Chapter 27

The Great Western Valley -- Its growth and population -- Comparison of Atlantic with interior cities -- Relative growth of river and lake cities -- Centre of population -- Lake tonnage -- Progress of the principal centres of population.

The following chapter on the population and growth of the Great Western Valley is taken from De Bow's Review:--

The westward movement of the Caucasian branch of the human family from the high plains of Asia, first over Europe, and thence, with swelling tide, pouring its multitudes into the New World, is the grandest phenomenon in history. What American can contemplate its results, as displayed before him, and as promised in the proximate future, without an emotion of pride and exultation?

Our nation has the great middle region of the best continent of the world, and our people are descendants from the most vigorous races. Western Europe, over-peopled, sends us her most energetic sons and daughters, in numbers augmenting with each succeeding decade. Asia is beginning to send forth a portion of her surplus population to our shores. Though of inferior race, the Eastern Asiatics are industrious and ingenious cultivators and artisans. A large influx of these laborers, though it may lower the average character of our people, will, it is hoped, in a greater degree elevate theirs; and thus, while adding to the wealth and power of a nation, do something toward the general amelioration of the race. While, then, we contemplate with patriotic pride the position which, as a nation, we hold in the world's affairs, may we not indulge in pleasant anticipations of the near approach of the time, when the commercial and social heart of our empire will occupy its natural place as the heart of the continent, near the centre of its natural capabilities?

New York has long been, and for some decades of years it will continue to be, the necessary chief focal point of our nation. But, in all respects, it is not the true heart. In its composition and dealings, it is almost as much foreign as American. Located on our eastern border, fronting the most commercial and the richest transatlantic nations, and of easy access to extensive portions of our Atlantic coast, it is the best point of exchange between foreign lands and our own, and for the cities of the sea border of our Republic. As Tyre, Alexandria, Genoa, Venice, Lisbon, and Amsterdam, in their best days, flourished as factors between foreigners and the people of the interior regions, whose industries were represented in their markets, so New York grows rich as the chief agent in the exchange-commerce between the ocean shores and the interior regions of our continent. As our numbers have swelled, since we became a nation, from three and a half millions to thirty millions, so New York, including Brooklyn and other suburbs, has increased in population and wealth still more rapidly, to wit, from twenty-five thousand to more than one million. While the nation has increased less than tenfold, New York has grown more than four times tenfold. In 1790 the city of New York contained thirty-three thousand, and the State of New York three hundred and forty thousand--the city having less than one-tenth of the people of the State.

Believing that this most prosperous of the Atlantic cities will be eclipsed in its greatness and glory by one or more of the interior cities of the great plain, we have selected it as the champion of the Atlantic border, to hold up its progress during the thirty years from 1830 to 1860, the most prosperous years of its existence, in comparison with the progress, during the same period, of the aggregate cities and towns of the plain. The result of our investigation, the summing up, will be found in the following table. It will be seen that many of the items are put down in round numbers--no document being accessible or in existence to furnish the exact number of many of the new towns, in 1830. The estimate for 1860 may, in some instances, be above the figures which the census will furnish, but the over-estimate for 1830 is believed to be in a larger proportion to actual numbers at that time. Making a liberal allowance for errors, the result of the aggregate cannot be materially varied from that at which our figures bring us:

1830. 1860 Est. Increase. New York, including Brooklyn and other suburbs 234,438 1,170,000 5 times.

Cities and chief towns of the great plain 270,094 2,706,300 10 " nearly

Leaving out the exterior cities of the plain, to wit, New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, Quebec and Montreal, the comparison between New York and suburbs, and the interior cities of the plain will be shown by the following figures:

1830. 1860 Est. Increase. New York and accessories 234,448 1,170,000 5 fold Interior cities and town of the plain 172,000 2,346,000 13 "

The five largest cities of the Atlantic border exhibit a growth, as compared with the five largest cities of the plain, as follows:

1830. 1860 Est. New York and dependencies 235,000 1,170,000 Philadelphia " 170,000 700,000 Baltimore " 83,000 250,000 Boston " 80,000 200,000 Charleston " 31,000 60,000

