Part 11

"It is difficult," says Herbert North in _The Old Churches of Arllechwedd_, "to conjecture the date of the local lychgates." Of six specimens, past and present, noted by him in Carnarvonshire, every one bore, or bears, a date some time within the eighteenth century. The lychgate of Llanrug is dated 1718; Caerhun and Llanfaglan, 1728; the old gate, now demolished, at Dolwyddelan, was dated 1736; the gate at Bettws-y-Coed is dated 1756, and Llanrhychwyn, 1762. In one case only, that of Dolwyddelan, the parish accounts show clearly that the work executed in the year specified was of the nature of repairs to an already existing structure. With regard to the other lychgates, however, there is no way of determining whether they were repaired merely, or built afresh at the dates recorded on them. With one exception, the lychgate of Bettws-y-Coed, where there is on the east side, over the gateway, a fine curved beam, 10 in. square, of really medieval aspect, internal evidence is of little avail, because the structures themselves are of quite plain and simple character, devoid of any distinctive architectural feature whatever. It is, however, a very extraordinary coincidence if occasion arose for all the six lychgates to require repairing within a space of less than fifty years. One can scarcely be rash, then, in assuming that, in the majority of instances, these lychgates were built at the actual dates respectively inscribed upon them.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

_Vetusta Monumenta_, Vol. I., 1747; Vol. II., 1789; and Vol. III., 1796. Folio. Published by the Society of Antiquaries of London.

These miscellanies contain a number of plates, dating from 1728, and letterpress descriptions of ancient stone crosses.

"An Essay towards a History and Description of Ancient Stone Crosses" in _The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain_, by JOHN BRITTON, F.S.A. Vol. I., 4to. London, 1807.

"Village Crosses" (Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and Bedfordshire) in _The Ecclesiologist_, pp. 89-90, February 1844.

"Ancient Crosses" in _The Ecclesiologist_, pp. 298-300, August 1845.

"Crosses in Village or Churchyard," pp. 186-190 of _A Handbook of English Ecclesiology_. Cambridge Camden Society, 1847.

_Ancient Stone Crosses of England_, by ALFRED RIMMER. London, 1875.

"Concerning Crosses," by FLORENCE PEACOCK, in _Curious Church Gleanings_, edited by William Andrews, F.R.H.S. London and Hull, 1896.

"Early Sculptured Stones in England," Parts I. and II., by Bishop G. F. BROWNE, in _The Magazine of Art_. Vol. VIII. Cassell & Co., 1885.

_The Cross in Ritual, Architecture, and Art_, by the Rev. G. S. TYACK, 1896.

"Churchyard Crosses," by AYMER VALLANCE, in _The Burlington Magazine_, No. 186, Vol. XXXIII., September 1918.

_Wayside Crosses_ (a pamphlet), prepared under the direction of the Advisory Committee of the Wayside Cross Society. London, Chiswick Press, 1917.

"Market Crosses and Halls," by WALTER H. GODFREY, F.S.A., in the _Architectural Review_ for September 1919.

_The Early Christian Monuments of Cheshire and Lancashire_, by J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A.(Scot.), December 1893.

"Some Cheshire Crosses," by the Ven. Archdeacon EDWARD BARBER, M.A., F.S.A., in _Memorials of Old Cheshire_. London, 1910.

_Old Stone Crosses of the Vale of Clwyd and Neighbouring Parishes_, by the Rev. ELIAS OWEN, M.A. London, Oswestry, and Wrexham, 1886.

"Cornish Crosses" in _The Ecclesiologist_, pp. 217-219, November 1849.

_Ancient Crosses and other Antiquities in Cornwall_, by J. T. BLIGHT, F.S.A. London and Penzance, 1872.

_Old Cornish Crosses_, by ARTHUR G. LANGDON, with an Article on their Ornament by J. Romilly Allen. Truro, 1896.

"Pre-Norman Cross Fragments at Aspatria, Workington, Distington, Bridekirk, Gilcrux, Plumbland, and Isell," by the Rev. W. S. CALVERLEY, F.S.A., in _Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archæological Society_. Vol. XI. Kendal, 1891.

_The Runic Roods of Ruthwell and Bewcastle_, by JAMES KING HEWISON. 4to. Glasgow, 1914.

_The Ancient Crosses of Dartmoor_, by WILLIAM CROSSING. London and Exeter, 1887.

"Three Pre-Norman Crosses in Derbyshire," by G. LE BLANC SMITH, in _The Reliquary_, July 1904.

