Chapter 22

THE MODERN PERIOD

The history of Quebec in the period succeeding the war of 1812 is a long record of internecine strife, due to certain conditions of the Canada Act of 1791, a measure halting midway between military rule and responsible government. The Act had been well intended, and it was, maybe, a necessary stage in constitutional development; but its immediate result was to organise opposing factions into formal assemblies, each bent on checking the policy of the other, and bringing the government of the country to a deadlock. On one side, the interests of the English were identified with the Legislative Council, a body appointed by the King for life, and owing no responsibility to the suffrages of the people; while, on the other, a French majority ruled in the popular assembly, whose authority, powerful in influence, impotent in administration, controlled neither the executive officers nor financial affairs. Accordingly, the dispute between the Assembly and the English ascendency, or "Family Compact," soon resolved itself into a struggle for and against responsible government.

An insoluble problem was now presented to successive governors--Sherbrooke, Richmond, Dalhousie, Kempt, Aylmer, Gosford. All in turn addressed themselves to the work of pacification, and all retired baffled by that racial egotism which granted favours with airs of patronage, or met continued concessions with ever increased demands. The English were naturally apprehensive of a French dominance, which might prove dangerous to the security of constitutional union; the French Canadians were too keenly alert for signs of tyranny, too suspicious of a power sullied by nepotism and greed of office. Of all the long series of viceroys, perplexed, discomfited, yet honourably bent on doing their duty to both races and to the constitution, one of the wisest was Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, to whom Prevost resigned the reins of government in 1815. He early saw the expediency of liberal measures, and his wise administration led moderate men to believe that a peaceful era of constitutional progress was forward. Unhappily, however, these hopes were dashed by the succession of the Duke of Richmond two years later--a chivalrous but uncompromising advocate of the extreme views of his party in England. The Duke, however, almost atoned for the political narrowness of his administration by the stimulus he brought to the social life of the capital and the sincerity of his belief that by personal influence he could harmonise contending factions. Under his magnificent patronage Château St. Louis became once more the scene of lavish hospitality. Dinners, dances, and theatricals were the order of the day; and fashionable officers, issuing from their quarters in the citadel, found distractions in St. Louis Street and the Grande Allée, due compensation for all they had left at home. For the exiled sportsman, too, there was the racecourse on the Plains of Abraham, riding to the hounds on the uplands of Lorette, snipe at Sillery Cove, and ducks on the St. Charles Flats.

With pomp and circumstance the Duke of Richmond made progress through his dominions, everywhere speaking, entertaining, endeavouring to conciliate. He travelled up the St. Lawrence by steamer and thence by canoes along the shore of Lake Ontario to Toronto and Niagara. Next, he undertook the more arduous journey in the course of which he was to meet a tragic end.

The little settlement of Richmond, named after the Governor himself, lay thirty miles from Perth, at some distance west from the Ottawa river. Here, following the trail through the woods, the Duke had penetrated in search of adventure. That night he and his small staff stayed at the village inn, and the next day they started in canoes on their way down to the junction with the Rideau river. Hardly had they commenced their journey, however, when the Duke's actions began to excite alarm. The attendants sought in vain to restrain his violence, and the boats drawing in to shore the party landed. Breaking loose from all control, the Duke plunged into the woods, and was found soon afterwards lying exhausted in a fit of hydrophobia, the result of a bite by a tame fox two months before at Sorel. He died the same night; and the body was presently carried back to Quebec, where for two days it lay in state at the Château. An impressive service was held in the English cathedral, and the body of one who had been Canada's most splendid governor since the days of De Tracy and Frontenac, was deposited in the cathedral vault. Minute guns boomed forth from the citadel, and Quebec was plunged from gaiety into mourning.

The social brilliance of the Duke of Richmond's rule, however, could not blind the popular party to the inadequacy of the policy for which he stood; and discontent soon began to take a bitter and dangerous form. The concessions grudgingly doled out by Dalhousie and Kempt, succeeding governors, did not touch the main issue of the question, and even when Lord Aylmer removed the last serious grievance, only withholding from the Assembly the right to vote upon the salaries of civil officers, it might have seemed that there was no further ground for agitation. But the essential grievance lay not so much in material disabilities as in the limitation of the abstract right to self-government; and Joseph Papineau, the eloquent and ardent leader of the movement, summed up his party's political creed in the new watchword--_La nation Canadienne._ Parry and thrust, the fight grew faster, and the temper of the combatants became heated. Papineau was elected to the speakership of the Assembly, a challenge the Governor answered by prorogation. Next, the Progressives demanded an elective council, and the Government replied that such a step would mean abandoning the province wholly to the French, who were yet unprepared to wield complete popular power, and would moreover endanger the interests of the English minority. The demand was formally rejected by Lord John Russell on the return of Lord Gosford's commission in 1835.

The fiery eloquence of Papineau now led the more ardent of his followers to the point of rebellion; and for a time it seemed as if Lower Canada would throw away the name for steadfast loyalty she had earned through so many years. The rebellion of 1837, however, met with no serious support throughout the Province of Canada; and, except as an original centre of agitation, Quebec did not figure in it at all. At the same time defensive measures were not omitted, the leading citizens, both French and English, forming themselves into a regiment at the disposal of the Governor-General. Parliament House was set apart for a drill-hall and guard-house, and garrison duty was performed here during the whole of an anxious winter. Montreal, however, suffered violence at the hands of a misguided mob; and in the country parishes the _habitants_ were harangued after Mass on Sunday by deputies of the _Fils de Liberté_. Yet, while they punctuated these fervent addresses with shouts of "_Vive Papineau_" and "_Point de despotisme!_" they neither knew nor cared what the struggle for responsible government really meant. In the parishes along the Richelieu, indeed, Papineau and his followers made a greater commotion; but, except in Bellechasse and L'Islet, the contented _habitants_ of the St. Lawrence forgot the seditious procession almost as soon as it passed. These ingenuous _enfants du sol_ had no political aspirations beyond the preservation of their religion, their language, and their ancient customs; and, in spite of the bitter prophecies of peripatetic agitators, they refused to believe that their peace and comfort and quiet life were in any real danger from English oppression. The Government easily coped with this factitious rising, which nowhere reached the importance of an organised revolt. But while the military problem was soon solved, important political results followed hard upon such palpable tokens of discontent. English ministers now turned most serious attention to the constitutional defects of the colony, and decided to make a full and authoritative inquiry. Gosford's successor, Sir John Colborne, was now recalled; and on April 24th, 1838, the Earl of Durham sailed for Canada as High Commissioner, and he proved to be the keenest statesman, save Frontenac, who had figured in the history of the country.