599,000 2,380,000

Cincinnati and suburbs 28,000 250,000 New Orleans " 47,000 170,000 St. Louis " 6,000 170,000 Chicago " 100 150,000 Pittsburg " 17,000 145,000

98,000 885,000

This table shows the five Atlantic cities to have quadrupled, and the five cities of the interior plain have increased nine times. Is this relative rate of increase of the exterior and interior cities to be changed, and, if it is to be changed, when is the change to commence? We can foresee no cause adequate to that effect, or tending toward it. On the contrary, it seems to us certain as any future event, that the rate of growth of the interior cities, compared with those on the Atlantic border, will be increased.

The proportion which their present numbers bear to the numbers of the rural population does not exceed one to six, whereas the urban population of the Atlantic border is not less than one to three of the rural. This disproportion of city and rural population will hereafter change more rapidly in favor of the interior than the Atlantic cities, because of the greater fertility of soil producing more food from an equal amount of labor; and also, by reason of the more rapid growth of the general population, of which an increasing proportion will prefer city to country life. Will it not be so? Will not the general increase of population be greater in the interior States? Will not the productions of the soil increase faster? And can there be a doubt that the large disproportion in the distribution of the population between city and country, in the interior, will be lessened, so that, instead of being, as now, only one to five or six, they will rapidly approach the proportion of one to two or three? Here, then, are the sources of superior increase so obviously true, as to need only to be stated to insure conviction.

Let us now compare the growth, for the thirty years since 1830, of the five largest Atlantic cities, with the five largest cities of the plain, and, by its side, extend the comparison to 10, 15, and 20 of the largest city of each section:

1830. 1860 Est.

New York and accessories 235,000 1,170,000 Philadelphia " 170,000 700,000 Baltimore " 83,000 250,000 Charleston " 31,000 60,000

599,000 2,380,000 Increase 4 times.

1830. 1860 Est. Cincinnati and suburbs 28,000 250,000 New Orleans " 47,000 270,000 St. Louis " 6,000 170,000 Chicago " 100 150,000 Pittsburg " 17,000 145,000

98,000 2,885,000 Increase 9 times.

Let us now compare the _ten_ largest of each section.

_Atlantic._ 1830. 1860 Est. The aggregate of the five largest as above 579,000 2,370,000 Providence 17,000 55,000 Lowell 6,500 40,000 Washington 19,000 60,000 Albany 24,000 65,000 Richmond 16,000 35,000 ------- --------- 661,000 2,625,000 Increase 4 times.

_Interior._ 1839. 1860 Est. Aggregate as above 98,000 885,000 Buffalo 9,000 100,000 Louisville 10,500 80,000 Milwaukee 50 75,000 Detroit 2,000 80,000 Cleveland 1,000 70,000 ------- --------- 120,550 1,290,000 Increase 10 7-10.

Aggregate of the ten, with five more of each section added, added, to wit:

1830. 1860 Est. Aggregate as above 661,000 2,625,000 Troy 11,500 35,000 Portland 12,500 30,000 Salem 14,000 25,000 New Haven 10,000 30,000 Savannah 7,500 15,500 ------- --------- 716,500 2,760,500 Increase 3 8-10 times.

1830. 1860 Est. Aggregate as above 120,550 1,290,000 Toronto 1,700 65,000 Rochester 9,000 50,000 Mobile 3,000 30,000 Memphis 1,500 25,000 Hamilton 1,500 25,000 -------- -------- 137,000 1,485,000 Increase 16 7-10 times.

Aggregate of the fifteen, with five more added in each section:

1830. 1860 Est. Aggregate as above 716,500 2,760,500 Springfield, Mass 7,000 24,000 Worcester, " 4,500 24,000 Bangor, Me. 3,000 23,000 Patterson, N. J. 5,000 22,000 Manchester, N. H. 50 22,000 ------- --------- 736,500 2,875,500 Increase 3 8-10 times.

