snagged in Malta Bend, August, 1841, and sank in 15 feet of water, in little more than a minute after striking a snag; boat and cargo total loss; no lives lost; Captain Throckmorton was in command at the time and owned nearly all or quite all of the boat.

MANDAN--Side-wheel; fourth boat to arrive at Fort Snelling prior to 1827; snagged at mouth of Gasconade River, on the Missouri, sometime in the forties; Captain Phil Hanna, master at the time.

MANSFIELD--Stern-wheel; built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1854; 166 tons; St. Paul 1856, 1857--Captain Owens; Clerk Bryant.

MARTHA NO. 2--Built at Shousetown, Pa., 1849; 180 tons; at St. Paul April 24, 1851, from St. Louis; 1852.

MARY BLANE--Captain J. C. Smith, regular St. Louis and Galena Packet, 1848.

MARY C--At St. Paul 1853.

MATTIE WAYNE--Side-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1852; 335 tons; at St. Paul 1856; greatly damaged by fire at St. Louis 1855.

MEDORA--Owned in St. Paul by William Constans, 1857; Captain Ed. McLagan, in Minnesota River trade 1858.

MENDOTA--Captain Robert A. Reilly, at St. Peters, from Galena, 1844; same captain, in St. Louis & Galena trade 1845; Captain Starnes, in St. Louis & Galena trade 1846; snagged opposite Cat Island October, 1847, but raised.

MERMAID--Side-wheel; in collision with Steamer "St. Croix", near Quincy, April 11, 1845; larboard wheel and cook's galley knocked off.

MESSENGER--Large stern-wheel; built at Pittsburg, Pa., 1855; 406 tons; very fast, in St. Paul trade in opposition to Minnesota Packet Company, 1857, from St. Louis; raced with "Key City" for championship of Upper River and was defeated.

METROPOLITAN--Very large side-wheel; St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1856; Captain Thos. B. Rhodes, same trade 1857; Northwestern Line, same captain, 1858, 1859; Captain J. B. Jenks 1860; Captain Thos. B. Buford 1861; sunk at St. Louis by breaking of ice jams, Dec. 16, 1865; valued at $18,000.

MILWAUKEE--Large side-wheel; one of the crack boats of the Minnesota Packet Company, built at Cincinnati winter of 1856; 240 feet long, 33 feet beam; 550 tons burden; Captain Stephen Hewitt, in Prairie du Chien & St. Paul run 1857, 1858, 1859; Captain John Cochrane, in Dunleith & St. Paul run 1860, 1861; Captain E. V. Holcombe, in Dunleith run 1862.

MINNESOTA--(First)--Stern-wheel; built at Elizabethtown, Ky., 1849; at St. Paul, from Galena, 1849--Captain R. A. Riley; at St. Paul June 25, 1851; 1857, 1858, Captain Hay, in Minnesota River trade.

MINNESOTA BELLE--Side-wheel; built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1854; 226 tons; 1854, 1855, 1856--Captain Humbertson, in St. Louis & St. Paul trade; 1857--Captain Thos. B. Hill, same trade; 1859, in Northern Line, St. Louis & St. Paul, Captain Hill.

MINNESOTA VALLEY--At St. Paul 1856.

MISSOURI FULTON--Captain Culver, first part 1828; at Galena for St. Peters, Captain Clark later in 1828; arrived at Fort Snelling May 8, 1836, Captain Orren Smith; same captain, in Galena & St. Peters trade 1837.

MOHAWK--Sunk 1859, at head of Clarkesville Island.

MONDIANA--At Galena, from St. Louis, June 6, 1847.

MONITOR--Small stern-wheel, 99 tons, from Pittsburg, at St. Paul, 1857.

MONONA--At Galena from St. Louis March 10, 1845, Captain Nick Wall; sunk opposite Little Washington, Missouri River, Oct. 30, 1846; raised; in Galena & St. Peters trade, Captain E. H. Gleim, 1846; at Galena, from St. Louis, April 3, 1847, Captain Ludlow Chambers.

MONTAUK--(First)--At Galena Oct. 18, 1847, from St. Louis; at Galena, from St. Louis 1848, Captain John Lee; regular packet.

MONTAUK--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 237 tons; at St. Paul from St. Louis, 1855; 1856--Captain Parker, from St. Louis; 1857--Captain Burke, Clerks Mullen and Ditto, from St. Louis.

MONTELLO--Small stern-wheel from Fox River, Wis., in Minnesota River trade 1855; built over hull of barge--no boiler deck.

MOSES McLELLAN--Side-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1855; 400 tons; Captain Martin, in Davidson Line, La Crosse & St. Paul, 1862.

MOUNT DEMING--At St. Paul 1857.

MUNGO PARK--At Galena from St. Louis April 16, 1845; regular packet.

MUSCODA--Captain J. H. Lusk, in Galena trade 1841.

NAVIGATOR--Large stern-wheel; Captain A. T. Champlin, in St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1854; same trade 1855; 300 tons; built at Pittsburg, by William Dean.

NEIVILLE--Second steamboat to arrive at Fort Snelling prior to 1827.

NELLIE KENT--Small stern-wheel, built at Osceola, Wis., by Captain Kent, to run between Prescott and St. Croix Falls.

NEW HAVEN--At Galena, for St. Louis, Nov. 5, 1844; regular St. Louis, Galena, Dubuque & Potosi Packet, 1845, Captain Geo. L. King; at Galena June 12, 1846.

NEW ST. PAUL--Side-wheel; built at New Albany, Ind., 1852; 225 tons; Captain James Bissell; went into Missouri River trade, and was snagged and sunk at St. Albert's Island, Aug. 19, 1857; boat and cargo total loss; boat cost $25,000.

NEW YORK--At St. Paul 1856.

NIMROD--At Galena from St. Louis, June 14, 1845; American Fur Company boat; went into Missouri River trade.

NOMINEE--Side-wheel; built at Shousetown, Pa., 1848; 213 tons; Captain D. Smith Harris, arrived at St. Paul, April 19, 1850, in company with "Highland Mary", first boats through lake; in Minnesota Packet Co.; Captain Orren Smith, at St. Paul April 16, 1852, 8 P. M., first boat through lake; Captain Russell Blakeley, 29 trips Galena to St. Paul, 1853; Captain Russell Blakeley, first boat at St. Paul April 8, 1854; sunk below Britt's Landing, 1854; Mr. Maitland was clerk in 1852.

NORTHERNER--Side-wheel; built at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1853; 400 tons; very fast; contested with "Key City" for championship of Upper River, but was beaten; in Northern Line, St. Louis & St. Paul; Captain Pliny A. Alford, commanded her 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862; burned at St. Louis prior to 1871.

NORTHERN BELLE--Side-wheel; 498 tons; built at Cincinnati, under supervision of Captain Preston Lodwick in 1856, for Minnesota Packet Co.; 226 feet long, 29 feet beam, light draft and very handsomely finished, outside and in; Galena & St. Paul Line 1856, Captain Preston Lodwick; Captain J. Y. Hurd, Dunleith Line, 1858; same captain, in La Crosse Line 1859; same captain, in Dunleith Line, 1860; in La Crosse Line, Captain W. H. Laughton, 1861; took five companies of the First Minnesota Infantry Volunteers from St. Paul to La Crosse, June 22, 1861; Captain W. H. Laughton, in Davidson's La Crosse Line, 1862.

NORTHERN LIGHT--Large side-wheel; built at Cincinnati for Minnesota Packet Co., winter of 1856; length 240 feet, beam 40 feet, hold 5 feet; 740 tons; cylinders 22 inches, seven feet stroke; 8 boilers, 46 inches diameter, 17 feet long; wheels 31 feet diameter, 9 feet buckets, 30 inches dip; came out in the spring of 1857 with Captain Preston Lodwick, Clerks J. D. DuBois and K. C. Cooley; Engineers James Kinestone and Geo. Radebaugh; Mate James Morrison; had oil paintings of St. Anthony Falls, Dayton Bluffs and Maiden Rock in panels in the cabin; paddle boxes had paintings of _aurora borealis_; Captain P. Lodwick, in Galena, Dunleith & St. Paul Line 1857, 1858, 1859; same captain, in St. Louis & St. Paul Line 1860; Captain John B. Davis, St. Louis Line 1861; Captain Gabbert, in Dunleith Line 1862; sunk in first bend below head of Coon Slough, by Jackson Harris, pilot, who swung stern of boat into solid shore ice in making fast turn of the bend, tearing out the stern of the boat and sinking her in 30 feet of water in a few minutes.

NORTH STAR--Built above the Falls of St. Anthony by Captain John Rawlins in 1855; running from St. Anthony to Sauk Rapids until 1857.

NUGGET--Stern-wheel; snagged April 22, 1866, abreast Dacota City, Nebr., on Missouri River; boat and cargo total loss; boat valued at $20,000.

OAKLAND--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 142 tons; Captain C. S. Morrison, at St. Paul, 1855; at St. Paul from St. Louis 1856, 1857, 1858.

OCEAN WAVE--Side-wheel; built at Elizabeth, Ky., 1854; 235 tons; very short boat and very hard to steer; cost $17,000; in Minnesota Packet Company, Captain E. H. Gleim 1856; 1857, Captain Andrews in spring, and Captain James in fall, in Galena & St. Paul Line; 1858, 1859--Captain Scott, in Prairie du Chien Line; 1860, Captain N. F. Webb, in Dunleith Line; 1861, Captain Webb, in La Crosse Line.

ODD FELLOW--Cline, master, at Galena 1848.

OHIO--Captain Mark Atchison, in Galena trade 1842; at Galena for St. Louis, Nov. 5, 1844.

OLIVE BRANCH--Captain Strother, at Galena, for St. Louis, April 9, 1836.

OMEGA--At Galena for St. Peters, Minnesota, spring of 1840, Captain Joseph Sire, Pilot Joseph La Barge; owned by American Fur Co.; went into the Missouri River trade.

ORB--Stern-wheel; built at Wheeling, Va., 1854; 226 tons; at St. Paul from St. Louis, 1857, Captain Spencer.

OSCEOLA--Small stern-wheel boat, built for St. Croix River trade; at St. Paul 1855.

OSPREY--In St. Louis & Galena trade 1842, Captain N. W. Parker; same trade 1845, 1846.

OSWEGO--At St. Paul Nov. 13, 1851.

OTTER--Built and owned by Harris Brothers; D. Smith Harris, captain; R. Scribe Harris, engineer; in Galena and St. Peters trade 1841, 1842; 7 trips to St. Peters in 1843; Captain Scribe Harris, in same trade 1844, 1845; arrived at Galena from St. Peters, April 8, 1845, having passed through lake on up trip; in same trade 1846, 1847; Harris Bros, sold her in 1848; her engines were taken out and placed in the "Tiger" prior to 1852.

PALMYRA--Captain Cole, arrived at Fort Snelling June 1, 1836, with a pleasure excursion consisting of some 30 ladies and gentlemen from Galena; in Galena & St. Peters trade 1837, Captain Middleton; arrived at Fort Snelling July 14, 1838, bringing the official notice of the Sioux treaty, opening of St. Croix Valley to settlers; also brought machinery for sawmill to be built on St. Croix, and Mr. Calvin Tuttle, millwright, with a number of workers to erect the mill.

PANOLA--At St. Paul 1858.

PARTHENIA--Stern-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1854; 154 tons; in St. Paul trade 1856, 1857.

PAVILION--Captain Lafferty, at Galena for St. Peters, June 1, 1837.

PEARL--At Galena for St. Louis, March 16, 1845; same October, 1847, Montgomery, master; regular Galena & St. Peters trade 1848; also for St. Croix Falls.

PEMBINA--Side-wheel; in Northwestern Line and Northern Line; Captain Thos. H. Griffith, St. Louis & St. Paul 1857, 1858, 1859; Captain John B. Hill, same trade 1860, 1861.

PENNSYLVANIA--Captain Stone, at St. Paul June 1, 1839.

PIKE--At Galena, on her way up the river, Sept. 3, 1839; arrived at Fort Snelling with troops Sept. 9, 1839; arrived again Sept. 17, 1839; in same trade 1840.

PILOT--At Galena from St. Louis, Sept. 6, 1846.

PIZARRO--At Galena, new 1838; built by Captain R. Scribe Harris; 133 feet long, 20 feet beam, 144 tons burden; in Galena trade 1840.

PLANET--At Galena from St. Louis May 21, 1847.

PLOW BOY--Side-wheel; 275 tons; snagged above Providence, Mo., on Missouri River, 1853.

POMEROY--Minnesota River boat, Captain Bell 1861.

POTOSI--Collapsed flue at Quincy, Ill., October 4, 1844, killing two passengers; at Galena, Ill., from St. Louis, April 11, 1846.

PRAIRIE BIRD--Captain Nick Wall, in Galena, St. Louis & St. Peters trade 1846; at Galena April 11, 1846; at Galena, April 3, 1847, Captain Nick Wall, same trade; 213 tons burden; cost $17,000; sunk above Keithsburg, Iowa, 1852.

PRAIRIE ROSE--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1854; 248 tons; in St. Louis and St. Paul trade, 1855, Captain Maratta.

PRAIRIE STATE--(First)--One of the early boats on the Upper River; exploded boilers at Pekin, Ill., April 25, 1852, killing 20 of the deck passengers and crew.

PRAIRIE STATE--(Second)--Stern-wheel; 281 tons; 59 horse power; Captain Truett, St. Louis & St. Paul Packet, 1855.

