BOOK II.

Chapter 1433,970 wordsPublic domain

PREFACE.

We have thought proper to add as a supplement to the description of ancient Britain in the same summary manner--I. An epitome of chronology from the creation to the sack of Rome by the Goths: II. A short account of the Roman emperors, and governors, who presided over this country: III. Some persons will perhaps say that this kind of work is not absolutely necessary either for divine worship or greater things. But let them know that leisure hours may be dedicated to the study of the antiquities of our country without any derogation from the sacred character. Yet if censorious people envy us such pleasures at leisure hours, hastening to the end and almost arrived at the goal, we here check our steps.

CHAP. I.

IV. In the beginning, the Almighty Creator made this world, inhabited by us and other creatures, out of nothing, in the space of six days.

V. In the year of the world 1656, the Creator, to punish the increasing wickedness of mankind, sent a flood upon the earth, which, overwhelming the whole world, destroyed every living creature except those which had entered the ark, and whose progeny replenished the new world with colonies of living beings.

VI. 3000. About this time some persons affirm that Britain was cultivated and first inhabited, when it was visited by the Greek and Phoenician merchants. Nor are those wanting who believe that London was shortly after built by a king called Bryto.

VII. 3228. The brothers Romulus and Remus laid the foundation of Rome, which in time became the common terror of all nations.

VIII. 3600. The Senones, having emigrated from Britain, passed through Gaul, with the intent to invade Italy and attack Rome.

IX. 3650. The Belgæ entered this country, and the Celta occupied the region deserted by the Senones. Divitiacus king of the Ædui soon afterwards passed over with an army and subdued great part of this kingdom. About this time the Britons who were expelled by the Belgæ emigrated to Ireland, formed a settlement, and were thenceforward called Scoti.

X. 3943. Cassibelinus waged war with the maritime states.[683]

XI. 3946. Cæsar overcame the Germans, Gauls, and also the Britons, to whom, before this time, even the name of the Romans was unknown. The conqueror, having received hostages, rendered the people tributary.

XII. 3947. At length coming a second time into this country, upon the invitation, as he pretended, of the Trinobantes, he waged war with Cassibelinus king of the Cassii. Suetonius, however, asserts, with greater probability, that he was allured by the costly pearls of Britain.

XIII. 4044. The emperor Claudius passed over to Britain, and in the space of six months, almost without effusion of blood, reduced a great part of the island, which he ordered to be called Cæsariensis.

XIV. 4045. Vespasian, at that time in a private station, being sent by the emperor Claudius with the second legion into this country, attacked the Belgæ and Damnonii, and having fought thirty-two battles and taken twenty cities, reduced them under the Roman power, together with the Isle of Wight.

XV. 4047. The Romans occupied Thermæ and Glebon.

XVI. 4050. Ostorius the Roman general, after a war of nine years, overcame Caractacus king of the Silures, great part of Britain was reduced into a province, and the colony of Camalodunum founded.

XVII. 4052. Certain cities of the Belgæ were yielded by the Romans to Cogibundus, that he might form a kingdom. About this time the Cangi and Brigantes went over and settled in Ireland.

XVIII. 4061. The emperor Nero, having no courage for military enterprises, nearly lost Britain; for under him its two greatest cities were taken and destroyed. Bonduica, in order to revenge the injury offered to her by the Romans, rose in arms, burned the Roman colonies of London, Camalodunum, and the municipal town Verulamium, and slew more than eighty thousand Roman citizens. She was at length overcome by Suetonius, who amply avenged the loss, by slaughtering an equal number of her subjects.

XIX. 4073. Cerealis conquered the Brigantes.

XX. 4076. Frontinus punished the Ordovices.

XXI. 4080. Agricola after a severe engagement subdued Galgacus king of the Caledonians. He ordered all the island to be examined by a fleet, and having sailed round its coasts, added the Orcades to the Roman empire.

XXII. 4120. The emperor Hadrian himself came into the island, and separated one part of it from the other by an immense wall.

XXIII. 4140. Urbicus being sent hither by Antoninus Pius, distinguished himself by his victories.

XXIV. 4150. Aurelius Antoninus also obtained victories over some of the Britons.

XXV. 4160. Britain was enlightened by the introduction of Christianity, during the reign of Lucius, who first submitted himself to the cross of Christ.

XXVI. 4170. The Romans were driven from the Vespasian province. About this time it is supposed that king Reuda came with his people, the Picts, from the islands into Britain.

XXVII. 4207. The emperor Severus, passing over into Britain, repaired the wall built by the Romans, which had been ruined, and died not long after, by the visitation of God, at York.

XXVIII. 4211. Bassianus (Caracalla) obtained a venal peace from the Mæatæ.

XXIX. 4220. During these times the Roman armies confined themselves within the wall, and all the island enjoyed a profound peace.

XXX. 4290. Carausius, having assumed the purple, seized upon Britain; but ten years afterwards it was recovered by Asclepiodotus.

XXXI. 4304. A cruel and inveterate persecution, in which within the space of a month seventeen thousand martyrs suffered in the cause of Christ. This persecution spread over the sea, and the Britons, Alban, Aaron, and Julius, with great numbers of men and women, were condemned to a happy death.

XXXII. 4306. Constantius, a man of the greatest humanity, having conquered Allectus, died at Eboracum in the sixteenth year of his reign.

XXXIII. 4307. Constantine, afterwards called the Great, son of Constantius by Helena, a British woman, was created emperor in Britain; and Ireland voluntarily became tributary to him.

XXXIV. 4320. The Scoti entered Britain under the conduct of the king Fergusius, and here fixed their residence.

XXXV. Theodosius slew Maximus the tyrant three miles from Aquileia. Maximus having nearly drained Britain of all its warlike youth, who followed the footsteps of his tyranny over Gaul, the fierce transmarine nations of the Scots from the south, and the Picts from the north, perceiving the island without soldiers and defenceless, oppressed it and laid it waste during a long series of years.

XXXVI. 4396. The Britons indignantly submitting to the attacks of the Scots and Picts, sent to Rome, made an offer of submission, and requested assistance against their enemies. A legion being accordingly despatched to their assistance, slew a great multitude of the barbarians, and drove the remainder beyond the confines of Britain. The legion, upon its departure homewards, advised its allies to construct a wall between the two estuaries, to restrain the enemy. A wall was accordingly made in an unskilful manner, with a greater proportion of turf than stone, which was of no advantage; for on the departure of the Romans the former enemies returned in ships, slew, trampled on, and devoured all things before them like a ripened harvest.

XXXVII. 4400. Assistance being again entreated, the Romans came, and with the aid of the Britons drove the enemy beyond sea, and built a wall from sea to sea, not as before with earth, but with solid stone, between the fortresses erected in that part to curb the enemy. On the southern coast, where an invasion of the Saxons was apprehended, he erected watch towers. This was the work of Stilicho, as appears from Claudian.

XXXVIII. 4411. Rome, the seat of the fourth and greatest of the monarchies, was seized by the Goths, as Daniel prophesied, in the year one thousand one hundred and sixty-four after its foundation.

From this time ceased the Roman empire in Britain, four hundred and sixty-five years after the arrival of Julius Cæsar.

XXXIX. 4446. The Roman legion retiring from Britain, and refusing to return, the Scots and Picts ravaged all the island from the north as far as the wall, the guards of which being slain, taken prisoners, or driven away, and the wall itself broken through, the predatory enemy then poured into the country. An epistle was sent filled with tears and sorrows to Fl. Ætius, thrice consul, in the twenty-third year of Theodosius, begging the assistance of the Roman power, but without effect.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 683: Probably from Cæsar, though the precise date seems to be fixed without authority.--_Cæs. de Bell. Gall. lib._ v., § 9.]

CHAP. II.

1. Having followed truth as far as possible, if any thing should occur not strictly consistent with it, I request it may not be imputed to me as a fault. Confining myself closely to the rules and laws of history, I have collected all the accounts of other persons which I found most accurate and deserving of credit. The reader must not expect any thing beyond an enumeration of those emperors and Roman governors who had authority over this island. With an account of these I shall close my book.

2. Julius Cæsar the dictator was the first of the Romans who invaded Britain with an army, during the reign of Cassibelinus; but, although he defeated the inhabitants in one battle, and occupied the coast, as Tacitus observes, he rather seems to have shown the way to his successors than to have given them possession.

3. In a short time the civil wars succeeding, the arms of the chiefs were turned against the republic. Britain was also long neglected by the advice of Augustus and the command of Tiberius. It is certain that Caligula intended to enter Britain; but his quick temper and proneness to change, or the unsuccessful attempts against the Germans, prevented him.

4. Claudius, however, carried war into Britain which no Roman emperor since Julius Cæsar had reached, and, having transported his legions and allies without danger or bloodshed, in a few days reduced a part of the island. He afterwards sent over Vespasian, at that time in a private station, who fought two and thirty battles with the enemy, and added to the Roman empire two very powerful nations, with their kings, twenty cities, and the isle of Vecta, contiguous to Britain. He overcame the remainder by means of Cneas Sentius and Aulus Plautius. For these exploits he obtained a great triumph.

5. To him succeeded Ostorius Scapula, a man famous in war, who reduced the nearest part of Britain into a province, and added the colony of the veterans, Camalodunum. Certain cities were delivered up to the chief Cogibundus, who, according to Tacitus, remained faithful till the accession of Trajan to the empire.

6. Avitus Didius Gallus kept possession of what his predecessors had acquired, a few posts only being removed further into the interior, in order to obtain the credit of extending his dominion.

7. Didius Verannius, who succeeded, died within a year.

8. Suetonius Paulinus continued prosperous for two years. The tribes being reduced and garrisons established, he attacked the isle of Mona, because it gave succour to the rebellious and afforded opportunities for invasion. For the absence of the governor removing all fear, the Britons began to recover courage, and rose in arms under the conduct of Bonduica, a woman of royal descent. Having reduced the troops scattered in the garrisons, they attacked the colony[684] itself, as the seat of slavery, and in the height of rage and victory, exercised every species of savage barbarity. Had not Paulinus, on receiving the intelligence, luckily hastened to crush the revolt, Britain must have been lost. But the fortune of one battle restored it to its former submission. Many of the natives, from the consciousness of their defection, and fear of the governor, continued under arms.

9. Suetonius, in other respects an illustrious man, but arrogant to the vanquished and prompt to avenge his own injuries, being likely to exercise severity, he was replaced by Petronius Turpilianus, who was more merciful, a stranger to the offences of the enemy, and therefore more likely to be softened by their repentance. Having settled the disturbances, he gave up the province to Trebellius Maximus.

10. Trebellius, being of a slothful disposition and unused to war, retained the province by gentleness. The barbarous Britons ceasing to be ignorant of luxury, and the termination of civil wars, gave him an excuse for inactivity. But discord called forth his exertions; for the soldiery, when released from military labours, grew wanton from too much rest. Trebellius, having evaded the rage of the army by flight, was shortly allowed to resume the command, the licentiousness of the soldiery becoming as it were a composition for the safety of the general. This sedition ended without bloodshed.

11. Nor did Vectius Bolanus, although the civil wars still continued, harass Britain by restoring discipline. There was the same inactivity towards the enemy, and the same insubordination in the garrisons; but Bolanus, being a good man and not disliked, acquired affection instead of authority.

12. But when, with the rest of the world, Vespasian had recovered Britain, we see distinguished generals, famous armies, and the enemy dispirited: Petilius Cerealis immediately excited terror by attacking the state of the Brigantes, which was esteemed the most populous of the province. Many battles were fought, some of which were bloody, and a great part of the Brigantian territory was either conquered or invaded.

13. But although Cerealis had diminished the care and fame of his successor, the burden was sustained by Julius Frontinus, a man of high courage. Overcoming at once the spirit of the enemy and the difficulties of the country, he subjugated the warlike and powerful nation of the Silures.

14. To him succeeded Agricola, who not only maintained the peace of the province; but for seven years carried on war against the Caledonians and their warlike king Galgacus. He thus added to the Roman empire nations hitherto unknown.

15. But Domitian, envying the superior glory of Agricola, recalled him, and sent his lieutenant Lucullus into Britain, because he had suffered lances of a new form to be named _Luculleas_ after him.

16. His successor was Trebellius, under whom the two provinces, namely, Vespasiana and Mæata, were wrested from the Roman government; for the Romans gave themselves up to luxury.

17. About this time the emperor Hadrian visiting this island, erected a wall justly wonderful, and left Julius Severus his deputy in Britain.

18. From this time nothing worthy of attention is related, until Antoninus Pius carried on so many wars by his generals. He conquered the Britons by means of Lollius Urbicus, the proprætor, and Saturninus, prefect of the fleet, and, the barbarians being driven back, another wall was built. He recovered the province afterwards called Valentia.

19. Pius dying, Aurelius Antoninus gained many victories over the Britons and Germans.

20. On the death of Antoninus, when the Romans deemed their acquisitions insufficient, they suffered a great defeat under Marcellus.

21. To him succeeded Pertinax, who conducted himself as an able general.

22. The next was Clodius Albinus, who contended with Severus for the sceptre and purple.

23. After these, the first who enjoyed the title of lieutenant was Virius Lupus: he did not perform many splendid actions; for his glory was intercepted by the unconquerable Severus, who, having rapidly put the enemy to flight, repaired the wall of Hadrian, now become ruinous, and restored it to its former perfection. Had he lived, he intended to extirpate the very name of the barbarians; but he died by the visitation of God, among the Brigantes, in the city of Eboracum.

24. Alexander succeeded, who gained some victories in the East, and died at Edessa.

25. His successors were the lieutenants Lucilianus, M. Furius, N. Philippus *********, who, if we except the preservation of the boundaries, performed hardly any thing worthy of notice.

26. Afterwards *****

_The rest is wanting._

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 684: Camalodunum.]

APPENDIX.--No. I.

COMMENTARY ON THE ITINERARY.

No people are so barbarous as to be totally destitute of the means of internal communication; and in proportion as they become more civilized and have more intercourse with other nations, these means are augmented and facilitated. By the early accounts of the Britons it appears that they maintained a considerable foreign commerce, that they had formed towns or large communities, and used chariots for warlike, and undoubtedly for civil purposes. Hence it is evident that their internal communications must have been free and numerous. We need not therefore be surprised, if, after the lapse of so many centuries, marks of such British roads appear even at present to a careful observer, differing in many respects from the roads subsequently made by the Romans, and traversing the island in every direction.

These ancient ways may be distinguished from those made by the Romans by unequivocal marks.

I. They are not raised nor paved, nor always straight; but often wind along the tops or sides of the chains of hills which lie in their course.

II. They do not lead to Roman towns, or notice such towns, except when placed on the sites of British fortresses.

III. They are attended by tumuli like those of the Romans; but usually throw out branches, which, after running parallel for some miles, are reunited to the original stem.

When the Romans obtained a footing in this island, they directed all their operations, according to their practice, by military principles. They civilized indeed as they conquered, but conquest was their principal object. Hence, as each tribe was successively subdued, they fortified such primary posts as were best adapted to support their future operations, established secondary posts to secure their communications, and connected the whole by military ways. From local circumstances, and the principles of war, their primary posts were either at or near the sites of the British towns, or on the principal rivers. If therefore the British towns and trackways were suited to their purposes, they adopted them; if not, they constructed others. But both their towns and roads differed materially from those of the original inhabitants. The Romans in their towns or fortresses followed the system of their own castrametation, in like manner as in modern warfare the construction of permanent and temporary works is guided by the same general principles. These towns are of a regular figure, bounded by lines as straight as the shape of the ground will permit, generally square or oblong, and consisting commonly in a single wall and ditch, unless in positions peculiarly dangerous, or where local circumstances rendered additional defences necessary. On the contrary the British towns, which were occupied by the Romans, although irregularly shaped, still partake of their original figure.

Specimens of the first kind, or perfect Roman towns, may be seen in Colchester, Winchester, Caerleon, Caerwent, Castor near Norwich, and all the military stations bordering on the wall of Severus. Of the latter, in Bath, Silchester, Kentchester, Canterbury, and other places.

Similar marks of difference between the original British trackways and the Roman roads appear in the Foss, and the Iknield Street;--the latter, during the greater part of its course, keeping along the chain of hills which lay in its way, not leading decidedly to Roman towns, throwing out parallel branches, attended always with tumuli, still bearing its British name, and appearing from its direction to have been made for commercial purposes.

On the other hand the adopted roads, but more especially those made by the Romans themselves, are distinguished by peculiar marks. Posts or towns are placed on them at nearly regular distances, seldom exceeding twenty miles, the length of a single march, and also at the point where two roads intersect each other, or where several roads diverge. These roads are elevated with surprising labour to the height of ten feet, and sometimes even more, instances of which may be seen on the heath near Woodyates Inn in Dorsetshire, near Old Sarum on the side of Ford, in Chute Park, Wilts, between Ancaster and Lincoln, and still more remarkably on Bramham Moor, near Tadcaster in Yorkshire. They were formed of materials often brought from a considerable distance, such as chalk, pebbles, or gravel; and the most considerable are paved with stones, which are visible to this day. Tumuli also, which seem to have been the direction-posts of antiquity, attended their course, and occur in almost every instance where a road descends a hill, approaches a station, or throws off a branch. Another peculiarity of the Roman ways is their straight direction, from which they seldom deviate, except to avoid a rapid ascent or descent, to throw off another road, or to approach a station, which, from the circumstances before mentioned, had been fixed out of the general line. Of this there is a curious instance where the Foss, in approaching Cirencester from the north, meets the Akeman Street, bearing to the same point from the north-east, and evidently bends out of its course to join and enter the station with it.

Of many of the Roman roads, not only in England, but in the greater part of the Roman empire, an account has been preserved under the name of the Itinerary of Antoninus, which specifies the towns or stations on each road, and shows the distances between them. This record was long supposed to be a public directory or guide for the march of soldiers; but if this were the case, it is extremely confused and imperfect. It often omits in one _Iter_ or journey towns which are directly in its course, and yet specifies them in another, as may be seen in the first, second, sixth, and eighth Iters. It traces the same road more than once, and passes unnoticed some of the most remarkable roads in the island, namely a great part of the Foss, and the whole of the _Via Devana_ (a road from Colchester to Chester.) Hence this Itinerary has been more justly considered as the heads of a journal formed by some traveller or officer, who visited the different parts of the empire from business or duty; and, as Mr. Reynolds conjectures with great appearance of probability, in the suite of the emperor Adrian. In this light it may be considered as copious, and the advantages which it has afforded to the antiquary will be gratefully and universally acknowledged. Still, however, from the incoherence which appears in that part relating to our island, and from the mutilated copies which have been found, there is reason to imagine that the whole of this interesting record has not escaped the ravages of time.

Such an itinerary, but varying in many respects from that of Antonine, is one of the most important parts of the work now presented to the reader.

In fixing the sites of the towns specified in these Itineraries, our antiquaries have assumed the most unjustifiable latitude. The mere resemblance of a name was considered as a reason sufficient to outweigh all others; even the great Camden suffered himself to be misled by this resemblance, in fixing Ariconium at Kentchester, Camalodunum at Maldon, Bennavenna at Bensford, Pons Ælii at Pont Eland, and Ad-Pontem at Paunton. The explanation of the names to suit the supposed situation has been another fruitful source of error; not only British and Latin, but Saxon, Greek, and even Hebrew, have been exhausted to discover significant appellations; and where one language was not sufficient, half a word has been borrowed from one language and half from another to support a favourite hypothesis.[685] The commentary now presented to the reader is founded on the following principles.

I. The vestiges of roads actually existing are taken as much as possible for guides; and the extremes or direction of each Iter, ascertained from two or more undoubted stations, or other unequivocal proofs.

II. In general, no place is regarded as the site of a Roman station, unless fixed Roman remains, such as buildings, baths, &c. are found at or near it; and unless it is situated on or near the line of a Roman road.