1830. 1860 Est. Aggregate as above 137,250 1,485,000 Dayton 3,000 24,000 Indianapolis 1,500 22,000 Toledo 30 20,000 Oswego 3,200 20,000 Quincy 1,500 20,000 ------- --------- 149,700 1,591,000 Increase 10 6-10 times.

From the above tables, we see that the city of New York, with its neighboring dependencies, will have made in growth in thirty years, between 1830 and 1860, increasing its population 5 times. During the same period,

The 5 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, including New York, increased 4 1-10 times. The 10 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, including New York, increased 4 " The 15 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, including New York, increased 3 8-10 " The 20 largest Atlantic cities and suburbs, including New York, increased 3 8-10 "

And that the 5 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 9 " And the 10 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 10 7-10 " And the 15 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 10 7-10 " And the 20 largest cities of the great plain, during the same period, increased 10 6-10 "

If the number of cities and towns of each section were increased to twenty-five, thirty, and thirty-five of each section, the disparity would increase in favor of the interior cities, most of these to be brought into comparison, having come into existence since 1830.

We commend the comparison between the old and the new cities so far back as 1830, to give the former a better chance for a fair showing. If a later census should be chosen for a starting point, the advantages would be more decidedly with the interior cities.

In the article on the great plain, in the May number of this Review, we gave prominence to the two great external gateways of commerce offered to its people in their intercourse with the rest of the world: that is to say, the Mississippi river entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, and the outlet of the lakes through St. Lawrence and Hudson rivers. These constitute the present great routes of commerce of the people of the plain, and draw to the cities on the borders of the great lakes and rivers the trade of the surrounding country. Between the cities of the great rivers and lakes there has of late sprung up a friendly rivalry, each having some peculiar advantages, and all, in some degree, drawing business into their laps for the benefit of their rivals. That is to say: river cities gather in productions from the surrounding districts which seek an eastern market through lake harbors; and lake cities perform the same office for the chief river cities. Each year increases, to a marked extent, the intercourse which these two classes of cities hold with each other; and it may be safely anticipated that no long period will elapse before this intercourse will become more important to them than all their commerce with the world beside.

In comparing the interior cities of the great plain, situated on the navigable rivers, with those located on the borders of the lakes, two considerations bearing on their relative growth should be kept in view. The river cities were of earlier growth, the settlement from the Atlantic States having taken the Ohio river as the high-road to their new homes, many years before the upper lakes were resorted to as a channel of active emigration.

This gave an earlier development to country bordering the central rivers, the Ohio, Wabash, Illinois, and Lower Missouri. The States of Kentucky and Tennessee, also, had been pretty well settled, in their more inviting portions, before any considerable inroad had been made on the wilderness bordering on the upper lakes. Owing to these and other circumstances, the river cities, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Louisville, and others of less note, were well advanced in growth, before the towns on the lakes had begun, in any considerable degree, to be developed. Another advantage the river cities possessed in their early stage, and which they still hold; that of manufacturing for the planting States bordering the great rivers. For many years, in a great variety of articles of necessity, they possessed almost a monopoly of this business. Of late, transportation has become so cheap, that the planters avail themselves of a greater range of choice for the purchase of manufactured articles, and the lake cities have commenced a direct trade with the plantation States, which will doubtless increase with the usual rapidity of industrial development in the fertile West.

If we claim for the upper lake country some superiority of climate for city growth over the great river region, we do not doubt that the future will justify the claim. More labor will be performed for the same compensation, in a cool, bracing atmosphere, such as distinguishes the upper lake region, than on the more sultry banks of the central affluents of the Mississippi, where are the best positions for the chief river cities.

Refraining from further comment, let us bring the actual development of the interior cities--on the navigable rivers and on the lakes--into juxtaposition for easy comparison. As our comparison of Atlantic cities with the cities of the plain has been made for thirty years, from 1830 to 1860, we continue it here for the same period, between the river cities and lake cities. We select twenty cities, now the largest of each region, and put down the population in round numbers as nearly accurate as practicable. That for 1860, is of course, an estimate only, but it is certainly near enough to the truth to illustrate the growth, positive and comparative, of our interior cities.