Lord Durham was at this time forty-six years of age, and into that comparatively short life he had already crowded a remarkable political record. At twenty-one he entered the House of Commons as member for the county of Durham, at once identifying himself with the party of parliamentary reform--indeed, he is even credited with the drafting of the first Reform Bill. An experience of five years in the cabinet with Grey and Palmerston, and of two years as ambassador at St. Petersburg, marked him out as a politician and diplomatist of the first rank. A certain stateliness and formality of character appears, however, to have made him many enemies in England, and they did not scruple to gratify their dislike or jealousy during his mission to Canada. Their enmity is echoed in a trivial paragraph in _The Times_, describing an incident which happened on the outward journey:--

"A letter from Portsmouth states that on the evening of Lord Durham's arrival in Portsmouth, his lordship and family dined at one table and his staff at another, in the same room and at the same hour. We suppose we shall soon hear of Lord Durham's reviving the old custom of arranging his guests above and below the salt-cellar."[46]

On the 27th of May, 1838, H. M. S. _Hastings_ and a squadron of gunboats and frigates dropped anchor in the harbour of Quebec. Flags were flying gaily from tower and bastion to welcome the High Commissioner, who was attended ashore by a retinue eclipsing in brilliance even that of the Duke of Richmond, and further guarded by two cavalry regiments, on their way to reinforce the regular forces in the country. As such a suite could not be accommodated in the old Château, Parliament House was fitted up as a residence; and here Lord Durham established himself with a magnificence suitable to a monarch, but unusual in a viceroy of Quebec. On his daily drives he was accompanied by three or four equerries in scarlet and gold, who galloped before his carriage to clear the road; and at his frequent entertainments guests received only the most stately hospitality. It is not unnatural that this large ceremony in a new and poor country impaired his influence, and at first increased the difficulties of his mission.

[Footnote 46: _The Times_, 3rd May, 1838.]

The situation was indeed one requiring the wisdom of a ripe diplomatist. Previous to the rebellion of 1837, government had become impossible owing to the antagonism of the racial elements existing together in the province; and on Lord Durham's arrival he found the constitution of the Colony suspended, supreme power being lodged in his own person as High Commissioner, whose slightest indiscretion might lose the vast territory to the Crown. That he was keenly alive to the delicacy of his task is shown by the chivalrous, almost romantic generosity with which he met the natural prejudices of the French, and tolerated their utmost bitterness against his own compatriots; and although this imaginative and liberal spirit met with disapproval from the ruling powers in England, and was finally the cause of his withdrawal, his conciliatory policy was amply justified by the event. Indeed, it is certain that the insular assurance--by no means absent from subsequent public life in England--which prompted Lord Gosford, the previous Governor, to declare that the ulterior object of the French Canadian politicians was "the separation of this country from England, and the establishment of a republican form of government," and who met the imaginary demand with a sharp and scornful negative, would soon have brought Canada to the verge of a revolutionary war.

The proclamation published immediately on Lord Durham's arrival in Canada gave promise of fair dealing to all parties. "I invite from you," he assures them, "the most free, unreserved communications. I beg you to consider me as a friend and arbitrator, ready at all times to listen to your wishes, complaints, and grievances. If you, on your side, will abjure all party and sectarian animosities, and unite with me in the blessed work of peace and harmony, I feel assured that I can lay the foundations of such a system of government as will protect the rights and interests of all classes....

"In one province the most deplorable events have rendered the suspension of its representative constitution, unhappily, a matter of necessity; and the supreme power has devolved upon me. The great responsibility which is thereby imposed on me, and the arduous nature of the functions which I have to discharge, naturally make me most anxious to hasten the arrival of that period when the executive power shall again be surrounded by all the constitutional checks of free, liberal, and British institutions."[47]

The problem to be solved is stated and partly solved in the famous report on the affairs of Canada subsequently published by the High Commissioner--perhaps the most remarkable document in British colonial history. It showed the keenest insight into knotted complications, and at the same time it made practical and far-seeing suggestions, which reduced the problem to its simplest terms, and prepared the way for a legislative union upon a sovereign scale, and with a provincial autonomy having the happiest results.

"I expected," he declared, "to find a contest between a government and a people; I found two nations warring in the bosom of a single state."

[Footnote 47: _Quebec Gazette_, 29th May, 1838.]

Nor could any lasting reform be accomplished unless the hostile divisions of Lower Canada were first reconciled. As far as the French population were concerned, he found an explanation of their antagonism, not so much in their unjust exclusion from political power, as in the grudging and churlish patronage with which privileges were one by one conceded; while, on the other hand, the Loyalists were intolerant to a degree, regarding every favour shown to their rivals as a slight put upon themselves, and professing principles which were thus summed up by one of their leaders: "Lower Canada must be _English_ at the expense, if necessary, of not being _British_." Elsewhere Lord Durham confesses the overbearing character of Anglo-Saxon manners, especially offensive to a proud and sensitive people, who showed their resentment, not by active reprisal, but by a strange and silent reserve. The same confession might still be made concerning a section of English-speaking Canadians, who seem to consider it a personal grievance that French Canadians should speak the French language. Lord Durham would probably have reminded them that conquest does not mean that birthright, language, and custom, spirit and racial pride, are spoils and confiscations of the conqueror.

As for the grievances he came to remedy, Lord Durham dwells upon the circumstances which practically excluded French Canadians from political power, leaving all positions of trust and profit in the hands of the English minority; for although they numbered only one in four of the inhabitants, this privileged class claimed both political and social supremacy as though by inherent right. Owing no responsibility whatever to the legislature, they could afford to smile at the protestations of that superfluous body, and pursue their own wilful course.

Coming to practical counsel, the High Commissioner pointed out that there was no need for any change in the principles of government, or for any new constitutional theory to remedy the disordered state. The remedy already lay in the British constitution, whose principles, if consistently followed, would give a sound and efficient system of representative government. His first suggestion was the frank concession of a responsible executive. All the officers of state, with the single exception of the Governor and his secretary, should be made directly answerable to the representatives of the people; these officers, moreover, should be such as the people approved, and should therefore be appointed by the Assembly. He further advised that the Governor should be forbidden to employ the resources of the British Constitution in any quarrel between himself and the Legislature, resorting to imperial intervention only when imperial interests were at stake.

His second recommendation was to bring the Upper and Lower Provinces together by a legislative union. He met the threatened danger of a disaffected people endowed with political power by an appeal to arithmetic: "If the population of Upper Canada is rightly estimated at 400,000, the English inhabitants of Lower Canada at 150,000, and the French at 450,000, the union of the two provinces would not only give a clear English majority, but one which would be increased every year by the influence of English emigration....I certainly shall not like," he continues, "to subject the French Canadians to the rule of the identical English minority with which they have so long been contending; but from a majority emanating from so much more extended a source, I do not think that they would have any oppression or injustice to fear."