PRE-EMPTION--Built by Harris Bros., of Galena; Captain D. Smith Harris, some time prior to 1852.

PROGRESS--Stern-wheel; built at Shousetown, Pa., 1854; 217 tons; Captain Goodell, at St. Paul, loading for St. Louis, 1857.

QUINCY--In Galena trade 1840.

RARITAN--Captain Rogers, at Galena 1846.

REBUS--St. Paul trade 1854.

RED ROVER--Captain Throckmorton, in Galena trade 1828, 1829, 1830.

RED WING--(First)--Side-wheel; 24 feet beam; new 1846; Captain Berger, in St. Louis & St. Peters regular trade, 1846; at Galena April, 1846; Clerk Green; Captain Berger, St. Louis & St. Peters, 1847, 1848.

RED WING--(Second)--Side-wheel; at St. Paul 1855; Captain Woodburn, at St. Paul 1857; Captain Ward, latter part 1857; Captain Ward, at St. Paul 1858.

RED WING--(Third)--In Northwestern Line, 1879-1880; side-wheel, 670 tons burden.

REGULATOR--Stern-wheel; built at Shousetown, Pa., 1851; 156 tons; in St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1855.

RELIEF--Captain D. Smith Harris, prior to 1852.

RESCUE--Stern-wheel; built at Shousetown, Pa., 1853; 169 tons; built for towboat; very fast; Captain Irvine, at St. Paul from Pittsburg, 1857.

RESERVE--At St. Paul 1857.

RESOLUTE--Stern-wheel (towboat); very powerful engines; 316 tons; owned by Capt. R. C. Gray, of Pittsburg Tow-boat Line.

REVEILLE--Small stern-wheel; wintered above the lake 1855; St. Paul trade 1855, 1856, 1857.

REVEILLE--At Galena, from St. Louis, April 18, 1846; regular packet in that trade; (do not know whether it is the same as above).

REVENUE--Captain Turner, in Galena trade 1847; burned on Illinois River, May 24, 1847.

REVENUE CUTTER--Captain McMahan and Oliver Harris, owners, McMahan, master, at Galena, from St. Louis, May 9, 1847; in Galena & St. Peters trade; bought to take place of steamer "Cora" sold to go into Missouri River trade.

ROBERT FULTON--At St. Paul July 3, 1851.

ROCHESTER--Built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1855; 199 tons; at St. Paul 1856.

ROCKET--At St. Paul from St. Louis, 1857.

ROCK RIVER--Small boat, owned and commanded by Augustin Havaszthy, Count de Castro, an Hungarian exile; in Galena and upper river trade 1841; made trips between Galena & St. Peters once in two weeks during season of 1842; in same trade 1843, 1844; laid up for winter at Wacouta, head of lake, in fall of 1844, her cook and several others of the crew walking on the ice to La Crosse; the captain and two or three others remained on board all winter, and in the spring, as soon as the ice was out of the lake, went south with the boat, which ran on some lower river tributary, and the Count was lost sight of.

ROLLA--At Galena for St. Peters, June 18, 1837; had on board Major Tallaferro, U. S. A., with a party of Indians; arrived at Fort Snelling Nov. 10, 1837, bringing delegations of chiefs who had been to Washington to make a treaty whereby the St. Croix Valley was opened to settlers; collapsed a flue and burned near Rock Island, Ill., November, 1837, killing one fireman and severely scalding the engineer on watch.

ROSALIE--(First)--In Galena and St. Louis trade 1839.

ROSALIE--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1854; 158 tons; Captain Rounds, from Pittsburg, with stoves and hardware, sunk below St. Paul 1857; was raised and continued in St. Paul trade, 1858, 1859.

ROYAL ARCH--Side-wheel; built at West Elizabeth, Pa., 1852; 213 tons; Captain E. H. Gleim, in Minnesota Packet Co., 1854; 1855; 1856, same line; sunk opposite Nine Mile Island 1858.

RUFUS PUTNAM--Third steamboat to reach Fort Snelling; arrived there in 1825.

RUMSEY--Small Minnesota River boat; sunk on mud flat opposite levee at St. Paul.

SAM GATY--Large side-wheel; built at St. Louis, Mo., 1853; 367 tons, 288 horse-power engines; Captain Vickers, at St. Paul 1855; went into Missouri River trade; struck a bluff bank at point opposite Arrow Rock, Mo., knocked her boilers down and set fire to boat, burned and sank, June 27, 1867. She had been a money-maker for many years, both on the Mississippi and on the Missouri.

SAM KIRKMAN--At St. Paul 1858.

SAM. YOUNG--Built at Shousetown, Pa., 1855; 155 tons; at St. Paul 1856; Captain Reno, from Pittsburg, at St. Paul 1857.

SANGAMON--Stern-wheel; built at New Albany, Ind., 1853; 86 tons; Captain R. M. Spencer, at St. Paul 1854.

SARACEN--New 1856; built at New Albany, Ind., Captain H. B. Stran, Clerk Casey, at St. Paul 1857.

SARAH ANN--Captain Lafferty, in Galena trade 1841; sunk, 1841, at head of Island 500; raised; regular St. Louis & Galena packet.

SAXON--At St. Paul 1859.

SCIENCE--Running between St. Louis and Fort Winnebago, on the Wisconsin (now Portage); made three trips to the Fort in 1837 with troops and government supplies.

SCIOTA--Seventeenth steamboat to arrive at Fort Snelling prior to 1827.

SENATOR--At Galena, from St. Louis, April 20, 1847, first; Captain E. M. McCoy; in Galena and upper river trade 1847; bought by Harris Brothers 1848; Captain D. Smith Harris, in Galena & St. Peters trade 1848; arrived at Galena, from St. Peters April 13, reporting heavy ice in Lake Pepin, but was able to get through; Captain Orren Smith, 1849, 1850, in Galena & St. Paul trade. She was the second boat owned by the Minnesota Packet Company, the "Dr. Franklin" being the first.

SHENANDOAH--Made five trips to St. Paul, from St. Louis, in 1853; same trade 1855; was in great ice gorge at St. Louis, February, 1856.

SILVER WAVE--Stern-wheel; built at Glasgow, Ohio, 1855; 245 tons; in upper river trade 1856.

SKIPPER--At St. Paul 1857.

SMELTER--Captain D. Smith Harris, Engineer Scribe Harris, Galena & St. Peters trade 1837; was one of the first boats on the upper river to be built with a cabin answering to the "boiler deck" of modern steamboats.

SNOW DROP--At St. Paul 1859.

STATESMAN--Built at Brownsville, Pa., 1851; 250 tons; at St. Paul 1855.

STELLA WHIPPLE--Stern-wheel; Captain Haycock, Minnesota River trade, 1861; built for the Chippewa River.

ST. ANTHONY--Side-wheel; 157 feet long, 24 feet beam, 5 feet hold; 30 staterooms; small boat, but highly finished and furnished for that time; hull built by S. Speer, of Belle Vernon, Pa., engines by Stackhouse & Nelson, of Pittsburg, modeled by Mr. King; Captain A. G. Montford, in Galena & St. Peters trade 1846, regularly.

ST. CROIX--Side-wheel; built by Hiram Bersie, William Cupps, James Ryan and James Ward; Captain Hiram Bersie, Mate James Ward, 1844, in St. Louis, Galena & St. Peters trade; in collision with "Mermaid", near Quincy, April 11, 1845, losing her barge; damaged by fire May 13, 1845; in upper river trade 1845, 1846, 1847, Captain Bersie, master.

ST. LOUIS--Stern-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1855; 192 tons; at St. Paul 1856, 1859.

ST. LOUIS OAK--Side-wheel; Captain Coones, St. Louis, Galena & Dubuque trade 1845; snagged and lost at head of Howard's Bend, Missouri River, 1847, Captain Dozier in command.

ST. PAUL--Side-wheel; built at Wheeling, Va., 1852, for Harris Bros., Galena, Ill.; 1852, Captain M. K. Harris, in Galena & St. Paul trade; was very slow, and drew too much water for upper river trade; 1854, Captain Bissell, at St. Paul for St. Louis; at St. Paul 1855.

ST. PETERS--(First)--Captain Joseph Throckmorton, at St. Peters and Fort Snelling July 2, 1836; brought as one of her passengers Nicollet, who came to explore the Northwest Territory.

ST. PETERS--(Second)--Built and owned by Captain James Ward (formerly mate of the "St. Croix"), who commanded her; burned at St. Louis May 17, 1849; valued at $2,000.

SUCKER STATE--Side-wheel; in Northern Line; Captain Thos. B. Rhodes, in St. Louis & St. Paul Line, 1859, 1860, 1861; Captain James Ward, in same line, 1862; was burned at Alton Slough, together with three or four other boats, while lying in winter quarters.

SUTLER--Captain D. Smith Harris, prior to 1850.

TEMPEST--(First)--Regular St. Louis, Galena, Dubuque & Potosi packet; at Galena April 11, 1846, Captain John Smith.

TEMPEST--(Second)--Side-wheel; went into Missouri River trade and was snagged and lost about 1865, at Upper Bonhomme Island.

THOS. SCOTT--Large side-wheel; at St. Paul, from St. Louis, 1856.

TIGER--Had engines of old "Otter"; Captain Maxwell, in St. Paul trade 1850; same captain, in Minnesota River trade 1851, 1852; 104 tons, 52 horse power; very slow.

TIGRESS--Large stern-wheel; 356 tons; Ohio River towboat; powerful engines and very fast; at St. Paul 1858; sunk by Confederate batteries at Vicksburg 1863.

TIME--At Galena May 15, 1845; regular St. Louis & Galena packet; at Galena April 11, 1846, from St. Louis, Captain Wm. H. Hooker, in regular trade; snagged and sunk one-half mile below Pontoosuc, Ia., August, 1846.

TIME AND TIDE--(First)--Captain D. Smith Harris, Keeler Harris, engineer, brought excursion party to Fort Snelling, in company with steamer "Light Foot", in 1845; at Galena April 13, 1847, E. W. Gould, master, in regular St. Louis, Galena & St. Peters trade.

TIME AND TIDE--(Second)--Stern-wheel; built at Freedom, Pa., 1853; 131 tons; Captain Louis Robert, at St. Paul 1855, 1856; same captain, in Minnesota River trade 1857, 1858; Captain Nelson Robert, same trade 1859.

TISHOMINGO--Side-wheel; built at New Albany, Ind., 1852; 188 tons; very fast boat; bought by one Johnson, of Winona, Minn., from lower river parties, to run in opposition to Minnesota Packet Company; was in St. Paul trade 1856, but lost money and was sold for debt at Galena in winter of 1856; bought for $25,000 by Captain Sargent; reported as having left St. Louis April 14, 1857, Jenks, master, for St. Paul with 465 cabin passengers and 93 deck passengers, besides a full cargo of freight, worth to the boat about $14,000.

TUNIS--At St. Paul 1857.

TWIN CITY--Side-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1853; 170 tons; in St. Paul trade 1855; burned at St. Louis Dec. 7, 1855.

UNCLE TOBY--Captain Geo. B. Cole, at St. Peters, from St. Louis, 1845; at Galena April 9, 1846, from St. Louis Captain Geo. B. Cole; regular St. Louis, Galena & Dubuque packet for season; 1847, Captain Henry R. Day, regular St. Louis & St. Peters packet; in same trade 1851; arrived at Point Douglass, Minn., Nov. 20, 1851, and there unloaded and had freight hauled by team to St. Paul on account of floating ice; put back from Point Douglass to St. Louis.

U. S. MAIL--At St. Paul 1855.

VALLEY FORGE--Advertised a pleasure trip from Galena to St. Peters, 1840.

VERSAILLES--Arrived at Fort Snelling May 12, 1832, from Galena.

VIENNA--Stern-wheel; built at Monongahela, Pa., 1853; 170 tons; in St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1855, 1856.

VIOLET--At St. Paul 1856.

VIRGINIA--At St. Louis April, 1823, with government stores for Fort Snelling, John Shellcross, master; arrived at Fort May 10, 1823; built at Pittsburg; 118 feet long, 22 feet beam, 160 tons.

VIXEN--Stern-wheel; built at St. Paul; from Pittsburg, 1857, 1858, 1859.

VOLANT--Thirteenth steamboat to arrive at Fort Snelling, prior to 1827.

W. G. WOODSIDE--Built at Moundsville, Va., 1855; 197 tons; at St. Paul 1856.

W. H. DENNY--Side-wheel; built at California, Pa., 1855; 276 tons; Captain Lyons, at St. Paul from St. Louis, 1857; sunk opposite head of Fabius Island 1857.

WM. L. EWING--Large side-wheel; Captain Smith, St. Louis & St. Paul, 1857; in Northwestern Line, Captain Green, 1858; same 1859; Northern Line 1860, 1861, Captain J. H. Rhodes, St. Louis & St. Paul.

W. S. NELSON--Captain Jameson, at St. Paul 1857; at St. Paul 1859.

WAR EAGLE--(First)--Built by Harris Brothers for Galena & St. Peters trade in 1845; 156 tons burden; commanded by Captain D. Smith Harris, Scribe Harris, engineer; in Galena & St. Peters trade 1845, 1846, 1847; St. Louis & St. Peters 1848; in 1848 Harris Bros. sold her and bought the "Senator", in order to get a faster boat.