This table exhibits a growth of the interior cities on the navigable waters of the Mississippi and its affluents, which brings their population, in 1870, up to 11-1-10 that of 1830. This is, unquestionably, much beyond the expectation of their most sanguine inhabitants, at the commencement of that period, being three times that of the chief cities of the Atlantic border. Yet even this rapid development is seen, by our figures, to fall far behind that which has characterized the cities created by lake commerce during the same period.

Interior River Cities 1830. 1860.

Cincinnati and dependencies, 25,500 250,000 Pittsburg, " 15,500 155,000 St. Louis, " 6,000 180,000 Louisville, " 11,000 80,000 Memphis, " 2,500 25,000 Wheeling, " 6,000 20,000 New Albany, " 1,500 20,000 Quincy, " 1,000 19,000 Peoria, " 800 18,000 Galena, " 2,000 18,500 Keokuk, " 50 16,000

Dubuque, " 100 16,000 Nashville, " 6,000 15,000 St. Paul, " 15,000 Madison, Ind., " 2,500 13,000 Burlington, Ind., " 12,000 La Fayette, Ind., " 300 13,000 Rock Island, " 8,000 Jeffersonville, " 800 8,000

81,550 914,000

Lake Cities. 1830. 1860.

Chicago and dependencies 100 150,000 Buffalo, " 8,663 100,000 Detroit, " 2,222 80,000 Milwaukee, " 50 75,000 Cleveland, " 1,047 70,000 Toronto, C. W., 1,667 65,000 Rochester, " 9,269 50,000 Hamilton, C. W., " 5,500 25,000 Kingston, C. W., " 2,500 20,500 Oswego, " 3,200 20,500 Toledo, " 30 20,000 Sandusky City, " 350 14,000 Erie, " 1,000 10,000 G. Rapids, Mich., " 300 10,000 Kenosha, " 10,000 Racine, " 10,000 St. Catharine's, C. W., " 400 10,000 Waukegan, " 8,000 Port Huron, " 100 8,000 Fon du Lac, " 20 8,000