III. An exception has, however, been sometimes unavoidably made to this rule. After the Romans had established their power, and completed their system of internal communication, they undoubtedly lessened the number of their garrisons, to avoid either too great a division of their force, or to reduce that part of it which was necessarily stationary. Hence we have sometimes considered the direction of the road, and the general distance, as sufficient data for determining a station or stations, either when they were situated between two considerable fortified points, or when covered by others on every side; because it is probable such posts were merely temporary, and were dilapidated or demolished, even before the decline of the Roman power.

IV. In assigning a specific Roman name to a place, it has not been deemed sufficient that fixed antiquities or other equivalent evidence prove a town to have existed on the spot, unless the order of the names, and the distances marked in the Itinerary, justify the appellation.

V. Where the line of the Roman road is tolerably perfect, no station is sought far from it, except where the excess of the Itinerary over the real distance, or accurate measurement, affords sufficient authority for the deviation.

VI. The numbers which determine the distances being written in Roman numerals, which gave great latitude for error[686] and substitutions, recourse has been had to this rule.

Where the road still exists, the whole intermediate space between two stations already determined, has been examined to discover what places, from their relative distance, from their site, or the antiquities found in them, have the fairest claim to be considered as Roman posts; and to such places the names have been affixed according to the evidence afforded in the Itinerary.

After this development of the principles on which we have proceeded in our examination, it is necessary to add a few observations on the Roman mile, the standard of measurement used in compiling the Itineraries; because many difficulties in determining the stations arise from our uncertainty respecting its real length. It may indeed appear easy to ascertain this point, by a careful measurement of the space between two military columns, still existing on any known Roman road. But in Britain such an experiment has been hitherto impracticable; for the columns in our island have been so universally defaced or removed, that, far from two existing on the same road, only one has been found[687] whose original station is known with any degree of certainty. In France and Italy many of these columns still exist, and Danville has adduced three instances in Languedoc, in which the distances between them accurately measured amounted in one to 756, in another to 753, and in a third to 752 toises and two feet. The average 754 toises and two feet, seems to determine the length of the Roman mile with sufficient precision; and the result is confirmed by a comparison with the Roman foot, still preserved in the capitol; for the exact length of the miles between the military columns on the Appian way, in the neighbourhood of Rome, as measured by Bianchini, was 5010 of these Roman feet, which reduced to toises is 756 toises four feet and a half. From these results Danville estimates the Roman mile at 755 toises, or 1593 yards[688] English measure.

Unfortunately this mensuration does not lessen the difficulties of the English antiquary; for the distance between any two of our known stations, if measured by this standard, disagrees in almost every instance with the numbers of the Itineraries. Different conjectures have been advanced to solve this difficulty. One, supported by the respectable authority of Horsley, is, that the Romans measured only the horizontal distance, without regarding the inequalities of the surface; or that the space between station and station was ascertained from maps accurately constructed. This idea receives some support from a fact acknowledged by every British antiquary, namely, that the Itinerary miles bear a regular proportion to the English miles on plains, but fall short of them in hilly grounds. Another opinion is, that the Itinerary miles were not measured by an invariable standard, but in the distant provinces were derived from the common measures of the country. In support of this conjecture a supposed coincidence between the computed and measured miles, noticed by Horsley and others, has been adduced; but if this were the case, there would not be so exact a conformity between the miles of France and Italy as appears in the instance before mentioned.

To remove, however, as many causes of error as possible, considerable pains have been taken to correct the numbers, by a comparison of all the earliest and most authentic copies of the Itinerary. These are: The Itinerary of Talbot, published in Leland's works. That of Camden. Two copies by Harrison, published first in Hollingshed, and republished by Burton. That of Gale. That of Surita, who collated five copies, four of which he thus designates:--1. Bibliothecæ Regiæ ad D. Laurent. vetustisa. Codex Ovetensis Æra I[OO]CCCCXX descriptus. 2. Bibliothecæ Blandiniæ pervetustus codex a CCCC. circiter annis transcriptus. 3. Bibliothecæ Neapolitanorum Regum qui post cardinalis de Ursinis fuit anno M.CCCCXXVII. exscriptus. 4. Christophori Longolii exemplar ab H. Stephano. Parisiis editum, anno M.I[O]XII.

As the Roman posts and roads were in a great degree connected with, or derived from, the British towns and trackways, we proceed to trace first the course of the British roads which still exist, and to specify the towns whose sites are known, premising that of the ninety-two capital towns of the Britons commemorated by historians, the names of only eighty-eight have been preserved.

The British ways were,--

1. The WATLING STREET, or Irish road, in two branches, northern and southern.

2. The IKNIELD STREET, or road of the Iceni, the inhabitants of the eastern coast.

3. The RYKNIELD STREET, leading through the country of the Upper Iceni or Coritani.

4. The ERMYN STREET, leading from the coast of Sussex to the south-east part of Scotland.

5. The AKEMAN STREET, or intermediate road between the Iknield and Ryknield Street.

6. The UPPER SALT-WAY, leading from the salt-mines at Droitwich to the coast of Lincolnshire.

7. The LOWER SALT-WAY, leading from the same mines to the south eastern coast.

8. A road which appears to have skirted the western coast, as the Ermyn Street did the eastern.

Besides these, there is reason to conjecture from several detached pieces, that another road followed the shores round the island.

WATLING STREET.

The south-eastern branch of the Watling Street proceeded from Richborough on the coast of Kent, to Canterbury; and from thence, nearly in the line of the present turnpike, towards Rochester. It left that city to the right, passed the Medway by a ford, and ran almost straight, through lord Darnley's park, to Southfleet. It bent to the left to avoid the marshes near London, continued along a road now lost to Holwood Hill, the capital of the Rhemi, and then followed the course of the present road to London.--Having crossed the Thames, it ran by Edgeware to Verulam; and from thence, with the present great Irish road, through Dunstable and Towcester to Weedon. Hence, instead of bending to the left, with the present turnpike, it proceeded straight by Dovebridge, High Cross, Fazeley, Wall, and Wellington, to Wroxeter. It then passed the Severn, and continued by Rowton, Pen y Pont, and Bala, to Tommen y Mawr, where it divided into two branches. One ran by Beth Gellert to Caernarvon and Anglesea, the other by Dolwyddelan, through the mountains to the banks of the Menai, where it joined the north-eastern branch (which will be presently described), and ended at Holy Head, the great port of the Irish.

In its course are the British towns _Rhutupis_, Richborough, _Durovernum_, Canterbury, _Durobrivæ_, Rochester, _Noviomagus_, Holwood Hill, _Trinobantum_, London, _Verolamium_, St. Alban's, _Durocobrivæ_, Dunstable, _Uriconium_, Wroxeter, _Mediolanum_ on the banks of the Tanad, _Segontium_, Caer Segont, and possibly a town, of which the name is lost, at Holy Head.

The north-western branch of the Watling Street, coming from the interior of Scotland by Cramond and Jedburgh, enters England at Chew Green, and continues by Riechester to Corbridge. There, crossing the Tyne, it ran through Ebchester, Lanchester, and Binchester, and passed the Tees by a ford near Pierce Bridge. Hence it went by Catteric, Newton, Masham, and Kirby Malside to Ilkley, and near Halifax to Manchester. Over the moors between these two last places it is called the Devil's Causeway. From Manchester, where it passed the Mersey, it proceeded by Street, Northwich, Chester, Caerhun, and over the mountains to Aber, where it fell into the south-western branch, in its course to Holy Head.

On it were the British towns, _Bremenium_, Riechester, _Epiacum_, Lanchester, _Vinovium_, Binchester, _Cutaractonis_, Catterick, _Olicana_, Ilkley, and _Deva_, Chester.

THE IKNIELD STREET,

Or road of the Iceni, proceeds from the coast near Great Yarmouth. Passing through Taesborough, it runs by Icklingham and Newmarket, and, skirting the chain of hills which stretches through Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire, continues by Bournbridge to Icoldon and Royston (where it intersects the Ermyn Street). Thence it proceeds by Baldock, over Wilbury Hill, to Dunstable (where it crosses the Watling Street), Tring, Wendover, Elsborough, near Risborough Chinor, Watlington, Woodcote, and Goring, and, passing the Thames at Streetly, throws off a collateral branch, which will be noticed under the name of the RIDGEWAY. From hence it proceeded, as Stukeley imagined, by Aldworth, Newbury Street, Ashmansworth, Tangley, and Tidworth, to Old Sarum. Thence by the two Stratfords, across Vernditch Chase, Woodyates Inn, the Gussages, Badbury, Shapwick, Shitterton, Maiden Castle, Eggardon, Bridport, Axminster, Honiton, Exeter, Totness, &c., to the Land's End.

The collateral branch called the RIDGEWAY, ran from Streetly along the hills, by Cuckhamsley Hill, Whitehorse Hill, and Ashbury, towards Abury, from whence its course is unknown. Possibly it ran towards Glastonbury. From Elworthy barrows, above Taunton, it passes south-westerley into Devonshire, and from Stretton in Cornwall, it kept along the ridge of hills to Redruth and the Land's End.

The British towns on this way were _Ad Taum_, Taesborough, the ancient capital of the Iceni Magni, _Durocobrivæ_, Dunstable, _Sorbiodunum_, Old Sarum, _Durinum_, probably Maiden Castle, _Isca_, Exeter, _Tamara_, a post on the Tamar, _Voluba_ on the Fowey, and _Cenia_ on the Fal.

On the Ridgeway, possibly _Avalonia_, Glastonbury, _Termolus_, by some supposed to be Molland in Devon, _Artavia_, ... _Musidum_, near Stratton, and _Halangium_, Carnbre.

RYKNIELD STREET,

Or street of the upper Iceni, said to begin at the mouth of the Tyne, ran by Chester le Street to Binchester, where it joined the Watling Street, and continued with it to Catterick. Then, bearing more easterly, it ran with the present great northern road to within two miles of Borough Bridge, where it left the turnpike to the right, and crossed the Eure to Aldborough. From thence it went by Coptgrave, Ribston, Spofforth, through Stokeld Park, to Thorner, Medley, Foleby, Bolton, Graesborough, Holme, Great Brook near Tretown, Chesterfield, Alfreton, Little Chester, Egginton, to Burton, and Wall (where it crossed the Watling Street). Thence through Sutton Colefield, to Birmingham, King's Norton, Alchester, Bitford, Sedgebarrow, Tewkesbury, Glocester, Lidney, Chepstow, and probably by Abergavenny, Brecon, Landilo, and Caermarthen to St. David's.

It passed the British towns of _Vinovium_, Binchester, _Cataracton_, Catterick, _Isurium_, Aldborough, _Etocetum_, Wall, _Alauna_, Alcester, _Glevum_, Glocester, _Maridunum_, Caermarthen, and _Menapia_, St. David's.

THE ERMYN STREET

Came from the eastern side of Scotland, and, crossing the Tweed west of Berwick, ran near Wooler, Hedgely, Brumpton, Brinkburn, Netherwittern, Hartburn, and Rial, to Corbridge, where it joined the North Watling Street. Passing with that Way the two great rivers the Tyne and the Tees, it continued to Catterick, where it divided into two branches.

The western branch went with the Ryknield Street as far as Aldborough, and then, leaving that way to the right, proceeded by Little Ousebourn, to Helensford, over Bramham Heath, to Aberford, Castleford, Houghton, Stapleton, Adwick, Doncaster, Bawtry, and probably by Tuxford, Southwell, and over the Trent to Thorp (where it passed the Foss), Staunton, and Stainby, where it joined the

Eastern branch. This branch ran from Catterick by North Allerton, Thirsk, Easingwold, Stamford Bridge, Market Weighton, and South Cave, and, crossing the Humber, continued by Wintringham, Lincoln, and Ancaster, to near Witham, when it was reunited with the western branch above-mentioned. Both continued to Brig Casterton, near Stamford, Chesterton, Stilton, Godmanchester, Royston (where it crossed the Icknield Street), Buntingford, Puckeridge, Ware Park, west of Roxbourn, Cheshunt, Enfield, Wood Green, and London. Here it again divided into two branches. The more westerly went by Dorking, Coldharbour, Stone Street, and Pulborough to Chichester; while the easterly was continued by Bromley, Holwood Hill, Tunbridge Wells, Wadhurst, Mayfield, and Eastbourn, to Pevensey.

On it were the British towns _Vinovium_, Binchester, _Cataractonis_, Catterick, _Isurium_, Aldborough, _Lindum_, Lincoln, _Durnomagus_, Castor near Peterborough, _Trinovantum_, London, _Regentium_ or _Regnum_, Chichester, _Noviomagus_, Holwood Hill, and _Anderida Portus_, Pevensey.

AKEMAN STREET

Appears to have passed from the eastern side of the island, probably by Bedford, Newport Pagnel, Stony Stratford, and Buckingham (or as others think by Fenny Stratford and Winsborough), to Alcester. It then ran by Kirklington, Woodstock, Stonefield Astall and Coln St. Alwin's, to Cirencester, Rodmarton, Cherrington, Bagspath, and Symonds' Hall. From thence it is said to be continued by Cromehall to Aust, where, passing the Severn, it probably ran through Caerwent, Caerleon, and along the coast by Caerdiff, Neath, Lwghor, to Caermarthen, and the Irish port at St. David's.

The British towns were _Corinum_, Cirencester, _Venta Silurum_, Caerwent, _Isca_, Caerleon, _Maridunum_, Caermarthen, and _Menapia_, St. David's.

THE UPPER SALT-WAY,

Which appears to have been the communication between the sea coast of Lincolnshire and the Salt-mines at Droitwich. It is first known as leading from the neighbourhood of Stainsfield, towards Paunton and Denton, and then running not far from Saltby and Croxton, is continued straight by Warmby and Grimston, to Sedgehill on the Foss. Here it appears to bear towards Barrow on the Soar, and crossing Charnwood Forest, is again seen at Stretton on the borders of Warwickshire, from whence it is easily traced to Birmingham and over the Lickey to Droitwich.

British town _Salinæ_, Droitwich.

The SECOND SALT-WAY is little known, although the parts here described have been actually traced. It came from Droitwich, crossed Worcestershire under the name of the SALT-WAY, appears to have passed the Avon, somewhere below Evesham, tended towards the chain of hills above Sudeley Castle, where it is still visible, attended by _tumuli_ as it runs by Hawling. Thence it proceeds to Northleach, where it crossed the Foss, in its way to Coln St. Aldwin's, on the Akeman Street, and led to the sea coast of Hampshire.

_Venta Belgarum_, Winchester, and _Portus Magnus_, Porchester, or _Clausentum_, Bittern near Southampton--were probably situated in its course.

In many places are vestiges of a continued road skirting the western side of the island, in the same manner as the Ermyn Street did the eastern, of which parts were never adopted by the Romans. There is great reason to suppose it British, because it connects many of the British towns. It appears to have commenced on the coast of Devon, perhaps not far from the mouth of the Ex, and to have gone by Exeter, Taunton, Bridgewater, Bristol, Glocester, Kidderminster, Claverley, Weston, High Offley, Betley, Middlewich, Northwich, Warrington, Preston, Lancaster. Here probably dividing into two branches, one ran by Kendal, Penrith, and Carlisle, to the extreme parts of the island, while the other passed, by Kirby Lonsdale and Orton, to Kirby Thure, from whence it continued under the name of the MAIDEN-WAY, by the Wall and Bewcastle into the interior parts of Scotland. On this Street were _Isca_, Exeter, _Uxella_, possibly near Bridgewater, _Glevum_, Gloucester, _Brannogenium_, Worcester, _Salinæ_, Droitwich, _Coccium_, Blackrode, and _Luguballium_, Carlisle.

Besides these, and the separate communications between the different towns, there is reason to imagine that a general road ran round the whole coast of the island, parts of which have been observed near the southern coast of Dorsetshire, particularly from Abbotsbury to the isle of Purbeck; likewise in Hampshire, along Portsdown Hill; and from Old Winchester through Sussex, on the tops of the hills between Midhurst and Chichester, to Arundel and Brighthelmstone. Also in Essex from Maldon to Colchester, and in Suffolk by Stretford, Ipswich, Stretford, and Blythburgh, to the banks of the Yar. In Lincolnshire are two branches, one running clearly from Tattersal, by Horncastle, Ludford, Strinton, Caistor, and Somerby, and a second nearer to the coast from Lowth towards Brocklesby, and both tending to the passage of the Humber, not far from Barton. Also along the principal part of the coast through Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland. On the western side of the island it appears to have passed on the hills which skirt the northern coast of Devonshire and Somersetshire, and possibly might be traced through Wales and towards Scotland.

* * * * *

As the original text of so important a document as Richard's Itinerary is essential to the thorough comprehension of its meaning, it is here subjoined: it follows after the end of Chapter VII.

DIAPHRAGMATA.

ITER I. Rhutupia is prima in Britannia insula civitas versus Galliam apud Cantios sita a Gessoriago Bonnoniæ portu, unde commodissimus in supradictam insulam transitus obtingit, CCCCL. stadia, vel ut alii volunt XLVI. mille passuum remota: ab eadem civitate ducta est via Guethelinga dicta, usque in Segontium per m.p. CCCXXIIII. plus minus sic:--Cantiopoli, quæ et Duroverno, m.p. X. Durosevo XII. Duroprovis XXV. deinde m.p. XXVII. transis Thamesin intrasque provinciam Flaviam et civitatem Londinium (Augustam), Sulo Mago m.p. VIIII. Verolamio municipio XII. unde fuit Amphibalus et Albanus Martyres. Foro Dianæ XII. Magio Vinio XII. Lactorodo XII. Isanta Varia XII. Tripontio XII. Benonis VIIII. Hic bisecatur via, alterutrumque ejus brachium Lindum usque, alterum versus Viriconium protenditur, sic: Manduessuedo m.p. XII. Etoceto XIII. Pennocrucio XII. Uxaconia XII. Virioconio XI. Banchorio XXVI. Deva Colonia X. Fines Flaviæ et Secundæ, Varis m.p. XXX. Conovio XX. Seguntio XXIIII.

ITER II. A Seguntio Virioconium usque, m.p. LXXIII. sic:--Heriri monte m.p. XXV. Mediolano XXV. Rutunio XII. Virioconio XI.

ITER III. A Londinio Lindum coloniam usque, sic: Durosito m.p. XII. Cæsaro Mago XVI. Canonio XV. Camaloduno colonia VIIII. ibi erat templum Claudii, arx triumphalis, et imago Victoriæ deæ. Ad Sturium amnem m.p. VI. et finibus Trinobantum Cenimannos advenis, Cambretonio m.p. XV. Sito Mago XXII. Venta Cenom. XXIII.... Camborico colonia XX. Durali ponte XX. Durno Mago XX. Isinnis XX. Lindo XX.

ITER IV. A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic:--Argolico m.p. XIIII. Dano XX. Ibi intras Maximam Cæsariensem, Legotio m.p. XVI. Eboraco municip. olim colonia sexta m.p. XXI. Isurio XVI. Cattaractoni XXIIII. ad Tisam X. Vinovio XII. Epiaco XVIIII. ad Murum VIIII. trans Murum intras Valentiam. Alauna amne m.p. XXV. Tueda flumine XXX. ad Vallum....

ITER V. A limite Præturiam usque, sic:--Curia m.p.... ad Fines m.p.... Bremenio m.p.... Corstoplio XX. Vindomora VIIII. Vindovio XVIIII. Cattaractoni XXII. Eboraco XL. Derventione VII. Delgovicia XIII. Præturio XXV.

ITER VI. Ab Eboraco Devam usque, sic:--Calcaria m.p. VIIII. Camboduno XXII. Mancunio XVIII. Finibus Maximæ et Flaviæ m.p. XVIII. Condate XVIII. Deva XVIII.