WAR EAGLE--(Second)--Built at Cincinnati, winter of 1853-4; side-wheel; 219 feet long, 29 feet beam, 296 tons; had 46 staterooms; 3 boilers, 14 feet long; in Minnesota Packet Company, Captain D. Smith Harris, Galena & St. Paul, 1854, 1855, 1856; made the run from Galena to St. Paul, 1855, in 44 hours, handling all way freight; 1857, Captain Kingman, Clerks Coffin and Ball, in Dunleith & St. Paul Line; Captain W. H. Gabbert, 1858, same line; La Crosse Line 1859; Captain J. B. Davis, 1860, in La Crosse Line; spring of 1861 started out from La Crosse with following roster of officers: Captain A. Mitchell, Clerk Sam Cook, Second Clerk E. A. Johnson, Pilots Jackson Harris, and William Fisher; Engineers Troxell and Wright; Steward Frank Norris; later in the season Captain Mitchell was succeeded by Captain Chas. L. Stephenson and ran in Dunleith Line; June 22, 1861, left St. Paul with five companies of the First Minnesota Infantry Volunteers, the "Northern Belle" having the other five companies, which were landed at La Crosse and transferred to the railroad for transportation to Washington; 1862, in Dunleith Line, Captain N. F. Webb; in St. Paul trade 1862, 1863; Thomas Cushing, master in latter year; burnt, La Crosse (year not learned).

WARRIOR--Built in 1832 by Captain Joseph Throckmorton, for upper river trade; took part in the battle of Bad Axe, where the Indians under Blackhawk were defeated and dispersed, Captain Throckmorton in command of boat, E. H. Gleim, clerk, William White, pilot; arrived at Fort Snelling on first trip of the season, June 24, 1835, having among her passengers General Geo. W. Jones, U. S. A., Captain Day and Lieut. Beech, U. S. A., and Catlin, the artist, on his way to study the Indians of the northwest; at Fort again July 16, 1835; at Galena advertised for Pittsburg, Nov. 7, 1835; in Galena & St. Peters trade 1836.

WAVE--Small stern-wheel; Captain Maxwell, in Minnesota River trade, 1857, 1858. At Galena, from St. Louis, 1845. (Possibly another boat.)

WENONA--Stern-wheel; built at Belle Vernon, Pa., 1855; 171 tons; Captain L. Brown, in Minnesota River trade; also in St. Croix River trade for a time; at St. Paul 1859.

WEST NEWTON--Captain D. Smith Harris, 1852, in Galena & St. Paul trade; first boat at St. Paul 1853, Captain Harris; made 27 trips between Galena and St. Paul 1853; sunk at foot of West Newton Chute, below Alma, in Sept., 1853.

WHITE BLUFF--At St. Paul 1856.

WHITE CLOUD--(First)--Burnt at St. Louis May 17, 1849.

WHITE CLOUD--(Second)--Side-wheel; very fast; had double rudders; Captain Alford, from St. Louis at St. Paul, 1857; sunk at St. Louis, Feb. 13, 1867, by ice; total loss.

WINNEBAGO--Built 1830, by Captain George W. Atchison and Captain Joseph Throckmorton; in Galena & St. Louis trade, Jos. Throckmorton, master; also visited Fort Snelling with government stores.

WINONA--Side-wheel; Captain J. R. Hatcher, Davidson Line, La Crosse & St. Paul, 1861.

WIOTA--New 1845; built and owned by Captain R. A. Reilly, Corwith Bros., and Wm. Hempstead, of Galena; side-wheel, 180 feet long, 24 feet beam, 5 feet hold; double engines, 18 inch diameter, 7 feet stroke, 3 boilers, wheels 22 feet diameter, 10 feet buckets; gangway to boiler deck in front, instead of on the side as had been customary; in St. Louis & Galena trade, R. A. Reilly, master.

WISCONSIN--Captain Flaherty, at Galena, for St. Louis, April 9, 1836.

WYANDOTTE--Captain Pierce, Dubuque & St. Paul Line, 1856.

WYOMING--In Galena & St. Louis trade 1837.

YANKEE--Stern-wheel, 145 feet long, 200 tons burden, at St. Paul Sept. 27, 1849; August 1, 1850, started on trip of 300 miles up the Minnesota River with a party of ladies and gentlemen, on an exploring expedition; Captain M. K. Harris, Clerk G. R. Girdon, Pilot J. S. Armstrong, Engineers G. W. Scott and G. L. Sargent; reached a point many miles further up the river than had heretofore been reached by steamboats; at St. Paul June 26, 1851, Captain Orren Smith.

YORK STATE--Side-wheel; built at Brownsville, Pa., 1852; 247 tons; Captain Griffiths, in St. Louis & St. Paul trade 1855; at St. Paul 1856--Captain James Ward, who also owned her.

Appendix B

_Opening of Navigation at St. Paul, 1844-1862_

=====+===============+==========+==============+===========+=====+========= | | | |Length of | No. | Total | | | |Season (No.| of | No. of Year | First Boat | Date | River Closed |of Days) |Boats| Arrivals -----+---------------+----------+--------------+-----------+-----+--------- 1844 | Otter | April 6 | November 23 | 231 | 6 | 41 1845 | Otter | April 6 | November 23 | 234 | 7 | 48 1846 | Lynx | March 31 | December 5 | 245 | 9 | 24 1847 | Cora | April 7 | November 29 | 236 | 7 | 47 1848 | Senator | April 7 | December 4 | 241 | 6 | 63 1849 | Highland Mary | April 9 | December 7 | 242 | 8 | 85 1850 | Highland Mary | April 19 | December 4 | 229 | 9 | 104 1851 | Nominee | April 4 | November 8 | 218 | 10 | 119 1852 | Nominee | April 16 | November 18 | 216 | 6 | 171 1853 | West Newton | April 11 | November 30 | 233 | 17 | 235 1854 | Nominee | April 8 | November 27 | 223 | 23 | 310 1855 | War Eagle | April 17 | November 20 | 217 | 68 | 536 1856 | Lady Franklin | April 18 | November 10 | 212 | 79 | 759 1857 | Galena | May 1 | November 14 | 198 | 99 | 965 1858 | Grey Eagle | March 25 | November 15 | 236 | 62 | 1090 1859 | Key City | March 19 | November 27 | 222 | 54 | 802 1860 | Milwaukee | March 28 | November 23 | 240 | 45 | 776 1861 | Ocean Wave | March 8 | November 26 | 203 | 32 | 977 1862 | Keokuk | March 18 | November 15 | 212 | 18 | 846 -----+---------------+----------+--------------+-----------+-----+---------

Appendix C

_Table of Distances from St. Louis_

=========================+==========+=========+========== | |DISTANCE |GOVERNMENT LANDING |ESTIMATED,|BETWEEN |SURVEY, |1858 |PORTS |1880 -------------------------+----------+---------+---------- Alton, Ill. | 25 | -- | 23 Grafton, Ill. | -- | 16 | 39 Cap au Gris, Mo. | 65 | 27 | 66 Hamburg, Ill. | -- | 22 | 88 Clarkesville, Mo. | 102 | 14 | 102 Louisiana, Mo. | 114 | 10 | 112 Hannibal, Mo. | 144 | 29 | 141 Quincy, Ill. | 164 | 20 | 161 La Grange, Mo. | 176 | 10 | 171 Canton, Mo. | 184 | 7 | 178 Alexandria, Mo. | 204 | 19 | 197 Warsaw, Ill. | 204 | -- | 197 Keokuk, Iowa | 208 | 5 | 202 Montrose, Iowa | 220 | 12 | 214 Nauvoo, Ill. | 223 | 3 | 217 Fort Madison, Iowa | 232 | 8 | 225 Pontoosuc, Ill. | 238 | 7 | 232 Dallas, Ill. | 240 | 2 | 234 Burlington, Iowa | 255 | 14 | 248 Oquawaka, Ill. | 270 | 13 | 261 Keithsburg, Ill. | 282 | 12 | 273 New Boston, Ill. | 289 | 6 | 279 Port Louisa, Iowa | 294 | 9 | 288 Muscatine, Iowa | 317 | 14 | 302 Buffalo, Iowa | -- | 19 | 321 Rock Island, Ill. | 347 | 10 | 331 Davenport, Iowa | 348 | 1 | 332 Hampton, Ill. | -- | 10 | 342 -------------------------+----------+---------+----------

=========================+==========+=========+========== | |DISTANCE |GOVERNMENT LANDING |ESTIMATED,|BETWEEN |SURVEY, |1858 |PORTS |1880 -------------------------+----------+---------+---------- Le Claire, Iowa | 365 | 6 | 348 Port Byron, Ill. | 365 | -- | 348 Princeton, Iowa | 371 | 6 | 354 Cordova, Ill. | 372 | 1 | 355 Camanche, Iowa | 381 | 9 | 364 Albany, Ill. | 384 | 2 | 366 Clinton, Iowa | 390 | 5 | 371 Fulton, Ill. | 392 | 2 | 373 Lyons, Iowa | 393 | 1 | 374 Sabula, Ill. | 412 | 17 | 391 Savanna, Ill. | 415 | 2 | 393 Bellevue, Iowa | 438 | 21 | 414 Galena, Ill. | 450 | 12 | 426 Dubuque, Iowa | 470 | 12 | 438 Dunleith, Ill. | 471 | 1 | 439 Wells' Landing, Iowa | 485 | 13 | 452 Cassville, Wis. | 500 | 16 | 468 Guttenberg, Iowa | 510 | 10 | 478 Glen Haven, Wis. | -- | 1 | 479 Clayton, Iowa | 522 | 7 | 486 Wisconsin River, Wis. | -- | 7 | 493 McGregor, Iowa | 533 | 4 | 497 Prairie du Chien, Wis. | 536 | 3 | 500 Lynxville, Wis. | 553 | 17 | 517 Lansing, Iowa | 566 | 12 | 529 De Soto, Wis. | 577 | 5 | 534 Victory, Wis. | 582 | 7 | 541 Bad Axe, Wis. | 589 | 8 | 549 Warner's Landing, Wis. | -- | 5 | 554 Brownsville, Minn. | 591 | 8 | 562 La Crosse, Wis. | 617 | 10 | 572 Dresbach, Minn. | 627 | 8 | 580 Trempealeau, Wis. | 632 | 11 | 591 Winona, Minn. | 645 | 13 | 604 Fountain City, Wis. | 655 | 7 | 611 Mount Vernon, Minn. | 666 | 9 | 620 Minneiska, Minn. | 669 | 3 | 623 Buffalo City, Wis. | 676 | -- | -- Alma, Wis. | 684 | 10 | 633 -------------------------+----------+---------+----------

=========================+==========+=========+========== | |DISTANCE |GOVERNMENT LANDING |ESTIMATED,|BETWEEN |SURVEY, |1858 |PORTS |1880 -------------------------+----------+---------+---------- Wabasha, Minn. | 693 | 9 | 642 Reed's Landing, Minn. | 696 | 3 | 645 North Pepin, Wis. | 701 | 4 | 649 Lake City, Minn. | 708 | 6 | 655 Florence, Minn. | 713 | -- | -- Frontenac, Minn. | 719 | -- | -- Maiden Rock, Wis. | -- | 10 | 665 Wacouta, Minn. | 723 | -- | -- Stockholm, Wis. | -- | 3 | 668 Red Wing, Minn. | 726 | 8 | 676 Trenton, Wis. | -- | 4 | 680 Diamond Bluff, Wis. | 741 | 6 | 686 Prescott, Wis. | 756 | 13 | 699 Point Douglass, Minn. | 757 | 1 | 700 Hastings, Minn. | 759 | 2 | 702 Nininger, Minn. | 764 | 5 | 707 Pine Bend, Minn. | 775 | -- | -- Newport, Minn. | 782 | 13 | 720 St. Paul, Minn. | 791 | 9 | 729 St. Anthony Falls, Minn. | 805 | 12 | 741 -------------------------+----------+---------+----------

Appendix D

_Improvement of the Upper Mississippi, 1866-1876_

The following table gives in detail the different divisions into which the river was divided for convenience in letting contracts, and prosecuting the work of improvement, the number of miles covered in each division, and the amount expended in each in the ten years from 1866 to 1876:

============================================+=======+============== DIVISION | MILES | AMT. EXPENDED --------------------------------------------+-------+-------------- St. Anthony Falls to St. Paul | 11 | $ 59,098.70 St. Paul to Prescott | 32 | 638,498.56 Prescott to Head Lake Pepin | 29 | 111,409.17 Harbor at Lake City | -- | 16,091.62 Foot Lake Pepin to Alma | 12 | 341,439.26 Alma to Winona | 29 | 365,394.25 Winona to La Crosse | 31 | 236,239.39 La Crosse to McGregor | 72 | 308,311.07 McGregor to Dubuque | 59 | 137,236.65 Dubuque to Clinton | 67 | 131,905.29 Clinton to Rock Island | 40 | 228,298.99 Rock Island to Keithsburg | 58 | 70,071.85 Keithsburg to Des Moines Rapids | 60 | 515,971.20 Keokuk to Quincy | 40 | 355,263.71 Quincy to Clarksville | 60 | 552,051.47 Clarksville to Cap au Gris | 43 | 389,959.31 Cap au Gris to Illinois River | 27 | 137,116.97 Illinois River to Mouth of Missouri River | 25 | 70,688.77 Miscellaneous, maintenance of Snag-Boats, | | Dredges, wages, provisions, etc. | | 549,760.92 | --- | ------------- | 695 | $5,200,707.25 --------------------------------------------+-------+--------------

Appendix E

_Indian Nomenclature and Legends_

The name Mississippi is an amelioration of the harsher syllables of the Indian tongue from which it sprang. Dr. Lafayette H. Bunnell, late of Winona, Minnesota, a personal friend and old army comrade, is my authority for the names and spelling given below, as gleaned by him during many years' residence among the Chippewa of Wisconsin and the Sioux (or Dakota) of Minnesota. Dr. Bunnell spoke both languages fluently, and in addition made a scholarly study of Indian tongues for literary purposes. His evidence is conclusive, that so far as the northern tribes were concerned the Mississippi was in the Chippewa language, from which the name is derived: _Mee-zee_ (great), _see'-bee_ (river)--Great River. The Dakota called it _Wat-pah-tah'-ka_ (big river). The Sauk, Foxes, and Potawatomi, related tribes, all called it: _Mee-chaw-see'-poo_ (big river). The Winnebago called it: _Ne-scas-hut'-ta-ra_ (the bluff-walled river). Thus six out of seven tribes peopling its banks united in terming it the "Great River".