This plea for unity among all the elements of political life in Canada, premature as it was, marked, perhaps, the limitation of Lord Durham's scheme. But although he was mistaken in the degree of allowance to be made for the distinct individuality of the French province--a defect afterwards made good on Dominion Day--the work he did, the counsel he gave, made an epoch in the progress of Canadian nationality, and prepared the ground for the completer measures of the future.

The treatment of rebels was the most critical question with which Lord Durham had to deal, and it was ultimately the cause of his withdrawal, so timid and unchivalrous was the Government of the day in the face of political and journalistic criticism. While granting a general amnesty to the rank and file of the offenders, the High Commissioner offended constitutional pedants by deporting eight of the leading revolutionists without trial to Bermuda; and although this measure was taken advisedly, with the purpose, as it turned out, of saving the prisoners from the heavier penalty they would certainly have received from a regular court, the Viceroy's numerous enemies did not scruple to use this technical omission as a basis for attacks upon his policy. Moreover, when he was bitterly denounced in the House of Lords by Brougham and Lyndhurst, the ministry of Melbourne offered but a feeble defence of their representative; with the result that Durham, on hearing of this desertion by the Cabinet which had appointed him, sent in his resignation.

The departure of the High Commissioner was deeply regretted by those who were able to appreciate the wisdom and sincerity of his administration, though indeed it was otherwise regarded by the leaders of that social clique in Quebec whose family compact he had resolutely condemned. Yet he had builded better than England or Canada or himself then knew, and his tireless energy and imagination left behind him the material for a sound structure. Besides the masterly report of his commission, a visible, if less important, monument to his beneficent work for Canada still stands in the magnificent terrace at Quebec, known to-day under an improved form and by another name, yet in a larger measure his conception and his achievement. He sailed from Quebec on the 1st of November, 1838, the ceremony of his departure being hardly less imposing than that marking his arrival five months before. Troops lined the streets from the Governor's residence to the Queen's wharf, the bands playing "Auld Lang Syne" to express the regret felt at parting from a sincere and strong administrator, thus sacrificed to his enemies by a vacillating Ministry. At this last evidence of sympathy and appreciation the _hauteur_ of the Viceroy relaxed, and, as he passed on board the frigate _Inconstant_ homeward bound--as he himself records--his heart went out towards the people of Canada, by whom, at least, his motives were understood and honoured; and this feeling of gratitude to perhaps the most simple and sincere of all British peoples remained with him to the end.

By an act brought forward by Lord John Russell, the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada were formally united, and the first Parliament of the two Canadas was opened in the city of Kingston in June, 1841. This experiment partly meeting the needs of the country, and satisfying that high civic and national sense which make Britishers confident that they can govern themselves, opened up the way for that freer union which has since 1867 made a nation of a series of scattered territories.

The legislative union of the Upper and Lower Provinces had not been concluded without sharp opposition; for the citizens of Quebec foresaw that her influence must inevitably wane under the new conditions, and they set themselves strongly to defeat the measure. However, the ancient city lay too far east to remain the capital of the expanding territories, and with an almost exclusively French population it could not remain the political pivot of a British dependency. Opposition was overborne in due time, and the Act of Union shifted the national centre of gravity farther west.

Canada was now embarked upon a course of self-government, and was never again to feel the hand or obey the voice of England in her internal politics. So much the union had accomplished. The problems of the succeeding period concerned Canada alone, and she was now free to seek a better way to her national organisation. A responsible legislature had been conceded, yet with defects in constitution bearing hardly upon the character and traditions of the French element. Thus, although the population of the Lower Province numbered two hundred thousand more than that of her partner, the two provinces were allowed an equal number of representatives in the new house; the French language was cast aside; and the united assembly was saddled with the heavy debts previously contracted by the western province. It was not long before an agitation was started to readjust the relations between Upper and Lower Canada, and free the French from conditions which pressed heavily upon their material interests and racial sentiment. The new problem was, to find a way by which the principle of self-government recently conceded to Canada as a whole might be reconciled with the free action and growth of its component provinces; and for twenty-five years this question engaged the politicians of the country.

Time, however, brought a decided change in the attitude of the two opposing sections of the legislature, as one by one the grievances of the French were removed. In 1848 the restrictions placed upon the use of their language in the Parliament were done away; and by the surprising advance of the West, the hardship of disproportionate representation was taken over by Upper Canada. Twenty years after the Union, the Western Province had already a population greater by three hundred thousand than that of her rival. In the later period of the discussion, therefore, the position of parties was reversed, the French defending the existing order, the Upper Province calling out for reconstruction. But statesmen on both sides now began to aim at larger and more patriotic ends than the exclusive advantage of their own province; and in 1860 a scheme for a federal government was proposed by George Brown, a Liberal statesman, intended to bring the interests of the provinces into line with those of the country at large. The movement was premature; but four years later a convention met at Quebec to discuss the union of all the provinces of British North America, the chairman being Étienne Paschal Taché, who died before the work was consummated. There met the fathers of Confederation, John A. Macdonald, chief of them all--George Brown, George Étienne Cartier, Alexander Galt, Thomas D'Arcy M'Gee, William M'Dougall, Alexander Campbell, Hector Langevin, James Cockburn--together with Charles Tupper and other representatives of the Maritime Provinces. It was agreed that "the system of government best adapted under existing circumstances to protect the diversified interests of the several provinces, and secure harmony and permanency in the working of the Union, would be a general government charged with matters of common interest to the whole country; and local government for each of the Canadas, and for all the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, charged with the control of local matters in their respective sections."

These proposals were well received in London, and in 1866 the Canadian Legislature met for the last time under the old conditions. The British North America Act became law in March of the following year, the Earl of Carnarvon being Colonial Secretary; and on the 1st of July the new Dominion, under command of John A. Macdonald, was launched by Governor-General Viscount Monk on that prosperous course which still conducts the premier colony of England into an ever brighter future.