ITER VII. A Portu Sistuntiorum Eboracum usque, sic:--Rerigonio m.p. XXIII. ad Alpes Peninos VIII. Alicana X. Isurio XVIII. Eboraco XVI.

ITER VIII. Ab Eboraco Luguvalium usque, sic:--Cattaractoni m.p. XL. Lataris XVI. Vataris XVI. Brocavonacis XVIII. Vorreda XVIII. Luguballia XVIII.

ITER VIIII. A Luguballio Ptorotonim usque, sic:--Trimontio m.p.... Gadanica m.p.... Corio m.p.... ad Vallum m.p.... Incipit Vespasiana. Alauna m.p. XII. Lindo VIIII. Victoria VIIII. ad Hiernam VIIII. Orrea XIIII. ad Tavum XVIIII. ad Æsicam XXIII. ad Tinam VIII. Devana XXIII. ad Itunam XXIIII. ad Montem Grampium m.p.... ad Selinam m.p.... Tuessis XVIIII. Ptorotone m.p....

ITER X. Ab ultima Ptorotone per medium insulæ Isca Damnonorum usque, sic:--Varis m.p. VIII. ad Tuessim XVIII. Tamea XXVIIII.... m.p. XXI. in Medio VIIII. Orrea VIIII. Victoria XVIII. ad Vallum XXXII. Luguballia LXXX. Brocavonacis XXII. ad Alaunam m.p.... Coccio m.p.... Mancunio XVIII. Condate XXIII. Mediolano XVIII. Etoceto m.p.... Salinis m.p.... Glebon colonia m.p.... Corino XIIII. Aquas Solis m.p.... ad Aquas XVIII. ad Uxellam amnem m.p.... Isca m.p....

ITER XI. Ab Aquis per Viam Juliam Menapiam usque, sic:--ad Abonam m.p. VI. ad Sabrinam VI. unde trajectu intras in Britanniam Secundam et stationem Trajectum m.p. III. Venta Silurum VIII. Isca colonia VIIII. unde fuit Aaron Martyr. Tibia amne m.p. VIII. Bovio XX. Nido XV. Leucaro XV. ad Vigesimum XX. ad Menapiam XVIIII. Ab hac urbe per XXX. m.p. navigas in Hyberniam.

ITER XII. Ab Aquis Londinium usque, sic:--Verlucione m.p. XV. Cunetione XX. Spinis XV. Calleba Attrebatum XV. Bibracte XX. Londinio XX.

ITER XIII. Ab Isca Uriconium usque, sic:--Bultro m.p. VIII. Gobannio XII. Magna XXIII. Branogenio XXIII. Urioconio XXVII.

ITER XIIII. Ab Isca per Glebon Lindum usque, sic:--Ballio m.p. VIII. Blestio XII. Sariconio XI. Glebon colonia XV. ad Antonam XV. Alauna XV.... Vennonis XII. Ratiscorion XII. Venromento XII. Margiduno XII. ad Pontem XII. Croco colana Lindum XII.

ITER XV. A Londinio per Clausentum in Londinium, sic:--Caleba m.p. XLIIII. Vindomi XV. Venta Belgarum XXI. ad Lapidem VI. Clausento IIII. Portu Magno X. Regno X. ad Decimum X. Anderida portu m.p.... ad Lemanum m.p. XXV. Lemaniano portu X. Dubris X. Rhutupis colonia X. Regulbio X. Contiopoli X. Durelevo XVIII. Mado XII. Vagnaca XVIII. Novio Mago XVIII. Londinio XV.

ITER XVI. A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:--Venta Belgarum m.p. XC. Brige XI. Sorbioduno VIII. Ventageladia XII. Durnovaria VIIII. Moriduno XXXIII. Isca Damnon. XV.... Durio amne m.p.... Tamara m.p.... Voluba m.p.... Cenia m.p....

ITER XVII. Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:--Sylva Anderida m.p.... Noviomago m.p.... Londinio m.p. XV. ad Fines m.p.... Durolisponte m.p.... Durnomago m.p. XXX. Corisennis XXX. Lindo XXX. in Medio XV. ad Abum XV. unde transis in Maximam, ad Petuariam m.p. VI. dein le Eboraco, ut supra, m.p. XLVI.

ITER XVIII. Ab Eboraco, per medium insulæ Clausentum usque, sic:--Legiolio m.p. XXI. ad Fines XVIII.... m.p. XVI.... m.p. XVI. ... Derventione m.p. XVI. ad Trivonam XII. Etoceto XII. Manduessuedo XVI. Benonnis XII. Tripontio XI. Isannavaria XII. Brinavis XII. Ælia castra XVI. Dorocina XV. Tamesi VI. Vindomi XV. Clausento XLVI.

Plurima insuper habebant Romani in Britanniis castella, suis quæque muris, turribus, portis, et repagulis munita.

_Finis Itinerariorum._

Quod hactenus auribus, in hoc capite percipitur pene oculis intuentibus: nam huic adjuncta est mappa Britanniæ artificialiter depicta, quæ omnia loca cet. evidenter exprimit, ut ex ea cunctarum regionum incolas dignoscere detur.

* * * * *

ANCIENT AND MODERN NAMES OF THE STATIONS IN RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER'S ITINERARY.

[From the London Edition, 8vo. 1809.]

The first Iter having run uniformly on the traces of the British road called Watling Street (except the small distance from Southfleet to London), and the road remaining tolerably perfect, there can be little difficulty in fixing the several stations, or indeed in correcting the sometimes corrupted numbers of the Itinerary. It begins at Richborough, and, although at present obscure from the improved cultivation of the country, may be easily traced to Canterbury, from whence it went in the direction of the present turnpike to Rochester, leaving the intermediate station at Stone Chaple, in Ospringe, a little to the left hand. At Rochester it passed the Medway, considerably above the present bridge, and instead of running to the right with the modern turnpike, it went as straight as the nature of the ground would permit, by Cobham Park, and Shinglewell, to Barkfields, in Southfleet (the station _Vagniacis_ in Antonine,) then to Swanscombe Parkwood, through which it passed, and rejoined the Dover road between the fifteenth and sixteenth milestone, near Dartford Brent. Hence it went by Shooter's Hill over the Thames to London; and then as before mentioned, by the site of Mr. Napier's house at Brockley Hill, Verulam, Dunstable, Fenny Stratford, Towcester, Burnt Walls,[689] near Lilbourne, High Cross, Manceter, Wall, Okenyate, to Wroxeter. Here, quitting the south-west branch of the Watling Street, it bore to the right by Uffington, Broughton, Overley, Hammer, and Sarn Bridge to Banchor; and from thence ran clearly by Stockach and Aldford, over the Dee to Chester.

The Roman road here joining the North-east Watling Street, before mentioned, continued with it to Bodfari, and crossing Denbighshire, went over the Conway to Caer Hûn; and is supposed to have run as straight as the country would permit, to Caer Segont, about half a mile south of Caernarvon.

* * * * *

This Iter runs on a branch of the South-east Watling Street, from Caer Segont, nearly in the direction of the present road to Tommen y Mur, an undoubted station in the parish of Maentrwg, by the common name of Sarn Helen, or the "paved way of the Legion." From hence it is continued to Bala; and on the banks of the Tanad, not far from the point where it is intersected by the Roman road from Caersws to Chester, was probably the lost town of _Mediolanum_. From _Mediolanum_ the road runs under the north end of the Brythen, straight, although obscurely, to Rowton, and from thence over the Severn to Wroxeter.

* * * * *

As it is fifty-one measured miles from London to Colchester, and as it is probable that the stone from whence the Roman miles were measured was at least one mile west of Whitechapel church, we cannot allow any material deviation from the course of the present road, except in the neighbourhood of the capital, where the Roman road, instead of passing through Mile End, went much straighter over the Lee at Old Ford, and fell again into the course of the present turnpike at Stratford. The Itinerary allowing only fifty-two miles between London and Colchester, and the fifth Iter of Antonine agreeing with this of Richard, by stating twenty-eight as the distance between London and _Cæsaromagus_, we may implicitly adopt the distances here given, and fix the intermediate stations near Rumford, Chelmsford, and Kelvedon. From Colchester the road ran to the Stour, where probably stood the Mansio _ad Ansam_. From hence to Castor, near Norwich, (the _Venta Icenorum_,) the stations and course of the road are unknown. Some commentators have supposed it ran westerly, by Brettenham and Thetford; others by Ipswich, Stowmarket, and Scole Inn; and others have carried it more easterly, by Ipswich and Blythburgh, or Dunwich, to the capital of the Iceni. In favour of the first, there is merely the supposed resemblance of the name of Brettenham to _Cambretonium_; of the second, traces of a Roman way, called the Pye Road; and of the third, a British track-way, and another Roman road, called the Stone Street. But the distances suit none of these sites, and no Roman remains have any where been found, between the Stour and Castor, sufficient to justify an alteration of the numerals.

_Icianis_ may have been Icklingham; and _Camboricum_ was most probably at Cambridge, from whence there is a Roman road discoverable to Lincoln. To the first station, Godmanchester, this Iter goes on the great communication between Colchester and Chester, which for the sake of distinction may be called the _Via Devana_; and from Godmanchester to Lincoln, on the eastern branch of the Ermyn Street, which was adopted by the Romans. Twenty miles from Godmanchester, we find the great station of Chesterton, on one side of the Nen, and Castor on the other; which probably gave rise to the two names of _Durobrivæ_, and _Durnomagus_, the Roman and British towns severally noticed by Antonine and Richard. About twenty-five miles further, in the course of the road which cannot be mistaken, we find Ancaster, the _Isinnis_, _Corisennis_, or _Causennis_ of the Itineraries, from whence twenty-one additional miles bring us to Lincoln.

ITER IV. | SITES OF THE STATIONS. | (39) A Lindo ad Vallum usque, sic: | From Lincoln to the Wall. |_Corrected_| |_Numbers._ | (40) Argolico XIIII | XIIII | Littleborough. (41) Dano XX | XXI | Doncaster. Ibi intras Max | | Cæsariensem | | (42) Legotio[695] m.p. XVI | XVI | Castleford. (43) Eburaco Municip. olim | | Colonia Sexta[696] XXI | XXI | York. (44) Isurio XVI | XVII | Aldborough. (45) Cattaractoni[697] XXIIII | XXIIII | Catterick. (46) Ad Tisam X | XII | Pierce Bridge. (47) Vinovio XII | X | Binchester. (48) Epiaco XVIII} | XIIII | Lanchester. (49) Ad Muram VIIII} | VIIII | Halton Chester on the Wall. trans Murum intras | | Valentiam | | (50) Alauna amne XXV | XXV | Banks of the Coquet. (51) Tueda flumine XXX | XXXV | Banks of the Tweed. (52) Ad Vallum | | The Wall.

The fourth Iter left Lincoln with the Eastern Ermyn Street, which ran to the Humber; and, after continuing on it about five miles, turned suddenly to the left, pursuing its course in a straight line to the Trent, which it passed immediately opposite to the station of Littleborough. The Roman road may be traced from hence to Austerfield and Doncaster, where it fell in with the Western Ermyn Street, and is visible all the way by Castleford, Aberford, and Tadcaster, to York. In this Iter, the station of Tadcaster is passed unnoticed, as in the former the station of Brig Casterton, near Stamford.

From York the Iter is continued along the left bank of the Ouse, till it crossed the river to Aldborough. From hence rejoining the Western Ermyn Street, it passed the Eure, and ran straight through Catterick to the Tees, which it crossed at Piercebridge. It continued by the Royal Oak, St. Andrew Aukland, and the Bishop's Park, to Binchester, where, after fording the Were, it went with the North Watling Street to Lanchester; and, without noticing either Ebchester or Corbridge, over the Tyne to Halton Chester on the Wall. Here separating from the North Watling Street, it ran with the Ermyn Street, now known in Northumberland by the name of the Devil's Causeway, to the bank of the Coquet and the Tweed, and entering Scotland on the East, was continued to the wall of Antonine.

In regard to the part of the country traversed by this Iter, there appears to have been so little connection between the work of our author and the map which accompanies it, that we can rely little on the latter either to assist or correct us. This Iter is made to begin from _Curia_, a town probably on the confines of some petty kingdom, and to pass to the first certain post of _Bremenium_, or Riechester. Now, on referring to the map, _Curia_, the principal town of the Gadeni, so far from lying on the road which leads to _Bremenium_, the capital of the Ottadini, is considerably to the westward of its course. From this disagreement, commentators have suspected a mistake of the transcriber, and imagine that _Curia_ is intended for _Corium_. It is certain, at least, that this Iter, running on the east side of the island, on the track of the Northern Watling Street, enters Northumberland at Chew Green, goes from thence to Riechester (leaving unnoticed the station at Risingham), and runs with it to Corbridge, Ebchester, Binchester, Catterick, and York.

From York to Flamborough Head, a Roman road may still be traced; and as the distance agrees with the Itinerary, and there must have been a Roman post on or near that headland, we should think it more probable that this was the site of _Præturium_,[D] although we have not yet discovered the remains of any post on the Derwent, or the intermediate station of _Delgovicia_. So many Roman roads from different quarters point towards Stamford bridge, that there is no doubt the station of _Derventio_ was near it.

Such appears to be the incorrectness of the numerals attached to this Iter, as well as to the corresponding Iter of Antonine, that, although four of the six stations are well known, and a fifth can scarcely be mistaken, yet, we can in no other way obviate the difficulty than by supposing a station omitted, or by altering the numerals, none of which, except the first, agree with the distances between the vestiges of the different stations and their supposed sites; for example, in the first part between York and Manchester, where the Itinerary gives only 49 miles, the nearest road through Heathersfield amounts to 65.

As the only great and undoubted Roman station between Tadcaster and Manchester is at Slack (for the camps at Kirklees, and Castleshaw, are only temporary posts), it will perhaps be justifiable to fix this point as the site of _Cambodunum_; to suppose ten miles omitted in this stage; and in the next to conjecture that, by a common error in copying the Roman numerals, XVIII. has been substituted for XXIII. the exact distance from Slack to Manchester.

As the Mersey was undoubtedly the boundary on the West between the Roman provinces of Maxima and Flavia, and as the Roman road still existing crossed it at Stretford, we fix the next point there, and change the number XVII. to VI. The two next stations of _Condate_ and _Deva_, the numerals (with a slight alteration) permit us to fix at Kinderton and Chester. It is worthy of remark, that with these alterations the sum total of the numerals remains nearly the same.

This Iter runs from Freckleton on the Ribble to Ribchester, and then over the mountains to Broughton, Ilkley, Aldborough and York. As the Roman road is tolerably perfect all the way to Aldborough, and the vestiges of the stations are undoubted, we are justified in the alteration of the first two numbers, as by this alteration they will correspond with the present distances and the situations of the posts.

* * * * *

The road from York to Catterick has been traced before, and the Roman way from thence to Carlisle ran nearly in the direction of the present turnpike. The only doubt which occurs, therefore, in this Iter, is whether, from a similarity of sound, the transcriber of Richard has not erroneously written Brocavonacis for Brovonacis, which are two neighbouring posts in this direction, the first Brougham, and the second Kirby Thur. As the conjecture is not improbable, the corrected distance is given from the latter.

It is worthy of observation that in this Iter four successive V's have been added by mistake of the transcriber, as is the case in regard to the X's omitted in the third Iter.

* * * * *

Innumerable difficulties occur on every side in endeavouring to explain this Iter. There is great reason to believe that the _Trimontium_ of this Iter was Birrenswork Hill, and that the road ran from thence along the western side of the island as it is traced in the map of Richard. Camelon is allowed by all antiquaries to be the _Ad Vallum_: but it is impossible to draw the line between these two points; for although General Roy has mentioned a road from Carlisle on the eastern side of the Eildon Hills, and another on the western beyond Cleghorn to Castle Cary, there is little authority for the existence of either. Lynekirk has every appearance of a station, lay within the territories of the Gadeni, and would suit the situation assigned to _Gadanica_, but no road has hitherto been discovered leading to or from it. If the western trended at Biggar as much to the east, as that part which remains in the direction of Glasgow does to the west, it would have passed Borthwich Castle or the Gore, which Roy supposes was the _Corium_. Admitting the identity of this station would clear up the whole of this Iter to the Wall. There is no doubt that the sites of _Lindum_, _Victoria_, and _Ad Hiernam_ were at Ardoch, Dealgin Ross, and Strageth.

Notwithstanding the difficulties which occur in tracing this Iter from Carlisle to the Wall, yet from thence to the Tay the direction of the road, and the situation of the stations as fixed by General Roy agree so perfectly with the Itinerary, as to leave no doubt that he has ascertained their real position. But although he discovered a road north of the Tay, yet, as he found no vestiges of stations, Mr. Chalmers seems to have been more successful in fixing the posts between that river and _Ptoroton_.

It does not appear that the road was ever completed: however, from _Orrea_ on the Tay, a little above Perth, he observes, that the communication ran through the passage of the Sidlaw Hills, and along the Carse of Gowrie to the north end of the estuary of the Tay near Dundee; two miles west of which place, and half a mile north of Invergowrie, are the remains of a Roman camp about two hundred yards square, fortified with a high rampart and spacious ditch. Here he places _Ad Tavum_. Proceeding hence north-easterly through the natural opening of the country, and passing in the way the camp at Harefaulds, at the distance of twenty-three miles is Brechin on the South Esk, the station _Ad Æsicam_, exactly in the line laid down in Richard's map, and at the distance given in the Itinerary. Continuing from the South Esk in a north-north-easterly direction, at the distance of five miles and a half, we reach the North Esk, the supposed _Ad Tinam_. We pass that river at King's Ford, and proceeding up the valley of Lutherwater, at the distance of eight miles and a half find Fordun, where there are the remains of two Roman camps. From thence proceeding seventeen miles, to the well known camp at Raedikes, and continuing in a northerly direction six miles beyond, is the rectangular camp on the Dee at Peter Culter, called Norman Dikes, the _Devana_ of the Iter. This point is exactly thirty-one miles from Brechin on the South Esk, agrees with the aggregate distances in the Itinerary _Ad Tinam_ VIII, and _Ad Devanam_ XXIII, and corresponds with the track delineated on Richard's map.

The obvious openings through this rugged country point out the way by which the Romans must have penetrated northerly by the right of Achlea Fiddy and Kinmundy, to Kintore on the Don. They followed the Strath to the ford where the high road has always passed to Inverurie, and proceeded north-north-west through the moorlands, to the sources of the Ithan, and the camp at Glenmailin, the _Ituna_ of Richard, a distance of twenty-six miles. From thence proceeding northward, across the Doverna at Achengoul, where are still considerable remains of military works; and at the distance of thirteen miles, we reach the high ground north of Foggy lone, at the east side of Knock Hill, the _Mons Grampius_ of the Iter.

Hence the road runs to _Ad Selinam_, which is supposed to be on the Cullen, near the old Tower of Deskford, at the distance of ten miles. Following the course of the river, and the coast of the Murray Frith, seventeen miles, we arrive at the Roman post of _Tuessis_, on the high bank of the Spey, below the church of Bellie. Seventeen miles further is Burgh Head, the _Ptorotone_ of Richard.