32,408 764,000

These, according to the table, exhibit a growth which makes them, in 1860, more than _twenty-three_ times as populous as they were in 1830. This is double the progress of the river cities, and more than five times that of the cities of the Atlantic coast. In the face of these facts, how can intelligent men continue to hold the opinion that New York is to continue long to be, as now, the focal point of North American commerce and influence? Yet well informed men _do_ continue to express the opinion that New York will _ever_ hold the position of the chief city of the continent. Every one at all familiar with the location and movement of our population, knows that the central point of its numbers is moving in a constant and almost unvarying direction west by north. An able investigator, now Professor of Law in the University of Michigan, Thomas M. Cooley, five years ago, entered into an elaborate calculation to ascertain where the centre of population of the United States and Canadas was, at that time. The result showed it to be very near Pittsburg. It is generally conceded that it travels in a direction about west by north, at a rate averaging not less than seven miles a year. In 1860, it will have crossed the Ohio River, and commenced its march through the State of Ohio. As our internal commerce is more than ten times as great as our foreign commerce, and is increasing more rapidly, it is plain that it will have the chief agency in building the future and permanent capital city of the continent. If the centre of population were, likewise the centre of wealth and industrial power, other things being equal, it would be the position of the chief city, as it would be the most convenient place of exchange for dealers from all quarters of the country. But this centre of wealth and industrial power does not keep up, in its western movement, with the centre of population! nor, if its movement were coincident, would it be at or near the right point for the concentration of our domestic and foreign trade, while traversing the interior of Ohio. If we suppose our foreign commerce equal to one fifteenth of the domestic, we should add to the thirty-three millions of the States and Canadas, upward of two millions of foreigners, to represent our foreign commerce. These should be thrown into the scale represented by New York. This, with the larger proportion to population of industrial power remaining in the old States, would render it certain that the centre of industrial power of our nation has not traveled westward so far as to endanger, for the present, the supremacy of the cities central to the commerce of our Atlantic coast. Until the centre of industrial power approaches a good harbor on the lakes, New York will continue the best located city of the continent for the great operations of its commerce. That the centre of wealth and consequent industrial power is moving westward at a rate not materially slower than the centre of population, might be easily proved; but, as those who read this article with interest must be cognizant of the great flow of capital from the old world and the old States to the New States, and the rapid increase of capital on the fertile soil of the new States, no special proof seems to us to be called for. The centre of power, numerical, political, economical, and social, is then, indubitably, on its steady march from the Atlantic border toward the interior of the continent. That it will find a resting place somewhere, in its broad interior plain, seems as inevitable as the continued movement of the earth on its axis. The figures we have submitted of the growth of the principal lake cities plainly show great power in lake commerce, so great as to carry conviction to our mind that the _principal city of the continent will find its proper home and resting-place on the lake border, and become the most populous capital of the earth_. A full knowledge of the geography of North America will tend to confirm this conviction in the mind of the fair inquirer. The lakes penetrate the continent to its productive centre. They afford, during eight or nine months of the year, pleasant and safe navigation for steam-propelled vessels. Their waters are pure and beautifully transparent, and the air which passes over them exceedingly invigorating to the human system. Their borders are replete with materials for the exercise of human industry and skill. The soil is fertile and very productive in grains and grasses. Coal in exhaustless abundance crops out on or near their waters, to the extent of nearly one thousand miles of coast. The richest mines of iron and copper, convenient to water transport, exist, in aggregate amount, beyond the power of calculation. Stone of lime, granite, sand, and various other kinds suitable for the architect and the artist, are found almost everywhere convenient to navigation. Gypsum of the best quality crops out on the shores of three of the great lakes, and salt springs of great strength are worked to advantage, near lakes Ontario and Michigan. Timber trees in great variety and of valuable sorts, give a rich border to the shores for thousands of miles. Of these, the white oak, burr oak, white pine, whitewood or tulip tree, white ash, hickory and black walnut, are the most valuable. They are of noble dimensions, and clothe millions of acres with their rich foliage. Nowhere else on the continent are to be seen such abundance of magnificent oak, and the immense groves of white pine are not excelled. Heretofore little esteemed, the great tracts of timber convenient to lake navigation and to the wide treeless prairies of the plain, are destined soon to take an important place in the commercial operations of the interior. Already, oak timber, for ship-building and other purposes, finds a profitable market in New York and Boston. The great Russian steamship "General Admiral," was built in part from the timber of the lake border. A great trade is growing up, based on the products of the forest. Whitewood (Diriodendron tulipifera), oak staves, black and white walnut plank, and other indigenous timber, are shipped, not only to the Atlantic cities, but to foreign ports. The lumber yards of Albany, New York, Philadelphia, as well as those of Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland and Buffalo, receive large supplies from the pineries bordering the great lakes. Cincinnati and other Ohio river cities, receive an increasing proportion of pine lumber from the same source. These great waters are also, as is well known, stocked with fish in great variety, whose fine gastronomic qualities have a world-wide reputation.

As before stated, these lakes penetrate the continent toward the northwest as far as its productive centre. They now have unobstructed connection with the Atlantic vessels of nine feet draft and three hundred tons burden, by the aid of sixty-three miles of canals overcoming the falls of the St. Mary, Niagara and St. Lawrence Rivers, with a lockage of less than six hundred feet. By enlarging some of the locks and deepening the canals, at a cost of a very few millions, navigation for propellers of from one thousand to two thousand tons may be secured with the whole world of waters. The cost is much within the power of the Canadas and the States bordering the lakes, and will be but a light matter to these communities when, within the next fifteen years, they shall have doubled their population and trebled their wealth. The increase of the commerce of the lakes, during the last fifteen years, is believed to be beyond any example furnished by the history of navigation. A proportionate increase the next fifteen years, would give for the yearly value of its transported articles, thousands of millions. According to the best authorities it is now over four hundred millions. In 1855, that portion of the tonnage belonging to the United States was one fifteenth of the entire tonnage of the Union. During the same year the clearances of vessels from ports of the United States to the Canadas, and the entrance of vessels from the Canadas to ports of the United States, as exhibited in the following table, show a greater amount of tonnage entered and cleared than between the United States and any other foreign country:

Clearances from ports in the United States to ports in Canada in 1855:

Number of American vessels 2,369 " Canadian " 6,638

Whole number 9,067 Tonnage American 890,017 " Canadian 903,502

Total cleared from the States, 1,793,519

The registered tonnage of all the States, the same year, was 2,676,864; and the registered and enrolled together, 5,212,000.