Valiant in asserting her predominance there was, however, a siege against which the fortress and bastions of Quebec were of no avail. Left behind in the march of progress, commercial and political, her prestige as a centre of national influence slowly declined, and Montreal and Toronto took over that pre-eminence which had been hers for centuries. Yet nothing could rob the city of her maternal grandeur. She saw no longer in the West the wild prospects and the fertile wastes, but a sturdy nation settling down to its destiny, and spreading out over half a continent; so realising her ancient prophecy, so fulfilling her laborious hopes, the reward of zealous toil and martyrdom. Colbert's dream was now come true, save for the flag which floated over the happy homesteads in the peaceful land. These homesteads of the West, in the region of the great lakes, were indeed to be centres of growth and progress and vast wealth; yet the venerable fortress on the tidal water ever was, and still remains, the noblest city of the American continent. There still works the antique spirit which cherishes culture and piety and domestic virtue as the crown of a nation's deeds and worth. There still the influence of a faithful priesthood, and a university in some respects more distinguished than any on the American continent, keep burning those fires of high tradition and a noble history which light the way to national grace of life, if not to a sensational prosperity. Apart from the hot winds of politics--civic, provincial, and national--which blow across the temperate plains of their daily existence, the people of the city and the province live as simply, and with as little greedy ambition as they did a hundred years ago.

The rumble of the calèches and the jingling of the carrioles in the old streets are now pierced by the strident clang of the street-car; and the electric light sharpens garishly the hard outlines of the stone mansions which sheltered Laval, Montcalm, and Murray; but modern industry and municipal emulation sink away into the larger picture of fortress life, of religious zeal, of Gallic mode, of changeless natural beauty. No ruined castles now crown the heights, but the grim walls still tell of

"Old, far-off, unhappy things, And battles long ago."

The temper of the people is true. Song and sentiment are much with them, and in the woods and in the streams--down by St. Roch and up by Ville Marie--chansons of two hundred years ago mark the strokes of labour as of the evening hour when the professional village story-teller cries "_cric-crac_" and begins his tale of the _loup-garou_, or rouses the spirit of a pure patriotism by a crude epic of some valiant atavar; when the parish fiddler brings them to their feet with shining eyes by the strains of _O Carillon_. They are not less respectful to the British flag, nor less faithful in allegiance because they love that language and that land of their memories which they know full well is not the Republican France of to-day when their Church suffers at the hands of the State. If ever the genius of the Dominion is to take a high place in the fane of Art, the soul and impulse of the best achievement will come from Old Quebec, which has produced a sculptor of merit, Hébert; a renowned singer, Albani; a poet crowned by the French Academy, Louis Fréchette; and has given to the public life of the country a distinction, an intellectual power, and an illuminating statesmanship in the persons of Étienne Taché, Sir George Cartier, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Enlarged understanding between the two peoples of the country will produce a national life marked by courage, energy, integrity, and imagination. Though Quebec has ceased to be an administrative centre of the nation, the influence of the people of her province grows no less, but is woven more and more into the web of the general progress. The Empire will do well to set an enduring value on that New France so hardly won from a great people, and English Canada will reap rich reward for every compromise of racial pride made in the interests of peace, equality, and justice.

APPENDIX I

GOVERNORS OF CANADA

_Early Viceroys and Lieutenant-Generals._

Sieur de Roberval, 1540.

Marquis de la Roche, 1598.

Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 1612 (Champlain Governor).

Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, 1612.

Duc de Montmorency, 1619.

Henri de Lévis, Duc de Vantadour, 1625.

_Governors under the Company of One Hundred Associates._

Samuel de Champlain, 1633.

M. Bras-de-fer de Chastefort, 1635.

M. de Montmagny, 1636.

M. d'Ailleboust, 1648.

M. Jean de Lauson, 1651.

M. Charles de Lauson, 1656.

M. d'Ailleboust, 1657.

Viscomte d'Argenson, 1658.

Baron d'Avaugour, 1661.

_Governors-General under Royal Government._

M. de Mézy, 1663.

Seigneur de Courcelles, 1665. (Marquis de Tracy, Viceroy, 1665-67.)

Count Frontenac, 1672.

M. de la Barre, 1682.

M. de Denonville, 1685.

Count Frontenac, 1689.

M. de Callières, 1699.

Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703.

Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726.

Count de Galissonière, 1747.

Marquis de la Jonquière, 1749.

Marquis du Quesne, 1752.

Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnac, 1755.

_Governors of the Province of Quebec._

Gen. Sir Jeffrey Amherst, 1756.

Gen. James Murray, 1763.

Gen. Sir Guy Carleton, 1768 (Lieutenant-Governor from 1766).

Gen. Sir Frederick Haldimand, 1778. (Henry Hamilton and Col. Henry Hope Lieutenant-Governors, 1785-87.)

Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton), Governor-General of British North America, 1787.

_Governors-General during the Fifty Years when Canada was divided._

Lord Dorchester, 1791.

Gen. Robert Prescott, 1797-1805 (Lieutenant-Governor, 1796).

Sir James Craig, 1807.

Sir George Prevost, 1811.

Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, 1816.

Duke of Richmond, 1818. (Hon. James Monck and Gen. Sir Peregrine Maitland administrators, 1819-20.)

Earl of Dalhousie, 1820.

Sir James Kempt, 1828.

Lord Aylmer, 1830.

Lord Gosford, 1835.

Sir John Colborne, 1838.

Lord Durham, 1838.

Hon. C. Poulett Thompson (afterwards Lord Sydenham), 1839.

_Governors-General from the Union of the Canadas until Confederation._

Lord Sydenham (C. P. Thompson), 1841.

Sir Charles Bagot, 1842.

Lord Metcalfe, 1843.

Earl Cathcart, 1846.

Earl of Elgin, 1847.

Sir Edmund Bond Head, 1854.

Viscount Monk, 1861-67.

_Governors-General of the Dominion._

Viscount Monk, 1867.

Lord Lisgar (Sir John Young), 1868.

Earl Dufferin, 1872.

Marquis of Lorne, 1878.

Marquis of Lansdowne, 1883.

Earl of Derby (Lord Stanley of Preston), 1888.

Earl of Aberdeen, 1893.

Earl of Minto, 1898.

APPENDIX II

LEADERS AND PREMIERS AFTER THE UNION OF 1841

Hon. Robert Baldwin and Louis H. Lafontaine, 1841.

Sir Dominick Daly, 1843.

Hon. W. H. Draper, 1844.

Hon. H. Sherwood, 1847.

Robert Baldwin and Hon. Louis H. Lafontaine, 1848.

Sir Francis Hincks, and Hon. A. N. Morin, 1851.

Sir Allan M'Nab and Sir E. P. Taché, 1855.

Sir John A. Macdonald, 1856.

Hon. George Brown, 1858.

Sir George E. Cartier and Sir John A. Macdonald, 1858.

Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald and Hon. Antoine A. Dorion, 1861.

Sir E. P. Taché, 1864.

Sir N. Belleau, 1865.

_Prime Ministers since Confederation, 1867._

Sir John A. Macdonald, 1867-73.

Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, 1873-78.

Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, 1878-91.

Sir J. J. C. Abbott, 1891-92.

Rt. Hon. Sir J. S. D. Thompson, 1892-94.

Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 1894-96.

Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., 1896 (April-July).

Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 1896.

APPENDIX III

LISTE DES GOUVERNEMENTS DE LA PROVINCE DE QUEBEC DEPUIS L'ÉTABLISSEMENT DE LA CONFÉDÉRATION 1867

Ministère Chauveau 1867

Ministère Ouimet 1873

Ministère de Boucherville 1874

Ministère Joly 1878

Ministère Chapleau 1879

Ministère Mousseau 1882

Ministère Ross 1884

Ministère Taillon 1887

Ministère Mercier 1887

Ministère de Boucherville 1891

Ministère Taillon 1892

Ministère Flynn 1896

Ministère Marchand 1897

Ministère Parent 1900

INDEX

Abercrombie, General, 248, 253, 256

Abraham, Heights of, origin of name, 396

Acadians, expulsion of, 203

Adet, M., 384

Aiguillon, Duchesse d', 52

Ailleboust, D', 238

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 191

Albanel, Père, 396

Albemarle, Duke of, 145

American Revolution, 342 _sqq._, 428

Amherst, General, 253, 266, 273, 295, 307, 313, 317, 324

Andaraqué, attack on, 93

Andrews, Miss, 370

Angélique des Meloises, 199, 227, 380

Annapolis, so named, 178

Anne of Austria, 166, 225

_Anse du Foulon_, 292, 317

Anson, Admiral, 191

Anstruther's Regiment, 295, 317

Anville, Duc d', 190

Argenson, D', Governor, 166 _sqq._

Arlington, Lord, 400

Arnold, Benedict, 344 _sqq._

Arnoux, the surgeon, 300

Austrian Succession, 187

Autray, D', on the Mississippi, 128

Avaugour, Baron d', 85, 167

Aylmer, Lord, 301, 308, 444, 447

Baffin, the explorer, 394

Bailey, Governor, 404 _sqq._

Beauharnois, Marquis de, 162 _n_., 184

Beaujeu, Captain, 131, 215

Beaumanoir, 199

Beaver Company, 395

Beaver Dams, Battle of, 434

Belleisle, M. de, Minister of War, 265

Bellona, statue of, 320

Berryer, French Colonial Minister, 262

Bienville, Céloron de, 192

Bigot, François, 195 _sqq._, 244, 261, 303, 336, 337, 380

Bizard, sent to Montreal, 119

Black, the informer, 389

Blasphemy, law against, 102

Boerstler, Colonel, 434

_Bois brûles_, 419

Bonne, M. de, 270

Boscawen, Admiral, 212, 253

Boucher, Pierre, 86

Bougainville, General de, 196, 246, 250, 262, 270, 279, 283, 302 _sqq._, 307, 310 _sqq._

Bourdon, Jean, 395

Bourlamaque, General, 246, 266, 289

Braddock, Major-General, 211 _sqq._, 436

Bradstreet, Colonel, 260

Bragg's regiment, 295, 317

Breakneck Stairs, 43

Brébeuf, Père, Jean de, 34, 41, 67 _sqq._, 80 _sqq._

Bressani, Père, 81

Bridgar, Governor, 406

British North America Act, 468

Brock, Major-General Sir Isaac, 426, 431 _sqq._

Brougham, Lord, 462

Brown, George, 466

Brulé, Étienne, 32

Brunswicker Regiment, 366

Burke, Edmund, 374

Burton, Colonel, 295, 298, 317

_Buttes-à-Neveu_, 105

Cabot, the brothers, 3, 4

Cadet, 196, 335, 336

Caen, Émery de, 34, 39, 40

Cahiagué, the Huron capital, 32

Callières, M. de, 163 _sqq._, 175

Cambrai, Peace of, 5

Cameron, Duncan, 418

Campbell, Alexander, 467

Campbell, Donald, 342

Campbell, Duncan, 257

Campbell's Highlanders, 257

Canada, Act of, 1791, 443

Canada, population in 1700, 179

Canada, Upper, 374, 427

Carignan-Salières, regiment of, 89 _sqq._, 92, 94, 96, 100, 161, 226, 380

Carillon, 249, 255 _sqq._

Carion, Lieutenant, 119

Carleton, Sir Guy. See Dorchester, Lord

Carnarvon, Earl of, 468

Carnival, 172

Carroll, Charles, 364

Cartier, George Étienne, 466

Cartier, Jacques, life and voyages of, 5 _sqq._

"Castle Dangerous," 161

Cataraqui, or Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, Ont., 124, 373

Censitaires, 94

Chabanel, Père, 82

Chabot, Philippe de Brion, 5, 12

Champigny, Intendant, 142

Champlain, Samuel de, life and discoveries of, 19 _sqq._, 238

Champlain's Chapel, 43

"Chariot, the," 314

Charles I., execution of, 104

Charles II., 406

Charles V., The Emperor, 5, 12

Charlesburg-Royal, 14, 16

Charlevoix describes Quebec, 106

Chase, Samuel, 364

Chastes, Sieur de, 20, 45

Château Bigot, 199

Châteauguay River, battle of, 436

Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, 252 _sqq._

Chaumont, Père, 76

Cheeseman, Captain, 356

_Chesapeake_ and _Shannon_, 435

Chien d'Or, 201

Chrystler's Farm, battle of, 436

Church, and the French Revolution, 384

Church, influence of, 45, 54, 66 _sqq._, 85, 238 _sqq._

Church, the first in New France, 30

Clarence, Prince William Henry, Duke of, 368

Clergy, influence of, 441

Clive, General Robert, 262

"Clive of Quebec, the," 110

Cockburn, James, 467

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 86, 96, 117, 120, 168, 169, 468