* * * * *

ITER X. | SITES OF THE STATIONS. | (91) Ab ultima Ptorotone per mediam | From Burgh Head through insulæ Isca Damnonorum usque, sic:-- | the middle of the island | to Exeter. | _Corrected_ | | _Numbers._ | (92) Varis[708] m.p. VIII | | Fores VIIII (93) Ad Tuessim XVIII | Names and | Cromdall on Spey XX (94) Tamea XXVIIII | Numerals from | Braemar Castle XXX (95) --------- XXI | General Roy. | Barra Castle on Ila XXX (96) In Medio VIIII | | Inchstuthill XII (82) Orrea VIIII | | Bertha on Tay VIIII (80) Victoria XVIII | | Dealgin Ross XXIIII (52) Ad Vallum[709] XXXII | | Camelon XXXII (74) Luguballia LXXX | | Carlisle CXVIIII (97) Brocavonacis XXII | XXII | Brougham. (98) Ad Alaunam ... | XXXXVII | Lancaster. (99) Coccio ... | XXXVI | Blackrode. (63) Mancunio XVIII | XVIII | Manchester. (65) Condate XXIII | XXIII | Kinderton. (100) Mediolano XVIII | XVI | Chesterton. (15) Etoceto ... | XXXV | Wall. --------- | | ----------- (101) Salinis m.p. ... | XXII | Droitwich. --------- | | ----------- (102) Glebon Colon. m.p. | XXXIIII | Gloucester. (103) Corino XIIII | XVIII | Cirencester. (104) Aquas Solis m.p. ... | XXX | Bath. (105) Ad Aquas XVIII | XX | Probably Wells. (106) Ad Uxellam amnem m.p.| XXI | Probably Bridgewater. (107) Isca m.p. ... | XXXXV | Exeter.

The first part of this Iter is taken from General Roy; and as we have none of the intermediate stations between Carlisle and the Wall, every commentator may choose what route he pleases, although none will coincide with the distances of the Itinerary. From Carlisle, if we place any reliance on the numbers, the next station, _Brocavonavis_, can only be fixed at Brougham. Thence the road to the banks of the Lune, as well as the station on it, is uncertain; for, whether we choose Overborough or Lancaster, we know of no road to direct us; and the only reason for preferring the latter is the supposed site of the next station, _Coccium_, at Blackrode, and the course of the road through Lancaster, tending more immediately to that point, than the road through Overborough. The two next stations, _Mancunium_ and _Condate_, as well as the connecting line of road, are well known. From Kinderton, although there is a Roman way pointing to Chesterton in Staffordshire, the _Mediolanum_ of this Iter, and the site of _Etocetum_ is undoubtedly Wall, yet we speak with hesitation of the line of communication betwixt them; though we presume it ran through Newcastle, Stone, and Ridgeley. From Wall, which is on the Watling Street, the Iter continues along the Ryknield Street, through Sutton Colfield Park, to Birmingham. There falling in with the first Salt-Way, it proceeds to Droitwich, and is continued by the Western Road, through Worcester to Gloucester. Here, turning nearly at a right angle, it passes by the well known Roman road over Birdlip Hill to Cirencester; and trending to the right, proceeds by the Foss to _Aquæ Solis_ or Bath. Quitting the Foss, and still bearing to the right, it continues along the lower road to Wells, and from thence to _Uxella_, which was probably at Bridgewater. From the banks of the Parret it ran in the track of the British Way, and the present turnpike by Taunton, Wellington, and Collumpton, to Exeter.

* * * * *

ITER XI. | SITES OF THE STATIONS. | (104) Ab Aquis, per Viam Juliam, | From Bath by the Julian Menapiam usque, sic:-- | Way to St. David's. |_Corrected_| |_Numbers._ | (108) Ad Abonam m.p. VI | VI}| Bitton (109) Ad Sabrinam VI | VIIII}| Unde Trajectu[710] intras | | Sea Mills. in Britanniam Secundam | | (110) Et Stationem | | Trajectum[711] III | III | Severn Side. (111) Venta Silurum[712] VIII | VIIII | Caerwent. (112) Isca Colonia VIIII | VIIII | Caerleon. Unde fuit Aaron Martyr. | | (113) Tibia Amne[713] VIII | XV | Banks of the Tanf, | | possibly Caireu or | | Caerdiff. (114) Bovio XX | XX | In Evenny Park. (115) Nido XV | XX | Near Neath. (116) Leucaro XV | X | Perhaps Lwghor. (Muridunum omit. XX) | XX | Caermarthen. (117) Ad Vigesimum XX | XX | Castel Flemish.[714] (118) Ad Menapiam XVIIII | XVIII | Near St. David's. Ab hac urbe per m.p. | | XXX | | Navigas in Hyberniam. | |

As the course of the Roman road connecting the stations of this Iter is still discernible, we do not hesitate in correcting the imperfections of Richard by the corresponding Iter of Antonine. At Bitton, six miles from Bath, we find marks of a post attended with _tumuli_, which whether called _Abone_ or _Trajectus_[715] is of little importance, because, like the next, Sea Mills, it will suit either appellation, from its position on the Avon, and commanding a passage over that river. From Bitton the Roman way ran nearly in the direction of the present turnpike, north of the river as far as St. George's church; thence it proceeded straight near St. Paul's; ascended the Downs behind Mr. Daubeney's house to the direction-post, from whence it crossed Durdham Down, and skirted Mrs. Jackson's park wall to Sea Mills, a great maritime post at the confluence of the Trim and the Avon. It continued by Lord De Clifford's house straight to the Severn, crossed that river, and passed by Caldecot Castle through Caerwent and Caerleon to the bank of the Taaf and Evenny Park, which last place Roman remains lead us to conjecture was the site of _Bovium_. At Neath we have also little hesitation in fixing the site of _Nidus_, because a road from the _Gaer_ near _Brecon_ evidently leads to the same spot.

The remainder of this Iter is obscure. _Leucaro_ has been fixed at Lwghor, principally from the resemblance of the name. From thence the road may have run to Caermarthen (_Maridunum_), which appears to have been omitted; and was probably continued as straight as the country would permit to Castel Flemish and St. David's, where we would place the stations _Vigesimum_ and _Menapia_.[716]

* * * * *

ITER XII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS. (104) Ab Aquis Londinium usque, | sic:-- | |_Corrected_| |_Numbers._ | (119) Verlucione m.p. XV | XV | Highfield, near Sandy Lane. (120) Cunetione XX | XV | Folly farm, E. of Marlborough. (121) Spinis XV | XX | Spene. (122) Calleva Atrebatum | | XV | | Silchester. (123) Bibracte XX}| XXXXIIII | London. (5) Londinio XX}| |

As the traces of a Roman road from Bath towards Marlborough are still visible, we have only to examine in what points of its course remains have been found sufficient to justify us in determining the sites of the different stations. Accordingly, at fifteen miles from Bath we have Highfield, in Sandy Lane, near Heddington; and at fifteen more Folly Farm, near Marlborough. From hence twenty miles bring us to Spene; and although at this place few remains have been discovered, yet the direction of another Roman road, from Cirencester to the same point, sufficiently proves the existence of a station. Of the site of _Calleva_ at Silchester[717] there can be little doubt; although the course of the road from Spene is uncertain. The road from Silchester, still known by the name of the Devil's Causeway, as it runs over Bagshot Heath, as well as evident traces of it between Staines and London, still exist; but the intermediate station of _Bibracte_ is doubtful. If the numbers in this Iter be correct, we cannot deviate from the straight line, and this post must be placed near the hill at Egham, or the head of the Virginia Water.

* * * * *

The beginning of this Iter cannot be traced, notwithstanding two out of the three stations are well known; and we have little doubt that _Baltrum_ or _Burrium_ was at Usk (though no Roman remains have been found there), because the distance given from Caerleon to _Gobannium_ or Abergavenny will not admit of any deviation from the straight line. From Abergavenny, after passing the Munnow, the Roman road still exists, particularly near Madley, pointing to Kentchester, and from thence may be traced by the next post of Lentwardine on the Teme, to Wroxeter.

* * * * *

This Iter ran, like the former, from Caerleon to Usk, where bending to the right it traversed the country to Monmouth. From hence, although we cannot trace the exact line of the road, yet we have no doubt that it crossed the Wye to the next station at Berry Hill, in Weston, under Penyard; and continued nearly in a direct line to Gloucester. As the author has only left the name of a river for the next station, it must be placed in such a situation on the Avon as to admit the distance of fifteen miles from the next station of Alcester, which was the site of _Alauna_. This would carry it to the westward of Evesham. From Alcester, likewise, till we reach the Foss, we have neither a road nor distance, nor even the name of a station. For this reason we deem ourselves justified in considering the undoubted Roman camp at Chesterton on the Foss, as the post omitted by our author, and from thence we proceed on that known military way to the certain stations of High Cross, Leicester, Willoughby, Bridgeford, Brough, and Lincoln.

* * * * *

This Iter leads from London to the south-west part of Hampshire, and from thence, skirting the Sussex and Kentish coasts, back to the capital.

At the first step the author gives forty-four miles as the distance between London and Silchester, instead of forty, as in the twelfth Iter; hence we may deviate a little in settling the site of _Bibracte_ or _Ad Pontes_. Of the next station we can merely offer a conjecture. As the country of the Atrebates and their capital, _Calleva_ or Silchester, is by our author described as lying near the Thames, in distinction from that of the Segontiaci,[720] whose capital, _Vindomis_, was further distant from that river, and nearer the Kennet, one point only appears to suit the distances, which bears the proper relation to the neighbouring stations, and at the same time falls at the intersection of two known Roman roads. This is in the neighbourhood of St. Mary Bourne, and affords reason for considering Egbury Camp, or some spot near it, as the capital of the Segontiaci. For by following the Roman road called the Portway from Silchester, at the distance of fifteen miles is the rivulet near St. Mary Bourne, and not far from it, the point where the Portway is intersected by the Roman road from Winchester to Cirencester; and proceeding along this last we have another distance of twenty-one miles to Winchester. The road from Winchester by Otterbourne to Stoneham, and thence by the Green Lane to Bittern, is well known, and the distance sufficiently exact. But from thence, although traces of the road are occasionally discoverable on Ridgway, and to the north of Bursledon Hill, pointing towards Fareham and Portchester, yet the latter part is almost totally unknown or lost. From Portchester it ran in the track of the present turnpike to Chichester; and over the Arun not far from Arundel; and then along the coast to Pevensey, the banks of the Rother, Lymne, Dover, Richborough, Reculver, and Canterbury. There falling into the track of the first Iter, it went along the Watling Street to the bank of the Medway, and passing that river, proceeded by Barkfields in Southfleet, a station omitted before, across the country with the ancient Watling Street, (by a road now unknown[721]), to Holwood Hill, the capital of the Regni, and from thence to London.

* * * * *

The exact route from London to Winchester not being defined, we may suppose that it ran, as before, through Silchester, and from thence by St. Mary Bourne, as in the 15th Iter. From Winchester, as the road still exists leading to Old Sarum, the distance of eleven miles will probably give the site of _Brige_, although the station itself is not known; and the nine following will lead us to Old Sarum. Pursuing the course of the road, which may be still traced quite to Dorchester, remains found on Gussage Cow Down point out the site of _Ventageladia_; and the disagreement between the Itinerary and real distance from thence to Dorchester justifies us in supposing that some intermediate post has been omitted. The site of _Moridunum_ is doubtful; some thinking it to be Eggerdon, or the Hill of the Morini, with which the distance of nine miles would not disagree; while others, with more reason, prefer Seaton, the great port of the West, because the Foss leads from Ilchester directly to it. Intermediate stations have evidently been lost between this place and Exeter, as has also been the case between that place and the Dart, the Tamar, the Fowey and the Fal. From Honiton the road is visible pointing to Exeter, as well as from Exeter to Totness, and according to the ingenious Borlase, even to Lostwithiel.

* * * * *

This Iter ran in the track of the British Ermyn Street, from Pevensey and East Bourne, which were perhaps the _Anderida Portus_ and _Anderida_ of the 15th Iter, along the ridge of hills to Holwood Hill (already mentioned as the capital of the Rhemi), and from thence to London, but its traces are now so obscure as to be almost forgotten. Some think that from London it proceeded along the British Street, by the Green Lanes, Cheshunt, and to the west of Broxbourne to Ware; while others suppose that this Roman road went much straighter, and nearly in the course of the present turnpike through Ware to Broughing, a post at the confluence of the Rib and the Quin, where was probably the station _Ad Fines_, the boundary between the countries of the Iceni, the Cassii, and the Trinobantes. From hence the Roman road is so perfect by Caxton quite to Lincoln, that we fix the station of _Durnomagus_ at the great camp near Castor, and the three others at Godmanchester, Ancaster, and Lincoln. From Lincoln the Roman road proceeds directly to the banks of the Humber, having, at the distance assigned in the Iter, the _Mansio in Medio_, and the post at Winterton; from whence six miles carry us across the river to Brough, or _Petuaria_, a post often confounded with the _Prætorium_ of the 6th Iter. As there is a Roman road still existing from Brough towards Weighton, and then over Barmby Moor to York, there can be little doubt in considering it as the course of this Iter. Should, however, the forty-six miles given in the Itinerary (which appears to have been an error arising from the mistake of the transcriber in confounding _Petuaria_ and _Prætorium_) be considered as correct, the course of the Iter may be supposed to have run from Brough by Londesborough and Millington, to the great road from Flamborough, and then to have turned with it to York, making exactly the forty-six miles of the Itinerary.

* * * * *

ITER XVIII. | SITES OF THE STATIONS. | (43) Ab Eboraco per medium insulæ | From York through the middle Clausentum usque, sic:-- | of the island to Bittern. |_Corrected_| |_numbers._ | (42) Legiolio m.p. XXI | XXI | Castleford. (167) Ad Fines XVIII | XXIII | Temple Brough, on the bank | | of the Don. (168) ..... XVI | XVI | Tapton Hill near Chesterfield. (169) ..... XVI | XII | Camp near Penkridge. (170) Derventione[724] XVI | XII | Little Chester. (171) Ad Trivonam XII | XII | Berry Farm, in Branston. (15) Etoceto[725] XII | XII | Wall. (14) Manduessuedo XVI | XVI | Manceter. (13) Benonnis XII | XII | High Cross. (12) Tripontio XI | XI | Near Dove Bridge. (11) Isannavaria XII | X | Burnt Walls. (172) Brinavis XII | XII | Black Ground, near Chipping | | Norton. (173) Ælia Castra XVI | XVI | Alcester, near Bicester. (174) Dorocina XV | XVI | Dorchester. (175) Tamesi VI | VI | On the Thames. Vindomi } | | (122) _Calleva_ } XV | XX | Silchester. (141) Clausento XXXXVI | XXXXV | Bittern, near Southampton.

This Iter proceeds from York in the same direction as the fourth to Castleford, where, bearing to the right to join the Ryknield Street, it continues with it through the several stations of Temple Brough on the Don, Chesterfield, Penkridge, Little Chester, and Branston, to Wall. Here diverging to the left with the Watling Street, it passed through Manceter, High Cross, and Dove Bridge, to Burnt Walls. It there quitted the known road, and bore across the country, by an unknown route, to Alcester, on the Akeman street; but the considerable remains found at Black Ground, near Chippington Norton, would lead us to place the station of _Brinavis_ there, if the Roman road did not make any material deviation between Burnt Walls and Alcester.

From Alcester the road runs plainly over Ottmoor, and indeed almost all the way to Dorchester. But from thence as we can discover no traces of a road, and as our next post appears to have been only six miles distant and on the Thames, if any reliance can be placed on the number, it may be the point where the Roman road from Wantage apparently passes that river opposite Mongewell. The next distance of fifteen miles, being insufficient to lead us by any road to _Vindomis_, if it were placed either at Silchester or near St. Mary Bourne, it is more than probable that there is some error in the name of the station; and as the following number of forty-six miles agrees with the distance in the 15th Iter of the road from Silchester passing near Egbury to Bittern, we cannot help supposing that the name of _Vindomis_ has been inserted by mistake for that of _Calleva_.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 685: On this subject it may not be improper to observe, that the name of Castor, Cester, or Chester, generally points out a Roman station; and Sarn, Street, Stane and Stone, (Strat, and Stan, when compounded) as generally show the course of a British or Roman way.]

[Footnote 686: For example these marks [Illustration], being the mutilated parts of numerals, might have been easily transformed by the copyist into IIIII. XIII. VIII. XVI. XIX. or XXI. and single numerals might have been omitted, as XX. and XXIII. for XIX. and XXXIII.]

[Footnote 687: Near Leicester.]

[Footnote 688: Hist. de l'Académie, t. 88, p. 661.]

[Footnote 689: Burnt Walls was the Roman post of _Isannavaria_; Borough Hill, on the hill above it, was the great British fortification, _Bennavenna_.]

[Footnote 690: Icianis XXVIII. _Stukeley_.]

[Footnote 691: Durolisponte, Iter 17.]

[Footnote 692: Iter 17, XXX.]

[Footnote 693: Corisennis XXX. Iter 17.]

[Footnote 694: Iter 17, XXX.]

[Footnote 695: Legiolio, Iter 18.]

[Footnote 696: Iter 5 and 8, Eburaco.]

[Footnote 697: Cataractone XI.]

[Footnote 698: Probably Corium, _Stukeley_.]

[Footnote 699: Vinovio, Iter 4.]

[Footnote 700: XXXVIII.]

[Footnote 701: This _Præturium_ and the _Prætonum_ of Antonine must be carefully distinguished from the _Petuaria_, mentioned by our author in the 17th Iter, for _Petuaria_ was certainly at Brough on the Humber.]

[Footnote 702: Iter 10, Mancunio--Condate XXIII.]

[Footnote 703: _Stukeley_, XVIIII]

[Footnote 704: Lataris, XVII. _Stuk._]

[Footnote 705: XVI. _Stuk._]

[Footnote 706: XX. _Stuk._]

[Footnote 707: Iter 10 inverted, Brocavonacis--Luguvallia, XXII.]

[Footnote 708: VIIII. _Stukeley._]

[Footnote 709: XXX Iter 9.]

[Footnote 710: Statio Trajectus. _Comm._]

[Footnote 711: Ad Sabrinam. _Comm._]

[Footnote 712: VIIII. _Stukeley._]

[Footnote 713: Tibia VII. _Stukeley._]

[Footnote 714: This station was discovered by Mr. Fenton during his researches for his History of Pembrokeshire. It lies in the parish of Ambleston.]

[Footnote 715: We prefer the name of _Abone_ for Sea Mills, because it bears that name in old deeds; on the other hand, there appears to be no instance in which the name of _Trajectus_ is applied to a town unless at the passage of a river.]

[Footnote 716: The bishops of St. David's being called in Latin _Menapienses_ by the earliest of our ecclesiatical writers, is an argument that the station is near the present town. The site of the station itself was probably at a short distance from the modern city, at a place called the Burrows, and just above a fine harbour called the Porth Mawr.]

[Footnote 717: Few of the Roman stations have been fixed at so many different pieces as that of _Calleva Atrebatum_. It has been placed at Silchester, Henley, Wallingford, and Reading, by different antiquaries; yet in no doubtful case do more testimonies concur to ascertain the site. It was evidently a station of importance, because it appears as a central point, to which the roads traversed by three different Iters of Antonine (the 13th, 14th, and 15th,) converge. It was the capital of the Atrebates; situated at known distances from London, Winchester, Bath, Spene, and Caerleon; and at a doubtful one, though easily supplied, from Cirencester and Old Sarum. These circumstances cannot by any expedient be brought to coincide, either with Henley, Wallingford, or Reading; but all agree in regard to Silchester. Its distance nearly accords with the Itinerary distance of _Calleva_ from London, Bath, Spene, Winchester, and Caerleon, and, if a station (which is evidently lost) in the Iter of Antonine be supplied, with that from Cirencester. The present remains are those of a great Roman town; it is situated in the district formerly inhabited by the Atrebates; and in every direction traces of Roman roads converging to this point still plainly exist, from London, Spene, Winchester, Old Sarum, Bath, and Cirencester.]

[Footnote 718: Bultro, Iter 13]

[Footnote 719: _Stukeley_, X.]

[Footnote 720: Richard, b. 1, c. 6, sect. 28, describing the several nations whose territories were watered by the Thames in its course to the German Ocean, places the Atrebates between the Hedui and the Cassii, without even mentioning the Segontiaci, a proof that their territories did not approach the river.]