Dr. Bunnell disposes of the romantic fiction that the Indians called it the "Great Father of Waters", by saying that in Chippewa this would be: _Miche-nu-say'-be-gong_--a term that he never heard used in speaking of the stream; and old Wah-pa-sha, chief of the Dakota living at Winona, assured the Doctor that he had never heard an Indian use it. The Chippewa did, however, have a superlative form of the name: _Miche-gah'-see-bee_ (great, endless river), descriptive of its (to them) illimitable length.

Dr. Bunnell suggests the derivation of the name Michigan, as applied to the lake and state. The Chippewa term for any great body of water, like Lakes Michigan, Superior, or Huron, is: _Miche-gah'-be-gong_ (great, boundless waters). It was very easy for the white men who first heard this general term as applied to the lake, to accept it as a proper name, and to translate the Indian term into Michigan, as we have it to-day.

It is a source of gratification that the names applied to the Great River by the Jesuit fathers who first plied their birch-bark canoes upon its surface, did not stick. They were wonderful men, those old missionaries, devoted and self-sacrificing beyond belief; but when it came to naming the new-found lands and rivers, there was a monotony of religious nomenclature. Rivière St. Louis and Rivière de la Conception are neither of them particularly descriptive of the Great River. In this connection it must be said, however, that there was something providential in the zeal of the good missionaries in christening as they did, the ports at either end of the upper river run. The mention of St. Louis and St. Paul lent the only devotional tinge to steamboat conversation in the fifties. Without this there would have been nothing religious about that eight hundred miles of Western water. Even as it was, skepticism crept in with its doubts and questionings. We all know who St. Paul was, and his manner of life; but it is difficult to recall just what particular lines of holiness were followed by Louis XIV to entitle him to canonization.

Trempealeau Mountain, as it is called, situated two miles above Trempealeau Landing, Wisconsin, is another marvel of nature that attracted the attention of the Indians. It is an island of limestone, capped with sandstone, rising four hundred feet above the level of the river. Between the island and the mainland is a slough several hundred feet wide, which heads some five or six miles above. The Winnebago gave it a descriptive name: _Hay-me-ah'-shan_ (Soaking Mountain). In Dakota it was _Min-nay-chon'-ka-hah_ (pronounced Minneshon'ka), meaning Bluff in the Water. This was translated by the early French voyageurs into: _Trempe à l'eau_--the Mountain that bathes its feet in the water. There is no other island of rock in the Mississippi above the upper rapids; none rising more than a few feet above the water.

It is but natural that the Indians who for centuries have peopled the banks of the Mississippi, should have many legends attaching to prominent or unusual features of the river scenery. Where the Indians may have failed, imaginative palefaces have abundantly supplied such deficiencies.

There is one legend, however, that seems to have had its foundation in fact--that of the tragedy at Maiden Rock, or Lover's Leap, the bold headland jutting out into Lake Pepin on the Wisconsin side, some six or eight miles below the head of the lake. Dr. Bunnell devoted much study to this legend, and his conclusion is that it is an historic fact. Divested of the multiplicity of words and metaphor with which the Indian story-teller, the historian of his tribe, clothes his narrative, the incident was this:

In the days of Wah-pa-sha the first, chief of the Dakota band of that name, there was, in the village of Keoxa, near the site of the present Minnesota city of Winona, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, a maiden whose name was Winona (_Wi-no-na_: first-born daughter). She had formed an attachment for a young hunter of the tribe, which was fully reciprocated by the young man. They had met often, and agreed to a union, on which all their hopes of happiness centered. But on applying to her family, the young suitor was curtly dismissed with the information that the girl had been promised to a warrior of distinction who had sued for her hand. Winona, however, persisted in her preference for the hunter; whereupon the father took measures to drive him out of the village, and the family began to use harsh measures to coerce the maiden into a union with the warrior whom they had chosen for her husband. She was finally assured that she was, with or without her consent, to be the bride of the man of their choice.

About this time a party was formed to go to Lake Pepin to lay in a store of blue clay, which they used as a pigment. Winona, with her family, was of the party. Arriving at their destination the question of her marriage with the warrior again came up, and she was told that she would be given to him that very day. Upon hearing this final and irrevocable decree the girl withdrew, and while the family were preparing for the wedding festival she sought the top of the bluff now known as Maiden Rock. From this eminence she called down to her family and friends, telling them that she preferred death to a union with one she did not love, and began singing her death song. Many of the swiftest runners of the tribe, with the warrior to whom she had been sold, immediately ran for the summit of the cliff in order to restrain her; but before they reached her she jumped headlong from the height, and was dashed to pieces on the jagged rocks a hundred and fifty feet below.

This story was in 1817 related to Major Long, of the United States Army, by a member of Wahpasha's tribe, Wa-ze-co-to, who claimed to have been an eyewitness of the tragedy. Wazecoto was an old man at the time, and his evident feeling as he related the tale went far toward convincing Major Long that the narrator was reciting the tale of an actual occurrence.

Maiden Rock itself is a bluff about four hundred feet in height. One hundred and fifty feet of it is a sheer precipice; the other two hundred and fifty is a steep bluff covered with loose rocks, and grown up to straggling scrub oaks. Some versions of the legend state that Winona in her grief leaped from the bluff into the waters of the lake and was drowned. On my only visit to the top of the Leap, in company with Mr. Wilson, the mate, we found it somewhat difficult to throw a stone into the water from the top of the bluff. If Winona made it in one jump she must have been pretty lithe, even for an Indian.

I hope that I may not be dubbed an iconoclast, in calling attention to the fact that Indian stories similar to this have been localized all over our country. Lovers' Leaps can be counted by the score, being a part of the stock in trade of most summer resorts. Another difficulty with the tale is, that the action of the young pair does not comport with the known marriage customs of Indians.

Index

Index

A. B. CHAMBERS: steamboat, 238.

Able, Capt. Dan: 259.

Accordion: 16.

Adriatic: steamboat, 238.

Africa: 161.

Afton (Catfish) Bar: 107.

Agents, transfer: 30.

Ainsworth, Capt. J. C.: 275.

Alex. Mitchell: steamboat, 122, 124.

Alford, Capt. Pliny A.: 282, 293.

Algoma: steamboat, 18.

Allegheny River: 66.

Allen, Capt. Charles J.: 225, 226, 273.

Alma, Wis.: 293.

Alton, Ill.: 29, 188.

Alton Line. _See_ Steamboats.

Alton Slough: 290.

Altoona: steamboat, 238.

Amaranth Island: 258.

American Fur Co.: 266, 282, 284.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers: 43.

Anchor Line. _See_ Steamboats.

Anderson, Capt. ----: 234, 268.

Andrews, Capt. ----: 284.

Anglo-Saxons: 70, 114, 211.

Anthony Wayne: steamboat, 277.

Antietam: battle of, 215.

Appendices: 257-303.

Apple River: 104.

Appomattox Ct. House: battle of, 215.

Archer: steamboat, 265.

Argo Island: 259.

Armstrong, Joseph: pilot, 116, 294.

Army: 80, 83, 84, 114, 115, 141, 190, 191, 204-206, 209, 212-214, 224, 226, 241, 283, 285, 288, 292.

Arnold, John: pilot, 116.

Arrowheads: 20.

Arrow Rock, Mo.: 288.

Art and artists: 152, 155, 283, 293.

Assault: 48.

Atchinson, Capt. G. W.: 258, 271, 277, 293.

Atchison, Capt. John: 279.

Atchison, Capt. Joseph: 274.

Atchison, Capt. Mark: 284.

Atchison, Capt. Pierce: 269, 271.

Atlas Island: 259, 264, 279.

Australia: steamboat, 238.

Aymond, Capt. F.: 276.

Ayres, Lieut. Romeyn, U. S. A.: 212.

BADGER STATE: steamboat, 260.

Baldwin, Capt. ----: 269.

Ball, ----: clerk, 292.

Baltimore, Md.: 80.

Bangor, Maine: 272.

Banks (Newfoundland): 15.

Banks, bankers, and banking: 174-180.

Barbers: 157.

Barger, ----: clerk, 279.

Barkeepers: 132, 135.

Barley: 169, 247.

Barnes, Charles: 246.

Barry, Capt. ----: 258.

Bass, black: 104.

Bateaux. _See_ Ships.

Bates, Capt. ----: 257.

Bates, David G.: 270.

Battles: 20, 21 (Indian), 184, 203, 211, 212, 215, 293.

Bayous: 22, 227.

Beadle, Hiram: pilot, 116.

Beans: 29.

Bears: 22.

Beaver, Pa.: 267.

Beaver Falls: 206.

Beebe, Capt. Edward H.: 265.

Beech, Lieut. ----, U. S. A.: 293.

Beef Slough: 76, 95, 247.

Bell, Capt. Edwin: 258, 285.

Bellefontaine Bend: 276.

Belle Plaine, Minn.: 209.

Belle Vernon, Pa.: 269, 274, 276, 279, 287, 289, 293.

Bellevue, Iowa: 118.

Ben Campbell: steamboat, 117.

Ben Franklin: name for steamboats, 229.

Berger, Capt. ----: 286.

Berlin, Ger.: 201.

Bersie, Capt. Hiram: 271, 289.

Biddle, Maj. John: 187.

Big Stone Lake: 269.

Bissell, Capt. James: 275, 282, 289.

Black, James (Jim): pilot, 80, 116, 268.

Black Hawk: Indian chief, 184, 293.

Black River: 113, 260.

Blacksmiths: 35, 188.

Blaisdell: family in Prescott, 22.

Blaisdell, Nathaniel: 35, 277 (engineer).

Blake, Capt. ----: 276.

Blakeley, Capt. Russell: 113, 180, 259, 265, 270, 282.

Blanchard, Mr. ----: 56.

Bloody Island: 115.

Bloomington, Iowa: 265.

Boats. _See_ Ships.

Boilers: 39; how cleaned, 37. _See also_ Engines.

Boland, Capt. ----: 245, 253.

Books: 200.

Boston, Mass.: 80, 84.

Boughton: family in Prescott, 22.

Boulanger's Island: 223.

Boyd, Capt. ----: 260.

Brady, Capt. ----: 266.

Brandy: 108, 135.

Brickie, Capt. ----: 278.

Bridges: 148, 189, 250, 260, 266, 272.

Briggs, William: engineer, 272.

Brisbois & Rice: 265.

Britt's Landing, Tenn.: 150, 282.

Brock, Capt. ----: pilot, 117.

Broken Chute: 273.

Brooks, Capt. John: 257.

Brown, Capt. L.: 293.

Brownsville, Pa.: 95, 258, 260, 263, 266, 267, 277, 278, 285, 287, 289, 294.

Brownsville Chute: 261.

Brunette: steamboat, 238.

Bryant, ----: clerk, 279.

Buchanan, Pres. James: 144.

Buffalo, N. Y.: 187.

Buford, Capt. Thomas B.: 280.

Bull Run: battle of, 215.

Bunnell, Dr. Lafayette: _Hist. of Winona_, cited, 150, 300, 302.

Burbank & Co., J. C.: 258.

Burke, Capt. ----: 281.

Burlington, Iowa: 264.

Burlington: name for steamboats, 230.

Burnett, Ellsworth: 205.

Burns, Thomas (Tom): pilot, 78, 80-88, 103, 116, 240-242, 245, 248, 249, 253, 268.

CABLES: 144.

Cairo, Ill.: 185, 187, 188, 242, 253.

California, Pa.: ships built at, 257, 260, 269, 271, 273, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284, 291, 292.

Campbell, Capt. ----: 273.

Campbell & Smith (Steamboat Co.): 265.

Campbell's Chain: 264.

Canada: 21, 64, 196.

Canals: 79, 199, 223, 225.

Canoes. _See_ Ships.

Cape Girardeau, Mo.: 188.

Captains (of steamboats): 59, 93, 95, 99, 112, 124, 126, 143, 144, 157, 161, 163, 167, 170, 173, 193, 199, 229.

Cards, Playing: 139-141.

Carlisle College: 216.

Carlton, E.: clerk, 267.

Carpenters: 50, 163, 175, 194, 213, 275.

Carson's Landing, Mo.: 278.

Casey, ----: clerk, 288.

Cassville, Wis.: 167.

Cassville Crossing: 86, 95.

Cassville Slough: 250.