Colborne, Sir John, 451

Colombo, Francisco, 20

Colonisation, French and English contrasted, 39, 45, 46, 48, 100

Columbus, Christopher, 3, 4

Colville, Admiral, Lord, 313, 322

Compagnie des cents Associés. See Hundred Associates, Company of One

Compagnie du Nord, 405

Condé, Prince de, 29

Confederation, 466 _sqq._

Conseil Supérieur, 239

Constitutional Act, 375 _sqq._

Cook, Captain James, at Quebec, 271

Copernicus, 3

Corlaer, or Schenectady, 91, 144

Cortès, Hernando, 5

Coudouagny, Indian god, 10

Couillards, family of, 38

Courcelles, Daniel de Rémy, Sieur de, 88, 110

_Coureurs de bois_, 33, 102, 119, 143, 171, 408, 417

_Coureurs de côte_, 327

Cradock, Richard, 407

Craig, Sir James, 422 _sqq._

Criminal law, 102

Crown Point, 212

Daine, Mayor of Quebec, 304

Dalhousie, Earl of, 444, 447 Obelisk to Wolfe and Montcalm, 308

Dalling, Major, 317

Daniel, Père, 41, 49, 69 _sqq._, 79 _sqq._

Daulac, or Dollard, Adam, 60

Davis, the explorer, 394

Davison, Alexander, 368

Davost, Père, 41, 70 _sqq._

Dearborn, General, 431, 433

Declaration of Rights (1689), 404

Denis of Honfleur, 4

Denonville, 140

Deschenaux, 196

Des Ormeaux, Sieur. See Daulac

Dieskau, 212

Dinwiddie, Governor, 206

Dolbeau, Father, 31

Dollard. See Daulac

Dominion, formation of the, 468

Dongan, Governor of New York, 140

Donnacona, Indian chief, 8, 10

Dorchester, Lord (Sir Guy Carleton) 288, 341, 343, 373, 385, 428

Drucour, Chevalier de, 253

Duchambon, 190

Duchesneau, Intendant, 134, 168, 405

Dufferin Terrace, 308

Du Lhut, discoveries of, 138, 410, 414

Du Millière, General, 386

Dunkirk of America, _i.e._ Louisbourg, 255

Du Peron, Père, 76

Dupuy, Paul, sentence on, 104

Duquesne, Marquis, 206

Durantal, Indian chief, 33

Durham, Earl of, 423, 441, 451 _sqq._

Dussault, Marie Anne, 391 _sqq._

Duvert, Dr., 388

Du Vivier, attacks Annapolis, 187

Earthquake, in Quebec, 136

"Echom," Indian name for Brébeuf, 70

Edgar, Matilda, _Ridout Letters_, 431

Emigration from France to Canada, 96

Esquimaux, 32

Estates General, 116

Estournelle, Admiral D', 191

Exploration, French and English, 411

"Family Compact," 444, 462

Federation, 466 _sqq._

Fénelon, Abbé Salignac de, 119

Feudal system, imported into New

France, 94

"Fils de Liberté," 450

Fire in Quebec, 135

Fitzgibbon, Lieutenant, 434

"Five Nations." See Indians, Iroquois

Fontaine, Mlle. Marguerite, 164

Forbes, General, 260

Fort Charles, 400

Fort Crèvecoeur, 125 _sqq._

"Fort des Sauvages," 83

Fort Duquesne, 185, 210, 260

Fort Necessity, 211

Fort William, 419

Fort William Henry, 213, 217, 250

Fort York, now Toronto, 434

Forts built by the French, 185

Fox, Charles James, 375

Francis, of Angoulême, 5

Francis I., 45

Franciscans, arrival at Quebec, 30

Franklin, Benjamin, 338, 364

Fraser, Captain Malcolm, 352

Fraser, Colonel, 317

Fraser's Highlanders, 295

Frederick the Great, 246, 252, 262

Freemasons' Hall, 368

French exploration, character of, 19

French Revolution, 383

_Friponne_, La, 109, 201

Frobisher, 394

Frontenac, Count, 110 _sqq._, 134, 143 _sqq._, 168 _sqq._, 175, 380, 404

Froude, J. A., 3

Fur trade, 395 _sqq._

Gage, General, 326

Gallows Hill, 390

Gait, Alexander, 466

Gamache, Marquis de, 49

Garneau, Dr., 389

Garnier, Père, 74, 82

Gaspé, De, _Les Anciens Canadiens_, 234, 332, 387

Genet, French Ambassador to U. S., 383

Gensing root, 183

George II., death of, 328

George III., Court of, 380

Ghent, Treaty of, 440

Gillam, Captain, 400

Glandelet, Sieur, 172

Gosford, Lord, 444, 449, 454

Goupil, a Jesuit, 78

Governors of Canada, 473

Grant, Cuthbert, 418

Gray's _Elegy_, 292

Grey, Earl, 452

Groseilliers, Medard Chouart, called, 396 _sqq._

Guimont, Louis, 224

Habitants, described, 218 _sqq._

Habitation, built by Champlain, 24

Haldimand, Governor, 366, 367

Haldimand House, 380

Halifax, founding of, 203

Hamilton, Treasurer, 383

Hampton, General, 436, 439

Hanoverian regiments, 366

Hanseatic League, 2

Harrison, President, U.S.A., 435

Hart, John, sentence on, 391

Haverhill, destruction of, 177

Haviland, General, 324

Hazen, Moses, 342

Hazen's Rangers, 317

Hearne, Samuel, 395, 417

Hébert, family of, 38

Hébert, Louis, 39, 47, 55

Hennepin, Père, 125

Henrietta Maria, Queen, 39

Henry, John Joseph, _Siege of Quebec_, 352

Henry IV., of France, 20

Hessian regiment, 366

Highlanders, 256 _sqq._, 295, 297, 311, 317, 417

Hill, Brigadier John, 181

Hochelaga, the site of Montreal, discovery of, 10

Holbourne, Admiral, 249

Holmes, Admiral, 283, 284, 323

Hospital Général, 282

Houses of Quebec in 1750, 235 _sqq._

Howe, General Lord, 253, 256

Hudson, the explorer, 394

Hudson's Bay Company, 395 _sqq._

Huguenots excluded from France, 35

Hull, General, 432

Hundred Associates, Company of One, 35, 48, 87, 395

Iberville, Sieur d', 155, 408, 410

Ignatius Loyola, Saint, motto of, 74

Ihonatiria, village of, 70, 77

Indian fair at Quebec, 40

Indians, 6, 8, 10, 39, 44 _sqq._, 175 _sqq._, 211, 252, 412 Abenakis, 140, 144 Algonquins, 28, 39, 44 Assiniboins, 138 Foxes, 139 Hurons, 28, 32, 44 _sqq._, 68 _sqq._, 80, 139 Iroquois, 21, 28, 32, 44, 91 _sqq._, 139, 160, 175 Mohawks, 77, 78, 212 Montagnais, 28, 31 Ojibwas, 139 Oneidas, 171 Onondagas, 171 Ottawas, 139 Pottawattamies, 139 Senecas, 80, 139 Sioux, 138 Tobaccos, 82