[Footnote 721: In Hasted's History of Kent is a passage which countenances the idea of an ancient road having traversed the country in this line.]

[Footnote 722: _Stuk._ XXX.]

[Footnote 723: It. 3. Duraliponte--Durnomago XX.--Issinis XX.--Lindo XX.]

[Footnote 724: XVI.]

[Footnote 725: It. 2, inv. Etoceto.--Manduessuedo XIII.--Benonais XII.--Tripontio Isantia Varia XII.]

APPENDIX.--No. II.

HANES TALIESIN, OR THE HISTORY OF TALIESIN

The primary domestic bard Am I to Elphin, And my original country Is the region of Cherubims. Joannes the divine Called me Merddin, At length every king Will call me Taliesin. I was full nine months In the womb of mother Cyridwen;[726] I was little Gwion heretofore, Taliesin am I now. I was with my Lord In the superior state, When Lucifer did fall To the infernal deep. I have borne a banner Before Alexander: I know the names of the stars From the north to Auster. I have been in the circle of Gwdion Tetragammaton;[727] I conducted Hean[728] To the depth of Ebron vale, I was in Canaan When Absalom was slain, I was in the Court of Don[729] Before Gwdion was born, I was an attendant On Eli and Enoc; I was on the cross-devoting sentence Of the Son of the merciful God. I have been chief keeper Of the work of Nimrod's tower; I have been three revolutions In the circle of Arianrod.[730] I was in the Ark With Noah and Alpha; I beheld the destruction Of Sodoma and Gomorra; I was in Africa Before Rome was built: I am come here To the remnants of Troia. I was with my Lord In the manger of the she-ass; I strengthened Moses Through the Jordan water. I have been in the firmament With Mary Magdalen; I have been gifted with genius From the Cauldron of Cyridwen. I have been bard of the harp To the Teon of Lochlyn;[731] I have endured hunger For the son of the Virgin. I have been in the White Hill[732] In the court of Cynvelyn, In stocks and fetters, For a year and a day. I have had my abode In the kingdom of the Trinity; It is not known what is my body, Whether flesh or fish. I have been an instructor To the whole universe; I shall remain till the day of doom On the face of the earth, I have been in an agitated seat Above the circle of Sidin,[733] And that continues revolving Between three elements: Is it not a wonder to the world, That it reflects not a splendour?

[_From Meyrick's History of Cardiganshire_, p. 65, 2 vols. London, 1806.]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 726: Venus.]

[Footnote 727: The Galaxy.]

[Footnote 728: The Divine Spirit.]

[Footnote 729: Or Llys Don, i.e. Cassiopeia.]

[Footnote 730: The Northern Crown.]

[Footnote 731: Denmark.]

[Footnote 732: Tower of London.]

[Footnote 733: Perhaps Caer Sidin, or the Zodiac.]

GENERAL INDEX.

Aaron, a British martyr, 161, 242, 303, 466.

Ælla, king of the South Saxons, 1.

Ælla, usurper of Northumbria, 52.

Æneas, the Trojan, marries Lavinia, 91, 387.

Æsc, king of Kent, 7.

Ætius, a Roman general, 307, 450.

Aganippus, king of the Franks, 116.

Agricola, Roman governor, 443, 448, 450, 466, 470.

Aidan, king of the Scots, 285.

Alan, king of Armorica, 290.

Alban, St. his martyrdom, 161, 303, 445, 466.

Albanact, a son of Brutus, killed, 109.

Aldhelm, bishop, 14.

Aldroen, king of Armorica, 177.

ALFRED, ASSER'S LIFE OF, 43-48, some further notices of, 1, 2, 27-37, 132; his children, 2, 68.

Alfrid, king of Northumbria, 14, 286.

Alifantinam, king of Spain, slain, 264.

Alla [Ella], king of Northumbria, 8.

Allectus, emperor in Britain, 159, 160.

Alleluiatic victory, 406.

Allobroges, in Switzerland, 126.

Amalgaid, king of Connaught, 410.

Amatheus consecrates St. Patrick, 410.

Ambrius, founder of a monastery, 190.

Ambrosius [Emrys Wledig], 182, 207-219, 396, 403, 407, 416.

Amphibalus, St. 161.

Anacletus taken prisoner by Brutus, 94-96.

Andragius, a king of Britain, 136.

Androgeus, duke of Trinovantum, 137.

Anglia, East, genealogy of the kings, 412.

Antenor, Trojan, 102.

Antigonus taken prisoner by Brutus, 94.

Antoninus's wall, 450.

Anwiund, a Danish king, 30, 58.

Archflamens made archbishops, 155.

Arianism spreads in Britain, 304.

Arthgallo deposed, 134, 135.

Arthmail, a king of Britain, 136.

Arthur, king, not noticed by Gildas or Bede, 89; his exploits, 225-271, 408; coronation, 243-245; death, 271.

Arviragus, a king of Britain, 149-153.

Ascanius, son of Æneas, 91, 387, 388.

Ascnillius, king of Dacia, slain, 271.

Asclepiodotus frees Britain from the Romans, 160-162, 466.

Assa (Cissa), king of the South Saxons, 7.

Assaracus joins Brutus against the Grecians, 82.

Assaracus, king of Germany, 113

Asser, archbishop of St. David's, Life of Alfred, vi, 43-86; visits king Alfred, 70.

Athelred, archbishop of Canterbury, 34.

Athelstan, king of Kent, &c. 22, 23, 45.

Athelstan, king of Mercia, 39, 40.

Angusil, king of Albania, 238, 249, 269.

Augustine, archbishop of Canterbury, 9-11, 275, 438, 444.

Aulus Plautius visits Britain, 469.

Aurelius Antoninus' victories in Britain, 466.

Auxilius, a bishop of Ireland, 410.

Bagsac, a Danish king, slain, 56.

Baldulph, a Saxon chief, 230-234.

Bards, the British poets, 434.

Bassianus kills his brother Geta, 157-159, 449, 466.

Battles between the Romans and the Britons at the invasion, 138-153; on the Grampian hills, 451.

Battles between the Britons and Saxons at Anderida, 7; Badon-hill, 313, 409; the river Bassas, 498; Beandune, 12; Bedanford, 8; Berin-byrig, 8; Breguoin, 409; Cat Coit Celidon, 408; Cerdic's-ore, 7; Cirencester, 12; the river Darent, 404; Deorhamme, 9; the river Duglas, 230, 270, 408; Fethanleage, 9; the river Gleni, 408; Gurnion castle, 408; Hengeston, 22; Mearcrædsburn, 7; Scarburh, 8; Stone, 404; Trat Treuroit, 409; Verulam, 228.

Battles between the English and the Danes at Ac-lea, 45; Æscendune, 27, 54; Basing, 27, 56; Brumby, 39; Cambridge, 38; Canterbury, 44; Charmouth, 21, 22; Devonshire, 30, 44, 61; East Anglia, 22, 26, 33, 50; Edington, 62; Ethandune, 31; Exeter, 59; Hampshire, 25, 50; Holme, 38; Kent, 22, 25, 45, 50, 61; Mercia, 26; Merton, 27; Nottingham, 53; Port, 22; Reading, 29, 54; Southampton, 22; the Stour, 65; Surrey, 23, 44; Swanwich, 59; Wareham, 58; Wessex, 26; Wilton, 56; York, 52.

Beaduherd, reve of the shire, 19.

Bede noticed, 15, 89.

Bedver, governor of Neustria, 241, 244, 252-264.

Belinus, king of Britain, 122-135, 392.

Belinus, general of Cassibelaun's army, 130.

Benlli, king of Powys, 397.

Bernhelm, abbat, 34.

Bernicia, genealogy of the kings, 412.

Bernulf, king of Mercia, 21.

Berthwulf, king of Mercia, 23, 44.

Bertric, king of Wessex, 18, 19, 48.

Birinus, bishop, 12

Bladud, king of Britain, 114.

Blederic, killed by Ethelfrid, 276.

Bleduno, a king of Britain, 136.

Blegabred, a king of Britain, 136.

Boadicea, or Bonduica, queen of the Iceni, 301, 445, 447, 465, 469.

Boccus, king of the Medes, 263.

Borellus, consul of the Cenomanni, 259.

Boso's gallantry against the Romans, 255.

Brennius quarrels with Belinus, 122-130.

Brian, nephew to Cadwalla, 278-284.

Bridget, an Irish saint, 390, 460.

Britael, king of Demetia, 139.

Britain, described, 3, 90, 106, 133, 244, 289, 299, 386, 419-422, 435; its original inhabitants, 90, 386, 422-428, 464; invaded by Julius Cæsar, 3, 301, 445, 468; Christianity introduced into, 302, 466; divided into provinces, 436; boundary of the Roman empire in Britain, 453; finally quitted by the Romans, 2, 305, 396, 467, 468; occupied by Saxons, 3; invaded by the Danes, 19-39, 50-66.

British cities, ancient. 90, 155.

Brocmail defeated by Ethelfrid, 276.

Brutus, xiv; his history, 91-109, 386-388, 391.

Brutus, surnamed Greenshield, 113.

Bryto supposed to have built London, 464.

Budes, king of Armorica, 182.

Buile settles in Eubonia, 389.

Burhred, king of Mercia, 23, 26, 45, 53, 57.

Cador, duke of Cornwall, 231, 235, 246.

Cadwan, makes a treaty with Ethelfrid, 277.

Cadwalla, a British king, 277-288, 415.

Cadwallader, a British king, 199, 288-290, 415.

Cædwalla, king of Wessex, 14.

Cæsar, Julius, invasion, 138-150, 392, 393, 465, 468.

Caius, governor of Andegavia, 241-244.

Caliburn, the sword of Arthur, 234, 241.

Cap, one of the kings of Britain, 136.

Capoir, one of the kings of Britain, 136.

Caracalla. See _Bassianus_

Caractacus (Caradog), 442, 443, 465.

Caradoc, duke of Cornwall, 165-168.

Carausius, governor of Britain, 158-160, 394, 437, 466.

Careticus (_Ceredig_), a British king, 273.

Cartismandua, queen of Brigantia, 443.

Cassibellaun (Caswallon) 136-148, 445, 465, 468.

Catellus, a British king, 136.

Catel Drunluc, or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of Powys, 399.

Catigern, son of Vortigern, 188.

Ceawlin, king of Wessex, 8, 9.

Celestine, pope, 409, 410.

Cenric, king of the West Saxons, 7, 8, 44.

Ceolnoth, abp. of Canterbury, 26, 54.

Ceolred, king of Mercia, 14.

Ceolwulf, king of Wessex, 11.

Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, 15.

Ceolwulf, king of Mercia, 20, 30.

Cerdic, king of Wessex, 7, 8, 44.

Cerealis, Roman governor of Britain, 448, 466, 470.

Cheldric arrives from Germany, 231, 235; assists Modred against Arthur, 268, 271.

Chelianus, appointed archbishop of Dole, 245.

Cherdich, a Saxon chief, 187.

Cherin, an ancient British king, 136.

Cheulphus repulsed by Brennius, 123.

Chrism-loosing, what, 63

Claudius invades Britain, 149-152, 393, 445, 448, 465, 468.

Cledaucus, an ancient British king, 136.

Cletonus, an ancient British king, 136.

Cligueillus, a king of Britain, 136.

Clodius Albinus, Roman governor of Britain, 471.

Cloten, king of Cornwall, 121.

Coel rebels against Asclepiodotus, 162.

Cogibundus, a British regulus, 465, 469.

Coillus, a British king, 136.

Coillus, a British king, 154.

Colgrin, a Saxon chief, 230-234.

Columba, St. 8, 460.

Comet appeared, 13, 15, 35, 220.

Conan kills Constantine, 199, 272.

Conan Meriadoc, 166-171.

Conanus (Aurelius), 316.

Constans, a monk, king of Britain, 179-182, 208.

Constantine the Great, 163, 248, 394, 437, 467.

Constantine the Armorican, made king, 178, 208.

Constantine, Arthur's successor, 271, 272, 314.

Constantius, governor of Britain, 162, 394, 395, 466.

Councils, ecclesiastical, at Heathfield, 13; Cloveshoo, 20; Constantinople, 395; Caer Guorthegirn, 401.

Conwenna's speech to Brennius, 127.

Cordeilla, daughter of Leir, 114-119.

Corineus, duke of Cornwall, 102-110

Cridious, king of Albania, 139.

Crocea mors, the name of Cæsar's sword, 141.

Cuichelm, king of Wessex, 12.

Cunedagius kills his brother, 119.

Cuneglasse, a British prince, 317.

Cutha, 8.

Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, 415.

Cuthred, king, 12.

Cuthred, king of Wessex, 15.

Cuthred, king of Kent, 20.

Cynegils, king of Wessex, 12.

Cynewulf, king of Wessex, 16-18.

Dabutius reproaches Merlin, 192.

Danes arrive in England, 19-36, 50-66.

Danius, an ancient British king, 132.

David. St. archbp. of Menevia, 245, 271.

Diana's answer to Brutus, 100.

Dianotus, king of Cornwall, 171.

Dinooth, abbat of Bangor, 275, 276.

Diocletian persecution, 161, 302, 466.

Divitiacus subdues part of Britain, 464.

Diwanius, bishop of Winchester, 246.

Doldavius, king of Gothland, 238.

Dolobellus, a British proconsul, 392.

Dress of the ancient Britons, 427.

Druidism, 429-434.

Dubricius, abp. of Caerleon, 217, 230, 233, 242-245.

Dunwallo Molmutius (_Dynval Moelmud_) 121.

Duvanus, bishop, sent from Rome, 155.

Eadbert, king of Northumbria, 15.

Eadburga, Bertric's queen, account of, 47, 48.

Eadfered Flesaurs, king of Northumbria, 412, 414.

Eagle, said to have spoken, 114.

Ealstan, bishop, 21, 22, 26, 46, 53.

Ebissa, or Eosa, the Saxon chief, 187, 212, 223, 227, 228, 400.

Ebraucus, king of Britain, 112, 113.

Eclipses, 8, 13, 15, 21, 32, 63.

Ecwils, a Danish king, killed, 39.

Edgar, king, 40.

Edmund, (St.) king of East Anglia, 26, 46, 50, 54.

Edmund, king, 40.

Edred, king, 40.

Edward (the elder,) king, 37-39.

Edwin, king of Northumbria, 277, 279, 284, 414.

Edwy, king, 40.

Egbert, king of Wessex, 20-22.

Egbert, bishop, 15.

Egfert, king of Mercia, 19.

Egfrid, king of Northumbria, 13, 415.

Eisc, king of Kent, 11.

Elbotus, or Elvod, bp. of Bangor, 383, 384.

Eldad, bishop of Gloucester, 191, 212-214.

Eldadus, an ancient British king, 136.

Eldol, duke of Gloucester, 191, 210-213.

Eldol, an ancient British king, 136.

Eledanius, bishop of Alclud, 246.

Eleutherius, pope, 155, 393.

Elfgiva, king Edmund's queen, 40.

Elidure, surnamed the pious, 134, 135.

Eliud, an ancient British king, 136.

Elsingius, king of Norway, 123.

Enniaunus, king of Britain, 136.

Eohric, a Danish king, 38.

Escwin, king of Wessex, 13.

Estrildis, concubine of Locrin, 110, 111.

Ethelard, king of Wessex, 15.

Ethelbald, king of Mercia, 15, 17.

Ethelbald, king of Wessex, 25, 45-47, 49, 50.

Ethelbald, archbishop of York, 38.

Ethelbert, king of Kent, 8, 10, 276.

Ethelbert II. king of Kent, &c. 25, 50.

Ethelfrid, king of Northumbria, 9, 276, 277.

Ethelgiva, abbess of Shaftesbury, 68, 82.

Ethelred, king of Mercia, 14.

Ethelred, king of England, 1.

Ethelred, king of Northumbria, 19.

Ethered, [Ethered] king of Wessex. 25, 27, 50-56.

Ethelwald rebels against Oswy, 286.

Ethelswitha, daughter of Alfred, 2.

Ethered, earl of Mercia, 34-39, 74.

ETHELWERD'S CHRONICLE, 1-40; account of the author, v, vi.

Ethelwulf, king of Wessex, 22-25, 44-49.

Evander, king of Syria, killed, 258.

Evelinus, nephew of Androgeus, 143, 144.

Eventus, king of Albania, 269.

Faganus sent to convert the Britons, 155.

Famine in Britain, 53.

Fergusius emigrates from Ireland, 467.

Ferrex killed by his brother Porrex, 120.

Flamens made bishops, 155.

Flollo, a Roman tribune, 240, 241.

Friday, so called from the goddess Frea, 184.

Frontinus, a Roman gov. 443, 466, 470.

Fulgenius, a British king, 136.

Fulgenius wars against Severus, 157.

Funeral rites of the ancient Britons, 428.

Gabius, a Roman consul, 130.

Galgacus, king of the Caledonians, 466, 470.

Gallus, Livius, besieged in London, 160, 469.

Genuissa, daughter of Claudius, 151, 152.

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH'S BRITISH HISTORY; 89-292. Some account of the author, viii, 89.

Gerion, the augur, 100.

Germanus, St. bishop of Auxerre, 75, 187, 397-407.

Geruntius, an ancient British king, 136.

Geta, son of Severus, killed, 157, 158.

Giant, killed by Arthur, 252.

Giant's Dance, its removal, 215-219, 229.

GILDAS' WORKS, 293-380; notices of its author, vii, 89, 108, 121, 126.

Gillomanius, king of Ireland, 216-221.

Godbold, king of the Orkneys, killed, 285.

Goëmagot, a giant killed, 107.

Goffarius, king of Aquitaine, 102-105.

Gombert, king of Norway, 164.

Gonorilla, one of Leir's daughters, 114-116.

Gorbogudo, a British king, 120.

Gorbonian, a British king, 133.

Gorlois, duke of Cornwall, 222, 226.

Gormund, king of the Africans, 273.

Gothrun, a Danish king, 30, 34, 58, 63.

Gratian, emp. slain by Maximus, 394-396.

Gratian Municeps, a British king, 172, 173.

Gregory I, pope, 10, 11.

Grimbald, abbat of Hyde Abbey, 70, 74, 75.

Guanhumara, wife of Arthur, 238, 268, 269.

Guanius, king of the Huns, 172, 175.

Guendoloena, wife of Locrin, 111.

Guerthaeth, king of Venedotia, 139.

Guethelin, archbp. of London, 174, 177.

Guichthlac, king of Dacia, 123, 125.

Guiderius, a British king, 149.

Guillamurius, king of Ireland, 236, 238.

Guitard defeated by Hoel, 241, 258.

Guithelin, a British king, 132.

Guitolinus quarrels with Ambrosius, 415.

Gunfasius, king of the Orkneys, 238.

Guoyrancgonus, a king of Kent, 400.

Gurgintius, a British king, 136.

Gurgiunt Brabtruc, king of Britain, 131.

Gurgustius, a British king, 120.

Guthfrid, king of Northumbria, 37.

Hadrian's wall, 466, 471.

Halfdene, a Danish chieftain, 30, 31, 39, 58, 61, 62.

Hamo, Leuis, a Roman general, 149.

Hasten, invades England, 35, 36.

Heahmund, bishop, 27.

Helena, mother of Constantine, 162, 444-446, 467.

Helena, niece of Hoel, 252.

Heli, king of Britain, 136.

Hengist and Horsa, 4-7, 183-191, 209-212, 396-400, 405, 406.

Henry I. king of England, 90.

Henuinus, duke of Cornwall, 116.

Hider, a British general, 256.

Hilda, abbess, 13.

Hirelgas, Bedver's nephew, 264.

Hirelglas, Cassibellaun's nephew, 143.

Hingwar, Danish chief, 25, 26, 39, 61, 62.