_The Old Stone Crosses of Dorset_, with an Introduction and Descriptive Article, by ALFRED POPE. Collotype Illustrations. London, 1906.

_Notes on the Old Crosses of Gloucestershire_, by CHARLES POOLEY, F.S.A., London, 1868.

_The Ancient Crosses of Stortford_, by J. L. GLASSCOCK, 1905.

"The Ancient Crosses of Lancashire," by HENRY TAYLOR, F.S.A., first published serially, in seven parts, in _Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society_, and republished in separate form under title of "The Ancient Crosses and Holy Wells of Lancashire." Manchester, 1906.

"The Crosses of Lancashire," by the Rev. P. H. DITCHFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., in _Memorials of Old Lancashire_. Vol. II. London, 1909.

_Manx Crosses_, by P. M. C. KERMODE. London, 1907.

"Parish of Kirk Maughold," comprises an illustrated account of the Standing Cross in _The Manx Archæological Survey_, Fourth Report. Douglas, Isle of Man, 1915.

_St Paul's Cross: the most Famous Spot in London_, by JOHN B. MARSH, 1892.

_Chapters in the History of Old St Paul's_, by W. SPARROW SIMPSON, London, 1881; and _St Paul's Cathedral and Old City Life_, by the same, London, 1894,

contain much information concerning Paul's Cross.

"Paul's Cross," being Chapter VIII. of Methuen's _Little Guide to St Paul's Cathedral, London_, by GEORGE CLINCH, 1906.

"The Early History, Form, and Function of Paul's Cross," by W. PALEY BAILDON, F.S.A., in _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries_, 2nd May, 1918.

"Early Christian Sculpture in Northamptonshire," by J. ROMILLY ALLEN, F.S.A.(Scot.), in _The Associated Architectural Societies' Reports and Papers_.

_The Stone Crosses of the County of Northampton_, by CHRISTOPHER A. MARKHAM, F.S.A. London and Northampton, 1901.

"The Missing Termination of Queen Eleanor's Cross at Northampton," by R. C. SCRIVEN, in _The Associated Architectural Societies' Reports and Papers_. Vol. XVIII. Lincoln, 1886.

"Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England, and the Monuments Erected to her Memory," by JAMES GALLOWAY, A.M., M.D., in _Historical Sketches of Old Charing_. London, 1914.

_An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Old Stone Crosses of Somerset_, by CHARLES POOLEY, F.S.A. London, 1877.

"Crosses of Somerset," an Appendix to Pooley's work, was contributed by E. H. BATES HARBIN to _Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset_. Vol. XV., Part 118. Sherborne, 1917.

_The Old Stone Crosses of Somersetshire_, by ALEX. GORDON, in two parts, in _The Reliquary_, October 1895 and July 1896.

"Wolverhampton Cross Shaft," by Professor W. R. LETHABY, in _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries_. Vol. XXV., N.S., pp. 158-159.

"Pre-Norman Cross Shaft at Nunburnholme, Yorkshire," by J. ROMILLY ALLEN, in _The Reliquary_.

INDEX TO TEXT

_N.B._--Items in italics refer to the subject of LYCHGATES, while all other items refer to CROSSES.