Casualties: 69, 74, 76, 96, 103, 104, 172, 192-195, 210, 211, 214, 215, 227, 229-239, 257-293.

Catfish Bar (Reef): 107, 108, 192. _See also_ Afton.

Cat Island: 280.

Catlin, George: artist, 293.

Cedar Creek, Va.: 152.

Celts: 70. _See also_ Irish.

Centennial: steamboat, 124.

Chain of Rocks: 264.

Challenge: steamboat, 238.

Chambers, Capt. Ludlow: 281.

Champlin, Capt. A. T.: 263, 282.

Channels: in river, how kept, 40.

Charlevoix, Pierre François Xavier de, S. J.: _Hist._, cited, 21.

Charters, bank: 176.

Chicago, Ill.: 16, 175, 176, 242, 248.

Chicago River: 113.

Chickens: 127, 128.

Chippewa: name for steamboats, 230. _See also_ Indians.

Chippewa River: 113-115, 190, 263, 276, 289.

Chittenden, Capt. H. M., U. S. A.: cited, 186, 230, 232, 233.

Cholera: 274.

Cincinnati, Ohio: 144, 175, 184, 187, 242, 259, 265, 268, 269-272, 276, 280-283, 292.

City Belle: steamboat, 101.

City of Quincy: steamboat, 117.

Clara: steamboat, 239.

Clark, Capt. J.: 276, 281.

Clarkesville, Ind.: 188.

Clarkesville Island: 281.

Clayton, Iowa: 60.

Clerks (on steamboats): 14, 37, 59, 71, 167, 179, 251, 252, 267, 270, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281-283, 286, 288, 292-294; first or chief, 52, 55-57, 65, 72, 136, 157, 163, 170, 240, 242, 268; second or "mud," 52, 57, 58, 61, 65, 163, 170, 240, 242, 248, 268.

Cleveland, Pres. Grover: 84.

Cline, ----: 284.

Clinton, Iowa: 29.

Clothing: 26.

Cochrane, Capt. John: 280.

Coffin, ----: clerk, 292.

Cold Harbor, Va.: 203.

Cole, Capt. George B.: 284, 291.

Colonel Bumford: steamboat, 184, 187.

Commerce: large on Mississippi, 13; on St. Joseph River, 15; trading posts, 21; lines of, 79, 80 (_see also_ Steamboats); Mississippi may regain, 80; lessens on Mississippi, 221.

Commissions, shipping: 30.

Confederates: 50, 211, 212, 231, 273, 290.

Congregationalists: 216.

Congress: 221, 222, 225.

Connolly, Capt. P.: 270.

Constans, William: 280.

Contractors: 222-225, 227.

Conway, Capt. ----: 267.

Cook, Samuel: clerk, 292.

Cooks: 126, 128, 199.

Cooley, K. C.: clerk, 283.

Coones, Capt. ----: 289.

Coon Slough: 84, 103, 278, 283.

Cora: steamboat, 287.

Cormack, Pleasant: pilot, 113.

Corwith Bros.: 294.

Corwith, Henry L.: 265.

Cossen, ----: 258.

Cottonwood Prairie (_now_ Canton): 188.

Council Bluffs, Iowa: 264.

_Coureur du bois_: 113.

Crawford, Capt. ----: 112.

Crawford County: 113.

Creeks: 22.

Crows: 206.

Cuba: 185.

Culver, Capt. ----: 281.

Cumberland River: 250.

Cupp, William: pilot, 116.

Cupps, William: 289.

Cushing, Thomas (Tommy, Tom): pilot, 73, 78, 80, 86, 88, 99, 116, 159, 268, 293.

DACOTA CITY, Nebr.: 283.

Daily Bugle: newspaper, 180, 181.

Dakota, territory: 80.

Dakota, Minn.: 270.

Dakota Co., Minn.: 180.

Dalles, Wis.: 202.

Dalton, Stephen: pilot, 116.

Dams: 85, 225, 227, 228.

Danube: name for steamboats, 230.

Davidson, Payton S.: 124, 125, 267, 268.

Davidson, Com. William F.: 122-124, 267, 269.

Davidson Line. _See_ Steamboats.

Davis, Capt. ----: 124.

Davis, Charles: pilot, 264.

Davis, Jefferson: 114.

Davis, Capt. John B.: 269, 283, 292.

Dawley, ----: clerk, 271.

Day, Capt. ----, U. S. A.: 293.

Day, Capt. Henry R.: 291.

Dayton Bluff: 103, 155, 283.

Dean, William: 282.

Deck hands: 163, 193, 194, 215, 250, 262.

Deer: 22.

DeMarah (Demerer--corruption), Louis: earliest steamboat pilot of upper Mississippi, 112, 113.

Demerer, Louis. _See_ DeMarah.

Denmark: name for steamboats, 230.

De Soto, Hernando: 247.

Des Plaines River: 113.

Detroit, Mich.: 187.

Diamond Bluff: 26, 35, 60, 246.

Diamond Jo Line. _See_ Steamboats.

Dikes: 85, 225, 227, 228, 239.

Dinan, J. W.: clerk, 270.

Ditto, ----: clerk, 281.

Di Vernon: steamboat, 259.

Divers: 124.

Dr. Franklin: name for steamboats, 184, 230, 288.

Dodge, Col. ----: U. S. Engineer, 228.

Doemly, Ingenuous: 139, 180.

Dogs: 200.

Donnelly, Patsey: barkeeper, 135, 136, 140.

Dousman, H. L.: 265.

Dove, Bill: gambler, 139, 141.

Dove, Sam: gambler, 139, 141.

Dozier, Capt. ----: 289.

Dredges: 228.

Dreming, T. G.: pilot, 116.

Du Barry, Lieut. Beekman: 212.

DuBois, J. D.: clerk, 283.

Dubuque, Iowa: 61, 66, 123, 135, 164, 172, 265, 268, 269, 270, 291.

Dubuque: name for steamboats, 230.

Dubuque & St. Paul Packet Co. _See_ Steamboats.

Duck Creek Chain: 275.

Ducks: 23.

Dunleith, Ill. (_now_ E. Dubuque): 30, 56, 130, 144, 147, 164, 167, 168, 172, 179, 180, 258, 268, 271, 279, 280, 283, 292.

Dutch: 114; Pennsylvania, 66, 70.

Dynamos: 79.

EADS & NELSON: 238.

East Dubuque, Ill.: its former name, 30.

Eden, Capt. and Maj. Robert (Bob) C.: son of English baronet, 196-205, 266.

Editors: 182, 196.

Edward Bates: steamboat, 233.

Electricity: 34, 89, 245, 247, 249.

Elizabeth, Ky.: 272, 283.

Elizabeth, Pa.: 260.

Elizabethtown, Ky.: 280.

Emigrants: 65.

Emilie Bend: 266.

Endors: steamboat, 233.

Engineers (generally of steamboats, although at times army and civil): 14, 35, 42, 56, 57, 72, 73, 79 (govt.), 96, 105, 110, 112, 148, 163, 170, 184, 199, 207, 208, 210, 213, 216, 222, 224-227, 230, 242, 246, 247, 265, 268, 270, 272, 277, 283, 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 294; assistant or "cub," 39, 50, 52; two types, 46; description and duties, 35-40, 43-51.

Engine-room, of ship: 38-45, 193, 207, 246.

Engines (of steamboats): 51, 75, 96, 97, 102, 150, 151, 163, 194, 207-209, 213, 246, 248, 263, 276, 279, 289; described, 36, 38, 39, 47; of stern-wheelers, 39 (two); on side-wheelers, 40-43; poppet-valve, 41, 44; repaired, 36; danger of centering, 41; stroke, defined, 41; how power of, increased, 41, 42.

England: 203, 204.

English: 114.

Enterprise: steamboat, 199, 200, 279.

Enterprise Island: 266.

Equator: steamboat, 191, 194.

Estes, Capt. J. B.: 273.

Ethiopians: 70. _See also_ Negroes.

Europe: 185.

Excelsior: steamboat, 132, 156, 157, 177.

Explosions (on steamboats): 39, 73, 230-232, 262, 265; cause, 39, 42, 43, 47.

FALLS CITY: steamboat, 234, 238.

Fanny Harris: steamboat, 35, 38, 49, 51, 74, 80, 84, 99, 118, 120, 135, 139, 150, 206, 210, 214, 234, 237, 245, 269.

Farley, ----: clerk, 264.

Farmer, Capt. John: 269.

Farms: 60, 80, 176, 185, 187, 195, 222.

Father of Waters: 152. _See_ Mississippi River.

Faucette, Capt. William: 48, 55, 61, 258, 268.

Favorite: steamboat, 101.

Fay, Capt. ----: 274.

Federal Arch: steamboat, 238.

Fevre River: 74, 80, 117, 270, 275.

Fifield: family in Prescott, 22.

Fifield, Hon. Samuel S.: lieut.-gov. of Wis., 35, 276.

Firearms: 20, 200, 201, 211, 213, 214.

Fire Canoe: steamboat, 234.

Firemen: 47, 48, 158, 194, 199, 208, 215, 242, 247, 250, 287.

Fires: 232-234, 262, 263, 265.

Fish: 19, 23, 104, 189, 199.

Fisher, Capt. William: pilot, 78, 116, 117, 121, 123, 260, 276, 292.

Fishing tackle: 200.

Flaherty, Capt. ----: 294.

Floods: 13, 207-211, 216, 238.

Flour: 29, 96, 169.

Forest Rose: steamboat, 239.

Forges: 35.

Fort Armstrong: 188.

Fort Crawford: 114, 115.

Fort Edwards, Ill.: 188.

Fort Haskell: 203.

Fort Henry: 84.

Fort Ridgeley, Minn.: 206, 211-220.

Fort Snelling, Minn.: 112, 187, 207, 210, 215, 257, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 269, 270, 271, 274, 276-279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 287-291, 293.

Fort Sterling: 268.

Fort Sumter, S. C.: 209, 213.

Fort Winnebago (_now_ Portage, _q. v._), Wis.: 279, 288.

Foundries: 161.

Fowl, wild: 22.

Fox River: 112, 196, 199, 202, 279, 281.

France: 112.

Frank Steele: steamboat, 101.

Frauds: bank and land, 174-183.

Freedom, Pa.: 263, 266, 273.

Freight: 19, 29, 30, 33, 34, 52, 55, 57, 64, 65, 74, 76, 109, 137, 143, 147, 149, 151, 162, 164, 167-169, 171-173, 179, 185, 233, 240, 241, 246, 248, 250, 252, 266, 267, 270, 291, 292.

French: 21, 113, 114, 301.

Frenchman's: sand bar, 223.

Frontier: steamboat, 184.

Fruit: 23.

Fuel: on river boats, 59-63.

Fulton, Capt. L.: 263.

Fulton City, Iowa: 273.

Furman, Charles: clerk, 266.

Furs: 22, 164, 169.

Fur-traders: 112.

F. X. Aubrey: steamboat, 239.

GABBERT, CAPT. W. H.: 118, 258, 268, 271, 272, 283, 292.

Galena, Ill.: 19, 36, 37, 55, 56, 66, 71, 80, 83, 84, 99, 115, 117, 118, 127, 129, 148, 149, 164, 167-169, 172, 182, 184, 187-189, 237, 257-294.

Galena: name for steamboats, 230.

Galena, etc., Packet Co. _See_ Steamboats.

Gallipolis, O.: 272.

Gambling: 124, 138-142.

Game: 22, 199, 201.

Gasconade River: 279.

Gates, William R., brother-in-law of G. B. Merrick: 30.

Gauge, steam: 48.

General Brooke: steamboat, 152.

Gilbert, Capt. ----: 268.

Gilpatrick, Henry: pilot, 116.

Girdon, G. R.: clerk, 294.

Glasgow, O.: 289.

Gleim, Capt. E. H.: 281, 284, 287, 293.

Gleim, F. M.: clerk, 272.

Glenmont, Wis.: 195.

Gloucester, Mass.: 15.

Gody, Alex.: pilot, 116.

Gold: in mountains near Missouri River, 164.

Golden Era: steamboat, 80.

Golden State: steamboat, 270.

Goll, Capt. C. B.: 270, 273.

Goodell, Capt. ----: 286.

Gordon, Gen. ----: 203.

Grafton, Mo.: 273.

Grant, Maj.-Gen. Ulysses S.: 212.

Gray, Capt. ----: 107, 108, 109, 271.

Gray, Capt. R. C.: 264, 273, 286.

Gray, Capt. S. E.: 80.

Gray, Capt. William: 273.

Great Northwestern Stage Lines: 258.

Great River: appellation of Mississippi (_q. v._), 13.

Green, ----: clerk, 286.

Green, Capt. Asa B.: 190-195, 267, 292.

Green Bay, Wis.: 112, 279.

Greenlee, Capt. ----: 262.

Grey Cloud: sand bar, 95, 223.

Grey Eagle: steamboat, 41, 144, 147, 148, 152, 184.

Griffith, Capt. Thomas H.: 262, 285.

Griffiths, Capt. ----: 294.

Guardapie, Joe: pilot, 113, 114.

Guttenburg Channel: 249.

Guttenburg Landing, Iowa: 274.

Guyandotte: 263.

HADDOCK, WILLIAM: 182.

Half-breeds: 112, 113, 115. _See also_ Indians.

Hall, Peter: pilot, 116.

Halliday, Edward W.: clerk, 278.

Hamilton, William ("Billy"): engineer, 35, 38, 46-51, 73, 159, 268.