Hoctor settles in Ireland, 389.

Hoel, king of Armorica, 231, 241, 248, 264.

Holdin, king of the Ruteni, 264.

Horsus, brother of Hengist, 4, 6, 183, 188.

Hudibras, king of Britain, 114.

Humber, king of the Huns, 109, 110.

Humbert, bishop of the East Angles, 50.

Ida, king of Northumbria, 8, 409.

Idwallo, a just king of Britain, 136.

Igerna, wife of Gorlois, 223-226.

Ignoge, daughter of Pandrasus, 98.

Imbertus, ambassador, 102.

Ina, king of Wessex, 13, 14, 43.

Inbaltus, commander of the Gauls, 169.

Ireland, its first inhabitants, 389, 390, 464; description of, 457-462.

Isembard renounces Christianity, 273.

Isserninus, a bishop of Ireland, 410.

Istereth settles in Dalrieta, 389.

Ivor and Ini, British chiefs, 290, 291.

Jago, an ancient British king, 120.

John, abbat of Athelney, 70, 79-81.

Judith, Alfred's queen, 46-51, 65.

Julius, a British martyr, 161, 242, 466.

Kamber, son of Brutus, 109.

Kent, genealogy of the kings, 412.

Kentwin, king of Wessex, 13.

Kenulf, king of Mercia, 19, 20.

Kenwalk, king of Wessex, 12, 13.

Kimarus, a British king, 132.

Kinmarcus, a British king, 120.

Kinocus, (_Cynog_), archbp. of Menevia, 271.

Kymbelinus, king of Britain, 148.

Lambienus, a Roman tribune, 140.

Lantern made by king Alfred, 84.

Latian law, what, 457.

Lavinia, the wife Æneas, 91, 387, 388.

Leil, a good king of Britain, 113.

Leir, king of Britain, 114-119.

Leo III. pope, 19, 20.

Leo IV. pope, anoints king Alfred, 45.

Lepidus, Marius, a Roman senator, 264.

Liethali settles in South Wales, 389.

Locrin, son of Brutus, 109-111.

Logiore, an Irish king, 410.

Lot, a British chief, 226, 238, 239.

Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, 154-156, 393.

Lucius Tiberius, 245, 250, 259-266.

Lucullus, Roman governor of Britain, 470.

Lud, beautifier of London, 136.

Lumond, a wonderful lake, 235.

Lupus, bishop of Troyes, 187.

Maddan advanced to the throne, 111.

Magicians, 91, 192-194, 388.

Maglaunus, duke of Albania, 116.

Malgo, or Malgocune, a British king, 272, 318.

Malim murdered by Mempricius, 112.

Marcellus, Roman gov. of Britain, 471.

Marcellus Mutius killed, 256.

Margadud, king of Demetia, 286.

Margan, duke, 119.

Margan, king of Britain, 136.

Marinus, pope, died, 33, 65.

Marius, king of Britain, 153.

Mark, editor of Nennius's History, viii, 386.

Martia, qn., author of the Martian law, 132.

Martin, bishop of Tours, 395.

Matilda, daughter of Otho the Great, v, 1.

Mauganius, bishop of Silchester, 246.

Maugantius, a philosopher, 193.

Mauricius, son of Caradoc, 165-167.

Maxentius, Roman emperor, 163.

Maximian invited to Britain, 164-173.

Maximianus Herculius, 161.

Maximus (Macsen Wledig), usurper, 304, 394-396, 467.

Mellobaudes, Gratian's general, slain, 395.

Mempricius's advice to the Trojans, 98.

Mempricius, a British king, 112.

Merianus, a British king, 136.

Merlin's history and prophecies, 192-224.

Mermenus, a king of Britain, 390.

Mervin, a British king, 384.

Milcho, St. Patrick's master, 409.

Micipsa, king of Babylon, 264.

Milvius, Quintus, Roman senator, 264.

Mistletoe, a sacred plant, 432, 433.

Modred, Arthur's nephew, 238, 268-272.

Molmutine laws, 121, 125.

Monasteries, Amesbury, 73, 190, 229; Athelney, 79; Banwell, 73; Hyde Abbey, 75; Menevia, 271; Salisbury, 214; Shaftesbury, 82; Wareham, 58; Wembury, 44.

Morvid, consul of Gloucester, 266.

Morvidus, a tyrant of Britain, 133.

Natan-Leod, king of the Britons, 7.

NENNIUS'S HISTORY OF THE BRITONS, vii, 383-416.

Nennius, brother of Cassibellaun, 136, 140, 141.

Neot, St., vi, 60, 61, 66.

Nimech settles in Ireland, 389.

Novia, abp. of St. David's, 72.

Oak, peculiarly sacred to the Druids, 432.

Octa, son of Hengist, 187, 212, 213, 221-228, 400.

Octavius (_Eudav_), rebels against the Romans, 164-168.

Offa, king of Mercia, 17-19, 47.

Ordinal of the British Church quoted, 375.

Osbert, king of Northumbria, 25, 52.

Osburga, king Alfred's mother, 44.

Oskytel, a Danish king, 30, 58.

Osric, king of Northumbria, 15, 285.

Ostorius, Roman governor, 443, 446, 448, 453, 469.

Oswald, king of Northumbria, 15, 285, 415.

Oswy, king of Northumbria, 13, 285-287.

Oxford university, 74.

Palladius, bishop, sent to the Scots, 6, 409.

Pandrasus, king of Greece, 92-99.

Parthlud, Ludgate, in London, 137.

Partholoim settles in Ireland, 131, 389.

Pascentius, son of Vortigern, 218-221.

Patrick, St., 271, 390, 407, 410, 411, 460.

Pelagian heresy, 187.

Penda, king of Mercia, 12, 284-288, 415.

Peredure deposes Elidure, 135.

Pertinax, Roman gov. of Britain, 471.

Pestilence among the birds, 13.

Petreius, Cotta, a Roman general, 256.

Petronius Turpilianus, a Roman governor of Britain, 469.

Philænian altars in Africa, 101.

Pictavians, inhabitants of Poictou, 104.

Picts and Scots, 3, 39, 153, 159, 182-184, 305-308, 390, 394, 396, 467, 468.

Pir, an ancient British king, 136.

Plegmund, abp. of Canterbury, 38, 70.

Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, 353.

Polytetes, king of Bithynia, 266.

Porrex, king of Britain, 120.

Porrex, another king of Britain, 136.

Porsena, a Roman consul, killed, 130.

Port arrives in Britain, 7.

Posthumus, brother to Brutus, 387, 388.

Præsutagus, a British king, 446, 447.

Priwen, the name of Arthur's shield, 234.

Pyramus, abp. of York, 237.

Quintilianus killed by Walgan, 255.

Raven, the Danish standard, 62.

Rederchius, an ancient king of Britain, 136.

Redion, an ancient king of Britain, 136.

Regan, daughter of king Leir, 116.

Reuda, king of the Picts, 466.

RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER'S HISTORY OF BRITAIN, 419; account of the author, xviii, 455, 456; discovery of his work, xx.

Riculf, king of Norway, defeated, 239.

Ritho, the giant, 252.

Rivallo, king of Britain, 120.

Robert, earl of Gloucester, 89, 90.

Rodric, king of the Picts, 153.

Rollo, duke of Normandy. 58, 59.

Roman governors of Britain, 465-471.

Rome taken by Belinus, 129.

Ron, the name of Arthur's lance, 234.

Rowena, daughter of Hengist, 186-190.

Roy's Commentary on the campaigns of Agricola, 450.

Rudaucus, king of Cambria, 121.

Runno, an ancient king of Britain, 136.

Sabre, daughter of Estrildis, 111.

Salomon, king of Armorica, 281.

Samuilpenissel, king of Britain, 136.

Samson, abp. of Dole, 245.

Sanxo, abp. of York, 217.

Saturninus, prefect of the Roman fleet, 471.

Saxons settle in Britain, 3-9, 183-191, 232-235, 272-274, 285-290, 396.

Scæva, son of Androgeus, 145.

Scots, their origin, 389, 459, 461.

Scots and Picts. See _Picts_.

Segerus consecrated with St. Patrick, 410.

Seginus, duke of the Allobroges, 126.

Sertorius, king of Libya, 266.

Severus, gov. of Britain, 156, 393-395, 471.

Severus's wall, 393, 448, 466.

Sexburga, queen of Wessex, 13.

Sigebert, king of the East Saxons, 11.

Sigebert, king of Wessex, 15.

Sisilius, name of three British kings, 120, 132, 136.

Staterius, king of Albania, 121.

Stilicho builds a wall, 467.

Stipendiary cities, 457.

Stuf, lord of the Isle of Wight, 7, 44.

Suard, king of the Franks, 120.

Suetonius, Roman British consul, 447, 465, 469.

Sylvius, father of Brutus, 91, 387.

Tennantius, duke of Cornwall, 137.

Thadiocus, abp. of York, 274.

Theodore, abp. of Canterbury, 14.

Theodosius, emperor, 395, 450, 452, 467.

Theon, abp of London, 274.

Thompson (Aaron), defends Geoffrey's History, ix.

Torques, a gold collar worn by the Britons, 427.

Tower of glass, 389.

Tower of London, 135, 200.

Trahern, uncle of Helena, 163.

Trebellius, Roman gov. of Britain, 470.

Trebellius Maximus, Roman gov. of Britain, 469.

Tremounus, abp. of Caerleon, 215.

Triads, the Welsh, 430, 431.

Trojans settle in Britain, 106, 387.

Turonus, nephew of Brutus, 106.

Tyrants of Britain, 304, 314.

Ulfin of Ricaradoch, 224.

Urbicus, a Roman general, 466, 471.

Urian honoured by Arthur, 238.

Urianus, a British king, 136.

Ursula and the Virgins, 171.

Uther Pendragon, his history, 220-230.

Valentinian, emperor, 395, 416.

Vectius Bolanus, Roman gov. of Britain, 470.

Veranius, Roman governor, 443, 469.

Vespasian sent to Britain, 152, 442, 465, 468, 470.

Victor, son of Maximus, 395.

Victrix, the name of the sixth legion, 447.

Vigenius imprisons his brother, 135.

Virius Lupus, Roman lieutenant of Britain, 471.

Vortigern (_Gwrtheyrn_), king, 4, 6, 179-193, 206-208, 310, 396-407, 416.

Vortimer (_Gwrthefyr_), 188, 189, 404-407.

Vortipore, a British prince, 317.

Vulteius Catellus, a Roman chief, 258.

Walgan, Arthur's nephew, 255, 264-269.

Wall between Deira and Albania, 174; Severus's, 393, 448, 466; Antoninus's 450; Hadrian's, 466, 471; Stilicho's, 467.

Walter, archdeacon of Oxford, xii, 89, 268, 291.

Wednesday, so called from Woden, 184.

Werefrith, bishop of Worcester, 70.

Whitgar, lord of the Isle of Wight, 7, 44.

Widen slays her son Porrex, 120.

Withlaf, king of Mercia, 21.

Wortiporius, king of Britain, 272

Wulfhere, king of Mercia, 13.

Wulfred, king of Mercia, 287.

Wulfstan, abp. of York, 40.

York made an archiepiscopal see, 155.

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Abona, river, 440, 453.

Abrasuanus, river, 450.

Abus, river, 447.

Ac-lea, Ockley, 45.

Acmodæ, islands, 463.

Ad Abum, station, 499.

Ad Abonam, station, 493.

Ad Æsicam, station, 490.

Ad Alaunam Amnem, station, 492.

Ad Alpes Penninos, sta., 488.

Ad Antonam, station, 496.

Ad Aquas, station, 492.

Ædui, 464.

Ælecti, 402.

Ælia Castra, station, 500.

Æscendune, 27.

Æsica, river, 451.

Afene, river, 12.

Agned, Edinburgh, 113.

Akalon, river in Greece, 93.

Akeman Street, 478.

Alauna, city, 445, 451, 478, 489, 496.

---- river, 449, 486.

Alba, now Albano in Italy, 91.

Albania, now Scotland, 109.

Albion, notices of, 106, 419, 421.

Alcluith, city, 112, 134, 212, 235, 437, 452.

Alicana, 488.

Allobroges, in Switzerland, 126.

Alps, Pennine, 447.

Ambrius, mt., 214, 217, 221.

Ambrons, 212, 229.

Anderida, port, 478, 497.

---- wood, 438, 499.

---- town, 439, 499.

Andros, isles, 463.

Angles, their origin, 400.

Anglia, 5.

Andredes-leage, Anderida, 7.

Antivestæum, prom., 441, 460.

Antona, river, 439.

Antoninus's Itinerary, 473.

Apoldre, Appledore, 35.

Aquæ Solis, 440, 456, 492-494.

Aquitaine, in France, 102.

Aravius, mountain, 254.

Argitta, river, 459.

Argolicum, station, 486.

Armorica, 169, 177.

Artavia, 441, 477.

Ashdune, Aston, 54.

Athelingay, Athelney, 31.

Atlantic Ocean, 459.

Attacotti, 452.

Atrebates, 439, 497.

Aufona, river, 446.

Augusta, London, 445.

Ausoba, bay, 459.

Austrinum, 460.

Auterii, 459.

Auterum, town, 460.

Avalonia, city, 271, 440, 477.

Avene, river, 7.

Axanminster, 17.

Azara, mountains, 101.

Badon-hill, 200, 313, 409.

Ballium, station, 496.

Banatia, town, 452.

Banchorium, station and monastery, 275, 444, 483.

Banna, river, 459.

Barba, river, 250, 252.

Bassas, river, 408.

Bath. Vide _Aquæ Solis and Thermæ_.

Bdora, estuary, 437.

Beadanhead, Bedwin, 13.

Beandune, 12.

Bebbanburgh, Bambrough, 39, 414.

Bedanford, Bedford, 8.

Belgæ, 439.

Bennavenna, 483.

Benonæ, 444.

Benonnis, 483, 500.

Bensingtun, Benson, 8.

Beodoricsworthe, Bury St. Edmunds, 26.

Beorgforda, Burford, 15.

Berin-byrig, Banbury? 8.

Berneich, province, 413, 414.

Bibracte, 494, 495, 497.

Bibrocum, town, 439.

Billingsgate, 131.

Blestium, station, 496.

Bodotria, estuary, 450.

Boduni, 444.

Bolerium, promontory, 441.

Bovium, station, 493.

Brannogenium, town, 443, 479, 495.

Branogena, town, 445.

Breguoin, mountain, 409.

Bremenium, stip., 449, 457, 477, 487.

Brigæ, station, 498.

Brigantes, 447, 465.

Brigantia, kingdom, 447.

---- city, 460.

Brigantum, Extrema, 447.

Briga, river, 460.

Brinavæ, station, 500.

Britannia Inferior, pro., 437.

---- Prima, pro., 436.

---- Secunda, pro., 437, 443.

---- Superior, pro., 437, 443.

British provinces, 436.

Brocavonacæ, sta., 491, 492.

Brunandune, Brumby, 39.

Builth, province, 407.

Bubinda, Buvinda, river, 460.

Bultrum, station, 495.

Burne, 285.

Burva, or Barva, 50.

Cægineshamme, Keynsham, 27.

Caer-badus, 114, 200.

Caer-britoc, 386.

Caer-caradauc, 191, 214.

Caer-caratauc, 386.

Caer-ceint, 386.

Caer-celemion, 386.

Caer-ceri, or cori, 63, 386.

Caer-collon, or colvin, 162, 386.

Caer-conan, 211, 212.

Caer-corrie, 186.

Caer-custeint, 386.

Caer-dubalem, 204.

Caer-daun, 386.

Caer-dauri, 386.

Caer-draithou, 386.

Caer-ebrauc, 386, 409.

Caer-gloul, 152, 153, 386, 407.

Caer-grant, 386.

Caer-guent, 386.

Caer-guintruis, 386.

Caer-guoranegon, 386.

Caer-guorcon, 386.

Caer-guorthegern, 386, 404, 406.

Caer-gurcoc, 386.

Caer-lem, 114.

Caer-liel, or luilid, 113, 386.

Caer-leir, or lerion, 114, 135, 386.

Caer-ligion, 386.

Caer-lion, or Caer-osc, 130, 380, 408.

Caer-loit-coit, 232, 386.

Caer-lud, or londein, 108, 137, 386.

Caer-maniguid, 386.

Caer-meguaid, 386.

Caer-mencipit, 386.

Caer-merdin, 192, 386.

Caer-penhuelgoit, 152.

Caer-pensavelcoit, 386.

Caer-peris, 130, 149, 150, 164, 386.

Caer-segeint, 386.

Caer-segont, 394, 443.

Caer-teim, 386.

Caer-urnahc, 386.

Caerwent, 404.

Caer-wisc, 58.

Cæsarea, island, 463.

Cæsariensis, province, 445.

Cæsaromagus, sta., 484, 485.

Cair. For words with this prefix, see _Caer_.

Calcaria, station, 488.

Caledonia, 450, 452.

Caledonian wood, 232, 438, 446, 453.

Caledonian promontory, 454.

Caledoniæ extrema, 454.

Caledonii, 453.

Caleterium, a wood, 124, 134, 201, 202.

Calleba, city, 439, 494, 496, 497, 500.

Camalodunum, called Geminæ Martiæ, 444, 445, 456, 465, 469, 484.

Cambodunum, town, Latian, 447, 457, 488.

Camboricum, colony, 416, 457, 485.

Cambretonium, sta., 484, 485.

Cambria, 109.

Cambula, river, 270.

Cangani, 442.

Canganum, promontory, 443.

Cangi, 459, 465.

Cangian promontory, 443.

Cangiani, 443, 444, 461.

Cangiorum, station, 444.

Canonium, station, 484.

Canovius, river, 444.

Cantabric, ocean, 459.

Cantabridge, Cambridge, 38.

Cantæ, 453.

Cant Guic, 394.

Cantian state, 6, 438.

---- promontory, 421.

Cantiopolis, stipendiary, 438, 457, 482.

Cantium, promont., 422, 438.

---- region of, 438.

Carnabii, region of, 441, 444, 453.

Carnonacæ, 454.

Carnubia, region of, 107, 441.

Carrum, Charmouth, 21.

Carun, river, 393.

Casæ Candidæ, town, 450.

Cassii, kingd. of, 444, 445, 497.

Cassiterides, Isles, 441, 463.

Cataracton, Caturacton, town under the Latian law, 447, 457, 477, 478, 486, 487, 489.

Cat Bregion, mountain, 409.

Catgwaloph, 416.

Catini, 454.

Catscaul, 415.

Cauci, 461.

Celidon, wood, 201, 232, 408.

Celnius, river, 452.

Celtæ, 439.

Cenail, 393.

Cenia, city, 441, 477, 498.

Cenius, river, 441.

Cenomanni, 446.

Cerdic's-ore, 7.

Cerdic's-ford, 7.

Cerones, 454.

Cetgueli, 389.

Chippenham, a royal villa, 60, 63.

Cichican, valley, 307.

Cimbri, region of, 423, 440.

Cittanford (Ottanford?) 18.

Clas Merddyn, island, 419.

Clausentum, 439, 479, 497, 500.

Clotta, Clydda, est. 437, 450.

Cloveshoo, in Kent, 20.

Cocboy, 416.

Coccium, city, 448, 457, 479, 492.

Coitani, Coitanni, 446.

Coit-mawr, Selwood, 62.

Concangii, 460.

Condate, station, 488, 492.

Conovio, 483.

Conovium, station, 483.

Consular provinces in Britain, 438.

Contiopoli, 497.

Corbantorigum, 449.

Corinium, Corinum, town, Latian, 445, 457, 479, 492.

Coriondii, 461.

Corisennæ, station, 485, 499.

Corium, 489, 490.

Cornish people, so called from Corineus, 102.

Corstopitum, Corstoplio, station, 487.

Creones, 454.