The value of lake tonnage was, in 1855, $14,835,000. The total value of the commerce of the lakes, the same year, was estimated, by high authority, (including exports and imports) at twelve hundred and sixteen millions ($1,216,000,000.) This seems to us an exaggerated estimate, though based principally on official reports of collectors of customs. Eight hundred millions would, probably, be near to the true amount. It will surprise many persons to learn that the trade between the United States and Canadas, carried on chiefly by the lakes and their connecting waters, ranks third in value and first in tonnage, in the table of our foreign commerce; being, in value, only below that of England and the French Empire, and in tonnage above the British Empire.

American goods to Canada $9,950,764 Foreign goods 8,769,580

$18,720,344 Canadian goods to the States, 12,182,314

$30,902,658

We here append a table showing the progress, from decade to decade, of the principal centres of population of the plain since 1820. It has been made with all the accuracy which our sources of information enable us to attain. There are in it, no doubt, many errors, but it will be found, in the main, and for general argument, substantially correct. For future reference, it will be valuable to persons who take an interest in the development of our new urban communities. Included in each city are its outlying dependencies--such as Newport and Covington with Cincinnati, and Lafayette with New Orleans.

1830. 1840. 1850. 1860.

New Orleans 46,310 90,000 130,565 180,000 Cincinnati 21,831 47,000 130,739 250,000 St. Louis 5,852 16,469 82,000 180,000 Chicago 100 4,650 29,963 150,000 Pittsburg 12,568 25,000 71,595 125,000 Buffalo 8,653 18,213 42,265 100,000 Montreal 30,000 40,000 55,000 90,000 Louisville 10,341 21,210 43,194 89,000 Detroit 2,222 9,162 21,019 80,000 Milwaukee 50 1,730 20,061 75,000 Cleveland 1,047 6,071 19,377 70,000 Toronto 1,677 13,500 27,500 70,000 Rochester 9,269 20,191 36,409 50,000 Quebec 26,250 32,500 41,200 55,000 Columbus, O. 2,450 6,671 17,882 40,000 Mobile 3,194 12,672 20,515 35,000 Hamilton, C. W. 1,500 4,200 13,000 25,000 Memphis 1,500 3,500 8,839 25,000 Nashville 5,566 6,929 10,478 25,000 Dayton 2,954 6,067 10,977 25,000 Indianapolis 1,000 2,692 8,034 22,000 Wheeling, Va. 5,221 7,885 11,435 20,000 Kingston, C. W. 2,500 5,500 10,000 20,000 Lockport, N. Y. 3,800 6,500 12,323 20,000 Oswego 3,200 4,665 12,205 20,000 Toledo 30 1,229 3,829 20,000 Zanesville 3,000 6,000 12,355 20,000 est. est. New Albany 1,500 4,000 9,895 20,000 est. est. Peoria 800 2,000 5,095 20,000 est. est. Quincy, Ill. 1,000 3,000 6,902 20,000 Galena 2,000 4,000 6,004 20,000 Dubuque 200 1,500 3,108 16,000 Keokuk ... 1,000 2,478 16,000 Davenport ... 500 2,478 12,000 Burlington, Ia. ... 1,000 1,848 12,000 Columbus, Ga. 1,000 4,000 5,052 10,000 Alton, Ill. 250 2,500 3,585 10,000 Steubenville 2,964 5,203 6,140 9,000 Chillicothe 2,840 3,977 7,100 9,000 Grand Rapids, Mich. 300 1,500 3,148 9,000 Huntsville, Ala. 1,200 1,500 2,863 6,000 Adrian, Mich. 200 1,800 3,006 9,000 Ann Arbor 200 2,000 4,868 9,000 Sandusky City 350 2,000 8,500 13,000 Fort Wayne, Ia. 100 1,600 4,282 13,000 Madison, Ia. 2,500 4,500 8,508 13,000 St. Paul ... ... 