Hanks, Stephen: pilot, 116.

Hanna, Capt. Phil: 279.

Hannibal, Mo.: 29, 188, 229.

Hardman, Capt. ----: 259.

Hargus, Charles (Charley): clerk, 55, 56, 61, 62, 135, 180, 268, 271, 276.

Harlow, Capt. ----: 271.

Harlow, Samuel (Sam): pilot, 116, 276, 279.

Harriman, Gen. Samuel: 141.

Harris Bros.: 265.

Harris, Capt. Daniel Smith: 144, 148, 149, 184, 187, 189, 265, 270, 272, 274, 276, 282, 284, 286, 288-290, 292, 293.

Harris, Jackson (Jack): pilot, 103, 116, 283, 292.

Harris, James: 184.

Harris, Keeler: engineer, 290.

Harris, Meeker K.: 265, 278, 289, 294.

Harris, Capt. Nathaniel: 276.

Harris, Oliver: 287.

Harris, R. Scribe: 184, 265, 270, 284, 285, 289, 292.

Harris Slough: 74, 80.

Hastings, Minn.: 20, 21, 115, 122, 140, 168, 191, 195, 245, 273.

Hatcher, Capt. J. R.: 269, 277, 293.

Havaszthy, Augustin: Count de Castro, 287.

Hawes, Chaplain ----: officiates at wedding, 204.

Hay, Capt. ----: 281.

Hay, Col. John: cited, 46.

Haycock, Capt. ----: 271, 289.

Hempstead, William: 294.

Henderson, Billy: 132, 267.

Herculaneum, Mo.: 188.

Hewitt, Capt. Stephen: 280.

Highland Mary: steamboat, 282.

Hight, Capt. ----: 261.

Hill, Capt. John B.: 285.

Hill, Capt. Thomas B.: 281.

Hoffman, Capt. ----: 263.

Holcomb, E. V.: pilot, 116, 277, 280.

Holloway, J. F.: describes steamboat race, 41, 43-45.

Hooper, Capt. William H.: 258, 279, 290.

Hopkins, ----: clerk, 274.

Horton, Charles: clerk, 275.

Hoskins, Capt. H.: 278.

Hotelling, Capt. Peter: 279.

Howard's Bend: 289.

H. S. Allen: steamboat, 80, 104, 106, 108.

Hudson, Wis.: 29, 83, 108, 109, 148, 195, 201.

Humbertson, Capt. ----: 281.

Hungarians: 65.

Hunt, Hiram: engineer, 272.

Hunt, W. E.: 264.

Hunters: 20.

Hurd, Capt. J. Y.: 272, 283.

Huron, Lake: 300.

ICE: steamboats crushed in, 234, 237, 238, 239, 257, 258.

Illinois, state: 18, 30, 64, 80, 84, 175, 188.

Illinois River: 231, 250, 259, 265.

Immigrants and immigration: 19, 62.

Improvements: cost of, 222, 223, 226; on upper Mississippi (1866-76), 297.

Indiana, state: 175.

Indian Mission: 262.

Indians: 13, 18-28, 113, 114, 184, 187, 189, 201, 202, 209, 211-213, 219, 220, 287, 293; numerous about Mississippi River, 20; chiefs, 21, 22; squaws, 22; characteristics, 23; nomenclature and legends, 300-303. Various tribes-- Chippewa, 19, 20, 21, 112-114, 200, 219, 271, 300; Dakota (Dakotah), 20, 112, 300-302 (_see also below_ Sioux); Hurons, 112; Sioux, 19, 20, 21, 22 (Red Wing band), 82, 182, 200, 206, 211, 212 (agency), 216, 219 (various bands), 284; Winnebago, 301.

Indian Territory: 211.

Indies: 185.

Industries: 29, 30, 113, 161, 162.

Insurance: 162, 234.

Intoxication: 66, 115, 140, 141, 157.

Iowa, state: 64, 89, 219, 248.

Iowa Island: 275.

Irish: 48, 49, 65, 66, 69, 70, 114, 135, 215, 241.

Iron and steel: 163.

Irvine, Capt. ----: 286.

Islands: 21, 22, 110, 111, 188, 189, 223, 224, 232, 248, 257-259.

Italians: 65.

Itasca: steamboat, 84, 144, 147, 151, 277.

JACKINS, CAPT. ----: 268.

James, Capt. ----: 284.

Jameson, Capt. ----: 292.

Jenks, ----: 172, 291.

Jenks, Capt. J. B.: 280.

Jesuits: 301.

Jewell, Charles (Charley): pilot, 80, 106, 192, 193, 267, 273.

J. M. White: steamboat, 41.

John M. Chambers: steamboat, 264.

Johnson, ----: 291.

Johnson, E. A.: clerk, 292.

Johnson, John: 182.

Jones, Gen. George W., U. S. A.: 293.

Jones, Joseph: 118.

Josephine: steamboat, 249.

Josie: steamboat, 249.

KANSAS, STATE: 222.

Kate Cassell: steamboat, 35, 84, 115, 150.

Keithsburg, Iowa: 285.

Kendall, Ned: musician, 157.

Kennett, Capt. S. M.: 278.

Kent, Capt. ----: 282.

Kentucky: steamboat, 279.

Keokuk, Iowa: 188, 232, 239. _See also_ Steamboats.

Keokuk Rapids: 117.

Keoxa: Indian village, 302.

Key City: steamboat, 84, 89, 101, 103, 148, 149, 151, 275, 277, 280, 282.

Kinestone, James: engineer, 283.

King, ----: 289.

King, Capt. George L.: 282.

King, John: pilot, 78, 116.

Kingman, Capt. ----: 267, 292.

Kinnickinnic Bar: 107.

Kinnickinnic River: 204, 205.

Knapp, Geo. B.: 270.

LA BARGE, CAPT. JOSEPH: 264, 266, 271, 274, 284.

La Crosse, Wis.: 29, 112, 150, 167, 183, 208, 216, 260, 267-269, 271, 275, 281, 283, 284, 287, 292, 293.

Lady Franklin: steamboat, 171.

Lafferty, Capt. ----: 285, 288.

Lagrange, Mo.: 279.

Lake City, Minn.: 246.

Lakeland, Minn.: 29, 108.

Lakes: 19, 29; Great, 117, 187, 200, 300.

Lambs: 127.

Land: government, 60; frauds, 180-183.

Lansing, Iowa: 89, 122, 123.

La Pointe, Charles: pilot, 115.

Laughton, Capt. W. H.: 122-124, 270, 271, 283.

Lawrence, O.: 269.

Laws, banking: 174.

Lay, John: engineer, 192, 193, 194, 195, 267.

Leadlines: 92, 95.

Le Claire, Iowa: 29.

Lee, Capt. John: 281.

Lee, Gen. Robert E.: 141, 203.

Le Fevre (_now_ Galena, _q. v._), Ill.: 184.

Le Seuer, Pierre Charles: French explorer and trader, 21.

Lewis, W. S.: clerk, 275.

Libbie Conger: steamboat, 249.

Liberty Landing, Mo.: 259.

Limestone: 301.

Lincoln, Abraham: 161, 215.

Lindergreen, Henry: printer, 181.

Link, Henry: pilot, 102, 245, 247, 252, 253.

Liquors: 66, 108, 130-137, 140.

Little Crow: Sioux chief, 211.

Little Washington, on Missouri River: 281.

Locomotives: reversing gear of, 40. _See also_ Railroads.

Lodwick, Capt. Kennedy: 259, 263, 270.

Lodwick, Capt. M. W.: 259, 260, 261, 265.

Lodwick, Capt. Preston: 265, 282, 283.

London, Eng.: 201.

Long, Maj. ----, U. S. A.: 303.

Long Island Sound: 42.

Longstreet, Gen. James: 203.

Louis XIV: king of France, 301.

Louisiana, Mo.: 18, 188.

Lover's Leap: 155, 302 (Legend). _See also_ Maiden Rock.

Lucas, Capt. M. E.: 278.

Lucy Bertram: steamboat, 277.

Ludloff, Louis: 215.

Luella: steamboat, 18, 184.

Lumber and lumbering: 29, 113, 114, 162, 185, 190, 191, 221.

Lusk, Capt. J. H.: 281.

Lynn, Lewis F.: 278.

Lyon, Capt. ----: 259.

Lyon, Kimball (Kim): 16, 17.

Lyons, Capt. ----: 292.

MCALLISTER, CAPT. ----: 274.

McClintock, Capt. ----: 274.

McClure, Capt. John: 265.

McCoy, Capt. E. M.: 288.

McCoy, James B.: pilot, 115, 116, 268.

McDonald, George: engineer, 46, 241, 245, 246, 253, 268.

McGregor, Iowa: 179, 248, 249.

McGuire, Capt. ----: 258.

McKeesport, Pa.: 257, 258, 261, 264, 271.

McLagan, Capt. Ed.: 280.

McMahan, Capt. ----: 286, 287.

McPhail, Sandy: raftsman, 114, 115.

Machinery: 35, 36, 72, 110, 111, 227, 272, 284.

Mackinac, Mich.: 112.

Madison, Iowa: 258.

Maiden Rock (near Winona): 155, 283, 302, 303.

Mail: 147.

Maitland, ----: clerk, 282.

Malin, Capt. J. W.: 278.

Mallen, Bill: 139, 141.

Malta Bend: 279.

Manning, Charley: pilot, 116.

Maratta, Capt. ----: 285.

Marquette, Jacques, S. J.: 113.

Marshall, Sam: musician, 158, 159.

Martin, Capt. ----: 264, 267, 281.

Maryland, state: 47.

Mary Morton: steamboat, 102, 240-242, 245, 247, 249, 250.

Mason, Capt. Isaac M.: 259, 260, 269.

Massacres, Indian: 206, 213.

Mates (on steamboats): 64-73, 75, 77, 93, 95, 126, 136, 194, 251, 253, 277; first, 163; second, 71, 72, 163.

Mathers, Charles (Charley): clerk, 240, 245, 253.

Maxwell, Capt. O. H.: 261, 290, 293.

Melville, Geo. R.: clerk, 265.

Mendota, Minn.: 206.

Mermaid: steamboat, 289.

Merrick: family in Prescott, 22.

Merrick, Col. ----: 211.

Merrick, George B. (author): ancestry, 15; birthplace, 15; early impressions, 15-19; first glance of Mississippi River, 18; escapes from drowning, 26; chased by wolves, 27, 28; enters river service, 35; becomes ship pantry boy, 35, 276; printer, 35, 181; second or "mud" clerk, 37, 52-58, 268; second engineer, 38-45; never centered his engine, 41; bashful, 52; appointment as clerk becomes permanent, 56; threatened with loss of position, 61; pilot, 80, 266, 267, 273; his initiation as pilot, 106-110; on "Golden Era," 80; on "Equator," 192; accident to his boat, 104; engaged by Eden, 199; his experience with wild-cat money, 179; knows game haunts, 200; great reader, 201; visits Maiden Rock, 303; enlists and serves during Civil War, 51, 83, 190, 268; marries, 83; agent and superintendent of N. Y. Steamship Co., 83; railroad agent, 83, 240; newspaper man, 83; his trip on "Mary Morton," 240-253.

Merrick, L. H., father of G. B. M.: 29, 30.

Merrick & Co., L. H.: 30-33, 55.

Merrick, Samuel, brother of G. B. M.: 25, 26.

Messenger: steamboat, 149.

Methodists: 190, 191.

Metropolitan: steamboat, 132.

Mexico, Gulf of: 64.

Miami Bend: 276.

Michigan, state: 15, 19, 175, 186, 199, 201; possible etymology of, 300, 301.

Michigan, Lake: 300, 301.

Middleton, Capt. ----: 284.

Miller: family in Prescott, 22.

Miller, Capt. ----: 274.

Miller, John S.: 188.

Mills: 18, 169, 221, 222, 284.

Milwaukee, Wis.: 248.

Mines, lead: 184.

Minks: 22.

Minneapolis, Minn.: 96, 169, 183, 226. _See also_ St. Anthony.

Minnesota, territory and state: 19, 20, 62, 80, 116, 117, 129, 152, 155, 162, 164, 180-182, 206, 211, 213, 219, 222, 248.

Minnesota Packet Co. _See_ Steamboats.

Minnesota River: 206, 207, 209, 216, 258, 259, 261, 264, 265, 267-269, 271, 273, 275, 276, 280, 281, 285, 288-290, 293, 294.

Minnesota: steamboat, 152.

Minnesota Belle, steamboat: 18, 19, 152.

Mishawaka, Mich.: 187.

Missionaries: 190, 301.