Crococolana, station, 496.

Cruachan-Aichle, mt. 411.

Cruc Occident, 394.

Cunetio, station, 494.

Cunetium, river, 439.

Curia, town, 449, 487.

Cymry, see _Cimbri_.

Cynemæresford, Kempsford, 20.

Cynuit, Kynwith, 61.

Dabrona, river, 460.

Dacia, 123, 131.

Dalrieta, 389.

Damnia, region of, 449.

Damnii, 314, 450, 460, 461.

---- Albani, 452.

Damnonii, state of, 421, 438, 441, 465.

Daneian, wood, 201.

Danum, station, 486.

Darabona, Darabouna, riv. 459.

Decimum (Ad), station, 497.

Defna, Devonshire, 20.

Delgovicia, station, 487.

Demetians, 242, 317.

Dene, a royal villa, 71.

Derbentio, town, 481.

Dereuent, the river Darent, 188, 404.

Derventione, sta., 487, 500.

Deva, colony, called Getica, 444, 457, 477, 483, 488.

---- river, 444, 451.

Devana, city, 451.

---- sta., 473, 485, 490, 491.

Deucaledonian, ocean, 459.

Deorhamme, 9.

Deur, province, 413.

Dianæ Forum, 445, 482.

Dimetiæ, 317, 389, 406, 443.

Dinas Emrys, 401.

Dobona, river, 460.

Dobuni, 444.

Dolobellum, or Dorobellum, 139, 392.

Dorobernia, Canterbury, 44, 145, 183.

Dorocina, station, 500.

Dubræ, city and port, 438.

Dubris, river, 438, 497.

Duglas, river, 230, 270, 408.

Dunum, city, 460.

Duralipons, station, 485.

Durinum, stip. 440, 457, 477.

Durius, river, 441, 460, 498.

Durngueis, 58.

Durnomagus, Latian, 446, 457, 478, 485, 499.

Durnovaria, station, 498.

Durocobrivæ, 477.

Durolevum, Durosevum, station, 482, 497.

Durolispons, station, 499.

Durobris, Durobrobis, Duroprovæ, Durobrivæ, sti. 438, 457, 477, 482, 485.

Durositum, station, 484.

Durotriges, 440.

Durovernum, 477.

Dynguayth, province, 413.

Dynguoaroy, town, 414.

Eblanæ, Eblani, 460.

Eboracum, Eburacum, municipal and metropolis, 112, 447, 456, 486-489, 499.

Ebudium, Ebudum, promontory, 454.

Egbert's-stone, Brixton Deverill, 62.

Eglesburh, Aylesbury, 8.

Ellandune, Allington, 29.

Elmete, 414.

Epiacum, town, 447, 477, 486.

Epidii, 454.

Epidium, promontory, 454.

Ermyn Street, 478.

Eriri, mount, 444.

Esc's-dune, 12, 13.

Ethandune, 31, 62.

Etocetum, town, 444, 478, 483, 492, 500.

Eubonia, 386, 389.

Evoric, or Eoferwic, York, 25.

Exanceaster, Exeter, 58.

Extremitas Caledoniæ, 454.

Fethanleage, 9.

Fines (Ad), 487, 499, 500.

Fines Flaviæ et Secundæ, 483.

---- Maximæ et Flaviæ, 488.

---- Trinobantum, 484.

Flavia Extrema, 446.

---- province, 436, 444.

Forum Dianæ, town, 445.

Foss, the, 473.

Fraun, river, 58.

Fresicum, or Fresic sea, 400.

Fretum Meneviacum, 443.

---- Sabrinæ, 442.

Gadanica, station, 489, 490.

Gadeni, 449.

Gadenia, region, 449.

---- town, 449.

Gai Campi, battle, 415.

Gaini, inhabitants of Gainsborough, 53.

Galabes, fountain, 215.

Galacium, Galgacum, town, 447.

Gallembourne, 161.

Gania, river, 208.

Garion, Garionis, river, 446.

Garionenum, station, 408.

Garnareia, 280.

Genania, region, 444.

Genoreu, 208.

Gessoriacum, port, 420.

Gewissæ, 43, 203, 215.

Glebon, Glevum, colony called Claudia, 445, 457, 465, 478, 479, 492, 496.

Gleni, river, 408.

Glevesing, 402.

Gloui, Gloucester, 252, 407.

Gobanium, Gobannium, town, 442, 495.

Goëmagot's leap, 108.

Grampius, mount, 450.

Grantabridge, or Grantchester, Cambridge, 30, 58.

Guasmoric, 404.

Guenet, or Guined, 401, 414.

Gather, province, 389.

Guoloppum, 416.

Guorthegirnaim, province, 406, 407.

Gurnion Castle, 408.

Gurthrenion, 404.

Gwent, 404, 407.

Gwyddelians, 423.

Gwynedd, province, 415.

Halangium, Holongum, town, 441, 477.

Hamo's Port, Southampton, 125, 150, 166, 232.

Hamptonshire, Hampshire, 16.

Hamptun, Southampton, 22.

Heathfield, 284.

Heavenfield, 285.

Hebudes, isles, 461, 462.

Hedui, 440, 497.

Helenis, Helenum, pro. 441.

Hengeston, in Cornwall, 22.

Herculea, isle, 441.

Hercules, pillars of, 441.

Herculis, promontory.

Hereri, mount, sta., 401, 404.

Hethlege, Hatfield, 13.

Hibernia, 457, 464, 465, 467.

Hiernam (Ad), station, 490.

Horestii, 451.

Ibernia, town, 461.

Ibernii, 460.

Ibernus, river, 460.

Iceni, 447, 478.

Iglea, Okeley, 62.

Ignesham, Eynsham, 8.

Iknield Street, 473, 477.

Ila, river, 453.

Inis-gueith, or Gueith, 386.

Internal sea, 459.

Ireland, vide _Hibernia_.

Isannavaria, Isanta Varia, station, 483, 500.

Isca, colony, metropolis, named Secunda, 442, 456.

Isca, (Caerleon) 456, 493, 495, 496.

---- river, 441, 442.

---- stipendiary, Exeter, 441, 477, 479, 492, 498.

Ischalis, 440.

Isinnæ, station, 485.

Isurium, city, 447, 478, 486, 488.

Itineraries, various, 476.

Itunæ, river, 449, 451.

Itunam (Ad), sta., 490, 491.

Itys, river, 454.

Jena, river, 450.

Kaer, for words with this prefix, see _Caer_.

Karitia, 118.

Kidaleta, 280.

Killaraus, mountain, 215, 217.

Kriou metôpon, pron. 441.

Kunetius, river, 439.

Lactorodum, station, 482.

Lapidem (Ad), station, 497.

Latian law, cities or towns, governed by, 457.

Lataræ, station, 489.

Lebarum, 460.

Legecester, 276, 277.

Legiolium, Legotium, station, 480, 500.

Legions, city, 131, 132, 155, 161, 217, 242, 269, 271, 408.

Leircestre, Leicester, 111, 114.

Lelanus, bay 454.

Lemanianus, Portus, 497.

Lemanum, station, 497.

Lemanus, river, 438.

---- town, 438.

Leonaford, a royal villa, 73.

Letavia, 177.

Leucarum, station, 493.

Libnius, river, 459.

Liganburh, Lenbury, 8.

Limite, station, 487.

Lindesia, or Lindsey, 184, 232.

Lindocolinum, 232.

Linligwan, 237.

Lindum, 451, 490.

---- colony, 446, 457, 478, 484-486, 496, 499.

Linuis, province, 408.

Llan-Patern, bishopric, 271.

Loebius, river, 460.

Loegria, 109, 423.

Logi. 453.

Londinum Augusta, col. and met. Londinium, 108, 227, 238, 445, 456, 465, 482, 484, 494, 496-499.

London, rebuilt by Alfred, 74.

Longus, river, 454.

Lovantium, town, 443.

Loxa, river, 453.

Lucani, 460.

Lucophibia, town, 450.

Ludgate, London, 137.

Lugubalia, Luguballium, Luguballie, Luguvalium, town, Latian, 404, 448, 457, 479, 489, 491.

Lumond, lake, 235.

Lyncalidor, lake of, 452.

Mæatæ, 449, 466.

Macobicum, Macolicum, 460.

Madus, river, 438.

---- station, 497.

Magiovinium, station, 482.

Magna, 442, 495.

Maiden Way, 479.

Maisbeli, Maybury, 210.

Maisuriam, 164.

Malua, river, 102.

Manau Gustodin, prov. 414.

Manavia, 458.

Mancunium sta., 488, 492, 500.

Manduesanedum, 483.

Mansio in Medio, 499.

Mare Internum, 459.

---- Vergivum, 459.

---- Thule, 459.

Margan, 119, 120.

Margidunum, station, 496.

Maridunum, 404, 443, 457, 478, 479, 494.

Maxima, province, 436, 447.

Maxima Cæsariensis, 486.

Mearcrædsburn, 7.

Medio (In), station, 491, 499.

Mediolanum, 443.

---- station, 477, 484, 492.

---- Hib. 460.

Meicen, town, 413.

Menapia, ct. 443, 460, 478, 479.

Menapiam, (Ad) st. 493, 494.

Menapii, 461.

Menavia, 389.

Meranton, Merton, 16.

Meresige, Mersey, 36.

Merscwari, 19, 22.

Mertæ, 454.

Metaris, estuary, 446.

Michael's Mount, 252.

Middleton, Milton, 36.

Mile, the Roman, 475.

Minmanton, 394.

Modona, river, 460.

Mona, isle, 434, 443, 469.

Monoeda, island, 458.

Mons Jovis, 394.

Montem Grampium (Ad), station, 490, 491.

Moridunum, 498.

Morini, 133, 440.

Mount Paladur, Shaftesbury, 114.

Muridunum, stip. 443, 457.

Murum (Ad), station, 486.

Musidum, town. 441, 477.

Nabæus, river, 454.

Nagnata, town, 459.

Nautgallim, 161.

Nidum, station, 493.

Northworthig, Derby, 27.

Novantæ, 449.

Novantia, region, 449.

Novantum Chersonesus, 421, 449.

Noviomagus, town, 439, 477, 478, 497, 499.

Novius, river, 449.

Oboca, river, 460.

Oceanus Athlanticus, or Britannicus, 459.

---- Cantabricus, 459.

---- Deucalidonius, 459.

---- Internus, 459.

---- Vergivus, 459.

Ocrinum, mount, 441.

---- prom. 421, 441.

Octorupium, promont. 443.

Oestromenides, isles, 441.

Oghgul race, 400.

Olicana, Alicana, town, 447, 477.

Orcades, isles, 462, 466.

Orcadum, promontory, 454.

Ordovicia, region of, 444.

Ordovices, 442, 443.

Orrea, town, 451, 490, 491.

Ossismii, 463.

Ottadini, 449.

Ottadinia, 449.

Oxellum, promontory, 447.

Paladur, 114.

Palmecaster, 404.

Parisii, 447.

Pederydan, Petherton, 12.

Peneltun, 393.

Penguaul, 393.

Pennocrucium, 483.

Penoxullum, promont., 453.

Petuaria, 447, 487, 499.

Picti, 466, 467.

Pontem (Ad), sta., 496, 497.

Pontesbury, 13.

Portcester, Porchester, 149.

Præturium, station, 487.

Præsutagus, 447.

Prima, province, 436, 442.

Portus, Anderida, 478, 497.

---- Felix, 447.

---- Leminianus, 497.

---- Magnus, 439, 479, 497.

---- Rhutupis, 420.

---- Sistuntiorum, 488.

Pryffetesflodan, Privett, 16.

Ptoroton, metropolis, Latian, 452, 457, 490, 491.

Quintanwic, Canterbury, 22.

Ragæ, stip., 446, 457.

Ratiscorion, 496.

Redonum, 170.

Regia, 460.

Regnum, Regentium, 439, 478, 497.

Regulbium, 438, 497.

Renis, river, 407.

Reopandune, Repton, 17.

Rerigonium, 448, 488.

Rheba, metropolis, 459, 461.

Rhebeus, 459.

---- river, 461.

Rhebeus, lake, 461.

Rhemi, 439.

Rhobogdii, 459.

Rhobogdium, 459.

Rhufina, 460.

Rhutupis, colony and metropolis, 438, 456, 482, 497.

---- portus, 145, 152, 420.

Richard's Itinerary, original text, 480.

Ricnea, isle, 463.

Roman roads in Britain, 125, 472-500.

Romana Insula, 446.

Ruim, isle of Thanet, 45, 397.

Ruteni, 138.

Rutunium, station, 484.

Ryknield Street, 478.

Sabrina, estuary, river, 111, 440, 442, 443, 445.

---- strait of, 441.

Sabrinam (Ad), station, 493.

Sacrum, promontory, 460.

Saessenaeg habail, 404.

Salinæ, 445, 479, 492.

Salt Way, the Upper, 479.

Sariconium, 442, 496.

Sarna, isle, 463.

Scarburh, Old Sarum, 8.

Sceapige, the Isle of Sheppey, 21.

Scotti, 459, 461, 464, 468.

Seccandune, Seckington, 17.

Secunda, prov., 436, 437, 442.

Segontiaci, 438, 439, 497.

Segontium, Seguntium, stip., 440, 443, 457, 477, 483, 484.

Selgovæ, 449.

Selgovia, region of, 449.

Selinam (Ad), sta., 490, 491.

Selwoodshire, Sherborne, 14.

Senæ, isles, 463.

Senones, 429, 443, 464.

Senus, river, 460.

Seteja, river, 447.

Set thirgabail, 404.

Sexta Colonia, see _Eboracum_.

Sigdiles, isles, 463.

Silimnus, isles, 463.

Silures, 422, 442, 443, 470.

Sistuntii, 447.

Sistuntiorum Portus, 488.

Sitomagus, station, 484.

Snotingaham, Nottingh., 26.

Sorbiodunum, town, Latian, 439, 457, 477, 498.

Sore, river, 114, 119.

Southampton, 439

Spinæ, station, 494.

Stæningham, Steyning, 49.

Stemrugam, Stonehenge? 49.

Stipendiary towns, 457.

Stonehenge, 272.

Streaneshalch, Whitby, 13.

Sture, river, 111.

Sturium Amnem (Ad), station, 484.

Sturius, river, 438.

Suanewic, Swanwich, 59.

Sulomagus, station, 482.

Surius, river, 446.

Sygdiles, isles, 441.

Taixali, 451.

Taixalorum, promont., 451.

Tamara, river, 498.

---- town, 441, 477.

Tamarus, river 441.

Tamea, 452, 491.

Tamesis, station, 500.

Tavum (Ad), station, 490.

Taum, 477.

Tavus, river, 443, 451.

Tenet, Isle of Thanet, 45.

Termolus, 441, 477.

Thamesis, river, 436, 439, 443, 444.

Thanatos, isle, 463.

Thancastre, 186.

Theodosia, town, Latian, 452, 457.

Thermæ, colony, named Aquæ Solis, 456, 465.

Thornsæta, 58.

Thule, isle, 419, 462.

---- province, 452.

Tibia, river, 493.

Tiggocobauc, Nottingham, 53.

Tina, river, 449, 451.

Tinam (Ad), sta., 490, 491.

Tintagel, 224.

Tisam (Ad), 486.

Tosibus, river, 444.

Totness, 106, 207, 233.

Towy, river, 406.

Trajectus, station, 493.

Trat Treuroit, river, 409.

Trimontium, 449, 489, 490.

Trinobantes, 444.

Trinobantia, region of, 444.

Trinobantum, 108, 114, 122, 131, 137, 142, 145, 392, 445, 477, 478.

Tripontium, sta., 483, 500.

Trivona, river, 446.

Trivonam (Ad), 500.

Troy, New, 108.

Tueda, river, 449, 486.

Tuessis, river, 452.

---- town, 452.

Tuessim (Ad), sta., 490, 491.

Turnis, city, 388.

Uriconium, Urioconium, 444, 477, 483, 495.

Urus, river, 447.

Uxaconia, station, 483.

Uxella, river, 440.

Uxella, mount, 450.

---- town, 441, 479.

Uxellam Amnem (Ad), station, 492.

Uxellum, town, 449.

Vacomagi, 451.

Vagnaca, station, 483, 497.

Valentia, province, 436, 450, 471.

Vallis-doloris, 408.

Vallum of Hadrian, 466.

---- Antoninus, 450.

---- Severus, 436, 448, 406.

---- (Ad), station, 486, 489-491.

Vanduaria, 450.

Varar, estuary, 437, 452.

---- river, 437, 452.

Varis, station, 483, 491.

Vataræ, station, 489.

Vecta, Vectis, isle, 5, 7, 8, 462, 469.

Vecturones, 451.

Velatorii, 460.

Veneti, 422, 463.

Venicnii, islands, 459.

Venicnium, head or promontory, 459.

Venisnia, island, 459.

Vennicuii, 459.

Vennonis, 496.

Venricones, 451.

Venromentum, station, 496.

Venta, Belgarum, stip., 439, 446, 457, 479, 496, 498.

---- Cenom, or Icenor, stip., 446, 457, 484, 485.

---- Silurum, stip., 442, 457, 479, 493.

Ventageladia, station, 498.

Verlucione, 494.

Verolamium, Verulamium, municipal, 445, 456, 465, 417, 482.

Verubium, or Viuvedrum, promontory, 454.

Vespasiana, province, 436, 450, 452.

Via Julia, 493.

Victoria, town under the Latian law, 451, 457, 490, 491.

Vidua, river, 459.

Vegesimum,(Ad), st., 493, 494.

Vindelia, Vindilios, island, 440, 463.

Vinderus, river, 460.

Vindomora, station, 487.

Vindomis, 496, 497, 500.

Vindonum, stip., 439, 457.

Vinovium, Vindovium, 447, 477, 478, 486, 487.

Vinvedrum, Virvedrum, promontory, 454.

Virioconium, Viriconium, 483, 484.

Vodiæ, 460.

Vodium, promontory, 460.

Volsas Sinus, 454.

Voluba, 441, 477, 498.

Voluntii, 459, 460, 461.

Vorreda, station, 489.

Walls, Roman, 444.

Wanating, Wantage, 43.

Wautsum, estuary, 397, 462.

Wales, 441.

Watling Street, 476.

Wedale, or Wodale, 408.

West Chester, 442.

Wiccii, 63.

Wicgambeorg, Wembury, 44.

Wight, island, see _Vecta_.

Weolod, Welland, river, 37.

Westmaria, 153.

Wilsætum, Wiltshire, 20.

Wisseans, 164.

Wodnesbyrg, 9.

Wothnesbeorghge, Wanborough, 14

Wubbandune, 8.

Y Vêl Ynys, island, 419.

ROMAN PROVINCES AND ENGLISH COUNTIES.

1. CORNABIL AND DANMONIA People of Cornwall and Devonshire. 2. DUROTRIGES Dorsetshire. 3. BELGÆ Somerset, Wilts, and the greater part of Hants, including the Isle of Wight. 4. ATREBATIE Berkshire. 5. REGNI Surrey, Sussex and the south-eastern part of Hants. 6. CANTII Kent. 7. TRINOBANTES Middlesex and Essex. 8. ICENI Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdonshire. 9. CATIEUCHLANI Bucks, Bedford and Hertfordshire. 10. DOBUNI Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. 11. SILURES Hereford, Monmouth, Radnor, Brecon, and Glamorganshire. 12. DIMETÆ Carmarthen, Pembroke, and Cardiganshire. 13. ORDOVICES Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, Carnarvonshire, and Anglesey. 14. CORNAVII Cheshire, Shropshire, Stafford, Warwick, and Worcestershire. 15. CORITANI Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, and Northamptonshire. 16. BRIGANTES Yorkshire, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Durham. 17. ATTADINI, or OTTADUNI Northumberland.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED.