Intendant's Palace, 106, 349

Inverawe Castle, 257

Isabella of Castile, 3

Italy, influence of, in the Middle Ages, 2

James II., American estates, 140 dethroned, 142

James Stuart, the Chevalier, 176

Jansenists and Jesuits, 167

Jaquin, Nicholas, 201

Jay, John, 384

Jefferson, Thomas, 3rd President, U.S.A., 383

Jervis, Captain, Wolfe's companion, 290

Jesuit Missions, 49 _sqq._, 121

_Jesuit Relations_, 135, 395

Jesuits, 34, 56 _sqq._, 118

Jesuits and Jansenists, 167

Jogues, Isaac, 77

Johnson, Col. William, 212, 217

Johnstone, Chevalier, 314

Joliet, Père Louis, 121 _sqq._

Joseph, in Egypt, 200

Jumonville, Captain, 210

Kempt, Sir James, 444, 447

Kennedy's regiment, 295, 317

Kent, H.R.H. the Duke of, 376

"King's Girls," 97

Kirby, Mr., novel by, 227

Kirke, Sir David, 36

Kirke, Sir John, 399

Kirke, Lewis, 38

Kirke, Thomas, 38

Knox, Captain, _Journal of the Siege_, 236, 310, 322

La Barre, Governor, 129, 135 _sqq._, 410

La Chesnaye, Aubert de, 135

La Chesnaye, massacre of, 161

Lacolle Mill, battle of, 439

La Corne, Captain, 332, 334

La Durantaye, M. de, 138

_La Friponne_, 109, 201

La Galissonière, Marquis de, 192

La Grange-Trianon, Anne de, 111

La Hontan, opinion of the female emigrants, 97

La Jonquière, Admiral, 191

Lake of the Woods, discovery of, 186

Lalement, Père, 34, 75 _sqq._, 80 _sqq._, 85

Lambert's Travels quoted, 232

La Monnerie, M. de, 164

La Motte Cadillac, 172

La Motte de Lussière, 125

"La nation Canadienne," 448

Land tenure, 95

Langevin, Hector, 467

Language question, 327, 341, 458

La Peltrie, Madame de, 50 _sqq._

La Pompadour, Mme. de, 195

La Potherie describes Quebec, 106

La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 122, 134

Lascelles' regiment, 295, 317

Laval, Bishop François-Xavier, 85 _sqq._, 167

Laval Seminary, students at the siege, 275

La Vérendrye, Sieur de, 185 _sqq._, 410, 414

Laws, Captain, 355

_Le Canadien_, 424

Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, 206

Le Jeune, Père, 39, 40, 49 _sqq._, 67 _sqq._

Le Masse, Enemond, 34

Le Mercier, Père, 76

Le Moine, Sir James, 368

Le Moyne, Charles, commands force of colonists, 92

Le Moyne, family of, 155 _n._

Lévis, Chevalier de, 196, 246, 250, 270, 307, 310, 313 _sqq._, 331

Ligneris, Commandant de, 260

Liquor traffic, 86, 118

Longfellow, H. W., _Evangeline_ quoted, 203

Loudon, General, 248, 249, 253

Louis XIII., 110

Louis XIV. and New France, 86 _sqq._, 96 _sqq._, 120, 129, 168, 174

Louis XV., 195

Louisbourg, fortifications at, 183, 188, 249 _sqq._, 253

Louisbourg Grenadiers, 295, 298

Louisiana, 128

Loyalty, French, 426 _sqq._, 436, 441

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 440

Lymburner, Adam, 374

Lyndhurst, Lord, 462

M'Donald, Captain Donald, 313, 317

Macdonald, Rt. Hon. Sir John A., 466 _sqq._

M'Dougall, William, 467

M'Gee, Thomas D'Arcy, 467

M'Gillivray, William, 419

M'Lane, 388

Maclish, Governor, 416

M'Pherson, Captain, 356

M'Tavish, Simon, 418

Madison, James, 4th President, U.S.A., 383

Madras exchanged for Louisbourg, 191

_Magdelaine de Verchères, Récit de Mlle_., 161

_Maison de la Montagne_, 199

"_Malbrouck s'en va-t-en guerre_," 233

Maple sugar season, 236

Mareuil, Sieur de, excommunicated, 173

Marguerite, Roberval's niece, 14 _sqq._

Maria Theresa, 187

Marie de l'Incarnation, 52

Market at Quebec, 226

Marlborough, Duke of, 409

Marquette, Père, 121

Martin, Abraham, 396

Matagorda Bay, 131

Mazarin, Cardinal, 86, 166

Medicine men, 72

Melbourne, Lord, 462

Mercoeur, Duc de, 20

Mézy, M. de, 167

Michillimackinac, mission at, 121

Military dress, 431

Minorca lost by England, 252

Mission of the Martyrs, 78, 93

Mississippi exploration, 122 _sqq._

Molière's plays acted in Quebec, 172

Monckton, General, 287, 310

Monckton's brigade, 273, 281

Monro, Captain, 250

Montcalm, Marquis de, 196, 227, 246 _sqq._, 249, 255 _sqq._, 260 _sqq._, 299

Montgomery, General Richard, 342 _sqq._

Montmagny, M. de, 48, 54, 58, 185, 238

Montmorency, Duc de, 34

Montpensier, Mlle. de, 112

Montreal, address by the citizens in 1760, 328

_Montreal Gazette_, 338

Montresor, Lieutenant, 313

Monts, Sieur de, 21

Moranget, La Salle's nephew, 132

Morrin College, 392

Murphy, Patrick, executed, 390

Murray, General, 240, 245, 276, 283 _sqq._, 287, 295, 310 _sqq._, 314, 323, 339

Napoleon Bonaparte, Prince, 320

Nelson, Lord, 368 _sqq._, 432

Nesbit, Mrs., 370

Newcastle, Duke of, 247, 248

New England's claims in the West, 206

New England colonies, population, 179, 248

New Orleans, 363

Nicholson, Colonel, 177

Nicollet, an interpreter, 49

Nika, in La Salle's company, 132

Noblesse, Canadian, 100 sqq.