Mississippi River: its former glory, 13; navigation impaired, 13, 56; diminished in size, 13; boats of, compared to others, 15; railroads lessen traffic on, 18, 83; traffic of, dead, 221, 250; great traffic on, 19; tributaries to, 19, 20, 199, 206; Indians numerous near, 20, 219, 301; islands in, 21, 110, 111, 188, 223, 232, 248, 258, 259, 264, 266, 277, 279-281, 287, 288, 290, 301; sloughs in, 21, 283, 301; description of banks and valley, 21, 88, 89, 156, 188, 189, 239; trading posts and towns on, 21, 29, 30; storms on, 25, 110, 122, 123, 231, 249; saloons along, 29; warehouses on, 30, 33; sand bars and reefs in, 36, 41, 74, 76, 85, 92, 93, 223, 224; steamboats of, described, 36, 42; explosions on, frequent, 39; channels, 40; Com. Porter opens, 50; requirements necessary for offices on ships of, 55; woodyards along, 59; farms along, 60; slavery on west bank of, 64; beginning of its trade boom, 66; change in character of crews on, 69, 70; code of honor of, 74; accidents during low water, 74, 76; obstructions in, 78; piloting and navigation on (difficulties, etc.), 78-99, 101-103, 111-116, 223, 224; improvements on, 79, 221-228, 299; may regain prestige in commerce, 79, 80; boats aground in, 80; Twain's _Life on the Miss._, cited, 83; numerous turns in, 85; dams and dikes in, 85, 225; difficulties of paddling on, 85-91; pilots must know, 86-88; "knowing" it, 92-109; official etiquette on, 109; pioneer steamboats of, 111, 112, 187, 257; modern boats, 110; fur-traders on, 112; raftsmen on, 113, 114; incidents of river life on, 117-125; steamboatmen on, 124; morals on, 125, 251; menus of boats on, 126-131; water of, used as beverage, 129-131; contaminated by sewage, 131; gambling on, 138-142; life of steamboats on, 161; duration of navigation, 170; keel boats on, 188; legends of, 302; floods on, 216, 225, 238; mills along, 221, 222; commission, 226; wrecks on, 227; snags removed from, 227; dredging in, 228; losses of steamboats on, 229-239; reliving old days on, 240-253; steamboats on upper, before 1863, 257-294; rapids in, 257; origin and etymology of name, 300; its French names, 301.

Missouri Point: 273.

Missouri River: 112, 130, 131, 164, 186, 222, 226, 227, 230-233, 237, 250, 257, 259, 260, 262-266, 271, 274, 276, 279, 281-285, 287-290.

Mitchell, Capt. A.: 292.

Molasses: 29.

Molino del Rey, Mex.: battle of, 212.

Money: wild-cat, 174-180.

Monongahela, Pa.: 263, 291.

Monopolies: 56, 173.

Monterey, Mex.: battle of, 212.

Montford, Capt. A. G.: 289.

Montgomery, Capt. ----: 277, 285.

Montgomery, Mo. (?): 258, 260.

Moore, Seth: pilot, 116.

Moorhead, Minn.: 258.

Moquoketa Chute: 265.

Morals: along Mississippi, 114, 124, 251.

Moreau, Louis: 113. _See also_ Moro.

Morehouse, D. B.: 270.

Morehouse, Capt. Legrand: 268.

Moro (Morrow, Moreau), Louis: pilot, 113.

Morrison, Capt. ----: 258, 259.

Morrison, Capt. C. S.: 283.

Morrison, Capt. G. G.: 260.

Morrison, James: mate, 283.

Moulton, I. N.: 267.

Moulton, Thomas: 266, 267.

Mounds: near Mississippi, 21.

Moundsville, Va.: 292.

Mountains: 301.

Mouseau (Mo'-sho), Antoine: half-breed Indian chief, 22.

Mouseau, Louis: pioneer of St. Paul, 22.

Mules: 213, 214.

Mullen, ----: clerk, 281.

Mundy's Landing: 265.

Murraysville, Pa.: 259, 263.

Muscatine Bar: 265.

Music: 16. _See also_ Steamboats.

Musicians: 157.

Muskrats: 22.

Mutinies: on ships, 48, 66, 69.

NANTUCKET, R. I.: 15.

Nashville, Tenn.: 279.

Natchez: steamboat, 143.

Navigation: lessened on Mississippi, 13; difficulties of, 206, 207; improvements in, 221-228; greatest disaster in western, 234, 235; opening at St. Paul (1844-62), 295.

Nebraska, state: 222.

Nebraska: steamboat, 239.

Negroes (darkies): 47, 48, 64, 65, 70, 127, 128, 136, 157-160, 241, 250-253, 260.

New Albany, Ind.: 264, 282, 288, 291.

Newburyport, Mass.: 15.

New England: 130, 131.

New Orleans, La.: 47, 78, 80, 117, 143, 185, 230, 250, 272.

Newport, Minn.: 102.

New St. Paul: steamboat, 184.

Newspapers: 202, 203, 238.

New Ulm, Minn.: 213.

New York City: 51, 80, 83, 159, 182.

Nichols, George: 116.

Nicollet, ----: explorer, 290.

Niles, Mich.: 15, 17, 186, 187.

Nine Mile Island: 287.

Nininger, Minn.: land frauds at, 139, 180-183, 223, 270.

Nobleman, stray: 196-205.

Nominee: steamboat, 149, 150, 184, 274.

Norris, Frank: steward, 292.

Northern Belle: steamboat, 152, 292.

Northerner: steamboat, 148.

Northern Light: steamboat, 103, 155.

Northern Line. _See_ Steamboats.

Northwestern Line. _See_ Steamboats.

Northwestern: newspaper, 202.

Northwest Territories: 174, 222, 290.

Norwegian: 114.

OAK: 60, 61, 76, 303.

Ocean Wave: steamboat, 33, 101.

Ohio River: 43, 66, 161, 185, 187, 188, 290.

Ohio, state: 184.

Onawa Bend: 264.

Orchestras: 157.

Osage River: 265.

Osceola, Wis.: 29, 270, 282.

Oshkosh, Wis.: 196, 199, 202, 204.

Otter: steamboat, 290.

Oxford Univ.: 196, 201.

Owen, Capt. ----: 267.

Owens, Capt. ----: 279.

PANAMA, ISTHMUS OF: 79.

Pantry boy: 52, 115.

Paris, France: 201.

Parker, ----: 115, 116.

Parker, Capt. ----: 269, 281.

Parker, Capt. J. W.: 262, 271.

Parker, Capt. N. W.: 284.

Parker, Capt. W. N.: 265.

Parkersburg, Va.: 264.

Parkman, Francis: _La Salle and Disc. of Gt. West_, cited, 113.

Parthenia: steamboat, 238.

Paul Jones: steamboat, 238.

Pearman, ----: clerk, 258.

Pekin, Ill.: 285.

Peltries: 112. _See also_ Furs.

Pemberton, Capt. John C.: 212.

Penn's Bend: 262.

Pennsylvania, state: 66, 212.

Pepin, Lake: 29, 35, 149, 234, 237, 238, 246, 259, 268-270, 288, 302.

Petersburg, Va.: 141, 203.

Philadelphia, Pa.: 80.

Phil Sheridan: steamboat, 152.

Physicians: 57.

Pictures. _See_ Steamboats.

Pierce, George S.: clerk, 277.

Pigs: 127.

Pig's Eye: bad crossing on Mississippi, 95, 223, 245.

Pike: name for steamboats, 229.

Pilots: 14, 17, 35, 36, 38-40, 42-44, 47, 51, 52, 56, 57, 63, 71-74, 76, 80, 83, 84, 100, 101, 103-105, 110, 112, 115, 116, 122, 124, 130, 150, 151, 163, 170, 188, 199, 202, 207, 209, 210, 223, 224, 226-228, 232, 240-242, 246, 260, 264, 267, 268, 273, 277, 284, 292, 294; duties and responsibilities, 78-99; early, 111-116; oldest of upper Mississippi, 117.

Pim, John S.: clerk, 272.

Pine Bend: 245.

Pine Ridge, S. Dak.: 216.

Pine trees and wood: 22, 34, 74, 232.

Pioneers: 185, 188.

Pitch: 147.

Pittsburg, Pa.: 30, 185, 250, 259, 262, 275, 276, 278, 280-282, 286-289, 291, 293.

Pittsburg: steamboat, 249.

Planters: 138.

Point Douglass: 49, 171, 237, 268, 273, 291.

Pokagon: Indian chief, 19.

Polar Star: steamboat, 239.

Pontoosuc, Ill.: 290, 296.

Poplar River: 262.

Population: 19, 188.

Pork: 29, 30, 241.

Portage, Wis.: 197, 279, 288.

Portages: 113.

Porter, Com. ----: 50.

Post Boy: name for steamboat, 230.

Potatoes: 56, 169.

Potosi, Wis.: 268, 282, 290.

Prairie Belle: steamboat, 46.

Prairie du Chien, Wis.: 56, 69, 112-114, 144, 147, 151, 164, 167-169, 171, 172, 202, 248, 261, 275, 280, 284.

Prairie Grove: battle of, 211.

Prairies: 21, 27, 28, 107, 188, 209-211.

Preachers: 190, 193.

Pre-Emption: steamboat, 184.

Presbyterians: 46.

Prescott, Wis.: 19, 20, 21, 22, 27-29, 34, 49, 55, 60, 80, 85, 95, 106-108, 114, 140, 148, 152, 171, 179, 191, 193, 195, 199, 201, 215, 223, 225, 245, 268, 273, 282; typical river town, 29; transfer and shipping point, 29, 30.

Prescott Island: 223.

Prices and values: 59, 62, 64, 65, 80, 124, 139, 144, 155, 161-164, 167-169, 171, 172, 181, 184, 216, 219, 222, 223, 225, 226, 234, 262, 265, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 280, 282, 289-291.

Pringle: steamboat, 239.

Printers: 35, 95, 181, 182.

Prize fights: 115, 116.

Profits: 170-172.

Providence, Mo.: 285.

Provisions: 29, 30, 127, 128, 149, 163, 185.

Puitt's Island: 223, 277.

Pumps: 36.

QUINCY, ILL.: 188, 252, 280, 285, 289.

Quincy: steamboat, 249.

Quicksand: 76.

RACCOONS: 22.

Radebaugh, George: engineer, 283.

Rafts: 26, 114, 122, 185, 221, 249, 250; men, 30, 106, 113, 114. _See also_ Ships.

Railroads: 56, 83, 105, 162, 164, 167, 173, 221, 234, 240, 241, 248, 292; kill traffic on rivers, 18; Various lines--Dunleith, 172; Galena & Western Union, 164; Illinois Central, 164; Milwaukee & Mississippi, 164; Prairie du Chien, 172.

Rapids: 186, 225, 231, 257, 261, 264, 269, 275, 279, 301.

Rawlins, Capt. John: 272, 283.

Red River of the North: 250, 258, 263, 269.

Red Wing, Minn.: 19-21, 167-169, 246, 270.

Red Wing: Sioux chief, 19-22.

Reed's Landing, Minn.: 29, 246.

Reefs, 36, 40, 92-94, 96, 99, 100, 109, 200. _See also_ Sand bars.

Reilly (Riley), Capt. Robert A.: 259, 280, 281, 294.

Relief: steamboat, 184.

Reno, Capt. ----: 288.

Resin: 148.

Reynolds, Joseph: 248, 249.

Rhodes, Capt. J. B.: 278.

Rhodes, Capt. J. H.: 292.

Rhodes, Capt. Thomas B.: 280, 290.

Rice: 30; wild, 22.

Rice, Dan: circus man, 122.

Richardson, ----: deserts ship to join army, 215.

Riley, Capt. Robert A. _See_ Reilly.

Rissue, Capt. ----: 277.

River Falls, Wis.: 201, 204, 205, 240.

Rivers: 13, 19; improvements on, 221-223.

Rivière de la Conception: appellation of Mississippi, 301.

Rivière St. Louis: appellation of Mississippi, 301.

Robbins, R. M.: clerk, 266.

Robert E. Lee: steamboat, 143.

Robert, Capt. Louis: 272, 276, 290.

Robert, Capt. Nelson: 290.

Robinson, Capt. John: 264.

Rock Island, Ill.: 18, 19, 35, 85, 93, 122, 130, 148, 152, 164, 168, 184, 188, 261, 263, 266, 272, 275, 287; rapids, 264. _See also_ Bridges.

Rogers, ----: 260.

Rogers, Capt. ----: 286.

Rolling Stone, Minn.: 95, 182, 183.

Rosin: 34.

Rounds, Capt. ----: 287.

Roustabouts. _See_ Deck hands.

Rowe, Capt. ----: 273.

Rowley, Capt. ----: 263.

Ruley, Russel: mate, 35, 267, 277.

Rusk, Jeremiah (gov. of Wis.): 83.

Russell, Capt. Joseph, U. S. A.: 187.

Ryan, Capt. ----: 289.

ST. ALBERT'S ISLAND: 282.

St. Anthony, Minn.: 96, 169, 272. _See also_ Minneapolis (with which it is incorporated).

St. Anthony Falls, Minn.: 99, 112, 155, 223, 265, 266, 268, 272, 278, 283.

St. Croix, Minn.: 285; Falls, 29, 80, 104, 106, 191, 199, 259, 263, 264, 269, 273, 282, 285; Lake, 19, 105, 148, 191, 192, 195, 267; River, 19, 20, 29, 113, 191, 199, 200, 202, 259, 265, 266, 270, 273, 284, 293; valley, 284, 287; steamboat, 280, 290.

St. Genevieve, Mo.: 188.

St. Joseph, Mich.: 16, 187, 264; river (St. Joe), 15, 17, 18, 186, 199.

St. Louis, Mo.: 19, 30, 43, 60, 64, 66, 70, 79, 83-85, 103, 106, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 124, 132, 136, 143, 158, 172, 175, 186, 188, 207, 221, 230, 231, 233, 234, 237, 241, 247, 250-252, 257-294, 301; table of distances from, 296-298.