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ALPHABETICAL LIST

OF BOOKS CONTAINED IN

BOHN'S LIBRARIES.

_Detailed Catalogue, arranged according to the various Libraries, will be sent on application._

ADDISON'S Works. With the Notes of Bishop Hurd, Portrait, and 8 Plates of Medals and Coins. Edited by H.G. Bohn. 6 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

ÆSCHYLUS, The Dramas of. Translated into English Verse by Anna Swanwick. 4th Edition, revised. 5_s._

---- The Tragedies of. Translated into Prose by T.A. Buckley, B.A. 3_s._ 6_d._

AGASSIZ and GOULD'S Outline of Comparative Physiology. Enlarged by Dr. Wright. With 390 Woodcuts. 5_s._

ALFIERI'S Tragedies. Translated into English Verse by Edgar A. Bowring, C.B. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

ALLEN'S (Joseph, R.N.) Battles of the British Navy. Revised Edition, with 57 Steel Engravings. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS. History of Rome during the Reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. Translated by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 7_s._ 6_d._

ANDERSEN'S Danish Legends and Fairy Tales. Translated by Caroline Peachey. With 120 Wood Engravings. 5s.

ANTONINUS (M. Aurelius). The Thoughts of. Trans. literally, with Notes and Introduction by George Long, M.A. 3_s._ 6_d._

APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. 'The Argonautica.' Translated by E.P. Coleridge, B.A.

APPIAN'S Roman History. Translated by Horace White, M.A., LL.D. With Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. 6_s._ each.

APULEIUS, The Works of. Comprising the Golden Ass, God of Socrates, Florida, and Discourse of Magic. 5_s._

ARIOSTO'S Orlando Furioso. Translated into English Verse by W.S. Rose. With Portrait, and 21 Steel Engravings. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

ARISTOPHANES' Comedies. Translated by W.J. Hickie. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

ARISTOTLE'S Nicomachean Ethics. Translated, with Introduction and Notes, by the Venerable Archdeacon Browne. 5_s._

---- Politics and Economics. Translated by E. Walford, M.A., with Introduction by Dr. Gillies. 5_s._

---- Metaphysics. Translated by the Rev. John H. M'Mahon, M.A. 5_s._

---- History of Animals. Trans. by Richard Cresswell, M.A. 5_s._

---- Organon; or, Logical Treatises, and the Introduction of Porphyry. Translated by the Rev. O.F. Owen, M.A. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

---- Rhetoric and Poetics. Trans. by T. Buckley, B.A. 5_s._

ARRIAN'S Anabasis of Alexander, together with the Indica. Translated by E.J. Chinnock, M.A., LL.D. With Maps and Plans. 5_s._

ATHENÆUS. The Deipnosophists; or, the Banquet of the Learned. Trans. by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 3 vols. 5_s._ each.

BACON'S Moral and Historical Works, including the Essays, Apophthegms, Wisdom of the Ancients, New Atlantis, Henry VII., Henry VIII., Elizabeth, Henry Prince of Wales, History of Great Britain, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus Cæsar. Edited by J. Devey, M.A. 3_s._ 6_d._

---- Novum Organum and Advancement of Learning. Edited by J. Devey, M.A. 5_s._

BASS'S Lexicon to the Greek Testament, 2_s._

BAX'S Manual of the History of Philosophy, for the use of Students. By E. Belfort Bax. 5_s._

BEAUMONT and FLETCHER, their finest Scenes, Lyrics, and other Beauties, selected from the whole of their works, and edited by Leigh Hunt. 3_s._ 6_d._

BECHSTEIN'S Cage and Chamber Birds, their Natural History, Habits, Food, Diseases, and Modes of Capture. Translated, with considerable additions on Structure, Migration, and Economy, by H.G. Adams. Together with SWEET BRITISH WARBLERS. With 43 coloured Plates and Woodcut Illustrations. 5_s._

BEDE'S (Venerable) Ecclesiastical History of England. Together with the ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE. Edited by J.A. Giles, D.C.L. With Map. 5_s._

BELL (Sir Charles). The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression, as connected with the Fine Arts. By Sir Charles Bell, K.H. 7th edition, revised. 5_s._

BERKELEY (George), Bishop of Cloyne, The Works of. Edited by George Sampson. With Biographical Introduction by the Right Hon. A.J. Balfour, M.P. 3 vols. 5_s._ each.

BION. _See_ THEOCRITUS.

BJÖRNSON'S Arne and the Fisher Lassie. Translated by W.H. Low, M.A. 3_s._ 6_d._

BLAIR'S Chronological Tables Revised and Enlarged. Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest Times to the Russian Treaty of Peace, April 1856. By J. Willoughby Rosse. Double vol. 10_s._

BLAIR'S Index of Dates. Comprehending the principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, alphabetically arranged; being a complete Index to Blair's Chronological Tables. By J.W. Rosse. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

BLEEK, Introduction to the Old Testament. By Friedrich Bleek. Edited by Johann Bleek and Adolf Kamphausen. Translated by G.H. Venables, under the supervision of the Rev. Canon Venables. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

BOETHIUS'S Consolation of Philosophy. King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of. With a literal English Translation on opposite pages, Notes, Introduction, and Glossary, by Rev. S. Fox, M.A. 5_s._

BOHN'S Dictionary of Poetical Quotations. 4th edition. 6_s._

---- Handbooks of Athletic Sports. In 8 vols., each containing numerous Illustrations. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

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BOHN'S Handbooks of Games. New edition. In 2 vols., with numerous Illustrations 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

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BOND'S A Handy Book of Rules and Tables for verifying Dates with the Christian Era, &c. Giving an account of the Chief Eras and Systems used by various Nations; with the easy Methods for determining the Corresponding Dates. By J.J. Bond. 5_s._

BONOMI'S Nineveh and its Palaces. 7 Plates and 294 Woodcut Illustrations. 5_s._

BOSWELL'S Life of Johnson, with the TOUR IN THE HEBRIDES and JOHNSONIANA. Edited by the Rev. A. Napier, M.A. With Frontispiece to each vol. 6 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

BRAND'S Popular Antiquities of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Arranged, revised, and greatly enlarged, by Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., &c., &c. 3 vols. 5_s._ each.

BREMER'S (Frederika) Works. Translated by Mary Howitt. 4 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

BRIDGWATER TREATISES.

Bell (Sir Charles) on the Hand. With numerous Woodcuts. 5_s._

Kirby on the History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals. Edited by T. Rymer Jones. With upwards of 100 Woodcuts. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

Kidd on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man. 3_s._ 6_d._

Chalmers on the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man. 5_s._

BRINK (B. ten) Early English Literature. By Bernhard ten Brink. Vol. I. To Wyclif. Translated by Horace M. Kennedy. 3_s._ 6_d._

Vol. II. Wyclif, Chaucer, Earliest Drama Renaissance. Translated by W. Clarke Robinson, Ph.D. 3_s._ 6_d._

Vol. III. From the Fourteenth Century to the Death of Surrey. Edited by Dr. Alois Brandl. Trans. by L. Dora Schmitz. 3_s._ 6_d._

---- Five Lectures on Shakespeare. Trans. by Julia Franklin. 3_s._ 6_d._

BROWNE'S (Sir Thomas) Works Edited by Simon Wilkin. 3 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

BURKE'S Works. 8 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

I.--Vindication of Natural Society--Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, and various Political Miscellanies.

II.--Reflections on the French Revolution--Letters relating to the Bristol Election--Speech on Fox's East India Bill, &c.

III.--Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs--On the Nabob of Arcot's Debts--The Catholic Claims, &c.

IV.--Report on the Affairs of India, and Articles of Charge against Warren Hastings.

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VI. Miscellaneous Speeches--Letters and Fragments--Abridgments of English History, &c. With a General Index.

VII. & VIII.--Speeches on the Impeachment of Warren Hastings; and Letters. With Index. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

---- Life. By Sir J. Prior. 3_s._ 6_d._

BURNEY'S Evelina. By Frances Burney (Mme. D'Arblay). With an Introduction and Notes by A.R. Ellis. 3_s._ 6_d._

---- Cecilia. With an Introduction and Notes by A.R. Ellis. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

BURN (R.) Ancient Rome and its Neighbourhood. An Illustrated Handbook to the Ruins in the City and the Campagna, for the use of Travellers. By Robert Burn, M.A. With numerous Illustrations, Maps, and Plans. 7_s._ 6_d._

BURNS (Robert), Life of. By J.G. Lockhart, D.C.L. A new and enlarged Edition. Revised by William Scott Douglas. 3_s._ 6_d._

BURTON'S (Robert) Anatomy of Melancholy. Edited by the Rev. A.R. Shilleto, M.A. With Introduction by A.H. Bullen, and full Index. 3 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

BURTON (Sir R.F.) Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. By Captain Sir Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G. With an Introduction by Stanley Lane-Poole, and all the original Illustrations. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

[asterism] This is the copyright edition, containing the author's latest notes.

BUTLER'S (Bishop) Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature; together with two Dissertations on Personal Identity and on the Nature of Virtue, and Fifteen Sermons. 3_s._ 6_d._

BUTLER'S (Samuel) Hudibras. With Variorum Notes, a Biography, Portrait, and 28 Illustrations. 5_s._

---- or, further Illustrated with 60 Outline Portraits. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

CÆSAR. Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, Translated by W.A. McDevitte, B.A. 5_s._

CAMOENS' Lusiad; or, the Discovery of India. An Epic Poem. Translated by W.J. Mickle. 5th Edition, revised by E.R. Hodges, M.C.P. 3_s._ 6_d._

CARAFAS (The) of Maddaloni. Naples under Spanish Dominion. Translated from the German of Alfred de Reumont. 3_s._ 6_d._

CARLYLE'S French Revolution. Edited by J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. Illus. 3 vols. 5_s._ each.

---- Sartor Resartus. With 75 Illustrations by Edmund J. Sullivan. 5_s._

CARPENTER'S (Dr. W.B.) Zoology. Revised Edition, by W.S. Dallas, F.L.S. With very numerous Woodcuts. Vol. I. 6_s._

[_Vol. II. out of print._

CARPENTER'S Mechanical Philosophy, Astronomy, and Horology. 181 Woodcuts. 5_s._

---- Vegetable Physiology and Systematic Botany. Revised Edition, by E. Lankester, M.D., &c. With very numerous Woodcuts. 6_s._

---- Animal Physiology. Revised Edition. With upwards of 300 Woodcuts. 6_s._

CASTLE (E.) Schools and Masters of Fence, from the Middle Ages to the End of the Eighteenth Century. By Egerton Castle, M.A., F.S.A. With a Complete Bibliography. Illustrated with 140 Reproductions of Old Engravings and 6 Plates of Swords, showing 114 Examples. 6_s._

CATTERMOLE'S Evenings at Haddon Hall. With 24 Engravings on Steel from designs by Cattermole, the Letterpress by the Baroness de Carabella. 5_s._

CATULLUS, Tibullus, and the Vigil of Venus. A Literal Prose Translation. 5_s._

CELLINI (Benvenuto). Memoirs of, written by Himself. Translated by Thomas Roscoe. 3_s._ 6_d._

CERVANTES' Don Quixote de la Mancha. Motteaux's Translation revised. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

---- Galatea. A Pastoral Romance. Translated by G.W.J. Gyll. 3_s._ 6_d._

---- Exemplary Novels. Translated by Walter K. Kelly. 3_s._ 6_d._

CHAUCER'S Poetical Works. Edited by Robert Bell. Revised Edition, with a Preliminary Essay by Prof. W.W. Skeat, M.A. 4 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

CHESS CONGRESS of 1862. A Collection of the Games played. Edited by J. Löwenthal. 5_s._

CHEVREUL on Colour. Translated from the French by Charles Martel. Third Edition, with Plates, 5_s._; or with an additional series of 16 Plates in Colours, 7_s._ 6_d._

CHILLINGWORTH'S Religion of Protestants. A Safe Way to Salvation. 3_s._ 6_d._

CHINA, Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical. With Map and nearly 100 Illustrations. 5_s._

CHRONICLES OF THE CRUSADES. Contemporary Narratives of the Crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf; and of the Crusade at St. Louis, by Lord John de Joinville. 5_s._

CICERO'S Orations. Translated by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 4 vols. 5_s._ each.

--Letters. Translated by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh. 4 vols. 5_s._ each.

--On Oratory and Orators. With Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Translated by the Rev. J.S. Watson, M.A. 5_s._

--On the Nature of the Gods, Divination, Fate, Laws, a Republic, Consulship. Translated by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A., and Francis Barham. 5_s._

--Academics, De Finibus, and Tusculan Questions. By Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 5_s._

CICERO'S Offices; or, Moral Duties. Cato Major, an Essay on Old Age; Lælius, an Essay on Friendship; Scipio's Dream; Paradoxes; Letter to Quintus on Magistrates. Translated by C.R. Edmonds. 3_s._ 6_d._

CORNELIUS NEPOS. See JUSTIN.

CLARK'S (Hugh) Introduction to Heraldry. 18th Edition, Revised and Enlarged by J.R. Planché, Rouge Croix. With nearly 1000 Illustrations. 5s. Or with the Illustrations Coloured, 15_s._

CLASSIC TALES, containing Rasselas, Vicar of Wakefield, Gulliver's Travels, and The Sentimental Journey. 3_s._ 6_d._

COLERIDGE'S (S.T.) Friend. A Series of Essays on Morals, Politics, and Religion. 3_s._ 6_d._

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--Biographia Literaria; together with Two Lay Sermons. 3_s._ 6_d._

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COMTE'S Positive Philosophy. Translated and condensed by Harriet Martineau. With Introduction by Frederic Harrison. 3 vols. 5_s._ each.

COMTE'S Philosophy of the Sciences, being an Exposition of the Principles of the _Cours de Philosophie Positive_. By G.H. Lewes. 5_s._

CONDÉ'S History of the Dominion of the Arabs in Spain. Translated by Mrs. Foster. 3 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

COOPER'S Biographical Dictionary. Containing Concise Notices (upwards of 15,000) of Eminent Persons of all Ages and Countries. By Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. With a Supplement, bringing the work down to 1883. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

COXE'S Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough. With his original Correspondence. By W. Coxe, M.A., F.R.S. Revised edition by John Wade. 3 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

[asterism] An Atlas of the plans of Marlborough's campaigns, 4to. 10_s._ 6_d._

---- History of the House of Austria (1218-1792). With a Continuation from the Accession of Francis I. to the Revolution of 1848. 4 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

CRAIK'S (G.L.) Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties. Illustrated by Anecdotes and Memoirs. Revised edition, with numerous Woodcut Portraits and Plates. 5_s._

CRUIKSHANK'S Punch and Judy. The Dialogue of the Puppet Show; an Account of its Origin, &c. With 24 Illustrations, and Coloured Plates, designed and engraved by G. Cruikshank. 5_s._

CUNNINGHAM'S Lives of the Most Eminent British Painters. A New Edition, with Notes and Sixteen fresh Lives. By Mrs. Heaton. 3 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

DANTE. Divine Comedy. Translated by the Rev. H.F. Cary, M.A. 3_s._ 6_d._

---- Translated into English Verse by I.C. Wright, M.A. 3rd Edition, revised. With Portrait, and 34 Illustrations on Steel, after Flaxman.

DANTE. The Inferno. A Literal Prose Translation, with the Text of the Original printed on the same page. By John A. Carlyle, M.D. 5_s._

---- The Purgatorio. A Literal Prose Translation, with the Text printed on the same page. By W.S. Dugdale. 5_s._

DE COMMINES (Philip), Memoirs of. Containing the Histories of Louis XI. and Charles VIII., Kings of France, and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Together with the Scandalous Chronicle, or Secret History of Louis XI., by Jean de Troyes. Translated by Andrew R. Scoble. With Portraits. 2 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

DEFOE'S Novels and Miscellaneous Works. With Prefaces and Notes, including those attributed to Sir W. Scott. 7 vols. 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

I.--Captain Singleton, and Colonel Jack.

II.--Memoirs of a Cavalier, Captain Carleton, Dickory Cronke, &c.

III.--Moll Flanders, and the History of the Devil.

IV.--Roxana, and Life of Mrs. Christian Davies.

V.--History of the Great Plague of London, 1665; The Storm (1703); and the True-born Englishman.

VI.--Duncan Campbell, New Voyage round the World, and Political Tracts.

VII.--Robinson Crusoe.

DE LOLME on the Constitution of England. Edited by John Macgregor. 3_s._ 6_d._

DEMMIN'S History of Arms and Armour from the Earliest Period. By Auguste Demmin. Translated by C.C. Black, M.A. With nearly 2000 Illustrations. 7_s._ 6_d._

DEMOSTHENES' Orations. Translated by C. Rann Kennedy. 5 vols. Vol. I., 3_s._ 6_d._; Vols. II.-V., 5_s._ each.

DE STAËL'S Corinne or Italy. By Madame de Staël. Translated by Emily Baldwin and Paulina Driver. 3_s._ 6_d._

DEVEY'S Logic, or the Science of Inference. A Popular Manual. By J. Devey. 5_s._

DICTIONARY of Latin and Greek Quotations; including Proverbs, Maxims, Mottoes, Law Terms and Phrases. With all the Quantities marked, and English Translations. With Index Verborum (622 pages). 5_s._

DICTIONARY of Obsolete and Provincial English. Compiled by Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., &c. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

DIDRON'S Christian Iconography: a History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages. Translated by E.J. Millington and completed by Margaret Stokes. With 240 Illustrations. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

DIOGENES LAERTIUS. Lives and Opinions of the Ancient Philosophers. Translated by Prof. C.D. Yonge, M.A. 5_s._

DOBREE'S Adversaria. Edited by the late Prof. Wagner. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

DODD'S Epigrammatists. A Selection from the Epigrammatic Literature of Ancient, Mediæval, and Modern Times. By the Rev. Henry Philip Dodd, M.A. Oxford. 2nd Edition, revised and enlarged. 6_s._

DONALDSON'S The Theatre of the Greeks. A Treatise on the History and Exhibition of the Greek Drama. With numerous Illustrations and 3 Plans. By John William Donaldson, D.D. 5_s._

DRAPER'S History of the Intellectual Development of Europe. By John William Draper, M.D., LL.D. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

DUNLOP'S History of Fiction. A new Edition. Revised by Henry Wilson. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

DYER (Dr T.H.). Pompeii: its Buildings and Antiquities. By T.H. Dyer, LL.D. With nearly 300 Wood Engravings, a large Map, and a Plan of the Forum. 7_s._ 6_d._

---- The City of Rome: its History and Monuments. With Illustrations. 5_s._

DYER (T.F.T.) British Popular Customs, Present and Past. An Account of the various Games and Customs associated with Different Days of the Year in the British Isles, arranged according to the Calendar. By the Rev. T.F. Thiselton Dyer, M.A. 5_s._

EBERS' Egyptian Princess. An Historical Novel. By George Ebers. Translated by E.S. Buchheim. 3_s._ 6_d._

EDGEWORTH'S Stories for Children. With 8 Illustrations by L. Speed. 3_s._ 6_d._

ELZE'S William Shakespeare. --_See_ SHAKESPEARE.

EMERSON'S Works. 3 vols 3_s._ 6_d._ each.

I.--Essays, Lectures and Poems.

II.--English Traits, Nature, and Conduct of Life.

III.--Society and Solitude--Letters and Social aims--Miscellaneous Papers (hitherto uncollected)--May Day, and other Poems.

ELLIS (G.) Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances. With an Historical Introduction on the Rise and Progress of Romantic Composition in France and England. Revised Edition. By J.O. Halliwell, F.R.S. 5_s._

ENNEMOSER'S History of Magic. Translated by William Howitt. 2 vols. 5_s._ each.

EPICTETUS, The Discourses of. With the ENCHEIRIDION and Fragments. Translated by George Long, M.A. 5_s._

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