_See also Alphabetical List of Illustrations at the commencement of the Book_

Abingdon Cross, 110

"Actes and Monuments", 15, 18

Alexander of Abingdon, 95

Angle-pedestals, 43

Anglican Runes, 32

_Ashprington Lychgate_, 164

_Atherington Lychgate_, 164

Banbury Cross, 24

Battle, John of, 95

Baxter, Richard, 16

_Berrynarbor Lychgate_, 164

_Bettws-y-Coed Lychgate_, 168

Bishop's Lydeard, 14

Bishop's Stortford, 18

Boundary Crosses, 13

Brackley, Northants., 16

Bradshaigh, Sir William, 24

_Caerhun Lychgate_, 168

_Caerwys (Flints.) Lychgate_, 165

Calvary, 42

Cavities in Base or Steps, 14

Ceremonial Functions, 21

Charing Cross, London, 18

Cheapside Cross, London, 18

Chester High Cross, 18, 25, 158

Constantine, Emperor, 1

Cornish Type, 27

Crown Steeples, 137

Crucifixion, 34

Dane's Cross, Wolverhampton, 37

Demolitions by Parliamentary Visitors, 16

_Derwen Lychgate_, 165

Diamond-pointed Step, 42

Distribution of Remaining Crosses, 9

"Dives et Pauper", 1

_Dolwyddelan Lychgate_, 168

Dowsing's "Journal", 16

Dunstable, Eleanor Cross, 101

Eglwyscummin, Carmarthenshire, 15

Eleanor Crosses, 94-108

" Plans, 95

" Royal Account Rolls, 95

Eleanor Cross, Dunstable, 101

" St Albans, 101

" Stony Stratford, 101

" Woburn, 101

Eleanor of Castile, 94

Elizabeth, Queen, 106

Evangelistic Symbols, 34

Fyfield, Berks., 16

Gallows, The Cross used as, 25

Hardley, Norfolk, 13

Head of Cross, Varieties of Form, 47

Henry VI., 41

" VIII., 41

Hire of Labourers at Cross, 26

Iconoclastic Movement, 15

Ipswich, Preaching Cross, 152

Jeanne d'Arc, 7

Jews' Cross, Oxford, 19

Knop, Treatment of, 46

Launde, Sir Robert, 102

Leek, Staffs., 37

Liverpool, Cross formerly at, 16

_Llanfaglan, Lychgate_, 168

_Llanrhychwyn Lychgate_, 168

_Llanrug Lychgate_, 168

London, Crosses at, 18, 102

" Minor Preaching Crosses, 120

" Paul's Cross, 113-120

_Long Compton Lychgate_, 164

Louth, Lincs., 25

_Lychcrosses_, 165

_Lychgates_, 164-168

" _Classification of Types_, 164

" _Construction_, 165

" _Distribution of_, 165

" _Materials Used_, 165

_Lychseats_, 165

_Lychstones_, 165

Lyme, Dorset, 25

Margaret of Anjou, 41

Market Crosses, 2, 125-157

" General Intent of, 125

" Tolls, 128

Melton Mowbray, 18

Menhirs, 27

Mercian Type, 34

Monoliths, 1, 27

Monmouth, Duke of, 25

Netheway, John, 7

Nevill's Cross, Durham, 22

Niche in Head, 161

" Socket or Shaft, 9

Outdoor Processions to Cross, 9

Oxford, Jews' Cross, 19

"Palm Crosses", 13

" Sunday Ceremonials, 13

Paul's Cross, London (see London), 113-120

Pecocke, Bishop of Chichester, 116

_Penshurst Lychgate_, 164

Percy's Cross, 41

Peterborough, 26

"Poor Soul's Light", 163

Preaching Crosses, 2, 113-124

Processionate to Cross, 9

Proclamations from Crosses, 25

Ravensworth "Butter Cross", 22

Reding in Eboney, Kent, 7

Regensburg, Bavaria, 163

Rhuddlan, 26

Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, 32

St Albans, Eleanor Cross, 101

" Preaching Cross, 101

St Cwyfan's Stone, 35

St Patrick, 27

Sacrilege and Profanity, 15

Sanctuary Crosses, 21

Scarborough, Butter Cross, 111

Sedgemoor, Battle of, 25

Shaft-on-Steps Type, 42

Shaft Treatment, 44, 45

Smithfield, Cow Cross, 18

Socket, Treatment of, 45

South Littleton, Worcestershire, 15

Statues of Eleanor Crosses, 96

Steps, Treatment of, 44

Stony Stratford, Eleanor Cross, 101

Thornhill, Sir James, 154

Tolls of Market Cross, 128

_Turnstile Lychgates_, 164

Unclassified Varieties of Crosses, 158

Wansford, Northants., 21

"Weeping Crosses", 26

Whitford, Flintshire, 34

_Whitford " Lychgate_, 165

Wigan Cross, Lancs., 24

William de Bley's Constitution, 13

Wither, Joan, 7

Woburn, Beds., Eleanor Cross at, 101

Wolsey, Cardinal, 118

_Woodleigh (Derwen), Deanery of, Lychgates_, 165

Wynken de Worde, 1

_Printed in Great Britain at_ THE DARIEN PRESS, _Edinburgh_

Transcriber's Notes:

1. Obvious spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected.

2. Page 116, paragraph 2, the name Robert Hawke has been corrected to Robert Hawle "Robert Hauley (Haule or Hawle)" - records at Westminster Abbey.

3. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r.

4. Italics are shown as _text_.

5. In the TOPOGRAPHICAL LIST OF SUBJECTS ILLUSTRATED, the page number that pertains to the bracketed lines, is always at the bottom bracket.

End of Project Gutenberg's Old Crosses and Lychgates, by Aymer Vallance