1,012 15,000 Lafayette, Ia. 200 2,000 6,129 13,000 Maysville, Ky. 1,800 2,741 4,256 9,000 Terre Haute, Ia. 600 2,000 4,900 9,000 Evansville, Ia. 300 1,500 3,235 9,000 Jeffersonville, Ia. 500 2,000 3,487 9,000 Portsmouth, Ohio 1,000 2,000 4,011 9,000 Marietta, O. 1,200 1,815 5,254 9,000 Springfield, Ill. 800 2,579 4,553 9,000 Rock Island City ... 400 1,711 8,000 Chattanooga, Ten. 500 1,000 3,500 8,000 Bytown, or } Ottawa, C. W. } 500 2,000 5,000 10,000 London, C. W. 500 2,000 5,000 10,000 St. Catharines, do. 200 800 4,000 10,000 Galveston, Texas 1,200 2,000 4,177 10,000 Houston, " ... 500 3,000 10,000 Erie, Pa. 1,260 3,500 5,858 10,000 Lexington, Ky. 4,500 6,997 9,180 10,000 Ogdensburg 1,500 3,000 6,500 10,000 Natchez, Miss. 2,000 3,000 4,434 9,000 Three Rivers, C. E. 800 2,000 4,000 8,000 Racine, Wis. ... 1,000 5,111 9,000 Waukesha ... 200 2,313 8,000 Marshall, Mich. 200 1,200 2,822 8,000 Pontiac, " 150 1,300 2,820 8,000 P't Huron " 100 400 2,313 8,000 Jackson " 150 1,000 3,051 6,000 Kalamazoo " 150 900 2,363 6,000 Mineral Pt., Wis. 500 800 2,584 6,000 Kenosha " ... 500 3,055 8,000 Fon du Lac, " ... 1,000 3,451 6,000 Janesville " ... 1,200 2,782 7,000 Beloit " ... 500 2,732 6,000 Madison " ... 100 1,500 7,000 Elgin " ... 100 2,359 5,000 Oshkosh, " ... ... 2,500 6,000 Monroe, Mich. 400 2,000 2,813 5,000 Lansing " ... 100 1,229 5,000 Columbus, Miss. 800 1,500 2,611 5,000 Jacksonville, Ill. 800 1,500 2,745 5,000 Waukegan " ... 800 2,949 6,000 Lasalle " 50 1,000 3,201 6,000 Joliet " ... 1,000 2,659 6,000 Jefferson City, Mo. 1,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 St. Joseph " ... 1,000 2,557 5,000 Independence " ... 500 3,500 6,000 Iowa City, Iowa ... ... 1,582 5,000 Muscatine " ... 400 2,540 6,000 Springfield, Ohio 1,080 2,094 5,108 8,000 Newark " 1,000 2,705 3,654 7,000 Hamilton " 800 1,409 3,210 7,000 Lancaster " 1,000 2,120 3,483 5,000 Akron " 800 1,664 3,266 6,000 Mt, Vernon " 800 2,363 3,711 7,000 Tiffin " ... 728 2,718 7,000 Urbana " 400 1,070 3,414 6,000 Massillon " 600 1,300 2,697 5,000 Lawrenceburg, Ia. 600 2,000 3,487 6,000 Richmond, Ia. 500 1,000 1,443 5,000 Knoxville, Tenn. 1,800 ... 2,076 6,000

The preceding table is instructive, showing, as it does, the steady and rapidly increasing tendency of the people of the plain to seek a home in cities and villages, notwithstanding the great temptation which fertile, cheap, and easily-improved lands hold out to become tillers of the soil and growers of cattle. Stock farming is largely remunerative, but our western people--wild and uncultivated as they are supposed to be by those unacquainted with their true character--prefer homes where the advantages of education and social intercourse is a constant enjoyment. Nowhere in the world are educational establishments on a better footing or more universally accessible than in some of the new States of the centre, as in Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and other States.