Norembega, Lord of, 13

Northmen in America, 4

North-West Company, 418

"Notre Dame de la Victoire," 157

"Notre Dame des Victoires," 182

Nouë, Anne de, 39, 79

Noyan, Commandant de, 260

Ohio valley, war in, 206

Old Lorette founded, 84

"Old Régime," 218, 324, 336

"Onontio," Indian name for Frontenac, 143, 171

Ontario in 1812, 427

Osgoode, Chief-Justice, 387

Oswego, capitulation of, 249

Otway's regiment, 295, 317

_Palais de Justice_, 106

Palmerston, Lord, 452

Papineau, Joseph, 448 _sqq._

Parkman, Francis, quoted, 14, 60, 126, 214, 259, 314

Parliament House, 375

Péan, 335

Penisseault, 335

Pepperell, General Sir William, 189 _sqq._

Perrot, Nicolas, Governor of Montreal, 119, 120, 138

Perry, Commodore, 435

Philibert, or Nicholas Jaquin, 201

Philip of Anjou, 176

Phipps, Sir William, 145

Pitt, William, the elder. See Chatham, Earl of

Pitt, William, the younger, 374

Planchon, Étienne, house of, 135

Plattsburg, battle of, 440

Plessis, Bishop, 441

Political progress, 422 _sqq._, 443 _sqq._

Polo, Marco, 1

Pontbriand, Bishop, 283

Pontgravé, 27

Population of Canada in 1700, 179; in 1758, 248

Population of Quebec in 1660, 85; in 1750, 227

Population, Upper and Lower Canada, 460, 466

Portneuf, Captain, 144

Port Royal, capture of, 178

Portuguese, discoveries by, 3

Premiers of Canada, 476

Prentice, Widow, 356

Prescott, General, 385 _sqq._

Press-gangs, 425

Prévost, Mayor of Quebec, 149

Prevost, Sir George, 429 _sqq._, 440, 445

Proctor, General, 434, 435

"Provincials," 341

Quebec Act of 1774, 341, 370

_Quebec Chronicle_, 337

_Quebec Gazette_, 337, 457

Quebec Literary and Historical Society, 392

Queenston Heights, battle of, 432

Queylus, Abbé de, 166

Radisson, Pierre, 396 _sqq._

Ragueneau, Père, 76, 81

Ramézay, Commandant de, 181, 270, 300, 304 _sqq._

Rattier, Jean, sentence on, 393

Rebels, treatment of, 461

Récollets, arrival at Quebec, 30 expelled, 41 farm of the, 47

Récollets, re-introduced into America, 168

_Regne militaire_, 325

Rensselaer, General Van, 431

Répentigny, commander of colonial force, 92

Richelieu, Cardinal, 35, 48, 395

Richmond, Duke of, 419, 444 _sqq._

_Ridout Letters_, 431

Robertson, Colin, 418

Roberval, Sieur de, 12, 16, 45

Robson, Joseph, 416

Rupert, Prince, 400

Rupert's Land, 404

Russell, Earl, 449, 463

Ryswick, Treaty of, 173, 175, 409

Saget, La Salle's servant, 132

Sainte-Anne de Beaupré, 224 _sqq._

Ste. Foye, battle of, 315 _sqq._

St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of, 39, 66

Sainte-Hélène, Captain, 155

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, discovery of, 7

Saint-Luc, La Corne de, 196, 332

Ste. Marie, mission at, 77

Saint-Ours, M. de, 101, 196, 270, 295, 302

Saint-Simon, Duc de, Memoirs, 112, 227

Saint-Vallier, Bishop, 170

Salaberry, General de, 380, 433 _sqq._, 435 _sqq._, 439

Sault Ste. Marie, 121

Saunders, Admiral, 266, 289, 293, 305, 310

Sawyer, Commodore, 379

"Scholars' Battle," 275

Scotch settlers, 417 _sqq._

Secord, Laura, 434

Seigneur, position of the, 218 _sqq._

Selkirk, Lord, 419

Selwyn, John, 406

"Seminaire de Laval," 168 _sqq._

Sénézergues, Brigadier, 270, 295, 302

"Seven Years' War," 246

_Shannon_ and _Chesapeake_, 435

Shawanoe, in La Salle's Company, 132

Sheaffe, General, 434

Sherbrooke, Sir John Cope, 444 _sqq._

Shirley, Governor, 188, 212

Sillery, M. de, 49

Simcoe, Colonel, 428

Simpson, Miss Mary, 370

Smith, Prof. Goldwin, 110

Social life, 218 _sqq._, 366 _sqq._

Soissons, Comte de, 29

Southey, Robert, _Life of Nelson_, 370

Spanish, discoveries by, 3

Spanish succession, war of, 176

Stadaconé, the site of Quebec, discovery of, 9

Stamp Act, 339

Stoney Creek, battle of, 434

Subercase, Commandant at Port Royal, 178

Taché, Étienne Paschal, 466

Talon, Intendant, Jean Baptiste, 88, 96, 116, 118, 120, 168, 405

Tecumseh, Indian chief, 432, 435

Tessouat, Algonquin chief, 29

Theatre in Quebec, 172

Thompson, James, diary of, 343

Thunder, Indian beliefs, 73

Ticonderoga, or Carillon, 259

_Tiers État_, 337

_Times_, _The_, 452

Tonty, Henri de, 125

Townshend, Brigadier, afterwards Marquis of, 276, 287, 295, 302 _sqq._, 310

Tracy, Marquis de, 88, 172, 225, 376

Trading, Indian, 412 _sqq._

Tupper, Sir Charles, 467

Turenne, Vicomte de, Maréchal de France, 111

Umfreville, _Present State of Hudson's Bay_, 412, 416

Union, Act of, 460, 463

United Empire loyalists, 365, 370, 427

United States and Canada, 364 _sqq._, 424 _sqq._

Ursuline nun, quoted, 136, 238

Utrecht, Treaty of, 182, 404, 409

Varin, 335

Vauban, engineer, 159, 183

Vaudreuil, Mme. de, 227

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 179, 195, 212

Vaudreuil, Pierre François Rigaud, Marquis de, 247, 260 _sqq._, 302 _sqq._, 313 _sqq._, 324, 335

Vauquelin, Commander, 323

Ventadour, Henri Lévis, Duc de, 34

Verchères, M. de, 161

Verchères, Mlle. Magdelaine de, 161

Verchères, Seigneury de, 161

Vergor, Captain, 293

Verrazzano, 3 _sqq._, 45

Vespucci, Amerigo, 2

Vetch, Samuel, 177, 180

Vignau, Nicolas de, story of a route to Cathay, 29

Ville Marie, or Montreal, 60

Villiers, Coulon de, 211

Vincent, General, 434

Voltigeurs, 433 _sqq._

Walker, Sir Hovenden, 178 _sqq._

Walley, Major, at Quebec, 154

Walpole, Horace, 307

Ward, the executioner, 388

Warren, Commodore, 189

Washington, George, 206 _sqq._, 213 _sqq._, 340, 383

Webb, General, 248, 250, 253

Webb's regiment, 317

Western exploration, 192 _sqq._

Wilkinson, General, 436

William III., 142, 408 _sqq._

Willson, Beckles, _The Great Company_, 406

Winthrop, Governor, 146

Wolfe, General, 253, 254 _sqq._, 266, 302, 307, 342

Young, Colonel, 317

Young, Sir William, 407

* * * * *

Transcriber's notes:

1. Spelling of 'Cap la Hêve' was retained, even though geographically incorrect.

2. Page 271--typographical error 'spirts' corrected to 'spirits'

3. Page 338--typographical error 'Engish' corrected to 'English'

4. Page 349--typographical error 'posession' corrected to 'possession'

5. Several instances of hyphenation have been changed for the sake of consistency.