St. Paul, Minn.: 18, 22, 35, 55, 56, 60, 62, 66, 71, 78, 79, 83-85, 93, 96, 99, 103, 106, 115, 117, 122, 127, 129, 132, 136, 140, 144, 147, 149, 151, 157, 162, 164, 167, 168, 171, 172, 180, 182, 206, 207, 222, 223, 225, 228, 230-232, 234, 240-242, 248, 251, 253, 257-294, 301; opening of navigation at (1844-62), 295.

St. Paul: name for steamboats, 230, 249.

St. Peters, Minn.: 257-260, 262, 266, 268, 270, 271, 274-276, 278-281, 284-289, 291, 292.

Salem, Mass.: 15.

Saloons: 29. _See also_ Intoxication; _and_ Liquors.

Saltmarsh, Capt. ----: 275.

Sam Cloon: steamboat, 239.

Sand bars: 74-77, 112, 163, 169, 170, 186, 223, 224, 228, 247, 249, 273; danger of, 41. _See also_ Reefs.

Sargent, Capt. ----: 291.

Sargent, G. L.: engineer, 294.

Sauk Rapids: 266, 272, 283.

Savanna, Ill.: 118.

Schaser: family in Prescott, 22.

Schools: 84, 184.

Scotchman: 84, 115.

Scott, Capt. ----: 271, 284.

Scott, G. W.: engineer, 294.

Search-lights: 89, 245, 249, 250.

Senator: steamboat, 184, 292.

Sencerbox, Capt. ----: 267.

Settlers: 60, 174, 179, 185, 222.

Shaw Botanical Garden: in St. Louis, 250.

Shellcross, Capt. John: 278, 291.

Shenandoah: steamboat, 239.

Sherman, Tecumseh W.: 206, 212, 216, 217, 268.

Ships and water craft: shipyards and shipbuilding, 15, 161, 230; captains (masters), 14, 35, 46, 47, 52, 71-77; crews, 48, 64, 69, 70; watches on, 56, 57; caste on, 69, 70; shipping methods, 29, 30, 33; cargoes carried by, 30 (_see also_ Freight); competition in shipping, 33; "shipping up" defined, 40. Various kinds of water craft: Arks, 185. Barges, 149, 150, 171, 246, 248, 289. Bateaux, 112. Broadhorns, 185. Canal-boats, 185, 239. Canoes, 22-27, 112, 301. Circus-boat, 122. Dugouts, 20, 23. Flatboats, 62, 239. Gunboats, 50. Keel boats, 15, 185-187. Lifeboats, 123, 231. Lumber hooker, 16. Mackinac boats, 112. Packets (_see below_ Steamboats). Sailing, 117. Scows, 62, 63, 185. Steamboats--13-18, 24, 33, 117; stern-wheelers, 18, 33, 39, 40, 84, 85, 101-103, 155, 163, 170, 191, 194, 199, 206, 207, 258-294; side-wheelers, 18, 33, 39-42, 85, 102, 152, 155, 199, 250, 257-294; night landings, 33, 34; Merrick enters service of, 35; close of navigation for, 35; machinery on, 35, 36; described, 35, 36, 43, 44, 74-76; duties of engineers on, 35-37; engine-room, 38-45, 73, 79; rate of speed, 42; racing, 43-45, 143-151; become fewer on Mississippi, 56, 222; wooding up, 59, 62, 63; official etiquette on, 62; captain must know thoroughly, 71, 73, 74; captains own interest in, 72; cabins, 72; how handled in accidents, 74-77; sparring off, 74-76; hogging, 75; spars, 74-76; how hauled over bars, 76, 77; patrol Mississippi, 79; forced out by railroads, 83; lights covered at night, 90; art of steering, 100-105; early, 111, 112, 187, 257; list of, on upper Mississippi (before 1863), 257-294; early pilots on, 111-116; size, 117, 163, 164, 169, 199, 200, 206, 250, 257-294; bars (abolished) and beverages on, 124, 129-137; cost, 124 (_see also_ Prices); kitchen, 126; menus on, 126-131; "grub-pile," 129; gambling on, 138-142; music and art on, 152-160; bonanzas, 161-173; few insured, 162; passenger accommodations, 167, 171; passenger rates, 167-169; pioneer steamboatmen, 184-189; wrecks and accidents, 192-195, 229-239, 257-293; desertions from, 215; logs towed by, 221; U. S. Govt. procures, 227, 228; dredges worked by, 228; many with same name, 229, 230; U. S. inspection of, 232; improvements on, 245-247, 249, 250; where built, 257-293. Steamship lines (some same company under various names)--Alton, 157, 231, 239; Anchor, 250; Davidson, 267, 269, 277, 281, 283, 293; Diamond Jo, 136, 151, 167, 240, 245, 246, 248, 249; Dubuque & St. Paul Packet Co., 269; Galena, Dubuque, Dunleith & St. Paul Packet Co. (Galena and Minn. Packet Co.), 30, 261, 265, 268, 270-272 (_see also below_ Minn. Packet Co.); Keokuk Packet Co., 277; Minnesota Packet Co., 30, 41, 84, 116, 129, 148, 151, 170, 172, 180, 216, 258, 260, 263, 271, 272, 277, 278, 280, 282-284, 287, 288, 291, 292; N. Y. Steamship Co., 83; Northern Line, 132, 260-262, 264-266, 269, 270, 273, 281, 282, 285, 290, 292; Northwestern Line, 124, 279, 280, 285, 286; St. Louis & St. Paul Packet Co., 180, 263, 264, 266, 269; St. Louis Line, 148. Towboats, 122. Submarine boats, 238. "Wild" boats, 30. Woodboats, 63, 239. Yawls, 74, 207, 222.

Shousetown, Pa.: 257, 260, 262, 280, 282, 286, 288.

Shovelin, Con: second mate, 70.

Sidney: steamboat, 249.

Sire, Capt. Joseph: 284.

Slaves and slavery: 47, 50, 64, 65, 164. _See also_ Negroes.

Sloughs: 21, 22, 227, 248, 301.

Smelter: steamboat, 184.

Smith: family in Prescott, 22.

Smith, Mr. ----: owns woodyard, 60.

Smith, Capt. ----: 266, 292.

Smith, Capt. J. C.: 280.

Smith, Capt. J. F.: 266.

Smith, Jerome: pilot, 116.

Smith, Capt. John: 290.

Smith, Capt. Orren: 149, 150, 261, 278, 281, 282, 288, 294.

Smoker, Capt. ----: 265.

Soap: 30.

Soldiers: 191, 222, 241, 261.

South Bend, Mich.: 15, 187.

Speer, S.: 289.

Spencer, Capt. R. M.: 261, 269, 284, 288.

Stackhouse & Nelson: 289.

Standing Bear, Henry (Sioux): 216, 219, 220.

Stanton, Frederick K.: clerk, 273.

Starnes, Capt. ----: 280.

Statistics: of casualties to steamboats, 229, 259.

Steamboats. _See_ Ships.

Stephens, John: clerk, 270.

Stephenson, Capt. Charles L.: 273, 292.

Stewards (on steamboats): 35, 126-129, 163, 242.

Stewart, ----: clerk, 274.

Stillwater, Minn.: 29, 106-109, 115, 140, 164, 167, 168, 179, 191, 192, 221, 259.

Stone, Capt. ----: 285.

Storms: 107-110, 122, 123, 191, 192, 231, 234, 249.

Stran, Capt. H. B.: 288.

Strother, Capt. ----: 284.

Sturgeons, fish: 19.

Sugar: in cargo, 30.

Superior, Lake: 300.

Sutler: steamboat, 184.

Swamp, wild rice: 22.

TALLIAFERRO, Laurence: Indian agent, 187.

Talliaferro, Maj. ----, U. S. A.: 287.

Telegraph: name for steamboat, 230.

Tennessee River: 250.

Thomas, Chute: 274.

Thompson's _Bank Note Detector_: 179.

Throckmorton, Capt. Joseph: 261, 262, 263, 271, 279, 286, 289, 293.

Thurston, Capt. ----: 259.

Tibbles, Henry: pilot, 116.

Tiger: steamboat, 284.

Time and Tide: steamboat, 278.

Tishomingo: steamboat, 172.

Tools: 20, 35, 36.

Torches: 34.

Trader, Boney (Napoleon Bonaparte): gambler, 139.

Transportation. _See_ Railroads; _and_ Ships.

Traverse, Lake: 269.

Traverse des Sioux, Dakota: 219, 259, 265.

Treaties: Indian, 206, 219, 284, 287.

Trees: 22, 26, 34, 74, 232.

Trempealeau, Wis.: 69, 95; Landing, 301; Mountain, 301.

Tripp, Harry: pilot, 80, 116, 268.

Trout: 202, 205.

Troxell, ----: engineer, 292.

Troy, Capt. ----: 267.

Trudell, ----: mate, 123.

Trudell Slough: 21, 25.

Truett, Capt. ----: 286.

Turkey River: 249.

Turner, Capt. ----: 286.

Tuttle, Calvin: millwright, 285.

Twain, Mark (S. L. Clemens): _Life on Lower Miss._, cited, 83, 84, 87, 130, 188.

UNIONS: 64.

United States: 20, 206, 219; federal officers, 60; inspects steamboats, 84, 231, 232; danger to govt., 208; charters vessel, 216; war dept., 227.

Upper Bonhomme Island: 290.

VAN HOUTEN, Capt. ----: 258.

Vermillion Slough: 21.

Vermont, state: 205.

Vickers, Capt. ----: 288.

Vicksburg, Miss.: 212, 273, 290.

Victoria, Queen: 144, 147.

Victory, Wis.: 123, 247.

Virginia, state: 141.

Virginia: steamboat, 112, 187, 257.

Vorhies, Capt. ----: 277.

Voyageurs: 113, 115, 301.

WABASHA: 247, 261; Prairie, 182.

Wabash River: 155.

Wacouta, Minn.: 29, 149, 234, 269, 287.

Wages: 56, 103, 122, 126, 137, 157, 158, 163, 199, 201, 215, 224, 241, 251.

Wah-pa-sha: Dakota chief, 300, 302, 303.

Waiters: on boats, 157.

Wall, Capt. Nick: 281, 285.

Ward, Frank: clerk, 271.

Ward, Capt. James: 156, 262, 263, 267, 275, 286, 289, 290, 293.

War Eagle: steamboat, 76, 84, 184, 230, 270.

Warehouses: 19, 29, 30, 33, 182, 188.

Warrior: name for steamboats, 230.

Wars: Civil (Secession), 22, 50, 51, 78, 80, 117, 174, 190, 196, 197, 203, 206-211, 215, 216, 222, 231; Indian, 213, 216; Mexican, 212.

Washington, D. C.: 51, 83, 208, 226, 287, 292.

Washington, Mo.: 260.

Wa-ze-co-to: Dakota Indian, 303.

Webb, Capt. N. F.: 271, 284, 292.

Wells's Landing: 123.

Wellsville, O.: 268.

West, Edward (Ed., Ned) A.: pilot, 78, 103, 106, 116, 148, 277.

West Brownsville, Pa.: 258, 278.

West Elizabeth, Pa.: 267, 272, 287.

West Newton: steamboat, 149, 184.

West Newton Chute: 293.

Weston Island: 257.

West Point Mil. Acad.: 79, 209, 224, 226.

Whales and whalers: 15, 16.

Wheat: 30, 56, 152, 169, 171, 246, 248, 249.

Wheeling, Va. (_now_ W. Va.): 270, 271, 278, 284, 289.

Whipple: family in Prescott, 22.

Whiskey: 29, 30, 135, 136.

"Whiskey Jim:" appellation of deck hand, 215.

White, Capt. ----: 188.

White, Hugh: pilot, 116.

White, William: pilot, 116, 293.

White Cloud: steamboat, 233.

Whitten, Capt. David: 144, 147, 275.

Wilcox, Gen. O. B.: 141, 204.

Wilderness: battle of, 215.

Williams, Rufus: pilot, 116.

Willow River: 109.

Wilson, Billy, mate: 48, 66-70, 268, 303.

Winnebago, Wis.: 202; Lake, 197, 266.

Winona: Indian maiden, 302, 303.

Winona, Minn.: 29, 69, 168, 183, 259, 277, 291, 300, 302.

Wisconsin: River, 112, 199, 202, 279, 288; territory and state, 19, 20, 25, 35, 83, 113, 164, 175, 190, 195, 203, 219, 300.

Wise, Gen. ----: 203.

Wolf River: 197.

Wolves: 22, 27.

Wood and woodyards: 57, 59-63, 69, 115, 143, 163, 179.

Wood Lake: 202.

Woodburn, Capt. ----: 286.

Woodruff, Capt. ----: 259.

Woods, John: 188.

Worden, Capt. Jones: 149, 268, 277.

Worsham, ----: clerk, 257.

Wrecks: 78, 93, 124, 192-195, 227.

Wright, ----: engineer, 292.

YALE UNIVERSITY: 204.

Yankees: 70, 114, 131, 196, 211.

Young, Capt. Augustus R.: 266, 267.

Young, Jesse B.: mate, 267.

Young, Josiah: engineer, 267.

Young, Leonard: engineer, 267.

Young Men's Christian Association: 216.

ZANESVILLE, O.: 276.

Transcriber's notes

Italic text has been marked with _underscores_.

Words changed:

- rythmical to rhythmical (Chapter I) "... "Algoma"! The word has a rythmical measure, and ..."

- Francois to François (Index) "... Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de,..."

- Appendix E refers to Louis XIV; the city of St. Louis was in fact named after Louis IX.